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Red Shouldered Bug

Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schäffer 1847)

One Species at a Time Podcast

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In the lab at American University in Washington, DC, evolutionary biologist David Angelini and graduate student Stacey Baker are studying a snazzy red-and-black insect called the red-shouldered soapberry bug. These tiny insects with the big name are speedy and hard to catch—and speedy in other ways, too, as Ari Daniel Shapiro discovers.

Listen to the podcast on the Learning + Education section of the Encyclopedia of Life.

Visit the Angelini Lab website at American University to learn more about their research.

Learn more about Red-shouldered soapberry bugs on Soapberrybug.org.

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Red-Shouldered Soapberry Bug Podcast

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Click here to meet the featured scientists and find intriguing podcast extra's on the Learning + Education section of EOL.

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Soapberry Bugs of the World Website

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Learn more about Soapberry Bugs at the Soapberry Bugs of the World website.
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Comprehensive Description

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About 9 to 13 mm in length. Black dorsal side with broad red lateral stripes on sides of head and pronotum (most distinct on pronotum); eyes are also red. May be orange or yellow in places that are typically red, depending on the color morph. Ventral side is dark except for margins of abdomen and posterior segment, which are red. Appendages are black. Rostrum surpasses posterior coxae.
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Perreira, Crystal

General Ecology

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Hosts: Cardiospermum corindum (Faux Persil), Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Showy Balloonvine, Showy Heartseed, or Love in a Puff), Cardiospermum halicacabum var. halicacabum (Balloon Vine or Heartseed), Cardiospermum halicacabum var. microcarpum (Balloon Vine or Love in a Puff), Koelreuteria bipinnata (Chinese Flame Tree), Koelreuteria elegans (Chinese Rain Tree), Koelreuteria paniculata (Goldenrain Tree), Sapindus mukorossi (Chinese Soapberry), Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii (Western Soapberry), Sapindus oahuensis (Hawaii Soapberry), and Serjania brachycarpa (Littlefruit Slipplejack)
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Distribution

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United States, Hawaii, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America to Columbia and Venezuela
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Jadera haematoloma ( German )

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Jadera haematoloma – Blick auf die Ventralseite

Jadera haematoloma ist eine Wanze aus der Unterfamilie Serinethinae innerhalb der Familie der Glasflügelwanzen (Rhopalidae).

Merkmale

Die Wanzen treten sowohl voll geflügelt (makropter) als auch mit zurückgebildeten Flügeln (brachypter, insbesondere die Weibchen) auf. Erstere werden 9,5–13,5 mm lang, Letztere messen 7–8 mm.[1][2] Die schwarzen länglich-ovalen Wanzen haben an den Seiten des Halsschildes jeweils einen roten Rand. Die Augen sind ebenfalls rot. Die rote Oberseite des Hinterleibs wird bei den makropteren Individuen von den schwarzen Hemielytren verdeckt, während sie bei den brachypteren Individuen deutlich sichtbar ist.[2] Es gibt neben den rot-schwarzen Wanzen noch zwei weitere Farbmorphen (in den Farben gelb-schwarz und orange-schwarz).[3] Im Englischen heißen die Wanzen auch Red-shouldered Bugs („rotschultrige Wanzen“).[1] Die Nymphen haben einen roten Hinterleib und rote Augen und sind ansonsten schwarz.

Verbreitung

Die Wanzen kommen in der Nearktis und Neotropis vor.[4][1] Die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze verläuft in den Vereinigten Staaten von Kalifornien über Kansas und Illinois nach New Jersey.[4][1] Des Weiteren kommt die Art in Mittelamerika, auf den Westindischen Inseln sowie im nördlichen Südamerika (Venezuela, Kolumbien) vor.[4][1] Außerdem ist die Art auf Hawaii vertreten.[2][3]

Lebensweise

Die Wanzen sind auf Arten der Seifenbaumgewächse (Sapindaceae) spezialisiert. Zu ihren primären Wirtspflanzen zählt die Ballonrebe (Cardiospermum halicacabum), Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Cardiospermum corindum, Koelreuteria bipinnata, Koelreuteria elegans, die Blasenesche (Koelreuteria paniculata), der Waschnussbaum (Sapindus mukorossi) und Serjania brachycarpa.[1][3]

Koelreuteria paniculata wird im Englischen als Goldenrain Tree bezeichnet. Davon leitet sich ein weiterer Trivialname der Wanzen ab: Goldenrain Tree Bugs.[1] Die Wanzen saugen an den Samen und Früchten verschiedener Bäume. Man findet sie an einer Reihe weiterer Pflanzen wie Eschen-Ahorn, Zedrachbaum, Feige und Eibisch.

Die Nymphen und Imagines suchen zur Hibernation häufig menschliche Behausungen auf und bilden Aggregationen.[1] Sie gelten deshalb als Lästlinge.[1]

Etymologie

Der Namenszusatz haematoloma leitet sich aus dem Griechischen ab und bedeutet „blutgesäumt“.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i j Species Jadera haematoloma - Red-shouldered Bug. bugguide.net. Abgerufen am 3. März 2017.
  2. a b c Featured Creatures – Jadera spp. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Rhopalidae). University of Florida, Extension. Abgerufen am 3. März 2017.
  3. a b c Scott P. Carroll: Soapberry Bugs of the World – Jadera haematoloma. Institute for Contemporary Evolution, and Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis. Abgerufen am 3. März 2017.
  4. a b c Jadera cf. coturnix – Serinethine Scentless Plant Bugs. www.americaninsects.net. Archiviert vom Original am 4. März 2017.  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.americaninsects.net Abgerufen am 3. März 2017.
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Jadera haematoloma: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Jadera haematoloma – Blick auf die Ventralseite

Jadera haematoloma ist eine Wanze aus der Unterfamilie Serinethinae innerhalb der Familie der Glasflügelwanzen (Rhopalidae).

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Jadera haematoloma

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Jadera haematoloma, the red-shouldered bug, goldenrain-tree bug or soapberry bug is a species of true bug that lives throughout the United States and south to northern South America.[1] It feeds on seeds within the soapberry plant family, Sapindaceae, and is known to rapidly adapt to feeding on particular hosts. The species is often confused with boxelder bugs and lovebugs.

Description

J. haematoloma are typically 9.5–13.5 millimetres (0.37–0.53 in) long and 3–4 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) wide, though the short-winged form (brachyptera) usually is 7–8 millimetres (0.28–0.31 in) long. Color is mostly blackish (sometimes, bluish grey, or purplish, or bright red immediately after molting) except for red eyes, "shoulders" (lateral margins of pronotum), and costal margins and dorsal part of abdomen. Nymphs are mostly red with a black pronotum and wingpads. All appendages are blackish.[1]

Distribution

For most of the twentieth century, little was known about the range of J. haematoloma. Reports showed breeding populations to be present in Florida, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Arizona, California, Alabama, Illinois, North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado, Iowa, as well as Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Royal Oak, Michigan.[2][3][4][5][6] A study published in 1987 showed the distribution of J. haematoloma and "revealed the close correspondence of records for the bug with the ranges of the soapberry plants that serve as the insects native hosts."[7] In addition, isolated examples have been reported as far north as Minnesota. Outside of the United States, J. haematoloma is found south through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia and Venezuela.[8][9]

Although native to the New World, the discovery of J. haematoloma populations in Taiwan in 2012 marked the first finding of the species and genus in Asia.[10]

Evolution

Two populations in southern Florida are particularly notable. The more southern of these two populations feeds on the seeds of a native host vine balloon vine (Cardiospermum corindum). This vine produces capsules of a fairly uniform size, which adult J. haematoloma feed on by inserting their mouthparts (beak) through the capsule's exterior and into the interior seeds. In the mid-1950s, a related southeast Asian tree, the Taiwanese Flamegold (Koelreuteria elegans), was introduced as an ornamental plant. It escaped domestication and naturalized. Significantly, the Flamegold was colonized by J. haematoloma, though its capsules are smaller and the seeds less deeply embedded than in the balloon vine.

In a seminal paper published in the scientific journal Genetica in 2001, it was shown evolution had taken place in this colonizing population of J. haematoloma on the Flamegold in a period of only a few decades.[11] They showed that the beak length, which in the ancestral type was about 70% the length of the body, was only about 50% the body length in the insects that had colonized the non-native tree, though the size of the bugs themselves had not changed. In addition, they found that:[12]

...derived bugs mature 25% more rapidly, are 20% more likely to survive, and lay almost twice as many eggs when reared on seeds of the introduced host rather than those of the native host. Fecundity is also twice as great as that of ancestral type bugs reared on either host, while egg mass is 20% smaller.

References

  1. ^ a b Mead FW, Fasulo TR. Scentless plant bugs, Jadera spp. Featured Creatures. July 2007. Last accessed 2008-08-08
  2. ^ Van Duzee; E. P. (1917). "Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae, and Aleurodidae". University of California Publications, Technical Bulletins, Entomology. 2: i–xiv, 1–902. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.29381. hdl:2027/mdp.39015048441029.
  3. ^ Blatchley, W.S. (1926). Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America, with Especial Reference to the Faunas of Indiana and Florida. Indianapolis: The Nature Publishing Company. p. 1166.
  4. ^ Brimley, C.S. (1938). The Insects of North Carolina, Being a List of the Insects of North Carolina and Their Near Relatives. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Agriculture. p. 560.
  5. ^ Froeschner, Richard C. (1944). "Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, pt. III. Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Piesmidae, Tingididae, Enicocephalidae, Phymatidae, Ploriaridae, Reduviidae, Nabidae". American Midland Naturalist. 31 (3): 638–683. doi:10.2307/2421413. JSTOR 2421413.
  6. ^ Slater, J.A.; R.M. Baranowski (1978). How to Know True Bugs. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown. p. 256.
  7. ^ Carroll, S.P.; E. Loye (1987). "Specialization of Jadera species (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) on the seeds of Sapindaceae (Sapindales), and coevolutionary responses of defense and attack". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 80 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1093/aesa/80.3.373.
  8. ^ Hoffman, Richard L.; Steiner, Warren E. (2005). "Jadera haematoloma, Another Insect on its Way North (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae)". Banisteria. Virginia Natural History Society. 26: 7–10. hdl:10088/24685. ISSN 1066-0712.
  9. ^ Carroll, S.P. (1988): Contrasts in reproductive ecology between temperate and tropical populations of Jadera haematoloma, a mate-guarding Hemipteran (Rhopalidae). Entomological Society of America, 81, 54-63.
  10. ^ Jing-Fu Tsai; Yi-Xuan Hsieh; Dávid Rédei (2013). "The soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma (Insecta, Hemiptera, Rhopalidae): First Asian record, with a review of bionomics". ZooKeys (297): 1–41. doi:10.3897/zookeys.297.4695. PMC 3689129. PMID 23794880.
  11. ^ Scott P. Carroll; Hugh Dingle; Thomas R. Famula; CharlesW. Fox (2001). "Genetic architecture of adaptive differentiation in evolving host races of the soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma" (PDF). Genetica. Contemporary Issues in Genetics and Evolution. 112–113: 257–272. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0585-2_16. ISBN 978-94-010-3889-8. PMID 11838769.
  12. ^ Carroll, S.P., Klassen, S.P. & Dingle, H (1998): Rapidly evolving adaptations to host ecology and nutrition in the soapberry bug. Evolution and Ecology, 12, 955-968.

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Jadera haematoloma: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Jadera haematoloma, the red-shouldered bug, goldenrain-tree bug or soapberry bug is a species of true bug that lives throughout the United States and south to northern South America. It feeds on seeds within the soapberry plant family, Sapindaceae, and is known to rapidly adapt to feeding on particular hosts. The species is often confused with boxelder bugs and lovebugs.

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