Taxonomic history
Cole, 1968: 140 (m.); Taber et al., 1988 PDF: 51 (k.).Subspecies of Pogonomyrmex californicus: Emery, 1921c PDF: 46; Essig, 1926 PDF: 861; Olsen, 1934 PDF: 504; Cole, 1937b PDF: 135; Smith, 1951c PDF: 793; Smith, 1958c PDF: 114.Status as species: Creighton, 1950a PDF: 126; Brown, in Cole, 1954b PDF: 120; Smith, 1958c PDF: 115; Smith, 1967a PDF: 351; Cole, 1968: 138 (redescription); Hunt & Snelling, 1975 PDF: 21; Smith, 1979: 1356; Snelling & George, 1979: 64; Allred, 1982: 496; MacKay et al., 1985: 50; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986g PDF: 33; MacKay et al., 1988: 100; Bolton, 1995b: 341; Taber, 1998: 149, 150, 151 (in key); Mackay & Mackay, 2002 PDF: 214; Ward, 2005 PDF: 67; Johnson & Overson, 2009 PDF: 313 (in key); Johnson et al., 2013 PDF: 225 (in key).Senior synonym of Pogonomyrmex californicus barnesi: Cole, 1968: 138; Smith, 1979: 1356; Snelling & George, 1979: 64; Bolton, 1995b: 341.Senior synonym of Pogonomyrmex californicus sinaloanus: Brown, in Cole, 1954b PDF: 120; Smith, 1958c PDF: 115; Cole, 1968: 138; Smith, 1979: 1356; Snelling & George, 1979: 64; Bolton, 1995b: 341.
Pogonomyrmex maricopa, the Maricopa harvester ant, is one of the most common species of harvester ant found in the U.S. state of Arizona,[1] but it is also known from California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas and Utah, and the Mexican states of Baja California, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora.[2] Its venom is believed to be the most toxic insect venom in the world.[3]
Their nest mounds are likely to incorporate rocks and gravel. The ants construct cemented caps on the sand mound nests in a fine sand dune area. The caps are approximately 60% calcium carbonate that is transported from the underlying calcium carbonate layers, and protect the nest structure from being eroded away during high-wind periods. Partial erosion of the cemented caps adds calcium carbonate to the sand dune soils.[4]
The toxicity of the venom of the Maricopa harvester ant is well known. Its LD50 value is 0.12 mg/kg (injected intravenously in mice); 12 stings can kill a 2-kg rat. In comparison, the LD50 of the honey bee is 2.8 mg/kg—less than 1/20th as strong. In humans, a Pogonomyrmex sting produces intense pain that can last up to four hours.[3][5]
Like that of many venomous insects, the venom of the Maricopa harvester ant consists of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. This may also encompass alkaloids, terpenes, polysaccharides, biogenic amines, and organic acids. The most notable component found in the venom of the Maricopa harvester ant is an alkaloid poison—this releases an "alarm" pheromone that chemically alerts other ants in the vicinity. This is an example of chemical signaling, which explains why ants all appear to sting at once.
Similar to the two-part process of the fire ant bite and sting, the harvester ant will attach to the victim with its mandibles, and so proceed by pivoting around the site, allowing the ant to repeatedly sting and inject venom into the region.
The Maricopa harvester ant plays a major role in decomposition by dragging dead carcasses of insects underground, thereby enriching soil for plants and crops.
Pogonomyrmex maricopa, the Maricopa harvester ant, is one of the most common species of harvester ant found in the U.S. state of Arizona, but it is also known from California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas and Utah, and the Mexican states of Baja California, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora. Its venom is believed to be the most toxic insect venom in the world.
Their nest mounds are likely to incorporate rocks and gravel. The ants construct cemented caps on the sand mound nests in a fine sand dune area. The caps are approximately 60% calcium carbonate that is transported from the underlying calcium carbonate layers, and protect the nest structure from being eroded away during high-wind periods. Partial erosion of the cemented caps adds calcium carbonate to the sand dune soils.
