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Heteroteuthis dispar

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Heteroteuthis dispar, also known as the odd bobtail, is a small deep water squid found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Taxonomy

Heteroteuthis dispar is a deep sea species of squid and relatively little is known about it because of the difficulty of observing it in situ. Its description is very similar to that of Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis, which is found in the central North Pacific Ocean. It has not been possible to compare the two species side by side and so it is unclear whether they are identical. DNA sequencing should eventually clarify this issue.[3]

Distribution

Heteroteuthis dispar is found in the Mediterranean Sea and across the Atlantic Ocean. The range includes a broad swathe from southwest Ireland south to the coastal fringes of West Africa, across to Bermuda, the Caribbean Sea and the eastern fringes of the United States north to Maryland. The western and eastern Atlantic populations may be isolated.[4]

Description

There are five pairs of appendages. Arms 1 and 2 are fused at the base and each is a hectocotylus in the male. Arm 3 has two or three greatly enlarged suckers at the proximal end and a few moderate sized ones at the distal end. Arms 3 and 4 are longer than the others. In the female, arms 1 and 2 have no suckers on the distal ends. The tentacles are retractable, slender and whip-like, with a short club with eight rows of microscopically small suckers.[5]

The funnel is found under the head and the locking apparatus has a deep, curved groove and an angled posterior pit. The mantle margin is detached from the head, and the neck cartilage is either free or fused. On the underside, the mantle shield is confined to the anterior part of the mantle. The fins are quite short and are attached to the posterior part of the mantle from which they bulge forwards.[6] The mantle length in the adult female is about 25 millimetres.[5]

Biology

The male Heteroteuthis dispar produces a spermatophore or sperm package which is transferred to the female before she is sexually mature. She stores it and makes use of it at the optimal time for fertilisation. The spermatophore is large, constituting about 3% of her weight, and therefore disadvantageous to her. This reproductive practice may be due to the fact that finding a mate deep in the ocean at the appropriate time is difficult.[7]

This species is found in the mesopelagic zone of the ocean at depths down to 1600 metres. Spawning takes place on the bottom and the paralarvae live at even greater depths, down to 3000 metres. Adults often live in groups at depths of 200 to 300 metres, often in areas where shrimps are found. Predators that feed on this squid include dolphins (Grampus griseus), the velvet belly lantern shark (Etmopterus spinax), the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), the small-spotted catshark, (Scyliorhinus canicula), the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and tuna (Thunnus alalunga).[4]

Heteroteuthis dispar can be bioluminescent, emitting light from photophores containing bacterial symbionts. A large photophore is found on the underside and contains two pores through which the luminescent material is extruded. An iridescent shutter cover helps to filter and control the light.[8] The squid can also secrete bioluminescent mucous from glands near the ink sac. This can be released into the water through the funnel and the glowing cloud is believed to blind or confuse predators for long enough for the squid to make its escape.[9]

References

  1. ^ Allcock, L.; Barratt, I. (2012). "Heteroteuthis dispar". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T162644A935289. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T162644A935289.en.
  2. ^ Julian Finn (2016). "Heteroteuthis (Heteroteuthis) dispar (Rüppell, 1844)". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  3. ^ Tree of Life Web Project
  4. ^ a b FAO Species report
  5. ^ a b Marine species
  6. ^ Young, Richard E., Clyde F. E. Roper, and Katharina M. Mangold (1922-2003). 2008. Heteroteuthis Gray, 1849. Version 4 April 2008. http://tolweb.org/Heteroteuthis/20030/2008.04.04 in The Tree of Life Web Project.
  7. ^ "Mar-Eco Cephalopod Workshop". Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  8. ^ Heteroteuthis dispar
  9. ^ Young, R.E. 1977. Ventral bioluminescent countershading in midwater cephalopods. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 38: 161-190.
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Heteroteuthis dispar: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Heteroteuthis dispar, also known as the odd bobtail, is a small deep water squid found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

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Heteroteuthis dispar ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Heteroteuthis dispar is een dwerginktvis die voorkomt in de Atlantische Oceaan en de Middellandse Zee. De soort kan een mantellengte bereiken van 25 mm.

Geografische Distributie

Amphi-Atlantische Oceaan en de Middellandse Zee: van de Bermuda-eilanden, de Caribische Zee, naar Rio de la Plata in de westelijke Atlantische Oceaan, tot het zuidwesten van Ierland, het zuiden van de Azoren, Madeira, de Canarische Eilanden en Guinee in de oostelijke Atlantische Oceaan. Het gehele Middellandse Zeegebied met inbegrip van Ligurische Zee, Tyrreense Zee, Adriatische Zee, Egeïsche Zee en Levantijnse Zee. De soort is ook gemeld van de Walters Shoals (Zuidwestelijke Indische Oceaan) en de onderzeese ruggen Nazca en Sala y Gómez (oostelijke Stille Oceaan).

Habitat en Biologie

Kuitschieten gebeurt op de bodem, op de helling. De paralarven leven in de mesopelagische en bathypelagische zones, ver van de kust op een diepte van 1500 tot 3000 m. Volwassen dieren leven vaak in groepen in de lagere epipelagishe en mesopelagische zones, meestal op een diepte tussen de 200 en 300 m. Dit is een van de meest voorkomende pelagische soorten in de Middellandse Zee, waar hij vaak wordt gevonden in gebieden bewoond door populaties van rode garnalen.

Heteroteuthis dispar vertegenwoordigt een aanzienlijk deel van de voeding van de verschillende roofdieren aan de top van de voedselketen, met inbegrip van dolfijnen (bijvoorbeeld Grampus griseus), haaien (Etmopterus spinax, Galeus melastomus, Scyliorhinus canicula), de zwaardvis (Xiphias gladius) en de tonijn (Thunnus alalunga). Populaties in de oostelijke en westelijke Atlantische Oceaan zijn waarschijnlijk van elkaar geïsoleerd.

De soort is voor de visserij van geen commercieel belang vanwege de lage beschikbare hoeveelheden. Heteroteuthis dispar wordt gevangen met pelagische netten alsook door trawlers, voornamelijk gericht op garnalen, en het wordt verhandeld samen met andere dwerginktvissen.

Een soort of twee?

In 1955 beschreef en benoemde Voss de soort Heteroteuthis atlantis. Volgens Nesis (1987) is die naam een synoniem van H. dispar. Andere auteurs zijn het daar niet mee eens (bijvoorbeeld Guerra, 1992) en de naam H. atlantis wordt nog steeds gebruikt in sommige publicaties. Tot de taxonomie van het geslacht in detail is bestudeerd, is onduidelijk of H. dispar uit één of uit twee soorten bestaat.[1]

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Heteroteuthis dispar: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Heteroteuthis dispar is een dwerginktvis die voorkomt in de Atlantische Oceaan en de Middellandse Zee. De soort kan een mantellengte bereiken van 25 mm.

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Heteroteuthis dispar ( Portuguese )

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Heteroteuthis dispar é uma espécie de molusco pertencente à família Sepiolidae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é Rüppell, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1844.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.

Referências

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Heteroteuthis dispar: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Heteroteuthis dispar é uma espécie de molusco pertencente à família Sepiolidae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é Rüppell, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1844.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.

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Depth range

provided by World Register of Marine Species
depth range to 1 588 m (adults most commonly in depths between 200 and 300 m)

Reference

Jereb, P.; Roper, C.F.E. (Eds)(2005). An annotated an illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 1: Chambered nautilusses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes 4(1). FAO, Rome. 262p., 9 colour plates.

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Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Known from seamounts and knolls

Reference

Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.

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