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Description

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Total length of males up to 112 mm, for females up to 120 mm. Adult males have a mental gland on the chin, which becomes more evident in mating season. Tail oval in cross section and slightly less than half the total length. Trunk on cross section square. Limbs well developed and hind legs slightly longer than front legs. Front feet with 4, hind feet with 5 flattened digits. Coloration as in other Hydromantes species highly variable, especially in the northern populations. Base color from light brown to black. Venter usually dark. Back often with spotted, blotched, striped or reticulated pattern. Pattern may be in red, yellow, gray or green and these colors can occur on the same animal, often with a metallic sheen. Different patterns can occur together in the same population. The populations in the provinces Bologna, Modena, Pistoia and Florence and southward usually have a typical "italicus"-like coloration, consisting of red or yellow/ochre spots or marbeled (Boehme et al 1999).
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Distribution and Habitat

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H. italicus is a northern and central Alpinnine endemic, ranging from the provinces of Reggio Emilia (Emillia-Romagna) and Lucca (Tuscany) southwards to the province of Pescara inclusive (Abruzzi). Specimens from Pian di Mugnone, just N of Florence, were introduced in 1983 naturalized in the cave "Buca del Nebbia". 11º14'11"E-43º20'09"N, 310m a.s.l., on the southern slope of Monte Maggio, near Monteriggioni, province of Siena (Tuscany). The altitudinal distribution ranges from 80 m a.s.l. in Garfagnana (near Anchiano, province of Lucca) up to 1594 m on Mount Corchia (Apuan Alps, province of Lucca) (Gasc 1997).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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The Mediterranean region is subject to increasing human habitation causing pollution, deforestation, fires, loss of surface waters and introduction of exotic species. Despite these factors, H. italicus is not endangered. This is mainly due to its relatively large distribution and its water-independent biology (Boehme et al 1999). H. italicusi is abundant in its range and should not be considered an endangered species. It is, however, less abundant or even relatively uncommon only in the province of Pescara, i.e. in the southernmost portion of its range (Gasc 1997).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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There is little data available on the reproduction of H. italicus in its natural habitat. The following account on the life history of H. italicus is derived from observations on H. ambrosii. A clutch contains 6-14 eggs of 5-6 mm in diameter. The females seem to keep in contact with their eggs. The eggs undergo direct development. After 5 months, the egg starts to swell due to increased water uptake. After 8 months, the egg has reached a diameter of 10mm. The egg then contracts until hatching after 10 months (all at 12º C). The young are 22-24 mm in length upon hatching. Development to sexual maturity takes 3 to 4 years. Direct observation in captivity has shown that this species may live up to six years. H. italicus seems to be an opportunistic hunter with a wide range of invertebrate prey (Boehme et al 1999).
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Relation to Humans

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Human activity has provided suitable habitats for this species in regions that are not so naturally rich in caves as the Karst area. Exploitation of "pietra serena" has yielded mounds of rocks near quarries and these and the rock walls used in traditional agriculture are now inhabited by the species.
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Italienischer Höhlensalamander ( German )

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Der Italienische Höhlensalamander (Speleomantes italicus, Syn.: Hydromantes italicus) ist ein südeuropäischer Schwanzlurch aus der Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander (Plethodontidae).

Merkmale

Adulte Tiere werden etwa 10 bis 12,5 cm lang, wobei die Weibchen geringfügig länger sein können als die Männchen. Die Rückenfärbung ist sehr variabel und kann bräunlich bis rötlich sein und mit unterschiedlichen, dunkelbraunen bis ockerfarbenen Flecken besetzt sein. Der dunkle, teilweise hell gefleckte Bauch ist von bräunlicher Grundfarbe. Finger und Zehen sind kurz, abgerundet und bis zur Hälfte ihrer Länge mit Spannhäuten verbunden. Die Augen der Tiere sind groß. Zwischen den Nasenlöchern und der Oberlippe zeigt sich eine Rinne, die aber nur mit der Lupe sichtbar wird. Erwachsene Tiere haben auf jeder Seite des Kopfes Ohrdrüsen (Parotiden), die Männchen zur Paarungszeit eine Kinndrüse.

Verbreitung

Diese Art lebt im nördlichen und mittleren Apennin von der Toskana über Umbrien bis nach Abruzzen.

Lebensweise

Der Italienische Höhlensalamander kommt in den Bergen in feuchten und kühlen Habitaten bis in Höhen von 1600 Meter vor. Die reinen Landbewohner, die nur schlecht schwimmen können, leben in Höhlen, in Gesteinsspalten und unter Steinen bzw. morschen Holzstapeln. Da sie lungenlos sind, erfolgt die Atmung ausschließlich über die Mundschleimhaut und die Körperoberfläche. Die Tiere ernähren sich von kleinen Insekten, Asseln und Spinnen, die mit einer fast körperlangen, von einem Zungenskelett gestützten Schleuderzunge erbeutet werden. Der Italienische Höhlensalamander ist wahrscheinlich ganzjährig aktiv.

Fortpflanzung

Wie bei anderen Höhlensalamandern erfolgt die Paarung an Land. Das Männchen steigt dabei auf das Weibchen, umklammert es mit seinen Vorderbeinen und gibt Sekrete aus seiner Kinndrüse ab. Im Verlauf eines "Paarungsmarsches" setzt das Männchen eine Spermatophore auf dem Untergrund ab. Dieses Samenpaket wird anschließend vom Weibchen mit seiner Kloake aufgenommen. Das Weibchen legt später 5 bis 15 Eier in Erdhöhlen, was meist im Frühjahr passiert und die dort bewacht werden. Aus den Eiern schlüpfen nach etwa 6 bis 11 Monaten die Jungtiere.

Gefährdung

Der Italienische Höhlensalamander wird von der IUCN als "Near Threatened" (entspricht etwa der deutschen Kategorie "Vorwarnliste") eingestuft. Hinweise, dass die Gesamtpopulation sinkt, gibt es nicht. Örtlich begrenzt kann es zu Habitatverlust kommen und manchmal werden Exemplare illegal eingesammelt.

Literatur

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Italienischer Höhlensalamander: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Italienische Höhlensalamander (Speleomantes italicus, Syn.: Hydromantes italicus) ist ein südeuropäischer Schwanzlurch aus der Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander (Plethodontidae).

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Italian cave salamander

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The Italian cave salamander (Speleomantes italicus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Endemic to Italy, its natural habitats are temperate forests, rocky areas, caves, and subterranean habitats (other than caves). It is threatened by habitat loss.

Description

The Italian cave salamander is a slender species with short limbs and grows to a length of about 12.5 cm (5 in) including a short tail. The head is broad with prominent eyes and there is a distinct groove between the nostrils and the edge of the lips. The feet are partially webbed. It is dark in colour with mottled reddish or yellowish markings and a dark belly. In the north of its range it is more variable in colour and sometimes hybridises with Ambrosi's cave salamander (Speleomantes ambrosii).[2]

Distribution and habitat

The Italian cave salamander is native to northern Italy where it is found in the northern and central Apennine Mountains. Its range extends from the Province of Lucca and Province of Reggio Emilia southwards to the Province of Pescara. It is found in wooded valleys, on rocky outcrops and in caves and underground waters, often in limestone areas, at altitudes of up to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level.[1]

An introduced population of this salamander exists in an abandoned quarry in a beech forest near Holzminden, Germany. It is hypothesized that the salamanders have been there for as long as a century, as there was a family in the area that owned both an animal import business and several nearby quarries back in the early 20th century.[3][4][5]

Behaviour

The Italian cave salamander is usually found in areas of limestone rock, but sometimes in sandstone or ophiolitic areas. It is agile, climbing on cave walls and rocky outcrops. The female lays a small clutch of eggs in a crevice and these hatch by direct development into miniature salamanders.[2]

Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the Italian cave salamander as being endangered. This is on the basis that, although it is common over much of its range, its total extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and suitable habitat may be declining locally.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Speleomantes italicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T20458A89709054. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b Arnold, E. Nicholas; Ovenden, Denys W. (2002). Field Guide: Reptiles & Amphibians of Britain & Europe. Collins & Co. pp. 50–52. ISBN 9780002199643.
  3. ^ Schulz; et al. (February 2021). "Lungless salamanders of the genus Speleomantes in the Solling, Germany: genetic identification, Bd/Bsal-screening, and introduction hypothesis". Herpetology Notes. 14: 421–429 – via ResearchGate.
  4. ^ "Italian cave salamanders in Germany?". Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change. July 21, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
  5. ^ "GERMANY, SOLLING, 2019". HERPETOLOGY.CZ. April 10, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
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Italian cave salamander: Brief Summary

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The Italian cave salamander (Speleomantes italicus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Endemic to Italy, its natural habitats are temperate forests, rocky areas, caves, and subterranean habitats (other than caves). It is threatened by habitat loss.

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Speleomantes italicus ( Basque )

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Speleomantes italicus Speleomantes generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Speleomantes italicus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Speleomantes italicus Speleomantes generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Hydromantes italicus ( French )

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Hydromantes italicus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1]. Elle peut être appelée en français Spélerpès italien.

Répartition

Speleomantes italicus dis.png

Cette espèce est endémique d'Italie. Elle se rencontre de 80 à 1 600 m d'altitude dans les Apennins en Émilie-Romagne, en Toscane, en Ombrie, en Marches et en Abruzzes[1].

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en référence au lieu de sa découverte, l'Italie.

Publication originale

  • Dunn, 1923 : Mutanda Herpetologica. Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club, vol. 8, p. 39-40 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Hydromantes italicus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hydromantes italicus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae. Elle peut être appelée en français Spélerpès italien.

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Speleomantes italicus ( Italian )

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Il geotritone italiano (Speleomantes italicus Dunn, 1923), noto anche come geotritone italico, è un anfibio caudato appartenente alla famiglia dei Pletodontidi[2].

Descrizione

Il geotritone italiano (o italico) è una salamandra terrestre piccola e gracile con occhi grandi, ghiandole parotoidi, un cosiddetto solco naso-labiale, visibile tra narice e labbro superiore, e muso con un pronunciato bordo squadrato. La colorazione del dorso è molto variabile, perlopiù da brunastra a rossastra, con macchie marroni scure o ocra di varia conformazione. Anche il lato ventrale è brunastro, in parte con macchie chiare. Tanto fra le dita anteriori quanto fra quelle posteriori sono presenti membrane interdigitali ben sviluppate. I maschi sono spesso leggermente più piccoli e nella stagione riproduttiva presentano sul mento le cosiddette ghiandole mentoniere, che svolgono un ruolo durante l'accoppiamento. Ha una lunghezza totale di 10-12,5 cm[3].

Biologia

I geotritoni europei fanno parte della famiglia dei Pletodontidi, caratterizzata dall'assenza di polmoni. Questi anfibi si riforniscono infatti di ossigeno attraverso la superficie della pelle e i tessuti della bocca e del naso. Per distinguere le otto specie europee finora individuate di questo gruppo dai loro parenti nordamericani, queste sono solitamente raggruppate nel genere Speleomantes, ma alcuni autori le lasciano anche nel genere Hydromantes. I geotritoni europei sono animali terrestri, poco agili nel nuoto ma ottimi scalatori, anche su pareti verticali. Per catturare le loro prede, come piccoli insetti, onischi e ragni, estroflettono dalla bocca la loro lingua, lunga quasi quanto tutto il corpo. La riproduzione di questa specie avviene, come per tutti i Pleurodontidi, sulla terraferma. Durante il corteggiamento, il maschio cinge la femmina per il dorso e con i suoi sottili denti mascellari pratica sulla cute della compagna delle minuscole abrasioni in cui sfrega le secrezioni della sua ghiandola mentoniera, dall'effetto stimolante. Segue una «marcia nuziale» in cui la femmina preleva con la propria cloaca gli spermatofori depositati dal maschio sul terreno (fecondazione interna). Vengono quindi deposte 5-15 uova, sotterrate in primavera in cavità situate in profondità nel terreno e sorvegliate dalla femmina. Il periodo di sviluppo dei piccoli all'interno delle uova, fino alla loro schiusa, può anche raggiungere i 6-11 mesi[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

Il geotritone italiano vive in gran parte dell'Appennino settentrionale e centrale, da Toscana e Umbria fino all'Abruzzo, dove popola foreste e habitat freddi e umidi fino a 1600 m di altitudine. In alcune zone è anche molto comune e forma popolazioni dense, con gli animali che si possono trovare soprattutto in grotte, fessure tra rocce e cavità createsi sotto pezzi di legno marcio o pietre piatte[3].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano 2009, Speleomantes italicus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Speleomantes italicus, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 21 ottobre 2016.
  3. ^ a b c Hydromantes italicus, su AmphibiaWeb. URL consultato il 23 ottobre 2016.

Bibliografia

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Speleomantes italicus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il geotritone italiano (Speleomantes italicus Dunn, 1923), noto anche come geotritone italico, è un anfibio caudato appartenente alla famiglia dei Pletodontidi.

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Speleomantes italicus ( Portuguese )

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Speleomantes italicus é uma espécie de salamandra da família Plethodontidae.

É endémica de Itália.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas temperadas, áreas rochosas, cavernas e habitats subterrâneos.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

Referências

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Speleomantes italicus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Speleomantes italicus é uma espécie de salamandra da família Plethodontidae.

É endémica de Itália.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas temperadas, áreas rochosas, cavernas e habitats subterrâneos.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

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