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Description

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Plants scapiform, (40–)100–300 cm; taprooted. Stems terete, hirsute, hispid, or scabrous. Leaves: basal persistent, petiolate or sessile; cauline petiolate or sessile; blades lanceolate, linear, ovate, or rhombic, 4–60 × 1–30 cm, usually (proximal) 1–2-pinnately lobed, bases attenuate to truncate, ultimate margins unevenly toothed or entire, apices acute, faces hirsute, hispid, or scabrous. Phyllaries 25–45 in 2–3 series, outer reflexed or appressed, apices acuminate to caudate, abaxial faces hispid to scabrous, ± stipitate-glandular. Ray florets 27–38; corollas yellow. Disc florets 100–275; corollas yellow. Cypselae 10–18 × 6–12 mm; pappi 1–3 mm. 2n = 14.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 21: 76, 77, 78 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Silphium laciniatum var. robinsonii L. M. Perry
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 21: 76, 77, 78 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Silphium laciniatum ( Asturian )

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Silphium laciniatum ye una especie de planta de la familia Asteraceae. Ye nativa de la zona central y oriental de Norteamérica: concretamente, distribuyir por Ontario, Nueva York, Alabama y poles praderíes de Dakota del Norte, Coloráu y Texas.

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Flor
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Nel so hábitat

Descripción

Trátase d'una planta perenne de porte herbal; tien cierta semeyanza col xirasol nesti aspeutu. Tien un altor dientro d'un rangu d'unu a cuatro metros, con tarmos cubiertos d'indumento, híspido, escabroso o arispiu.

Les fueyes son peciolaes o sésiles y atópense dispuestes de forma alterna, y son pinnatilobulaes. Les fueyes basales miden 40 cm de llargor; conforme xubir nel tarmu, van siendo cada vegada menores.

Les inflorescencies, típicamente en capítulu como toles Compuestes, tienen un diámetru de 5 a 12 cm. Tienen tantu lígules como flósculos, de color mariellu. El so fenoloxía, esto ye, la dómina de floriamientu, ye na transición del branu al seronda: xeneralmente, de xunetu a setiembre.

Los frutos, en cipsela, tienen un tamañu de 10 a 18 mm de llargor por 6 a 12 mm d'anchor.

El númberu cromosómico de los individuos diploides (2n) ye 14.[1]

Intereses y usos

N'inglés, S. laciniatum recibe'l nome de «compass plant», esto ye, planta brúxula. Esto debe a que los individuos presenten un tactismo na so xamasca que determina la orientación d'este en direición norte a sur. Esto debe a que d'esta forma presenten una superficie mínima espuesta a la irradiación solar del mediudía, bien calorífica y potencialmente lesiva por deshidratación.

Los indíxenes americanos emplegaron esta especie como planta melecinal; la función que se-y atribuyó foi como vermífugo, diuréticu antitusígeno y antiasmáticu. Los sos principios activos estrayer por incisión nel tarmu y captación de la resina producida.[2]

Taxonomía

Silphium laciniatum describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 919–920. 1753.[3]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. «Silphium laciniatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 919. 1753» (inglés). Consultáu'l 31 d'agostu de 2007.
  2. «Silphium laciniatum - L.» (inglés). Consultáu'l 31 d'agostu de 2007.
  3. «Silphium laciniatum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 4 de febreru de 2015.

Bibliografía

Enllaces esternos

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Silphium laciniatum: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Silphium laciniatum

Silphium laciniatum ye una especie de planta de la familia Asteraceae. Ye nativa de la zona central y oriental de Norteamérica: concretamente, distribuyir por Ontario, Nueva York, Alabama y poles praderíes de Dakota del Norte, Coloráu y Texas.

 src= Flor  src= Nel so hábitat
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Kompasspflanze ( German )

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Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Zum Begriff „Kompasspflanze“ im weiteren Sinne siehe Kompasspflanzen.

Die Kompasspflanze (Silphium laciniatum) ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).

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Silphium laciniatum

Beschreibung

Die Kompasspflanze wächst aufrecht und wird 40–100(–300) Zentimeter hoch. Die Stängel sind rund, behaart oder kahl. Die Laubblätter sind gestielt oder sitzend, ihre Blattspreite ist teilweise gelappt oder im Umriss lanzettlich, eiförmig oder rhombisch oder lineal. Die Hüllblätter der Blütenköpfe stehen zu 25–45 in 2–3 Reihen. Sie sind angedrückt oder zurückgebogen. Die 27–38 Strahlenblüten und die 100–275 Röhrenblüten sind gelb.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 14.[1]

Physiologische Anpassung

Die Pflanze wächst in den Prärien der USA. Sie kann als Anpassung an starke Besonnung ihre vertikal ausgerichteten Blätter in Nord-Süd-Richtung einstellen. Die Blattspitzen zeigen dann in der Regel in Nord-Süd-Richtung, die Blattspreiten weisen hingegen nach Osten bzw. Westen. Versuche haben gezeigt, dass die Photosyntheserate und damit die CO2-Assimilation bei horizontaler Stellung der Blätter zwar genauso groß ist wie bei den vertikal in Nord-Süd-Richtung zeigenden Blättern, dass aber der Wasserverbrauch in der Mittagssonne wesentlich größer ist. Bei Stellung der Blätter in Ost-West-Richtung wäre die CO₂-Assimilation geringer.

Mit dieser Blattausrichtung zählt Silphium laciniatum zu den Vertretern der Kompasspflanzen. Die englischen Bezeichnungen sind prairie compass plant oder compass flower.

Literatur

  • Thomas W. Jurik, Hanzhong Zhang und John M. Pleasants: Ecophysiological consequences of non-random leaf orientation in the prairie compass plant, Silphium laciniatum. In: Oecologia, Volume 82, Number 2, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Februar 1990, S. 180–186, Zusammenfassung bei Springerlink
  • Bruce A. Ford: Silphium Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America, vol. 21. Online.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Silphium laciniatum bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
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wikipedia DE

Kompasspflanze: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Zum Begriff „Kompasspflanze“ im weiteren Sinne siehe Kompasspflanzen.

Die Kompasspflanze (Silphium laciniatum) ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).

 src= Silphium laciniatum
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Silphium laciniatum

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Silphium laciniatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known commonly as compassplant[2] or compass plant. It is native to North America, where it occurs in Ontario in Canada and the eastern and central United States as far west as New Mexico.[3] Other common names include prairie compass plant,[4] pilotweed, polarplant,[3] gum weed, cut-leaf silphium, and turpentine plant.[5] It is a rosinweed of genus Silphium.

Description

Flower head
Leaves

This plant is a taprooted perennial herb producing rough-haired stems usually one to three meters tall. The leaves are variable in shape and size, being 4 to 60 cm (1+12 to 23+12 in) long and 1 to 30 cm (12 to 11+34 in) wide. They are hairy, smooth-edged or toothed, and borne on petioles or not. The back of the flower head has layers of rough, glandular phyllaries. The head contains 27 to 38 yellow ray florets and many yellow disc florets. The fruit is a cypsela which can be almost 2 cm (34 in) long and is tipped with a pappus of two short awns.[6]

Biology

The common name compass plant was inspired by the "compass orientation"[4] of its leaves.[5] The large leaves are held vertically with the tips pointing north or south and the upper and lower surfaces of the blades facing east or west. A newly emerging leaf grows in a random direction, but within two or three weeks it twists on its petiole clockwise or counterclockwise into a vertical position. Studies indicate that the sun's position in the early morning hours influences the twisting orientation.[4] This orientation reduces the amount of solar radiation hitting the leaf surface.[7] Vertical leaves facing east-west have higher water use efficiency than horizontal or north-south-facing blades.[8]

Early settlers on the Great Plains could make their way in the dark by feeling of the leaves.[4]

An early, (if not the earliest) descriptive naming of the compass plant is found in the 1843 hunting trip of William Clark Kennerly, who upon leaving Westport Kanasas in May 1843, observed the plant and began its description in his trip: "Westward we went, and still westward, through a flat, arid country with no verdure except the compass plant, which we named for the reason that its large, flat leaves always pointed north and south".

Ecology

Surveys of the insect fauna on typical compass plants have noted many different taxa, often present in large numbers. One plant can produce up to 12 stems. Surveys counted an average of nearly 80 insects on each stem or within its tissues. The vast majority of insects on the stems are the gall wasps Antistrophus rufus and A. minor, and the many types of parasitoids that attack them.[9] The gall wasps, especially A. rufus, inject eggs into the stem, an action that induces the formation of a gall in the plant tissue. The larva of the wasp lives and feeds inside the gall, overwinters there, and emerges as an adult the following spring.[10] Over 600 galls can be in a single stem.[11] The galls are internal in this species, and generally not visible.[9] The adult female A. rufus locates an appropriate site to oviposit by detecting plant volatiles emitted by the fresh growing stem of its host plant, a mix of monoterpenes.[10] The male A. rufus also uses the volatiles in his search for mates. Females mate immediately upon emergence from the gall, and the male uses volatiles to find a gall containing a female, as evidenced by the movements of his antennae upon the plant's surface. He then waits there for her to emerge.[12]

Other insects found in the plant include several species of parasitoid wasps that attack A. rufus larvae in the galls, the two most common being Eurytoma luta and Ormyrus labotus. Others include Eupelmus vesicularis and species of the genera Brasema and Homoporus. The beetle Mordellistena aethiops lives on the plant, its larvae boring into the stems, and it is attacked by parasitoid wasps of the genera Schizopyramnus, Heterospilus, and Tetrastichus.[9]

Many birds and mammals feed on the fruits of the plant. The eastern kingbird perches on the tall plant to watch for insect prey. Livestock find it palatable.[5]

Uses

The plant had a variety of uses among Native American groups. The bitter, resinous sap could be made into a chewing gum.[5][7][13] The Pawnee made a tisane with it.[5] Many groups burned the dried root as a charm during lightning.[13]

The plant is cultivated in gardens.[7]

Literature

In 1882 Benjamin Alvord reviewed the literature on the plant and offered his observations.[14]

In the environmental classic, A Sand County Almanac, Aldo Leopold devotes much of the July entry to Silphium—its hardiness, but its slow disappearance nevertheless, a harbinger of the fate of the prairie. "It is easy now to predict the future. For a few years my Silphium will try in vain to rise above the mowing machine, and then it will die. With it will die the prairie epoch.”

References

  1. ^ Silphium laciniatum. NatureServe. 2012.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Silphium laciniatum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Silphium laciniatum". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  4. ^ a b c d Zhang, H., et al. (1991). Development of leaf orientation in the prairie compass plant, Silphium laciniatum L. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 118(1) 33-42.
  5. ^ a b c d e Wynia, R. 2009. Plant Fact Sheet for compassplant (Silphium laciniatum L.). USDA NRCS, Kansas Plant Materials Center, Manhattan, Kansas. 2009.
  6. ^ Clevinger, Jennifer A. (2006). "Silphium laciniatum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. ^ a b c Silphium laciniatum. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  8. ^ Jurik, T. W., et al. (1990). Ecophysiological consequences of non-random leaf orientation in the prairie compass plant, Silphium laciniatum. Oecologia 82(2), 180-86.
  9. ^ a b c Tooker, J. F. and L. M. Hanks. (2004). Endophytic insect communities of two prairie perennials (Asteraceae: Silphium spp.). Biodiversity & Conservation 13(13), 2551–66.
  10. ^ a b Tooker, J. F., et al. (2005). Plant volatiles are behavioral cues for adult females of the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus. Chemoecology 15(2), 85-88.
  11. ^ Tooker, J. F. and L. M. Hanks. (2006). Tritrophic interactions and reproductive fitness of the prairie perennial Silphium laciniatum Gillette (Asteraceae). Environmental Entomology 35(2), 537-45.
  12. ^ Tooker, J. F., et al. (2002). Altered host plant volatiles are proxies for sex pheromones in the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(24), 15486-91.
  13. ^ a b Silphium laciniatum. Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan, Dearborn.
  14. ^ Alvord, Benjamin (1882). "On the Compass Plant". American Naturalist. 16 (8): 625–635. doi:10.1086/273143. JSTOR 2449634.

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wikipedia EN

Silphium laciniatum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Silphium laciniatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known commonly as compassplant or compass plant. It is native to North America, where it occurs in Ontario in Canada and the eastern and central United States as far west as New Mexico. Other common names include prairie compass plant, pilotweed, polarplant, gum weed, cut-leaf silphium, and turpentine plant. It is a rosinweed of genus Silphium.

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Silphium laciniatum ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Silphium laciniatum es una especie de planta de la familia Asteraceae. Es nativa de la zona central y oriental de Norteamérica: concretamente, se distribuye por Ontario, Nueva York, Alabama y por las praderas de Dakota del Norte, Colorado y Texas.

 src=
Flor
 src=
En su hábitat

Descripción

Se trata de una planta perenne de porte herbáceo; posee cierta similitud con el girasol en este aspecto. Posee una altura dentro de un rango de uno a cuatro metros, con tallos cubiertos de indumento, híspido, escabroso o hirsuto.

Las hojas son pecioladas o sésiles y se encuentran dispuestas de forma alterna, y son pinnatilobuladas. Las hojas basales miden 40 cm de longitud; conforme se asciende en el tallo, van siendo cada vez menores.

Las inflorescencias, típicamente en capítulo como todas las Compuestas, poseen un diámetro de 5 a 12 cm. Poseen tanto lígulas como flósculos, de color amarillo. Su fenología, es decir, la época de floración, es en la transición del verano al otoño: generalmente, de julio a septiembre.

Los frutos, en cipsela, poseen un tamaño de 10 a 18 mm de longitud por 6 a 12 mm de anchura.

El número cromosómico de los individuos diploides (2n) es 14.[1]

Curiosidades y usos

En inglés, S. laciniatum recibe el nombre de «compass plant», es decir, planta brújula. Esto se debe a que los individuos presentan un tactismo en su follaje que determina la orientación de este en dirección norte a sur. Esto se debe a que de esta forma presentan una superficie mínima expuesta a la irradiación solar del mediodía, muy calorífica y potencialmente lesiva por deshidratación.

Los indígenas americanos emplearon esta especie como planta medicinal; la función que se le atribuyó fue como vermífugo, diurético antitusígeno y antiasmático. Sus principios activos se extraen por incisión en el tallo y captación de la resina producida.[2]

Taxonomía

Silphium laciniatum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 919–920. 1753.[3]

Referencias

  1. «Silphium laciniatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 919. 1753» (en inglés). Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2007.
  2. «Silphium laciniatum - L.» (en inglés). Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2007.
  3. «Silphium laciniatum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 4 de febrero de 2015.

Bibliografía

 title=
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wikipedia ES

Silphium laciniatum: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Silphium laciniatum es una especie de planta de la familia Asteraceae. Es nativa de la zona central y oriental de Norteamérica: concretamente, se distribuye por Ontario, Nueva York, Alabama y por las praderas de Dakota del Norte, Colorado y Texas.

 src= Flor  src= En su hábitat
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wikipedia ES

Silphium laciniatum ( Vietnamese )

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Silphium laciniatum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Silphium laciniatum. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Silphium laciniatum  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Silphium laciniatum


Bài viết tông cúc Heliantheae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Silphium laciniatum: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Silphium laciniatum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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