Comments
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It is impossible to give a satisfactory account of the nomenclature of the cultivated bananas. Two of the earliest specific epithets
Musa paradisiacal and
Musa sapientumn are cultivars derived from hybrids. Many authors believe that the only way out of the confusion is to disregard latin names altogether and a species-concept, and use only clonal or cultivar names. However, for the purposes of this flora account I have used the “blanket” name
Musa paradisiacal to cover the Pakistan cultivated bananas-even though at least some of the cultivars have probably been derived from other sources. A full account of bananas and plantains is given by Simmonds N. W.
The evolution of Bananas. London. 1962.,
Bananas, ed.2. London. 1966.
The two wild species from which the cultivated bananas have been derived are SE. Asiatic Musa acuminate Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla.
Some of the cultivars grown in Pakistan are:-‘China’, ‘Champa’ and ‘Chitri’. A good quality banana ‘Sindhi’ is extensively cultivated in Sind. Common name: Banana.
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Comments
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The species is grown for its edible fruit.
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Comments
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Plants of Musa ´ paradisiaca combine the characters of the two parents, M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, in various ways. Musa acuminata is described above. In M. balbisiana, the blotching on the pseudostem is pale or absent, the margins of the adaxial groove of the petiole are incurved and not winged; the peduncle is glabrous, the pedicels are long, the bracts of staminate flowers are ovate and obtuse, widest at least 0.3 above the base, with the outer surface brownish purple and the inner surface uniformly bright crimson; the apex remains plane when bract spreads, and the bract scars are not very prominent. The flowers are often tinged with pink, the free tepal of the staminate flower is always plane, and the ovules are in 4 irregular rows per locule. The description of M. ´ paradisiaca is based on plants with the AAB genome, by far the commonest hybrid bananas in cultivation. For data on characteristics of various other strains of banana, see N. W. Simmonds and K. Shepherd (1955).
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Description
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Tree-like herb, up to 9 m in height. Leaf sheaths tubular, forming a thick trunk. Leaf blade c. 1.5 m, oblong, usually ragged in appearance, splitting between the transverse parallel veins. Spike c. 1 m, drooping. Peduncle thick. Bracts opening in succession, 15-20 cm, ovate, concave, dark red, somewhat fleshy. Outer tepals 22-24 mm, 5-toothed, fleshy, tinged pink. Inner tepals 19-20 mm, ovate, acute, concave. Stamens 5. Fruit oblong, fleshy. (In the wild form 5-7 cm with seed; seedless and longer in the cultivated varieties.)
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Description
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Pseudostems clumped, pruinose, 3--7 m. Leaves erect or ascending; petiole pruinose, more than 30 cm, margin closed; leaf blade adaxially deep green, abaxially light green and distinctly pruinose, oblong, 1.5--3 m × 40--60 cm, base subcordate to auriculate, subsymmetric, apex acute. Inflorescence pendulous; rachis glabrous. Bracts adaxially deep red, abaxially purple, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 15--30 cm or more, deciduous. Flowers in 2 rows in each bract; male flowers with tepals yellow to pale yellow. Compound tepal 4--6.5 cm; free tepal suborbicular to oblong, ca. 1/2 as long as compound tepal, waxy, apex acuminate or rolling into a sac. Infructescence with 7 or 8 clusters of berries. Berries erect or slightly curved, oblong, 10--20 cm, angled; pulp sweet or sweet and acidic, not very fragrant; stalk elongate. Seeds absent or few. 2 n = 33.
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Description
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Pseudostems moderately blotched. Petioles: margins of adaxial groove erect to incurved, ± winged proximally. Inflorescences: pedicels rather long; bracts of staminate flowers lanceolate to ovate, apex acute to broadly acute, abaxial surface purple, adaxial surface reddish purple or crimson. Stam inate flowers white, cream, or pink. Pistillate flowers: stigmas usually yellow; each locule with usually 2 ± regular rows of ovules.
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Distribution
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introduced; Fla.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America; Africa; Asia; Pacific Islands (Oceania).
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Distribution
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Distribution: Cultivated throughout the tropics.
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Flower/Fruit
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Fr. Per.: Summer months.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering all year.
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Habitat
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Abandoned gardens and disturbed sites; 0--20m.
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Habitat & Distribution
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Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to tropical Asia, widely cultivated in the tropics].
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Synonym
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Musa ( paradisiaca subsp. sapientum (Linnaeus) Kuntze; M. sapientum Linnaeus.
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Synonym
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Musa sapientum Linnaeus
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Derivation of specific name
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paradisiaca: of paradise, i.e. of gardens
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- Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Musa paradisiaca L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/cult/species.php?species_id=203790
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Worldwide distribution
provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Native to India
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- Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Musa paradisiaca L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/cult/species.php?species_id=203790
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Musa × paradisiaca
provided by wikipedia EN
Musa × paradisiaca is the accepted name for the hybrid between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Most cultivated bananas and plantains are triploid cultivars either of this hybrid or of M. acuminata alone. Linnaeus originally used the name M. paradisiaca only for plantains or cooking bananas, but the modern usage includes hybrid cultivars used both for cooking and as dessert bananas. Linnaeus's name for dessert bananas, Musa sapientum, is thus a synonym of Musa × paradisiaca.
Description
Almost all cultivated plantains and many cultivated bananas are triploid cultivars of M. × paradisiaca. It is believed that Southeast Asian farmers first domesticated M. acuminata. When the cultivated plants spread north-west into areas where M. balbisiana was native (see map), hybrids between the two species occurred and were then developed further into a wide range of cultivars.[3]
Hundreds of cultivars of M. × paradisiaca are known, possessing characteristics that are highly variable, but broadly intermediate between the ancestral species. They are typically 2–9 metres (7–30 ft) tall when mature. The above-ground part of the plant is a "false stem" or pseudostem, consisting of leaves and their fused bases. Each pseudostem can produce a single flowering stem. After fruiting, the pseudostem dies, but offshoots may develop from the base of the plant. Cultivars of M. × paradisiaca are usually sterile, without seeds or viable pollen.[4]
Taxonomy
Banana plants were originally classified by Linnaeus into two species, which he called Musa paradisiaca for those used as cooking bananas (plantains), and M. sapientum for those used as dessert bananas. It was later discovered that both of his "species" were actually cultivated varieties of the hybrid between two wild species, M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, which is now called M. × paradisiaca L.[5] The circumscription of the modern taxon M. × paradisiaca thus includes both the original M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum, the latter being reduced to a synonym of M. × paradisiaca.[1]
In pre-Linnean times this banana was named 'Musa serapionis', for instance by Maria Sybilla Merian in her Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium of 1705.[6]
At one time, to deal with the great diversity of cultivated bananas and plantains, botanists created many other names which are now regarded as synonyms of M. × paradisiaca, such as M. corniculata Lour.,[5] used for a group of plantains with large fruit resembling the horns of a bull. Cultivated varieties are now given cultivar names, with the cultivars classified into groups and subgroups. Thus M. × paradisiaca 'Horn' is a cultivar belonging to the AAB genome group, Plantain subgroup.[3] See List of banana cultivars for further information on the naming and classification of cultivars.
References
-
^ a b "Musa x paradisiaca", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2013-01-14
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^ de Langhe, Edmond & de Maret, Pierre (2004), "Tracking the banana: its significance in early agriculture", in Hather, Jon G. (ed.), The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change, Routledge, p. 372, ISBN 978-0-203-20338-5
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^ a b Ploetz, R.C.; Kepler, A.K.; Daniells, J. & Nelson, S.C. (2007), "Banana and Plantain: An Overview with Emphasis on Pacific Island Cultivars", in Elevitch, C.R. (ed.), Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (PDF), Hōlualoa, Hawai'i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), retrieved 2013-01-10
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^ Nelson, S.C.; Ploetz, R.C. & Kepler, A.K. (2006), "Musa species (bananas and plantains)" (PDF), in Elevitch, C.R (ed.), Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry, Hōlualoa, Hawai'i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-28, retrieved 2013-01-10
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^ a b Valmayor, Ramón V.; Jamaluddin, S.H.; Silayoi, B.; Kusumo, S.; Danh, L.D.; Pascua, O.C. & Espino, R.R.C. (2000), Banana cultivar names and synonyms in Southeast Asia (PDF), Los Baños, Philippines: International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain – Asia and the Pacific Office, ISBN 978-971-91751-2-4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-30, retrieved 2013-01-08
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^ Merian, Maria Sybilla (1705). Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium (in Dutch). (plate 12). See also: Constantine, David (2008). "Musa serapionis". Musa: an annotated list of the species of Musa. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
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Musa × paradisiaca: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Musa × paradisiaca is the accepted name for the hybrid between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Most cultivated bananas and plantains are triploid cultivars either of this hybrid or of M. acuminata alone. Linnaeus originally used the name M. paradisiaca only for plantains or cooking bananas, but the modern usage includes hybrid cultivars used both for cooking and as dessert bananas. Linnaeus's name for dessert bananas, Musa sapientum, is thus a synonym of Musa × paradisiaca.
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