Biology
provided by Arkive
The humpback grouper is known to be territorial and somewhat aggressive, particularly towards smaller fish. This solitary predator hides in the rocks before ambushing its prey (6), which typically comprises fish and crustaceans (5). It is thought that the species' 'polka-dot' pattern of colouration may disrupt the contour of its body and thereby help camouflage it from prey and would-be predators (6).
Females lay eggs that are then fertilised by the male externally, and neither the eggs nor hatched young are guarded or protected in any way by the parents. Only females hatch, with males being produced as necessary by the dominant females within a group changing sex from female to male. If a male dies, the next dominant female will undergo a sex change to replace him (6).
Conservation
provided by Arkive
The humpback grouper is reportedly farmed commercially in Bali, Indonesia, although the annual production is not known. Furthermore, cultured animals are presently sold in the aquarium market rather than for food, for which individuals must be harvested from the wild. There is a minimum capture size of 40 centimetres for this species in Queensland and recreational fishers are restricted to one fish each (1).
Description
provided by Arkive
This extraordinary-looking fish is often called the panther, or 'polka-dot' grouper for its striking colour pattern of bold black spots against a white to creamy-grey body (3). Juveniles display fewer, larger black spots, which become smaller and more plentiful as the fish matures (4). When disturbed, individuals may develop a 'fright colouration', in which large brown blotches colour the skin (3). This unusual fish is also unique amongst the groupers in having an elongate, slender head that rises sharply at the nape of the neck, giving the species the distinctive 'humpback' appearance for which it is named (5). The long dorsal fin begins at the top of this 'hump' and extends almost the entire length of the body (6).
Habitat
provided by Arkive
The humpback grouper generally inhabits lagoons and seaward reefs, where it is typically found in dead or silty areas, to depths of up to 40 meters (1) (7). It also occurs around coral reefs and in tide pools, while juveniles tend to confine themselves to shallow, protected reefs (1).
Range
provided by Arkive
Found in the Western Pacific, from southern Japan to Palau, Guam, New Caledonia and southern Queensland, Australia; and the Eastern Indian Ocean, from the Nicobars to Broome, Western Australia (7). There is also a report from the Western Indian Ocean (Kenya) that has not been confirmed (1). Records from Hawaii are thought to be based on released aquarium fish (7).
Status
provided by Arkive
Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
Threats
provided by Arkive
The humpback grouper is threatened in Southeast Asia, where it is heavily exploited and its habitat is being degraded. This species is one of the most highly valued species in the live food fish trade centre in Hong Kong, where many tonnes are sold, coming principally from Indonesia, the Philippines and the Chinese Islands (1). Large adults are most likely to be harvested for the food fish trade, while smaller individuals that are used in the aquarium trade tend to come from hatchery produced mariculture (8).
Cromileptes altivales
provided by EOL authors
Cromileptes altivelis is one of the fish family Serranidae. These fish include carnivorous or cannibal fish. These fish are always away from sunlight. Grouper larvae are known to generally avoid the vertical distribution of water surface in the day, whereas at night are more common at night. These fish are always solitary or alone while at the spawning clustered. This fish is found in subtropical and tropical regions around the world. Its habitat in the reef area. These fish is hemafrodit protogini mouse grouper when it reaches gonads and female pairs when the old will change. One indicator of the grouper is a reef. Some parameters optimum for this fish are temperature 24-31 0C, salinity 30-33 ppt, DO> 3.5 ppm, and pH 7.8 - 8.0.
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
This species is easily distinguished by its extreme smallness of size of the anterior part of the head as compared to the elevated postorbital part; absence of canine teeth, except for a very small pair at the front of the upper jaw; D X, 17-19; A III, 10 (rarely 9); a slit-like posterior nostril; color greenish white to light greenish brown with scattered round black spots on head, body, and fins, with body spots generally larger than those on head and fins; about 9 large roundish dusky blotches may be present on body, with some extending partly into base of dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 5222); characterized further by having moderately deep body, greatest depth 2.5-3.0 in SL; small eyes; concave dorsal profile of head; rounded caudal fin (Ref. 90102).
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Pop-eye Disease 2. Others
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Bend of Spinal Cord. Others
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Balloon like Abdomen. Others
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Congenital Vertebral Deformity and Spinal cord Abnormality. Others
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Operculum Deformity. Others
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Vitamin B1 Deficiency. Nutritional deficiencies
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Nutritional Myopathy. Nutritional deficiencies
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Flexibacter maritimus Infection. Bacterial diseases
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Fish Leech Infestation (Hirudinea sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Capsalid Monogenean Infection 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Viral Nervous Necrosis Disease. Viral diseases
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 17 - 19; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9 - 10
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 58534).
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Caligus Infestation 12. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Generally inhabit lagoon and seaward reefs and are typically found in dead or silty areas (Ref. 9710). Also found around coral reefs and in tide pools. Growth is very slow. Feed on small fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 37816). Artificial spawning was accomplished in the work of Tang et al. 1979 (Ref. 6568) where buoyant eggs measured 0.80-0.83 mm in diameter with a single oil droplet. Larvae died 7 days after hatching. Juveniles are commonly caught for the aquarium trade while adults are utilized as food fish (Ref. 9710). Sold in Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253).
- Recorder
- Estelita Emily Capuli
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial
- Recorder
- Estelita Emily Capuli
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
僅分布於西太平洋區，包括日本、台灣、南中國海、菲律賓、印尼、澳洲、關島等地區。台灣主要產於澎湖及南部海域，數量已甚少。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
魚價相當高之高經濟性魚種，一般魚市場中少見，而多銷售至海鮮餐廳。一般以一支釣、魚槍捕獲。食用及觀賞兼具。肉質佳，以清蒸食之。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體側扁，體高略短於頭長，標準體長為體高之2.5-3.0倍。頭背部凹陷，後頸部陡直。眶間區窄。前鰓蓋骨微具鋸齒，下緣則平滑；鰓蓋骨棘弱，有些退化。上頜骨延伸至眼之中部。上下頜各具絨毛狀齒，無犬齒；腭骨具齒。體被細小櫛鱗；側線鱗孔數54-62。背鰭硬棘數10枚，軟條數17-19；臀鰭硬棘III枚，軟條9-10；胸鰭圓形，基底上方具一皮瓣，中央之鰭條長於上下之鰭條；尾鰭圓形。體呈淡色至綠褐色，頭部、體側及各鰭上具許多大小不一之圓形黑斑。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
棲息於珊瑚礁繁盛之水域及潟湖區，亦常可發現於潮池區，一般在10-40公尺深處。可人工繁殖，唯成長速度慢，存活率亦不高。
Humpback grouper
provided by wikipedia EN
The humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), panther grouper, or (in Australia) barramundi cod is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is in the family Serranidae which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Systematics
The humpback grouper was first formally described as Serranus altivelis in 1828 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes (1794-1865) with the type locality given as Java.[4] In 1839 the English naturalist William John Swainson (1789-1855) placed it in the subgenus Chromileptes, which was later created as a monotypic genus.[2] Swainson spelt the genus as Chromileptes[5] although Fishbase spells it as Cromileptes.[3] Recent molecular analyses based on five genes show that Cromileptes altivelis is included in the same clade as species of Epinephelus. Consequently, the species should be included in Epinephelus as Epinephelus altivelis.[6]
Description
The humpback grouper is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 70 cm (28 in).[7] Its particular body shape makes this grouper quite impossible to mix up with other fishes. Its body is compressed laterally and is relatively high. This stocky and strange visual effect is accented by its concave profile and its elongated snout which gives it a humpbacked appearance.
The young have a white background with round black spots and are continuously swimming head down. The adults have a body colouration with variances of grey and beige with darker blotches variable in size on the body. Small black spots cover the whole body.
Distribution and habitat
It is widely distributed throughout the tropical waters of the central Indo-West Pacific region.[7] The humpback grouper lives in clear waters from lagoons and seaward reefs with a preference for dead or silty areas. They are found in a range of depth from 2 to 40 m (6.6 to 131.2 ft).[3]
In 2012, a single individual was speared in the waters off South Florida, raising fears that it could become invasive, similar to the lionfish.[8]
Feeding and behaviour
The diet of this grouper is based on small fishes and crustaceans.[3] Like the members of its family, the humpback grouper is demersal, solitary (except during mating periods), defends a territory, and is an ambush predator. Its feeding activity is maximal at sunrise and/or at sunset. This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite; in other words, all individuals are born female, with the ability to transform to males as they grow older. Typically, only the most dominant, mature females undergo this transformation in the absence of a dominant male.
Conservation
The humpback grouper has been give Data Deficient status by the IUCN. It is a highly valued food fish, especially in Southeast Asia and in this region it is overexploited. It is bred in aquaculture but there is no evidence that captive breeding has reduced the fishing pressure on wild populations. There is little data on the populations but it is suspected that the population have declined historically and that they continue to do so. Australia has put strong conservation measures in place for this species (no take species in Queensland and possession limits in other states, e.g. Western Australia) but it is lacking protection elsewhere.[1]
In the aquarium
This grouper is kept in marine aquaria.[9]
References
-
^ a b Sadovy, Y.; Chan, T.T.; Choat, J.H.; Liu, M. (2018). "Cromileptes altivelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T39774A100458943. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39774A100458943.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Epinephelinae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
-
^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2020). "Cromileptes altivelis" in FishBase. December 2020 version.
-
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Serranus altivelis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
-
^ Swainson W. (1839). On the natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. Vol. 2. Spottiswoode & Co., London.
-
^ Schoelinck, Charlotte; Hinsinger, Damien D.; Dettaï, Agnès; Cruaud, Corinne; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). "A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e98198. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998198S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098198. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4122351. PMID 25093850.
-
^ a b "Humpback Grouper". EOL. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
-
^ Wadlow, K. (9 January 2013). "Is The Humpback Grouper The Latest Invasive Fish For The Florida Keys?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
-
^ "Cromileptes altivelis". Reefapp. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
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Humpback grouper: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), panther grouper, or (in Australia) barramundi cod is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is in the family Serranidae which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean.
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- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
