Carangoides bartholomaei és un peix teleosti de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[2]
Pot arribar als 100 cm de llargària total i als 14 kg de pes.[3]
Es troba a les costes de l'Atlàntic occidental: des de Massachusetts (Estats Units) i Bermuda fins al Golf de Mèxic, el Carib i São Paulo (Brasil).[3]
Carangoides bartholomaei és un peix teleosti de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.
The yellow jack (Carangoides bartholomaei), also known as coolihoo, is a species of marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is one of only two representatives of its genus present in the Atlantic Ocean, inhabiting waters off the east coast of the Americas from Massachusetts in the north to Brazil in the south, as well as a number of offshore islands. The yellow jack can be distinguished from closely related species by the length of the jaw, as well as counts of the rays in the fins. It is a fairly large fish, growing to a recorded maximum length of 1 metre (39 in), and a weight of at least 14 kilograms (31 lb). Yellow jack inhabit reefs, moving either individually or in schools and are predatory fish which primarily take other small fish. Studies in the Caribbean suggest the species reaches sexual maturity between 23 and 32 centimetres (9.1 and 12.6 in), and spawns in offshore waters from February to October. Yellow jack are of minor economic importance, taken by both hook and net methods, and are considered to be fair table fish. They are often caught by boat anglers, although are overlooked for their larger relatives.
The yellow jack is classified within the genus Carangoides, a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. Carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.[2]
The species was first scientifically described by the famed French taxonomist Georges Cuvier in 1833, based on the holotype specimen collected from St. Bartholomew Island in the West Indies.[3] Cuvier named this new species Caranx bartholomaei after the island from which the holotype was taken. The genus in which the taxon should be placed has proved contentious, and continues to be today with a number of recent publications placing the species in Carangoides, while others still classify it within Caranx.[4][5] This article follows the Fishbase and ITIS classification of Carangoides bartholomaei. The species predominant common name, "yellow jack", comes from the colour the species turns as it gets older, with other common names including "coolihoo" and incorrectly, "green jack".[6]
Some authorities place the yellow jack in the genus Caranx.[7]
The yellow jack shows the typical body profile of the genus Carangoides, having a moderately deep, compressed elongate shape, with the dorsal profile slightly more convex than the ventral profile.[5] It is a large fish, growing to a known maximum length of 1 metre (39 in), although more common seen below 45 centimetres (18 in), and a maximum weight of 14 kilograms (31 lb). The dorsal profile of the head is slightly curved from the snout to the nape, with the eye having a moderately well developed adipose eyelid. One of the major diagnostic features is that the upper jaw does not reach to the interior margin of the eye. Both jaws contain narrow bands of villiform teeth, with these bands becoming wider anteriorly. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first containing 7 spines and the second of 1 spine followed by 25 to 28 soft rays. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin, consisting of two anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 21 to 24 soft rays. The lobes of the dorsal and anal fins are slightly pronounced, and the pectoral fin is falcate, being longer than the head. The lateral line has a slight, extended anterior curve, with this curved section being longer than the posterior straight section. The straight section of the lateral line has 22 to 28 scutes, with rest of the body being covered in smooth cycloid scales, and the chest being completely scaled. The caudal peduncle has bilateral paired keels present. There are 24 vertebrae and a total of 24 to 30 gill rakers.[5]
The yellow jack is a pale yellow-green-blue dorsally, becoming silver on the underside. Juveniles show around 5 vertical bands, which fade to blotches and finally disappear altogether as the fish matures. The fins are all hyaline in appearance, often with a golden-brown tinge to them.[5] Older fish tend to be more yellow, with large specimens having bright yellow fins.
The yellow jack is distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical western Atlantic Ocean, ranging on the coast of America from Massachusetts to Maceio, Brazil. The species range includes hundreds of offshore islands in the eastern Atlantic, including Bermuda, the Bahamas, the West Indies and throughout the Caribbean Sea.[5] Along with the bar jack, Carangoides ruber, it is only one of two species of Carangoides present in the Atlantic, with all others having Indo-Pacific distributions. it also can be found in the Libyan coast ( at the Mediterranean sea ). The yellow jack is occasionally found in inshore coastal waters, but prefers offshore reefs and islands, or open marine waters over the continental shelf.[6] Whilst not often seen in shallow waters near the American continent, yellow jack are commonly seen in the sandy shallows of a number of Caribbean islands foraging with other species.[8]
Yellow jack are predatory fish, moving both individually or in small groups, with their main prey being small fish,[6] although observational records also show smaller benthic prey is taken.[8] Yellow jack have been observed in a 'following role', moving around with larger species to take advantage of the commotion caused by the bigger fish, allowing the jack to opportunistically forage or take scraps left by the larger fish. As well as other teleosts, yellow jack have also been recorded following eels, stingrays and nurse sharks.[9] In one case, they were observed following a flying gurnard, itself smaller than the jack, that disturbed the substrate, causing various organisms to be displaced and become available for predation.[8] As well as being 'followers', larger specimens have also been observed as the 'followed' species. The species has also been observed living in close relationships with spinner dolphins, feeding off the dolphin's waste products. This behavior has also been observed in a number of other jacks living in the region.[10]
Yellow jacks reach maturity at different times in different locations, with studies around Cuba showing males reach sexual maturity at 30 centimetres (12 in) and females at 32 centimetres (13 in), while in Jamaica, males reach sexual maturity at 23 centimetres (9.1 in). Spawning takes place in offshore waters between February and October.[6] Observational studies in Belize have shown that although courtship occurs in pairs, the species is a group spawner, congregating in large balls of around 300 fish, with spawning occurring mostly before sunset.[11] Juveniles live near the surface of the ocean, often hiding amongst large mats of jellyfish or Sargassum weed, with a coloration that camouflages the fish in the weed.[12] These young fish are often moved long distances by the Gulf Stream, and this is probably the process responsible for fish found as far north as Massachusetts.[13]
Yellow jack are a minor commercial species throughout their range, taken by seines, trawls and hook and line techniques. They are also caught by recreational fishermen, with fish baits and lures and often while trolling, although they are rarely targeted specifically. The species is rated as a fair to good table fish, and is marketed both fresh and salted.[5] Yellow jack are known to be carriers of ciguatera around the West Indies, and are classified as a high risk species, with their predatory nature allowing the toxin to accumulate in their flesh.[14] The yellow jack was actually the first species outside of the Pacific Ocean to be confirmed as carrying ciguatera toxins, although these early studies showed that the toxin was biochemically slightly different from the Pacific strain.[15]
The yellow jack (Carangoides bartholomaei), also known as coolihoo, is a species of marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is one of only two representatives of its genus present in the Atlantic Ocean, inhabiting waters off the east coast of the Americas from Massachusetts in the north to Brazil in the south, as well as a number of offshore islands. The yellow jack can be distinguished from closely related species by the length of the jaw, as well as counts of the rays in the fins. It is a fairly large fish, growing to a recorded maximum length of 1 metre (39 in), and a weight of at least 14 kilograms (31 lb). Yellow jack inhabit reefs, moving either individually or in schools and are predatory fish which primarily take other small fish. Studies in the Caribbean suggest the species reaches sexual maturity between 23 and 32 centimetres (9.1 and 12.6 in), and spawns in offshore waters from February to October. Yellow jack are of minor economic importance, taken by both hook and net methods, and are considered to be fair table fish. They are often caught by boat anglers, although are overlooked for their larger relatives.
Carangoides bartholomaei es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 100 cm de longitud total y los 14 kg de peso.[1]
Se encuentra en las costas del Atlántico occidental: desde Massachusetts (Estados Unidos) y Bermuda hasta el Golfo de México, el Mar Caribe y São Paulo (Brasil) .
Carangoides bartholomaei es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Carangoides bartholomaei Carangoides generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.
Carangoides bartholomaei Carangoides generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.
Carangoides bartholomaei, communément appelé Carangue grasse, est une espèce de poissons de haute mer de la famille des Carangidae. C'est l'un des deux seuls représentants de son genre dans l'océan Atlantique, vivant dans les eaux au large de la côte est de l'Amérique depuis le Massachusetts au nord jusqu'au Brésil au sud, ainsi qu'autour d'un certain nombre d'îles côtières.
Carangoides bartholomaei se distingue des espèces voisines par la longueur de sa mâchoire, ainsi que par le nombre de rayons des nageoires. C'est un assez gros poisson, pouvant atteindre une longueur maximale de 1 m et un poids de 14 kg. Elle habite les récifs et en mer, se déplace seule ou en petit banc, se nourrissant principalement d'autres petits poissons. Des études faites dans les Caraïbes suggèrent que l'espèce atteint sa maturité sexuelle entre 23 et 32 cm, et se reproduit dans les eaux du large de février à octobre.
Carangoides bartholomaei est de peu d'importance économique, pêchée à la ligne et au filet et est considérée comme un poisson de qualité assez moyenne au goût. Elle est souvent capturée par les pêcheurs à la ligne, qui lui préfèrent ses parents plus grands.
Son nom spécifique, bartholomaei, fait référence à l'île de Saint-Barthélemy dans les Petites Antilles[4].
Carangoides bartholomaei, communément appelé Carangue grasse, est une espèce de poissons de haute mer de la famille des Carangidae. C'est l'un des deux seuls représentants de son genre dans l'océan Atlantique, vivant dans les eaux au large de la côte est de l'Amérique depuis le Massachusetts au nord jusqu'au Brésil au sud, ainsi qu'autour d'un certain nombre d'îles côtières.
Carangoides bartholomaei is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van horsmakrelen (Carangidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1833 door Cuvier.
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巴托洛若鰺（學名：Carangoides bartholomaei）是一種鰺科海魚。它們分佈在大西洋，由麻薩諸塞州東岸至巴西，與及離岸島嶼。它們顎的長度及條鰭的數量與其他鰺科有所不同。它們的體型算是大，最長可達1米及最少重14公斤。它們棲息在礁，會獨立或成群的生活。它們是掠食性魚類，主要吃其他小魚。它們長達23-32厘米就達至性成熟，並會於2月至10月在離岸海域產卵。它們的經濟效益並不怎麼重要，味道一般。
巴托洛若鰺分類在若鰺屬中。[1]它們最初是由法國分類學家喬治·居維葉於1833年基於聖巴托洛繆島搜集的標本而描述。[2]他將之分類在鰺屬中，並以其發現地的聖巴托洛繆島來取種小名。它們的分類到現今仍然有爭議，一些學者將之分類到若鰺屬中，但仍有一些堅持最初的鰺屬的分類。[3][4]
巴托洛若鰺的體型屬典型的若鰺屬，體型呈中等深度及壓長，背部較腹部突出。[4]它們是大型的魚類，最長可達1米及重14公斤。頭頂由吻至頸背稍為彎曲，眼睛有脂肪組織的眼簾。其上顎未及眼睛的內緣。上下顎有絨毛狀的牙齒，向前逐漸擴闊。背鰭分為兩部份，第一部份包含7條鰭刺，第二部份就有25-28條軟鰭條。臀鰭像第二背鰭，先有兩條分開及緊接一條鰭刺，後有21-24條軟鰭條。背鰭及臀鰭些微突出，胸鰭呈鐮狀，比頭部還要長。體側線前部輕微彎曲，彎曲的部份比後方直的部份長。體側線直的部份長22-28塊鱗甲，身體的其他部份由光滑的鱗片覆蓋。尾柄有雙邊的脊。它們共有24塊脊骨及24-40塊鰓耙。[4]
巴托洛若鰺背部呈淡黃綠藍色，底部呈銀色。幼魚有5行直間，逐漸會變成斑點，並最終消失。鰭透明，往往都帶有金褐色彩。[4]年長的魚的黃色較深，很多的鰭都呈鮮黃色。
巴托洛若鰺分佈在西大西洋的熱帶及亞熱帶海域，由美國麻薩諸塞州至巴西馬塞約海岸。它們也分佈在東大西洋的離岸島嶼，包括百慕達、巴哈馬、西印度群島及加勒比海。[4]除了它們和棒鰺是分佈在大西洋外，其他的若鰺屬都是分佈在印度洋-太平洋海域的。
巴托洛若鰺很少會游到近岸的水域，較為喜歡離岸的礁及島嶼，或是大陸棚以下遼闊的海域。[5]雖然它們很少會到美洲的淺水區，但在加勒比海島的沙質淺水區很多時都可以見到它們和其他魚類。[6]
巴托洛若鰺是掠食性魚類，會個別或成群的出沒。其主要獵物是小魚[5]或底棲區的細小生物。[6]它們也有跟蹤的特色，會跟隨較大的魚類，並從中獲得好處。它們也會像真骨附類般跟蹤鰻、魟科及鉸口鯊。[7]也曾有發現它們跟蹤飛角魚科，雖然飛角魚科比巴托洛若鰺細小，但它們可以翻起底質，將多種生物翻出來供食用。[6]有時巴托洛若鰺會反轉被其他大型魚類跟蹤。巴托洛若鰺會吃飛旋海豚的排出物。其他同區的鰺科也有類似的行為。[8]
不同地區的巴托洛若鰺會於不同時間達至性成熟。在古巴的雄魚及雌魚分別到了30厘米及32厘米長就達至性成熟；在牙買加，雄魚只要23厘米長就達至性成熟。它們會於2月至10月間在離岸海域產卵。[5]在伯利茲，它們會成群的產卵，群落的數量達300條，大部份都在日出前產卵。[9]幼魚會在海面生活，利用身體的顏色偽裝躲在水母或馬尾藻中。[10]幼魚會游一段長距離到達墨西哥灣暖流，可能因此而令它們到達麻薩諸塞州。[11]
巴托洛若鰺是次要的商業漁獲。它們也會被休閒垂釣，不過很多時都不是主要目標。它們是一般的美味，有新鮮的或醃製的出售。[4]在西印度群島，它們帶有雪卡毒，並被列為高危物種，因它們的掠食性而使毒素留在身體。[12]它們是第一種被確認為太平洋以外含有雪卡毒的魚類，不過其雪卡毒在生物化學上與太平洋物種的略有不同。[13]
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