Note: the colors, patterns, and markings of juvenile Sparisoma are remarkably variable and changeable with habitat and mood, indeed juveniles can change from blotchy to striped to bars to uniformly green as one observes them in the field. Background color varies widely from reddish to salmon to yellow to green. Overall, juvenile Sparisoma show variations in degree of the same general pattern of blotches and body stripes (which often break up into spots) that are characteristic of the genus. Nevertheless, there are some diagnostic markings in small juveniles that can help to separate the species. DNA sequencing is underway at present to identify the species-specific features of juvenile markings in this genus.
Description: Body relatively thin, long and narrow with a large eye and a terminal small mouth. Pectoral fins short and pelvic fins usually stubs. Dorsal and anal-finbases relatively long, caudal peduncle short and somewhat narrow. Melanophores consist of one on the body on each side just above the pelvic-fin insertion, internally around the gut near the vent, and in a row of 13 discrete round melanophores along or often below the base of the anal-fin and extending into the caudal peduncle (some larvae have only 12, missing the first in the series). The melanophores in the row after the last anal-fin ray are not at the ventral midline but well into the caudal peduncle musculature. Series of transitional larvae show development of the eye from a narrowed vertical oval tilted forward (sometimes backwards or no tilt) with a small posterior-inferior extension of the iris to larger and round with a smaller pupil at and after transition (eye usually becomes fully round just before transitional markings appear). Many pre-transitional larvae have a marked ventral indentation in the iris. A small fraction of larval collections show individuals with head and eye abnormalities including exophthalmos and a pronounced bulbous head. It is unclear whether these are artifacts of collection or true abnormalities. Some transitional larvae first develop two prominent leukophore patches above and below the midline at the base of the segmented caudal fin rays and then the anal-fin row of melanophores start to disappear. Others acquire melanophores first, typically around the eye and on the first dorsal and anal-fin elements and the pelvic fin. Early transitional larvae or recruits develop tiny leukophores along the first dorsal spines and then in patches spaced along the base of some dorsal and anal-fin rays. A central patch of leukophores starts to develop on the base of the caudal fin rays and then variably coalesces with the upper and lower patches into a white bar. Surface melanophores appear scattered over the top of the head and anterior upper body and often in patches along the base of the anal-fin rays (these patches of tiny surface melanophores are distinct from the large larval melanophores). Melanophores also develop along the first dorsal spines and the proximal pelvic-fin rays with leukophores on the more distal portions of the spines and rays. Mid-transitional larvae or recruits continue to develop a bar of melanophores below the front of the eyeball and a stripe forward of the eye which branches down to the middle of the lower jaw and up across the mid-upper jaw to the tip of the lower jaw. Melanophores develop in two upward-angled stripes from the top and rear of the eyeball and a downward-angled stripe develops rearward from the eye across the cheek. A stripe of iridophores develops slanting upward from the back of the eye and in a stripe slanting down across the cheek just above the melanophore stripe. Melanophores continue to develop in discrete patches along the base of the dorsal fin and intensify along the base of the anal fin. Markings on the body develop from anterior to posterior, particularly along the lateral midline. The characteristic larval melanophore over the pelvic-fin insertion is lost. Late transitional recruits show a variety of patterning on the lateral body, mostly in irregular patches and bars but with variants showing 1) additional fine melanophores outlining myomeres, 2) a uniform spotting of small melanophores (S. viride only ?), or 3) an irregular mid-lateral stripe. There appear to be few consistent differences in this pattern among species until the juvenile stage (about 12 to 14 mm SL) when some distinctions start to develop. Sparisoma recruits are notable for expanding first in body depth and girth for the first two weeks or so after settlement and then beginning to increase in length.
Diagnosis: Fin-ray counts of D-IX,10 A-III,9 are shared by all Caribbean parrotfishes, however pectoral-fin ray counts divide parrotfishes into two groups: Sparisoma, Cryptotomus roseus, and Nicholsina usta all have 13 pectoral-fin rays, while Scarus have a mode of 14-16 pectoral-fin rays (the wrasse Doratonotus megalepis also shares the median-fin ray count but has only 11-12 pectoral-fin rays). The larvae of the seven Caribbean species of the genus Sparisoma (S. atomarium, S. aurofrenatum, S. chrysopterum, S. radians, S. rubripinne, and S. viride; with S. griseorubra in Venezuela) are likely indistinguishable from each other and separation requires DNA sequencing. Cryptotomus roseus can be excluded since its larvae appear to be missing the characteristic lateral melanophore on the body on each side just above the pelvic-fin insertion. Species differences that occur after transition are noted in the individual species descriptions that follow. Larval Nicholsina usta cannot be excluded from the type until those larvae are identified (adults of the species are not found at the collection site in Panama). (R)
Sparisoma (Synonyme: Callyodontiehthys Bleeker, 1861; Euscarus Jordan & Evermann, 1896) ist eine Gattung der Papageifische, die mit 15 Arten im Mittelmeer, im östlichen und westlichen Atlantik und in der Karibik vorkommt.[1]
Sparisoma-Arten haben einen mäßig hochrückigen Rumpf und einen abgerundeten Kopf. Die Zähne in Ober- und Unterkiefer werden von den Lippen bedeckt, die Zähne des Unterkiefers stehen etwas mehr vor als die des Oberkiefers. Die Prämaxillare ist mit breiten, abgeflachten Zähnen besetzt die bei größeren Exemplaren zu Zahnplatten verschmelzen. Seitliche Eckzähne sind auch bei adulten Exemplaren vorhanden. Einige Arten haben auch kaniforme Zähne an der vorderen Symphyse. Der Unterkiefer ist mit zahlreichen Reihen breit abgeflachter Zähne besetzt. Die Anzahl der Kiemenrechen liegt bei 11 bis 21. Die Kiemenhäute sind breit am Isthmus befestigt. Die vorderen Nasenöffnungen haben einen fleischigen Rand mit einer langen fleischiger Hautklappe mit 2 bis 20 Zirren, die sich bis zum den hinteren Nasenöffnungen oder darüber hinaus erstrecken. Die Brustflossen werden von 13 Flossenstrahlen gestützt, die Stacheln der Rückenflosse sind scharf und hart. Vor dem vordersten Rückenflossenstachel liegen 4 Schuppen, auf den Wangen befindet sich je eine Schuppenreihe.[1]
Sparisoma-Arten leben in Korallen- und Felsriffen und über Seegraswiesen in Tiefen von 1 bis 80 Metern und ernähren sich von Seegras, Makroalgen und Fadenalgen.[1]
Zur Gattung Sparisoma gehören 15 Arten:[2]
Sparisoma (Synonyme: Callyodontiehthys Bleeker, 1861; Euscarus Jordan & Evermann, 1896) ist eine Gattung der Papageifische, die mit 15 Arten im Mittelmeer, im östlichen und westlichen Atlantik und in der Karibik vorkommt.
Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus,[4] including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010[5] and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012.[6] They are the most important grazers of algae in the Caribbean Sea, especially since sea urchins, especially Diadema, the other prominent consumers of algae, have been reduced in many places by a recent epidemic.
The name was proposed by William John Swainson as a subgenus of Scarus. Sparus in Latin is a golden-headed fish, and soma means "body". The common spelling Sparisomus is incorrect.
The size of parrotfishes of this genus range from the rather small-sized S. radians with a known maximum length of 20 cm (7.9 in) to the large S. viride, which reaches lengths of up to 64 cm (25 in).
Members of this genus are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing and terminal phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is S. cretense. They use their pectoral fins to move; the caudal fin is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.
The genus Sparisoma is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of overfishing and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae, but since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much algae is deleterious to coral.
William John Swainson described the genus Sparisoma in 1839 and he designated Sparus abildgaardi as its type species,[2] Although the specific name abildgaardi would appear to have precedence over chrysopterum, the latter is the more widely used name and the former was long mistakenly thought to be synonymous with Sparisoma viride.[7] The name Sparus abildgaardi was suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and Scarus chrysopterus was recognised as the type species.[8]
Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus, including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010 and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012. They are the most important grazers of algae in the Caribbean Sea, especially since sea urchins, especially Diadema, the other prominent consumers of algae, have been reduced in many places by a recent epidemic.
The name was proposed by William John Swainson as a subgenus of Scarus. Sparus in Latin is a golden-headed fish, and soma means "body". The common spelling Sparisomus is incorrect.
The size of parrotfishes of this genus range from the rather small-sized S. radians with a known maximum length of 20 cm (7.9 in) to the large S. viride, which reaches lengths of up to 64 cm (25 in).
Members of this genus are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing and terminal phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is S. cretense. They use their pectoral fins to move; the caudal fin is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.
The genus Sparisoma is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of overfishing and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae, but since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much algae is deleterious to coral.
Sparisoma es un género de peces de la familia Scaridae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Las especies de este género son:[1]
Sparisoma est un genre de poissons marins tropicaux de la famille des Scaridae (« poissons-perroquets »), qui fait partie du vaste sous-ordre des Labroidei.
Ce genre est limité à l'océan Atlantique tropical, sauf pour l'espèce Sparisoma cretense qui peut se retrouver dans les parties les plus chaudes de la Méditerranée.
Selon World Register of Marine Species (7 mai 2014)[1] :
Sparisoma est un genre de poissons marins tropicaux de la famille des Scaridae (« poissons-perroquets »), qui fait partie du vaste sous-ordre des Labroidei.
Ce genre est limité à l'océan Atlantique tropical, sauf pour l'espèce Sparisoma cretense qui peut se retrouver dans les parties les plus chaudes de la Méditerranée.
Sparisoma è un genere di pesci ossei marini appartenente alla famiglia Scaridae.
Si incontrano in ambienti costieri di fondo duro o di barriera corallina dell'oceano Atlantico tropicale e subtropicale. Nel mar Mediterraneo è presente S. cretense, raro in acque italiane[1].
Sparisoma è un genere di pesci ossei marini appartenente alla famiglia Scaridae.
Papūgžuvės loros (Sparisoma) – papūgžuvinių (Scaridae) šeimos žuvų gentis.
Gentyje yra 11 rūšių.
Papūgžuvės loros (Sparisoma) – papūgžuvinių (Scaridae) šeimos žuvų gentis.
Gentyje yra 11 rūšių.
Sparisoma is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van papegaaivissen (Scaridae).[1]
De volgende soorten zijn bij het geslacht ingedeeld:
Sparisoma is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van papegaaivissen (Scaridae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sparisoma – rodzaj ryb okoniokształtnych z rodziny skarusowatych.
Gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju [2]:
Sparisoma – rodzaj ryb okoniokształtnych z rodziny skarusowatych.
Sparisoma é um gênero de peixes da família Scaridae.
Sparisoma é um gênero de peixes da família Scaridae.
Sparisoma là một chi cá mó có mặt ở những vùng nước ấm của Đại Tây Dương. FishBase nhận ra 15 loài trong chi này[1], bao gồm S. rocha được mô tả từ đảo Trindade năm 2010[2] và S. choati được mô tả từ Đông Đại Tây Dương năm 2012[3]. Chúng là những kẻ săn mồi tảo chính ở vùng biển Caribbean kể từ khi nhím biển, những người chăn thả chính trước đây, đã trải qua sự tuyệt chủng hàng loạt và được thay thế bởi những con vẹt.
Cái tên được đề xuất bởi William John Swainson như là một hệ con của Scarus. Sparus trong tiếng Latin là một loài cá có đầu màu vàng và soma có nghĩa là "cơ thể". Cách gọi Sparisomus là không chính xác.
Sparisoma là một chi cá mó có mặt ở những vùng nước ấm của Đại Tây Dương. FishBase nhận ra 15 loài trong chi này, bao gồm S. rocha được mô tả từ đảo Trindade năm 2010 và S. choati được mô tả từ Đông Đại Tây Dương năm 2012. Chúng là những kẻ săn mồi tảo chính ở vùng biển Caribbean kể từ khi nhím biển, những người chăn thả chính trước đây, đã trải qua sự tuyệt chủng hàng loạt và được thay thế bởi những con vẹt.
Cái tên được đề xuất bởi William John Swainson như là một hệ con của Scarus. Sparus trong tiếng Latin là một loài cá có đầu màu vàng và soma có nghĩa là "cơ thể". Cách gọi Sparisomus là không chính xác.
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