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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Not much is known about the longevity of these animals, but one specimen lived 23.7 years old in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits

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In the past the Mediterranean monk seal was killed for its skin and body parts, which were said to provide protection against a variety of medical problems. The seal has also been killed for food.

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Untitled

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This seal is one of the world's rarest mammals, and it is on the list of the 20 most endangered species.

Another issue with the seal is that it is very sensitive to disturbances. Pregnant females are especially sensitive and will often abort when disturbed.

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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When communicating with each other they make very high pitched sounds. This is done mainly while in the water to let each other know if something is wrong or if danger is approaching.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Conservation Status

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Fewer than 500 individuals of Mediterranean monk seals remain in the world today. They have been killed by fisherman who see them as competition, and many have been lost due to being caught in fishermans' nets. Pollution and boat traffic are also a problem for this species. Pollution comes mainly from human waste. This waste gets into the water in which the seals live and into the food that they eat. The problem with boat traffic is from a lot of boats being in the same area that the seals occupy, resulting at worst in collisions between seals and boats

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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The only way that Mediterranean monk seals affect humans negatively is that compete with fishermen. These seals are mainly harmless otherwise.

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Mediterranean monk seals are diurnal. They feed in shallow coastal waters on a large variety of fish. This includes eels, sardines, tuna, lobsters, flatfish, and mullets. They also feed on cephalopods such as octopuses.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Distribution

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Monachus monachus, also known as the Mediterranean Monk Seal, is found around the Mediterranean Sea region and the Northwest African Coast. There are populations that are located in Mauritania/Western Sahara, Greece, and Turkey. Small numbers have also been seen in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, the Portuguese Desertas Islands, Croatia, and Cyprus.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native )

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Habitat

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Mediterranean monk seals are usually found along coastal waters, especially on the coastlines of islands. They are sometimes found in caves with submarine entrances when the female is giving birth and just to get away from other disturbances, such as boats.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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These seals live up to 30 years of age.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
30 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
23.7 years.

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Adult Mediterranean monk seals can be any color from dark brown or black to light grey. They are usually light gray along the belly. Pups have a black woolly coat and a white or yellow patch on the belly. They molt at about 4-6 weeks and their black woolly coat is replaced by a silvery gray coat that can darken over time.

Adult males are on average about 2.4m in length and females are slightly shorter. Males weigh about 315 kg and females weigh about 300 kg.

Average mass: 300-315 kg.

Average length: 2.4 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average mass: 275000 g.

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Mediterranean monk seals mate during the months of September-November. Mating usually takes place in the water. They reproduce very slowly starting at the age of 4. The time between births is 13 months, and the gestation period is 11 months. Pups are born about 80-100 cm long and weigh 17-24 kg.

Sexual maturity is reached at about 4-6 years of age.

When females give birth, they go on the beach or in caves. A female will usually remain on the beach or in the cave nursing and protecting the pup for up to six weeks. During this time, the female must live off of stored fat because she never leaves the pup, not even to feed herself. The pup may remain with its mother for as long as 3 years even after weaning.

Breeding season: Mediterranean monk seals mate during the months of September-November.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 11 months.

Range weaning age: 6 (high) weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4 to 6 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 to 6 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 19000 g.

Average gestation period: 289 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents

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Benton, M. 2000. "Monachus monachus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Monachus_monachus.html
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Melody Benton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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Active in the day, the Mediterranean monk seal feeds on a variety of fish and cephalopods (such as squid and octopus) (9). Individuals reach sexual maturity at five to six years of age, and mating occurs between September and November, when females haul-out in caves to give birth to a single pup that weighs between 16 and 18 kilograms (2). While the suckling time may be up to four months, the female will remain with her pup for up to three years (11). The social organisation of the Mediterranean monk seal is not known, but groups tend to form in breeding caves (2).
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Conservation

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The IUCN Species Survival Commission Seal Specialist Group has devised an Action Plan for the conservation of the species, the aims of which include the involvement of local fishermen, research into the status of the species and the development of a captive breeding programme (7). A Greek National Programme for the Protection of the Monk Seal has been established, aiming to prevent human-induced mortalities of the species and to restore and maintain a viable self-supporting population (6). Some experts believe that the removal of pups from a population, to supply a captive programme, could severely affect breeding within the wild population, and injure the pups concerned (7). Captive breeding is usually recommended for mammal species of such low numbers as this and with threats continuing in the wild, but concerns that removing young seals from the wild will not severely affect breeding in the wild and will not injure or negatively affect survival of the captured young must be adequately addressed (11). It is clear that determined action is urgently required if this reclusive, beleaguered species is to escape total extinction.
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Description

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The Mediterranean monk seal is one of the most endangered mammals in the world (5). The description of this species by Aristotle was the first known written description of a pinniped (a group that includes seals, sea lions and walrus) (2), and the head of a monk seal appeared on one of the first ever coins, around 500 BC (5). Adults have a brown or grey coat, which becomes paler on the undersurface (2) and males often feature a white patch on the belly (5). Old males are darker in colour and often become black, but retain the ventral white patch. Newborn infants are black and woolly with a white or yellow patch on the belly, the shape of which can sometimes be used to determine the sex of an individual (2).
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Habitat

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Usually found in coastal waters (9). Many of the traditional sandy haul-out beaches have been developed for tourism, and the species now tends to haul-out and pup in secluded, remote caves (10).
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Range

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Once widespread throughout the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the northwestern coast of Africa, this monk seal has suffered a devastating decline (2). It is now restricted to a handful of small and scattered colonies in the Ionian and Aegean Seas and the southern coast of Turkey in the Mediterranean, as well as scattered populations on the coasts of the western Sahara and Mauritania, and the Desertas Islands, Madeira (2). It is thought that just two of these populations are viable, in Greece and northwest Africa (6). The species has not been seen in the Black Sea for over five years (7). Although no reliable estimates of total population size exist, it is thought to number between just 400 to 500 individuals (6) (8), and is declining (7).
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Status

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Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) by the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). Listed on Appendix I of CITES (3) and Appendices I and II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS, or Bonn Convention) (4).
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Threats

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Mediterranean monk seals are highly sensitive to disturbance and humans have extensively used both the sea and beaches of their habitat for centuries, causing the population to collapse (2). The main threats facing this species are deliberate killing by fishermen who perceive the species as a competitor for fish, entanglement in fishing gear, disturbance and habitat loss through development and tourism, disease, and the effects of toxic algal blooms (2). In 1997, two thirds of the seals in the largest population, located at Cap Blanc, Mauritania, were lost due to the accumulation of toxins in fish following an algal bloom (5) (10). These shy creatures have taken to hauling out in caves to give birth, rather than on developed beaches, and the collapse of such caves is a further threat to the survival of the species (2).
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Conservation Status : Mediterranean monk seals are highly endangered and their chances for long-term survival are considered poor. They are widely scattered in small groups with little exchange of individuals. These seals have no doubt been taken for food and skins ever since the region has been inhabited by people. There is no record of a systematic commercial hunt, but persistent hunting, and recent poaching in this heavily populated region has likely led to this seal's precarious position. Overfishing, pollution, and development of much of this region are suspected to be significant contributors to the decline as well. It is feared that if Mediterranean monk seals were exposed to a disease like that which decimated populations of harbour and grey seals in northern Europe, it could spell the end of this species. IUCN: Endangered.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Diagnostic Description

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Adult mediterranean monk seals are robust, with short flippers, a long fusiform body, and a proportionately small head. The head is wide and somewhat flat, with the eyes spaced fairly widely. The muzzle is particularly wide, but compressed from top to bottom. The mystacial pads are large, fleshy, and extend beyond the nostrils. The nostrils are situated at the top of the muzzle unlike any other North Atlantic phocid species. The vibrissae are smooth and unbeaded. Females have 4 retractable teats. Coloration is variable throughout all the now-isolated subpopulations. Most animals are dark brown above and paler below, the colours separated by either a gradual blending or a sharp demarcation. Others are black overall, or very pale silvery white with variable darker blotching. Some animals have a large white belly patch; other have white blotching elsewhere on the body. Pups are born in a woolly blackish coat, sometimes with white spots and irregular blotches, and often with a yellowish white patch below. The moult of pups to a coat of silver-grey above and lighter below occurs at 4 to 6 weeks. Little is known about the seasonality of the moult. The dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, PC 5/5. Can be confused with: Mediterranean monk seals do not regularly share their range with any other pinniped. The nearest regularly occuring species are harbour seal and grey seals, and hooded seal, all of which occur farther north in the Atlantic. However, Mediterranean monk seals can be readily distinguished from all of these species by their lack of spots, characteristics of the head and muzzle, smooth vibrissae, and 4 mammary teats.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size

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Adults are up to 2.8 m in length, and weigh 250 to 400 kg. Newborns are 80 to 120 cm and 15 to 26 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Brief Summary

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This seal is considered non migratory, spending most of its time within a very limited home range. Breeding occurs much of the year, but mostly from August through October. Mediterranean monk seals are among the least social of pinnipeds when ashore; they are presumed to be most socially active in the water, where the only copulation ever observed was recorded. Little information is available on diving, but most dives are thought to be shallow, less than 70 m, and short, less than 10 minutes.The diet consists of octopus, at least 1 type of ray, and a variety of fishes. Large fish that cannot be swallowed whole are brought to the surface and shaken apart.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Monax suitisi ( Azerbaijani )

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Ağqarın Aralıq dənizi suitisi (lat. Monachus monachus), Yırtıcılar dəstəsindən heyvan.Yayılması Türkiyə(Foça),Yunanıstan,Tunis,Mərakeş,İspaniya

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Reunig manac'h ( Breton )

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Ar reunig manac'h (Monachus monachus) a zo ur bronneg mor hag a vev er mor Kreizdouarel hag evit un darn war aodoù Afrika ar C'hornaoueg (Maouritania) ha Madeira. En arvar bras emañ, ne vanfe ken nemet ur 600 bennak anezho.

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Tiriad ar reunig manac'h
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Foca monjo del Mediterrani ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La foca monjo del Mediterrani o vell marí[1] (Monachus monachus) és una espècie de foca caputxina (gènere Monachus). Es tracta d'una espècie amenaçada en perill d'extinció, de la qual se suposa que, segons les darreres estimacions del 2013, queden uns 600 individus.

L'àrea de difusió comprenia antigament tot el Mediterrani, el mar Negre i les costes atlàntiques d'Espanya, Portugal, el Marroc, Mauritània, Madeira i les Canàries. Durant el segle XX, el seu hàbitat s'ha reduït considerablement i actualment només sobreviuen algunes colònies a Grècia, a les illes de la costa de Croàcia, a Turquia, a les illes Chafarinas, a Madeira, al Marroc i a Mauritània. L'any 1992, fou abatuda una femella a les illes Chafarines i durant uns anys es va creure que, d'aquesta espècie, a tot l'espanyol només en quedava un exemplar, un mascle anomenat Peluso, a qui posteriorment també es va perdre la pista.

El vell marí és una espècie costanera que pot allunyar-se bastants quilòmetres a la recerca d'aliment. Actualment, ocupen costes rocalloses poc alterades i amb nombroses coves que utilitzen per a descansar i donar a llum les seves cries. Antigament, les colònies també se situaven en platges sorrenques. D'adults, assoleixen des de 80 cm a uns 2,4 m de longitud i arriben als 320 kg de pes, amb les femelles lleugerament més petites que els mascles. El seu pelatge és marró o gris fosc, amb el ventre una mica més pàl·lid. Les cries acostumen a néixer cap a la tardor i entren a l'aigua unes dues setmanes després.

Projectes de recuperació

Considerant que a l'antiga àrea de distribució del vell marí existeixen nombroses zones protegides en bon estat de conservació, la Direcció General de Conservació de la Natura del Ministeri de Medi Ambient i la Viceconselleria de Medi Ambient de Canàries han engegat, amb fons comunitaris LIFE, el Projecte per a la Recuperació del Vell marí a Espanya, que encara es troba en la fase d'estudis de viabilitat i que recentment ha rebut el vistiplau de la Unió Mundial per a la Natura (UICN). La Universitat de Barcelona i la Universitat de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria són les institucions científiques que duen a terme aquest estudi.

L'objectiu final d'aquest projecte és recuperar l'espècie per a la fauna espanyola mitjançant la seva reintroducció a les illes Canàries orientals. Aquestes illes han estat seleccionades per trobar-se situades a mig camí geogràficament entre la colònia de Madeira i la de Cap Blanc, amb la qual cosa es restabliria el corredor natural genètic entre els dos nuclis, que ara estan aïllats; de fet, cada any apareix algun jove en dispersió.

A més, aquestes illes tenen un adequat nombre d'espais naturals protegits, amb un bon nivell de conservació i reuneixen prou capacitat biològica per a mantenir una població de foques, donada la seva riquesa en espècies presa potencials i la seva baixa contaminació marina.

Un altre projecte similar és el Pla d'Acció Internacional per a la Recuperació del Vell marí a l'Atlàntic Oriental, dins del conveni Espècies Migratòries o conveni de Bonn, al qual a més d'Espanya, participen Portugal, Marroc i Mauritània, així com diverses entitats, com la Fundació CBD-Hàbitat o l'ONG Annajah. Així mateix, el Fons per al Vell Marí (FFM) realitza un seguiment de l'espècie i campanyes de sensibilització al Marroc, Algèria i Tunísia. Per la seva banda, un projecte de la Fundació Territori i Paisatge, creada per Caixa Catalunya, va fer un pla perquè en 8 anys aquesta espècie habités de nou la costa catalana.[2][3] La situació actual de Caixa Catalunya fa que el projecte estigui aparcat sine die.[4]

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Referències


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Foca monjo del Mediterrani: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

La foca monjo del Mediterrani o vell marí (Monachus monachus) és una espècie de foca caputxina (gènere Monachus). Es tracta d'una espècie amenaçada en perill d'extinció, de la qual se suposa que, segons les darreres estimacions del 2013, queden uns 600 individus.

L'àrea de difusió comprenia antigament tot el Mediterrani, el mar Negre i les costes atlàntiques d'Espanya, Portugal, el Marroc, Mauritània, Madeira i les Canàries. Durant el segle XX, el seu hàbitat s'ha reduït considerablement i actualment només sobreviuen algunes colònies a Grècia, a les illes de la costa de Croàcia, a Turquia, a les illes Chafarinas, a Madeira, al Marroc i a Mauritània. L'any 1992, fou abatuda una femella a les illes Chafarines i durant uns anys es va creure que, d'aquesta espècie, a tot l'espanyol només en quedava un exemplar, un mascle anomenat Peluso, a qui posteriorment també es va perdre la pista.

El vell marí és una espècie costanera que pot allunyar-se bastants quilòmetres a la recerca d'aliment. Actualment, ocupen costes rocalloses poc alterades i amb nombroses coves que utilitzen per a descansar i donar a llum les seves cries. Antigament, les colònies també se situaven en platges sorrenques. D'adults, assoleixen des de 80 cm a uns 2,4 m de longitud i arriben als 320 kg de pes, amb les femelles lleugerament més petites que els mascles. El seu pelatge és marró o gris fosc, amb el ventre una mica més pàl·lid. Les cries acostumen a néixer cap a la tardor i entren a l'aigua unes dues setmanes després.

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Tuleň středomořský ( Czech )

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Tuleň středomořský (Monachus monachus) patří do nevelké skupiny mořských vodních savců – ploutvonožců. Jeho domovem bylo kdysi celé Středozemní moře a přilehlé oblasti. Rybáři však v tuleních viděli konkurenci, která jim snižuje úlovky a tak je začali hubit, často velmi nevybíravými metodami. To vedlo k vymizení tuleně středomořského z velké části jeho původního areálu. Dnes je tuleň středomořský na pokraji vyhynutí. Poslední žijící tuleni jsou roztroušeni po celé oblasti Středozemního moře.

Charakteristika

Tuleň středomořský se řadí mezi ploutvonožce. Ploutvonožci se vyvinuli uprostřed třetihor ze suchozemských šelem. Je jich asi 30 druhů a jednotlivé druhy se od sebe moc neliší. Jsou přizpůsobeni životu ve vodě, končetiny mají proměněné v ploutve. Jsou to velmi dobří plavci, rychlost plavání dosahuje až 30 km/h. Potravou ploutvonožců je plankton, měkkýši a ryby. Všichni ploutvonožci mají silnou vrstvu tuku, která je chrání před chladem, a mají srst s velice hustou podsadou. Tuleň středomořský patří do řádu tuleňovitých, pro který je charakteristická chůze po předních končetinách. Tuleni se zdržují spíše u břehu, kde hloubka moře nedosahuje více než 70 m. Neumí se potápět do velkých hloubek a musí často odpočívat na souši. Jsou to plaší tvorové. Mláďata kojí mateřským mlékem a krev mají stejně teplou jako ostatní savci. Délka tuleně středomořského dosahuje u samice 230 cm a u samce až 320 cm. Váží až 320 kg. Zvíře je černohnědě zbarvené a na břiše má velkou světlou skvrnu. Někteří tuleni jsou jednotně hnědí. Ve stáří dochází k prošedivění srsti, která má pak stříbrný nádech. Jejich latinský název Monachus je odvozen od ruského slova mnich, což souvisí s jejich jednoduchým tmavým zbarvením.

Výskyt

Původně žil tuleň středomořský na ohromném území, od pobřeží Černého moře přes celé Středozemní moře až k pobřeží Madeiry a Kanárských ostrovů. Příbuzný poddruh žil v karibské oblasti, avšak tam je dnes vyhuben. Třetí příbuzný podruh v počtu několik set jedinců stále žije v okolí Havajských ostrovů. Tento druh tuleně je výborně přizpůsoben subtropickým podmínkám. Středomořští tuleni se v tomto století stali velmi vzácní díky nekontrolovatelnému odstřelu, kdy jejich stav klesl z několika desítek tisíc na pouhých několik set kusů, které žijí ve východním Středozemním moři, u západního pobřeží Afriky a na pobřeží Jadranu. Malé skupinky tuleňů se občas vyskytují i v západním středomoří např. v oblasti Sardinie, právě tady byl však tuleň středomořský přívalem turistů kriticky ohrožen. Od roku 2010 se několik jedinců usadilo v oblasti severního Jadranu u Puly, kde se s nimi potkávají i potápěči pod vodou.

Způsob života

Tuleň středomořský se potápí především na skalnatých pobřežích v okolí jeskyní, kam se často ukrývá. Žije převážně na starých známých březích, kde odpočívá a rodí mláďata. Z místa na místo se přesouvá velmi vzácně. A proč vlastně dochází k takovému úbytku tuleně středomořského? Vědci si tento fakt vysvětlují takto: Mále kolonie žijící u pobřeží jsou dnes velmi vyrušovány čluny a loděmi s turisty. Lodě pronikají čím dál hlouběji do nejodlehlejších zákoutí pobřeží a tak se zvířatům nedostává patřičného odpočinku a nemají ve svých útočištích prostor ani k potřebnému rozmnožování. Právě proto, že nemají klid na souši, ukrývají se do jeskyní.

Tuleň středomořský je výjimkou mezi tuleni, neboť se velmi dobře pohybuje po souši, na rozdíl od jiných tuleňů, kteří se po souši pohybují spíše nemotorně. Za to, že se po souši takto obratně pohybuje, vděčí širokým a mohutným drápům na předních končetinách, které normálně využívá k plavání. Po vylezení z vody se mohutnými drápy uchycuje na skalách. Drápy mu umožňují, na rozdíl od tuleně obecného, opustit moře i na skalnatém pobřeží. Hlavním nepřítelem tuleně středomořského je žralok, kterému však dokáže svým obratným pohybem ve vodě uniknout.

Tuleň středomořský má chrup jako šelma a je schopen kořist nejen uchopit ale i rozkousat. Potravu si rozporcuje na kusy určité velikosti, které pak v celku polyká, aniž by je dále rozkousal.

Důležité je, aby měl tuleň klid, především v letních měsících, protože se musí chladit a chránit před slunečním zářením a následným přehřátím. K tomuto cíli vyhledává stinná místa v skalních rozsedlinách nebo podmořských jeskyních a pohybuje se v tomto období jen velmi málo.

Tuleni se dožívají dvaceti let, někdy i více. Dorozumívají se rozličným chrochtáním a ostrým štěkáním.

Potrava

Živí se rybami a dalšími mořskými tvory, které často skupinově loví.

Rozmnožování

Tuleni přivádí svá mláďata na svět na souši, kde se jich během rozmnožování shromažďují stovky. Každý samec se snaží zabrat si pro sebe co největší skupinu samic a ostatní samce zahání neohrabanými poskoky. Ve vodě se postupně páří se všemi svými samicemi. Tuleni středomořští dávají přednost nepřístupným a nerušeným místům, která slouží pouze k odpočinku a vrhu mláďat. Mláďata se rodí v září a v říjnu a matka o ně pečuje tři roky. Když dospějí do věku 4 let, jsou již pohlavně zralí. Tulení mláďata jsou roztomilá, avšak i tito skoro bezbranní tvorové jsou zabíjeni lidmi pro jejich kožešinu.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Související články

  • Mír s tuleni – dokumentární česko-italský film režiséra Miloslava Nováka o výskytu tuleňů středomořských v současnosti a o historii jejich soužití s člověkem, oceněný na mnoha světových festivalech.

Externí odkazy

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Tuleň středomořský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Tuleň středomořský (Monachus monachus) patří do nevelké skupiny mořských vodních savců – ploutvonožců. Jeho domovem bylo kdysi celé Středozemní moře a přilehlé oblasti. Rybáři však v tuleních viděli konkurenci, která jim snižuje úlovky a tak je začali hubit, často velmi nevybíravými metodami. To vedlo k vymizení tuleně středomořského z velké části jeho původního areálu. Dnes je tuleň středomořský na pokraji vyhynutí. Poslední žijící tuleni jsou roztroušeni po celé oblasti Středozemního moře.

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Middelhavsmunkesæl ( Danish )

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Middelhavsmunkesæl (Monachus Monachus) er den næstmest sjældne sælart med under 600 nulevende individer. Som navnet antyder hører den til i Middelhavet. Det antages, at sælen kan leve i op til 45 år. Når hunsælen føder, gør hun det i huler, som kun kan nås ved at svømme under vand.

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Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe ( German )

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Die Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe (Monachus monachus) ist eine vom Aussterben bedrohte Robbenart aus der Familie der Hundsrobben. Mit geschätzten 350 bis 450 geschlechtsreifen Individuen[1] ist sie eines der seltensten Säugetiere Europas.

Beschreibung

Hauptcharakteristikum ist die doppelte Schwanzflosse. In der Farbe sind diese Robben sehr variabel; sie liegt zwischen hellgrau und schwarzbraun. Mit einer Länge von 240 cm und einem Gewicht von 280 kg (Weibchen) ist die Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe deutlich größer als ein Seehund. Weibchen sind etwas kleiner als Männchen. Jungtiere werden mit etwa 80 cm und einem schwarzen Geburtsfell, welches oftmals einen weißen Fleck aufweist, zur Welt gebracht.[2]

Verbreitung

Die einzige Robbenart des Mittelmeers ist durch Verfolgung extrem selten geworden. Die größten Populationen befinden sich an den griechischen und türkischen Küsten (Foça, Anamur und Alonnisos). Allein im griechischen Alonnisos Marine Park sollen zwei Drittel des Bestandes beheimatet sein.[3] Kleinere Restpopulationen leben an der afrikanischen Küste zwischen Marokko und der Westsahara (dort an der Südspitze der Halbinsel Ras Nouadhibou) und bei den Ilhas Desertas im Madeira-Archipel im Atlantik, aber auch in der Straße von Sizilien bei La Galite (Tunesien). Die Kolonie bei Madeira umfasst ca. 30 Tiere und der Bestand ist in den letzten Jahren im Anstieg begriffen.[4] Weiterhin finden sich kleine Populationen an der Küste Istriens, etwa in der Nähe der Stadt Pula.[5]

Lebensweise

Die Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe ist ein tagaktiver Fischfresser, der in kleinen Kolonien von maximal zwanzig Tieren anzutreffen ist. Zum Gebären sucht sie typischerweise Höhlen auf, die nur unter Wasser erreichbar sind, wobei historische Beschreibungen zeigen, dass bis zum 18. Jahrhundert auch offene Strände genutzt wurden.[2]

Fortpflanzung

Über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten der Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe ist nur sehr wenig bekannt. Wissenschaftler vermuten, dass die Art polygyn lebt. Obwohl Geburten über das ganze Jahr verteilt vorkommen, erreichen sie im Oktober und November einen Höhepunkt. Auch weil in dieser Zeit viele Höhlen durch Hochwasser oder Sturmfluten überschwemmt werden, ist die Sterblichkeit unter Jungtieren sehr hoch: so geht die IUCN davon aus, dass von den zwischen September und Januar geborenen Tieren lediglich 29 % überleben. Die Laktationszeit beträgt durchschnittlich 134 Tage.

Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe und Mensch

Schon Aristoteles lieferte eine Beschreibung der Mönchsrobbe, die somit die erste beschriebene Robbe überhaupt ist. Seit Jahrhunderten sahen viele Fischer in dieser Robbe eine Konkurrenz. Dadurch und durch die starke Umweltverschmutzung der Lebensgebiete ist dieses Säugetier heute sehr stark vom Aussterben bedroht.

Funde von Knochen mit Schnittspuren in der Gorham-Höhle, Gibraltar belegen, dass bereits der Neandertaler zumindest gelegentlich Mönchrobben nutzte. Eine aktive Jagd mit Waffen auf erwachsene Robben ist bislang nicht nachweisbar. Dies belegt jedoch eine frühere Verbreitung der Mönchsrobbe auch entlang der iberischen Südküste.

Schutzmaßnahmen

Zum Schutz der Art wurden 1992 die Nationalparks um die Ilhas Desertas bei Madeira und die Nördlichen Sporaden in der Ägäis eingerichtet. Des Weiteren ist diese Art im CITES-Anhang I (totales Handelsverbot) gelistet.[6]

Eine Studie des italienischen Umweltministeriums von 2013 bestätigt das Vorhandensein von Mönchsrobben im Meeresschutzgebiet der Ägadischen Inseln.[7][8]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Alexandros Karamanlidis (MOm/Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal), Panagiotis Dendrinos (MOm/Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal): IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mediterranean Monk Seal. 16. Juli 2015, abgerufen am 25. April 2020.
  2. a b Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview. Abgerufen am 18. November 2021.
  3. ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΟ ΠΑΡΚΟ ΑΛΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ ΒΟΡΕΙΩΝ ΣΠΟΡΑΔΩΝ – Θαλάσσιο Πάρκο Αλοννήσου. Abgerufen am 18. November 2021 (griechisch).
  4. madeirabirds: Mediterranean Monk Seal Monachus monachus. 20. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 18. November 2021 (britisches Englisch).
  5. Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe regelmäßiger Gast an Stränden in Pula. PulaInfo. Abgerufen am 29. April 2014.
  6. Appendices | CITES. Abgerufen am 18. November 2021.
  7. http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/news/sul-monitoraggio-e-goi-avvistamenti-della-foca-monaca@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.isprambiente.gov.it (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
  8. http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/comunicati-stampa/ComunicatoEgadiMinistrorev13_05_revisione2.pdf
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Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Verbreitungskarte

Die Mittelmeer-Mönchsrobbe (Monachus monachus) ist eine vom Aussterben bedrohte Robbenart aus der Familie der Hundsrobben. Mit geschätzten 350 bis 450 geschlechtsreifen Individuen ist sie eines der seltensten Säugetiere Europas.

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Foka e Mesdheut ( Albanian )

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Foka e Mesdheut (lat. Monachus monachus) është një lloj foke që i takon familjes Phocidae. Në vitin 2016, është llogaritur të ketë më pak se 700 individë të gjallë të këtij lloji, të vendosur në tre apo katër nënpopullata të zolura në Detin Mesdhe (posaçërisht në Detin Egje), arkipelagun e Maderias dhe në arkipelagun Ras Nouadhibou në verilindje të Oqeanit Atlantik.[1] Besohet të jetë lloji më i rallë i fokave në botë.

Referimet

  1. ^ Karamanlidis, A.A.; etj. (prill 2016). "The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus: status, biology, threats, and conservation priorities". Mammal Review. 46 (2): 92–105. doi:10.1111/mam.12053.
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Foka e Mesdheut: Brief Summary ( Albanian )

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Foka e Mesdheut (lat. Monachus monachus) është një lloj foke që i takon familjes Phocidae. Në vitin 2016, është llogaritur të ketë më pak se 700 individë të gjallë të këtij lloji, të vendosur në tre apo katër nënpopullata të zolura në Detin Mesdhe (posaçërisht në Detin Egje), arkipelagun e Maderias dhe në arkipelagun Ras Nouadhibou në verilindje të Oqeanit Atlantik. Besohet të jetë lloji më i rallë i fokave në botë.

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Monachus monachus ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Monachus monachus es un specie de Monachus.

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Monachus monachus ( Aragonese )

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Monachus monachus ye a sola especie d'a familia Phocidae present en a Mar Mediterrania, y tamién se distribuye u distribuiba por a costa atlantica nordafricana dica Mauritania, Cabo Verde, as Islas Canarias y Madeira. Ha desapareixiu d'a mayor part d'as costas mediterranias y d'as Islas Canarias.

Se conoix fósil dende o Pleistoceno meyo de Vallonnet, y tamién se troba fósil en o Pleistoceno meyo d'as esplugas de Grimaldi y d'Altamira. Tamién s'ha trobau como fósil en as minas de Can Tintoré (Gavà, Barcelona) con edat neolitica inferior-meya (5070 u 4880 anyos BP).

Zoonimia

En catalán se li diz metaforicament vell marí ("viello marín"), que curiosament recuerda a l'asociación d'un dios marín griego sustituito por Poseidón con esta especie de focido, tarcual veyemos en "A Odisea". En occitán existe a denominación de buòu marin[1] (buei marín). Dende las formas catalanas y occitanas tenemos adaptacions escritas como veyl marin en o peache de Uesca y como bitill marino en o peache de L'Ainsa en o sieglo XV.

Referencias

  1. (es) Fernández González, J.R.: Gramática histórica provenzal. Universidat d'Oviedo, 1985. p. 93.

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Monachus monachus: Brief Summary ( Aragonese )

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Monachus monachus ye a sola especie d'a familia Phocidae present en a Mar Mediterrania, y tamién se distribuye u distribuiba por a costa atlantica nordafricana dica Mauritania, Cabo Verde, as Islas Canarias y Madeira. Ha desapareixiu d'a mayor part d'as costas mediterranias y d'as Islas Canarias.

Se conoix fósil dende o Pleistoceno meyo de Vallonnet, y tamién se troba fósil en o Pleistoceno meyo d'as esplugas de Grimaldi y d'Altamira. Tamién s'ha trobau como fósil en as minas de Can Tintoré (Gavà, Barcelona) con edat neolitica inferior-meya (5070 u 4880 anyos BP).

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Vechju marinu ( Corsican )

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U vechju marinu (Monachus monachus) hè un mammiferu marinu di a famiglia di i Phocidae. Hè una spezia minacciata d'estinzione. À i ghjorni d'oghje, ùn esiste più cà circa 500 esemplari di vechju marinu in u mondu.

Descrizzione

U vechju marinu fundieghja pocu, insin'à vinti metri solamente, chì ùn pò stà in apnea ch'è 5 o 6 minute à 10 metri, è 3 minute à circa 30 metri.

'Ss'ultimi anni, u vechju marinu hà cambiatu è adattatu e so abitudine, appostu chì stà piuttostu avà in e sapare è e grotte marine, per pruteghje si di a l'attività umane. Difatti, e nascite occorrenu in e grotte marine ma i ghjovani sò più esposti à u periculu di e cavallate di u mare.

Morfologia

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U scheletru di u vechju marinu

E caratteristiche fisiche di u vechju marinu sò analoghe à quelle di l'altre Phocidae: u corpu hè allungatu, irregularmente cilindricu.

U vechju marinu hà una lunghezza da 80 à 280 cm è pò ancu ghjunghje sin'à 400 kilò di pesu; e femine sò appena più chjughe di i masci. Anu una piccula testa. U pilame di u vechju marinu hè brunu, essendu più chjaru annantu à u ventre. U vechju marinu campa sin'à 30 o 40 anni. U pelu hè cortu cortu, circa un mezu centimetru, ma hè adattatu à l'acqua di u mare Terraniu, più calda ch'è quella di l'oceanu. U pilame di i chjuchi hè più bianchicciu è ci hè in generale una tacca bianca versu u billicu.

Distribuzione

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Areale attuale di u vechju marinu

L'areale di u vechju marinu comprendia in i tempi u Mare Terraniu sanu, u Mare Neru, e coste atlantiche di Spagna è di u Portugallu, u Maroccu, a Mauritania, Madera è e Canarie. Ma à i ghjorni d'oghje, hè guasi sparitu da e coste di u Mare Terraniu, per via di a crescenza di l'attività umane annantu à u litturale (pesca, turisimu, custruzzione) ma dinù di a destruzzione di fucile. U vechju marinu hè in periculu d'estinzione, chì ùn ni ferma più ch'è circa 500 individui, in parechji gruppi isulati in Grecia è in Turchia, è dinò in u nordu-punente di l'Africa (Maroccu, Mauritania è Madera).

Prutezzione

U vechju marinu hè prutettu da:

  • a cunvinzione internaziunale di Washington (CITES) chì interdisce u cummerciu di e spezie di fauna è di flora minacciate di sparizione: hè classatu à l'Annessu I di a CITES.

In Corsica

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Gargalu

U vechju marinu hè ancu chjamatu in Corsica: l'omu marinu, u boiu marinu o ancu u vitellu marinu. U vechju marinu era cumunu in Corsica mentre a prima mità di u seculu XX. Era arrighjunatu in u Capicorsu, annantu à a costa uccidentale, ma dinù in l'areale chì si stende in a parte a più suttana di a Corsica: da Prubià à Bonifaziu, sin'à Portuvechju. I vechji marini eranu prisenti in parechje sapare di l'attuale Riserva di Scandula. Friquentavanu e spiaghje di i circondi, è in particulare e spiaghje di Galeria. U vechju marinu era prisente in l'isulottu di Gargalu, ma dinù in in una sapara maiore di a Punta Palazzu. Hè in 'ssa sapara chì fù tombu un vechju marinu femina, da u principe Rainier III di Monacu, u 27 sittembre di u 1946 (Franceschi 1987). 'Ssu vechju marinu hè espostu avà in u Museu oceanograficu di Monacu. Bon'parechji vechji marini di Corsica sò stati tombi prima di piola, ma dopu funi tombi di fucile. À spessu, i vechji marini erani tombi da i pescadori, chì u cunsideravanu cum'è un cuncurrente per a pesca. È quessa, assuciata à una friquentazione più impurtante di e spiaghje è di l'isulotti da i turisti, incausò à pocu à pocu a sparizione di u vechju marinu di l'isula. Qualchì vechju marinu fù usservatu in u settanta o un pocu più dopu, ma l'usservzione sò schersi è cuncernanu individui isulati. Si pò mintuvà dinù parechje usservazione più ricente (U Scoddu, ferraghju 2010), in particulare vicinu à l'isula di U Cavallu. Si spera chì u vechju marinu puderà esse riintroduttu in Corsica, in i so lochi, in particulare in a Riserva di Scandula. Cù u tempu, e cunniscenze scentifiche anu dimustratu ch'ellu un animale ch'ùn fundieghja tantu - sin'à vinti metri - chì e so capacità per l'apnea sò debule.

Rifarenzi

Da veda dinò

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Vechju marinu: Brief Summary ( Corsican )

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U vechju marinu (Monachus monachus) hè un mammiferu marinu di a famiglia di i Phocidae. Hè una spezia minacciata d'estinzione. À i ghjorni d'oghje, ùn esiste più cà circa 500 esemplari di vechju marinu in u mondu.

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Μεσογειακή φώκια ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Η μεσογειακή φώκια μοναχός (Monachus monachus), είναι το ένα από τα δύο εναπομείναντα είδη φώκιας μοναχού της οικογένειας των φωκιδών. Κάποτε ήταν εξαπλωμένη σε όλες τις ακτές της Μεσογείου, της Μαύρης Θάλασσας και του ανατολικού Ατλαντικού. Σήμερα, με αριθμό μικρότερο από 600 ζώα, συγκαταλέγεται στα σπανιότερα και πλέον απειλούμενα ζωικά είδη του πλανήτη και χαρακτηρίζεται ως κρισίμως κινδυνεύον με αφανισμό από την Διεθνή Ένωση Προστασίας της Φύσης. Ο μισός περίπου πληθυσμός, γύρω στα 250-300 άτομα, ζει στην Ελλάδα.

Ονομασία

Στις ραψωδίες Δ' και Ο' της Οδύσσειας γίνεται αναφορά σε αυτήν στον πληθυντικό ως φῶκαι. Αργότερα ο Αριστοτέλης μελέτησε και περιέγραψε διεξοδικά την φώκη στο έργο του Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν.

Ο Γάλλος ζωολόγος Ζαν Ερμάν περιέγραψε πρώτος, στην σύγχρονη εποχή, την μεσογειακή φώκια από τον ολότυπο της συλλογής του. Ονόμασε το είδος Phoca monachus (φώκια μοναχός), πιθανόν λόγω κάποιας ομοιότητας που διέκρινε με τους καλόγερους και όχι σύμφωνα με παλαιότερες αντιλήψεις λόγω του μοναχικού χαρακτήρα του είδους: οι δίπλες που σχηματίζει στο δέρμα της στην περιοχή του λαιμού, ίσως θυμίζουν τις πτυχές από την κουκούλα και το ράσο των μοναχών. Ο Τζον Φλέμινγκ κράτησε το όνομα monachus αλλά το αναβάθμισε σε γένος με ομώνυμο ειδικό Monachus monachus.[1]

Περιγραφή

Το μήκος των ενήλικων ζώων κυμαίνεται μεταξύ 2-3 μέτρων, ενώ το βάρος τους φθάνει έως και τα 350 κιλά, με τα θηλυκά να είναι λίγο μικρότερα από τα αρσενικά. Το σώμα τους καλύπτεται από στιλπνό τρίχωμα, μήκους περίπου μισού εκατοστού. Το χρώμα τους ποικίλλει από ανοιχτό γκρί και μπεζ στα θηλυκά μέχρι σκούρο καφέ και μαύρο στα αρσενικά, πολλές φορές διάστικτο και με ανοιχτόχρωμα σημεία στον αυχένα, τον λαιμό και την κοιλιά. Στα αρσενικά είναι ιδιαίτερα εμφανής και ευδιάκριτη η λευκή κηλίδα στην κοιλιά.[2][3]

Οι μεσογειακές φώκιες ζουν μέχρι και 45 χρόνια,[4] αν και ο μέσος όρος είναι γύρω στα 20, ενώ η σεξουαλική ωριμότητα ξεκινά στον 5ο. Ζευγαρώνουν στο νερό και γεννούν κάθε 2 χρόνια -μετά από κύηση 10 μηνών και πάντα στην στεριά- συνήθως ένα μικρό, σπανιότερα δύο. Το νεογέννητο έχει μήκος περίπου 1 μέτρο, ζυγίζει γύρω στα 15 κιλά και είναι ήδη ικανό να κολυμπήσει. Το δέρμα του καλύπτεται από μακρύ σκούρο τρίχωμα μήκους έως και 1,5 εκατοστά. Το τρίχωμα αυτό αντικαθίσταται μέσα σε δύο μήνες από το κοντό τρίχωμα των ενήλικων ζώων. Στην κοιλιά υπάρχει μία μεγάλη λευκή κηλίδα σαν μπάλωμα, της οποίας το σχήμα διαφέρει χαρακτηριστικά σε κάθε φώκια αλλά και μεταξύ των δύο φύλων.[4] Η γαλουχία διαρκεί περίπου τρεις με τέσσερις μήνες και μετά αρχίζει σιγά-σιγά να κυνηγά και να βρίσκει την τροφή του. Την περίοδο αυτήν και σε αντίθεση με άλλα είδη φώκιας, η μητέρα αφήνει το μικρό της μόνο του για κάποιες ώρες προς αναζήτηση τροφής.

Έχει παρατηρηθεί πως είναι πολυγυνικές, δηλαδή ένα ενήλικο αρσενικό διατηρεί ένα χαρέμι και ζευγαρώνει με περισσότερα από ένα θηλυκά. Η γέννα λαμβάνει χώρα σε απομονωμένη σπηλιά με έξοδο προς την παραλία, αν και από παλιές περιγραφές έως και τον 18ο αιώνα φαίνεται πως γεννούσαν στις ανοιχτές αμμουδιές.[5]

Στην Ελλάδα η αναπαραγωγική περίοδος ξεκινάει από τον Αύγουστο και ολοκληρώνεται τον Δεκέμβριο, με πολύ σπάνιες πρώιμες και όψιμες γεννήσεις[6]. Η κορύφωση της αναπαραγωγικής περιόδου καταγράφεται μεταξύ Σεπτεμβρίου και Οκτωβρίου. Την ίδια περίοδο και λόγω της επιδείνωσης του καιρού (φθινοπωρινές καιρικές συνθήκες και θαλασσοταραχές) υπάρχει κίνδυνος για τα νεογνά να παρασυρθούν από τη θάλασσα, να χάσουν τη μητέρα τους και να πνιγούν, καθώς μέχρι και τον τέταρτο μήνα της ζωής τους θηλάζουν αποκλειστικά και δεν μπορούν να τραφούν μόνα τους, ούτε είναι τόσο ικανά στη θάλασσα.

Το σώμα της έχει σχήμα ατρακτοειδές που διευκολύνει την κίνησή της μέσα στο νερό, ενώ τα άκρα της έχουν σχήμα πτερυγίων. Στο κεφάλι της έχει μικρές ακουστικές οπές αντί για εξωτερικά αυτιά και μακριά μουστάκια που χρησιμεύουν ως αισθητήρια όργανα.

Διατροφή

Το θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον της Μεσογείου, όπου ζει μεγάλη ποικιλία ειδών αλλά σε μικρούς σχετικά αριθμούς, φαίνεται να ευνοεί την διατροφική προσαρμογή της φώκιας, η οποία δε δείχνει κάποια προτίμηση σε συγκεκριμένα είδη. Αντιθέτως τρέφεται με μια ποικιλία από οστεϊχθύς, όπως σαργούς, συναγρίδες, γόπες, μπαρμπούνια και κεφαλόποδων όπως χταπόδια, σουπιές και καλαμάρια, αλλά και καρκινοειδή όπως καβούρια.[1][2] Το κυριότερο θήραμα των μεσογειακών φωκών αποτελούν τα χταπόδια και συγκεριμένα το Octopus vulgaris[7]

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Αποικία μεσογειακής φώκιας στο Λευκό Ακρωτήριο το 1945

Ενδιαίτημα

Σε σχέση με άλλα είδη φωκών, η μεσογειακή φώκια μπορεί να θεωρηθεί «παράκτιο είδος», καθώς φαίνεται ότι κινείται και κυνηγά την τροφή της κοντά στις ακτές και κυρίως ριχότερα από την ισοβαθή των 200 μέτρων. Μέγιστος χρόνος κατάδυσης είναι 15-20 λεπτά. Οι περισσότερες καταδύσεις όμως γίνονται σε βάθος 30-40 μέτρα και διαρκούν γύρω στα 5-10 λεπτά. Έχουν πάντως την ικανότητα να καλύψουν σημαντικές αποστάσεις μέσα σε λίγες εβδομάδες ή λίγους μήνες.

Η κατανομή της στον ελλαδικό χώρο είναι πολύ μεγάλη, αν και περιορισμένη αριθμητικά. Δείχνει σαφή προτίμηση σε απομονωμένες, βραχώδεις και δυσπρόσιτες νησίδες ή παράκτιες περιοχές.

Ιστορικές πηγές αναφέρουν ότι οι Μεσογειακές φώκιες συνήθιζαν να χρησιμοποιούν ανοιχτές παραλίες για να ξεκουράζονται και να γεννάνε. Σήμερα όμως, λόγω τις ανθρώπινης όχλησης και τις καταστροφής του φυσικού της χώρου έχει αποτραβηχτεί κυρίως σε απρόσιτες παράκτιες θαλασσινές σπηλιές. Οι σπηλιές αυτές, που μπορεί να έχουν μία ή και περισσότερες εισόδους πάνω ή και κάτω από την επιφάνεια του νερού έχουν ως κοινό χαρακτηριστικό ότι καταλήγουν σε παραλία (χερσαίο, σχετικά επίπεδο χώρο με άμμο, βότσαλα, κροκάλες είτε επίπεδο βράχο).

Κατάσταση

Κάποτε η μεσογειακή φώκια ήταν εξαπλωμένη από τις ακτές της Μεσογείου και της Μαύρης Θάλασσας έως την βορειοδυτική ακτή της Αφρικής στον Ατλαντικό, μέχρι και τις Αζόρες.[8]

Η δραματική μείωση του πληθυσμού οφείλεται κυρίως στον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα, από όλες του τις πλευρές. Από την αρχαιότητα κυνηγούνταν για εμπορικούς σκοπούς λόγω του δέρματος και του λίπους της. Οι Ρωμαίοι τις χρησιμοποιούσαν και για ψυχαγωγικούς λόγους στις ρωμαϊκές αρένες.[9] Στο Αιγαίο παλιότερα έφτιαχναν από το δέρμα τους σανδάλια και ζώνες και το λίπος το χρησιμοποιούσαν στην παρασκευή κάποιου ματζουνιού.[2] Επίσης καταδιώκεται ως βλαβερό ζώο από τους ψαράδες λόγω της ζημιάς που μπορεί να προκαλέσει στα δίχτυα τους όταν μπλεχτεί σ' αυτά. Η ηθελημένη θανάτωσή τους από τον άνθρωπο στις ελληνικές θάλασσες, παραμένει η πρωταρχική αιτία θανάτου για τα ενήλικα άτομα του είδους.

Ο θάνατος φωκών από την παγίδευση τους σε αλιευτικά εργαλεία είναι πολύ συχνό φαινόμενο στις περισσότερες περιοχές εξάπλωσης του είδους. Τα ζώα παγιδεύονται και πνίγονται κυρίως σε στατικά δίχτυα που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως από την παράκτια αλιεία. Στοιχεία έρευνας στην Ελλάδα αποδεικνύουν ότι το πρόβλημα είναι ιδιαίτερα έντονο στα ανήλικα και άρα περισσότερο άπειρα άτομα. Υπεραλίευση και παράνομη αλιεία έχουν οδηγήσει σε σημαντική μείωση τα ιχθυαποθέματα ώστε οι φώκιες να δυσκολεύονται να εξασφαλίσουν αρκετή τροφή από το φυσικό τους στοιχείο.[10] Παράλληλα ραγδαία αύξηση του ανθρώπινου πληθυσμού και η αστικοποίηση μαζί με την άνοδο του παραθαλάσσιου και θαλάσσιου τουρισμού υποβάθμισαν τον βιότοπο της μεσογειακής φώκιας και την εκδίωξαν από τις ανοιχτές παραλίες.

Σήμερα έχει κηρυχθεί είδος κρισίμως κινδυνεύον με αφανισμό. Ο συνολικός πληθυσμός υπολογίζεται σε λιγότερα από 600 ζώα διεσπαρμένα σε τέσσερις απομονωμένους θύλακες στα νησιά Μαδέρα (25-35 άτομα), στο Λευκό Ακρωτήριο της Μαυριτανίας (130 άτομα) στον Ατλαντικό, στις Μεσογειακές ακτές Μαρόκου και Αλγερίας και στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο (Αιγαίο και Ιόνιο Πέλαγος). Μόνο δύο από τους θύλακες μπορούν να θεωρηθούν βιώσιμοι: ο ένας στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος που αριθμεί περίπου 300 φώκιες στην Ελλάδα (στις Β. Σποράδες, την Κίμωλο και την Κάρπαθο)και 100 στην Τουρκία. Ο άλλος στο Λευκό Ακρωτήριο, στην Μαυριτανία με 130 φώκιες. Οι δύο αυτές θέσεις βρίσκονται στα δύο ακραία σημεία της περιοχής εξάπλωσης της φώκιας και είναι αδύνατη η όποια επικοινωνία και ανταλλαγή των πληθυσμών μεταξύ τους και ο εμπλουτισμός του γενετικού τους υλικού. Όλοι οι υπόλοιποι πληθυσμοί αριθμούν λιγότερα από 50 άτομα. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις πρόκειται για σκόρπιες ομάδες μέχρι 5 ατόμων.[8]

Τέτοιοι μικροί πληθυσμοί υπάρχουν στην Μαδέρα (περίπου 30 άτομα)[4] και στα νησιά Ντεζέρτας στον Ατλαντικό, στην Κιλικία, στο Ιόνιο Πέλαγος. Στη δυτική Μεσόγειο υπάρχουν μόνο μικρές ομάδες στις αφρικανικές ακτές (Μαρόκο και Αλγερία) και πολύ σπάνιες θεάσεις στις Βαλεαρίδες Νήσους[11], στη Σαρδηνία[12] και στο Γιβραλτάρ.

Στο Λευκό Ακρωτήριο (Ρας Νουαντίμπου) ζει η μεγαλύτερη ομάδα μεσογειακής φώκιας, και η μοναδική που έχει ακόμη μορφή αποικίας. Το καλοκαίρι του 1997 τα δύο τρίτα του πληθυσμού εξολοθρεύτηκαν μέσα σε δύο μήνες θέτοντας σε κίνδυνο τη δυνατότητα επιβίωσης του είδους. Η αιτία που προκάλεσε τον μαζικό θάνατο των ζώων και μείωσε τον πληθυσμό της αποικίας από 317 σε 130 άτομα φαίνεται είναι το φαινόμενο της άνθισης φυτοπλαγκτού και συγκεκριμένα η έκθεση των ζώων σε κάποια φυτοπλαγκτονική τοξίνη.[8] Η αποικία υπολογίζεται πως αριθμεί σήμερα περί τα 150 άτομα και παραμένει η μεγαλύτερη ομάδα μεσογειακής φώκιας, όμως να τέτοιο φαινόμενο θα μπορούσε να αφανίσει όλον τον εναπομείναντα πληθυσμό.

Διατήρηση και προστασία

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Φώκια κοντά στη Σέριφο. Φωτογραφήθηκε το 2007

Σημαντικό βήμα για την προστασία της μεσογειακής φώκιας και των βιοτόπων της αποτέλεσε η ανακήρυξη της περιοχής των Βορείων Σποράδων σε προστατευόμενη και η ίδρυση του Εθνικού Θαλάσσιου Πάρκου Αλοννήσου Βορείων Σποράδων (ΕΘΠΑΒΣ)[13]. Καθοριστική υπήρξε η συμβολή της μη κερδοσκοπικής, μη κυβερνητικής οργάνωσης ΜOm /Εταιρία για τη Μελέτη και Προστασία της Μεσογειακής Φώκιας στην οργάνωση και λειτουργία δραστηριοτήτων όπως η ενημέρωση του κοινού και η παρακολούθηση της κατάστασης του πληθυσμού της Μεσογειακής φώκιας, σε συνεργασία με τις αρμόδιες αρχές. Σύμφωνα με τα στοιχεία του οργανισμού, τουλάχιστον 55 διαφορετικά ενήλικα ζώα έχουν αναγνωριστεί να συχνάζουν στην περιοχή του θαλάσσιου πάρκου, ενώ υπολογίζεται γεννιούνται άλλα οχτώ τον χρόνο.[14]

Μέρος της δράσης της MOm είναι η ευαισθητοποίηση και ενημέρωση των ντόπιων κατοίκων και ψαράδων όπως και η διάσωση και περίθαλψη άρρωστων, τραυματισμένων και ορφανών ζώων. Γι αυτόν τον λόγο δημιούργησε το Κέντρο Περίθαλψης Μεσογειακής Φώκιας στην Αλόννησο, το οποίο είναι το μοναδικό στη Μεσόγειο και λειτουργεί σε συνδυασμό με το δίκτυο διάσωσης και συλλογής πληροφοριών της MOm[15]. Εκεί φιλοξενούνται μόνο τα νεογέννητα, κατά κύριο λόγο, ορφανά φωκάκια που χωρίστηκαν από τη μητέρα τους, συνήθως λόγω καιρικών συνθηκών. Η περίθαλψη των μεγαλύτερων ζώων γίνεται επί τόπου. Το δε Δίκτυο Διάσωσης και Συλλογής Πληροφοριών (RINT) βασίζεται σε μέλη από όλη την Ελλάδα, κατά πλειοψηφία μη ειδικούς, που αποστέλλουν τακτικά πληροφορίες και ενημέρωση από τις παράκτιες και νησιωτικές περιοχές[16].

Η Ελλάδα ετοιμάζεται να κηρύξει μια δεύτερη περιοχή στο Αιγαίο ως προστατευόμενο θαλάσσιο πάρκο με έναν από τους κύριους στόχους της πράξης αυτής την «προστασία και διατήρηση του σημαντικού πληθυσμού της απειλούμενης με εξαφάνιση Μεσογειακής φώκιας Monachus monachus»[17]. Θα ονομάζεται Περιφερειακό Θαλάσσιο Πάρκο Βόρειας Καρπάθου, νήσου Σαρίας και των Αστακιδονησίων (Π.Θ.Π.Β.Κ.Σ.Α) και θα περιλαμβάνει τις ήδη υπάρχουσες Ειδικές Ζώνες Διατήρησης (ΕΖΔ) Καρπάθου-Σαρίας και Αστακιδονησίων του Δικτύου Natura 2000 [18][19].

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Φώκια της αποικίας του Λευκού Ακρωτηρίου εν πλω

Το άλλο θαλάσσιο πάρκο της χώρας είναι το Εθνικό Θαλάσσιο Πάρκο Ζακύνθου στο Ιόνιο Πέλαγος. Με βάση τα στοιχεία του WWF που πραγματοποίησε συστηματική καταγραφή πληθυσμού της φώκιας το 1991, βρίσκουνε καταφύγιο στην περιοχή 14-18 άτομα. Πρόκειται για το μεγαλύτερο γνωστό πληθυσμό στο Ιόνιο[20].

Μαζί με τις δύο περιοχές στην Τουρκία, στη Φώκαια της Σμύρνης και στην Επαρχία της Μερσίνης, είναι τα μοναδικά προστατευόμενα καταφύγια της φώκιας στη μεσόγειο. Η ΜΚΟ SAD-DAFAG που δραστηριοποιείται στην περιοχή υπολογίζει τον αριθμό των ζώων σε περίπου 100[21].

Στον Ατλαντικό υπάρχει η προστατευόμενη περιοχή στα νησιά Ντεζέρτας της Μαδέρας, όπου φαίνονται ενθαρρυντικά σημάδια ανάκαμψης μετά από έντονες προσπάθειες προστασίας εκ μέρους της πορτογαλικής διαχειριστικής αρχής, και ο αριθμός έχει ανέβει στις 25-35 φώκιες. Νοτιότερα, στο Λευκό Ακρωτήρι το Μαροκινό Ναυτικό περιπολεί τη ζώνη όπου απαγορεύεται η αλιεία με σκοπό να μειωθεί η βασική αιτία θανάτου της φώκιας, τα δίχτυα των ψαράδων, και να διασωθεί η μεγαλύτερη ομάδα μεσογειακής φώκιας που αριθμεί 130 άτομα[22].

Η φώκια στην λογοτεχνία

Αναφορές στη φώκια γίνονται στην «Οδύσσεια», στις Ραψωδίες Δ' και Ο' όπως αναφέρθηκε παραπάνω, αλλά και σε έργα του Αριστοφάνη. Σύγχρονα κείμενα όπου γίνονται αναφορές στη μεσογειακή φώκια είναι το Μοιρολόγι της Φώκιας του Αλέξανδρου Παπαδιαμάντη, το Άξιον Εστί του Οδυσσέα Ελύτη και το Το Μόνον της Ζωής του Ταξείδιον του Γεωργίου Βιζυηνού.

Παραπομπές

  1. 1,0 1,1 «Η κατάσταση του πληθυσμού της μεσογειακής φώκιας στην Ελλάδα» (PDF). MOm. 2007. σελ. 42. Ανακτήθηκε στις 21 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Hau, Gerald / Hutter, Claus Peter (1998). Βόρειες Σποράδες - Εθνικό θαλάσσιο πάρκο. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Road. ISBN 960-8481-73-2.CS1 maint: Πολλαπλές ονομασίες: authors list (link)
  3. Δενδρινός Παναγιώτης (Δεκέμβριος 1997). «Η μεσογειακή φώκια». Επτά Ημέρες (Τα απειλούμενα είδη ζώων στην Ελλάδα). Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2011-09-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20110912192615/http://wwk.kathimerini.gr/kath/7days/1997/12/14121997.pdf. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2012-12-14.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 «Ιστότοπος της MOm». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 16 Μαρτίου 2012. Ανακτήθηκε στις 14 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  5. «Monk Seal Fact Files». Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  6. «Βιολογία | MOm Website». www.mom.gr. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 27 Σεπτεμβρίου 2015. Ανακτήθηκε στις 22 Αυγούστου 2015.
  7. Graham J. Pierce, Gema Hernandez-Milian, Begoña Santos, Panagiotis Dendrinos, Marianna Psaradellis, Eleni Tounta, Evgenia Androukaki, and Alexius Edridge (2011). «Diet of the Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) in Greek Waters». Aquatic Mammals 2011, 37(3), 284-297. doi:10.1578/AM.37.3.2011.284. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2015-09-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20150927040053/http://www.mom.gr/LH2Uploads/ItemsContent/458/press.pdf. Ανακτήθηκε στις 22/08/2015.
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 «IUCN Εκτίμηση της κατάστασης της μεσογειακής φώκιας». Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  9. Τράτσα, Μάχη (2011-07-06). «Το Βήμα - Οι περιπέτειες της μεσογειακής φώκιας στην Ελλάδα». http://www.tovima.gr/society/article/?aid=409700. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2012-12-22.
  10. «WWF - Μεσογειακή φώκια (Monachus monachus)». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2 Ιουλίου 2013. Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  11. «Θέαση στη Μαγιόρκα». Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  12. «Φώκια στη Σαρδηνία-2010». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 14 Νοεμβρίου 2012. Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  13. «Εθνικό Θαλάσσιο Πάρκο Αλοννήσου - Ίδρυση του πάρκου». Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  14. «MOFI - Η μεσογειακή φώκια στην Ελλάδα». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 24 Απριλίου 2012. Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  15. «MΟm - Περίθαλψη και διάσωση». Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  16. «MOm - Δίκτυο Διάσωσης και Συλλογής Πληροφοριών». Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  17. «Περιφερειακό Θαλάσσιο Πάρκο - Άρθρο 01». Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  18. Τράτσα, Μάχη (2012-05-31). «Το Βήμα - Στην Κάρπαθο το τρίτο θαλάσσιο πάρκο της χώρας». http://www.tovima.gr/society/article/?aid=460318. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2012-12-17.
  19. «Εθνικό Θαλάσσιο Πάρκο». Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  20. «ΕΘΠΖ - Φώκια Monachus monachus». Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  21. «MONK SEALS IN TURKIYE». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 7 Σεπτεμβρίου 2011. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.
  22. «Marine protected areas and no-fishing zones». Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Δεκεμβρίου 2012.

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Μεσογειακή φώκια: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Η μεσογειακή φώκια μοναχός (Monachus monachus), είναι το ένα από τα δύο εναπομείναντα είδη φώκιας μοναχού της οικογένειας των φωκιδών. Κάποτε ήταν εξαπλωμένη σε όλες τις ακτές της Μεσογείου, της Μαύρης Θάλασσας και του ανατολικού Ατλαντικού. Σήμερα, με αριθμό μικρότερο από 600 ζώα, συγκαταλέγεται στα σπανιότερα και πλέον απειλούμενα ζωικά είδη του πλανήτη και χαρακτηρίζεται ως κρισίμως κινδυνεύον με αφανισμό από την Διεθνή Ένωση Προστασίας της Φύσης. Ο μισός περίπου πληθυσμός, γύρω στα 250-300 άτομα, ζει στην Ελλάδα.

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Средоземна фока-мечка ( Macedonian )

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Средоземна фока-мечка (Monachus monachus)

Двата вида Monachus monachus се загрозени. Покрупниот вид, средоземната фока-мечка, се наоѓа на списокот на најзагрозени видови. Крзното може да има од темнокафеава до бледокафеава боја. Женките се покрупни од мажјаците, а младенчињата се раѓаат со црно крзно, што е голема реткост меѓу фоките. Овој вид фоки порано биле доста распространети, но, поради повеќевековното претерано ловење, нивниот вкупен број се намалил на само неколку стотици. Тие главно живеат во Средоземјето, но најголема е колонијата на атлантскиот брег на Мароко. Најблиска роднина на оваа фока е ретката хавајска фока-мечка.

Наводи

  1. Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (2008). Monachus monachus. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2008. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 28 January 2009. (англиски) Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A2abc; C2a(i); E)

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Средоземна фока-мечка: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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Средоземна фока-мечка (Monachus monachus)

Двата вида Monachus monachus се загрозени. Покрупниот вид, средоземната фока-мечка, се наоѓа на списокот на најзагрозени видови. Крзното може да има од темнокафеава до бледокафеава боја. Женките се покрупни од мажјаците, а младенчињата се раѓаат со црно крзно, што е голема реткост меѓу фоките. Овој вид фоки порано биле доста распространети, но, поради повеќевековното претерано ловење, нивниот вкупен број се намалил на само неколку стотици. Тие главно живеат во Средоземјето, но најголема е колонијата на атлантскиот брег на Мароко. Најблиска роднина на оваа фока е ретката хавајска фока-мечка.

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Boe marinu ( Sardinian )

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 src=
Un'esemplare de bòe marinu.

Su bòe marìnu (monachus monachus) est unu mammìferu de sa famìlia Phocidae. Est un'ispètzie in perìculu de si estìnghere, tantu chi oje in dìe non bi nd'at chi unos 500 in tottu su mundu.

S'areale de su bòe marinu cumprendìat tottu su Mare de Mesu, su Mare Nigheddu, sas costèras atlanticas de Ispagna e Portogallu, Maroccu, Mauritania, Madera e Canarias. Oje chi est oje, peròe, sich'est belle ispàrtu dae su Mare de Mesu, pro more de s'attividade umana in costa (pìsca e càtza, turismu, palattos e gòi sichinde). Non bi nd'abbarrat chi 500 esemplares in grùstios ispèrdios in Grèghia e Turchia, e fintzas in su nord-ovest de s'Africa (Maroccu, Mauritania e Madera). In Sardinna fortzis bi nd'at galu calicunu, in su trettu tzentru-orientale de s'Ozzastra.

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Mediterranean monk seal

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The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) is a monk seal belonging to the family Phocidae. As of 2015, it is estimated that fewer than 700 individuals survive in three or four isolated subpopulations in the Mediterranean, (especially) in the Aegean Sea, the archipelago of Madeira and the Cabo Blanco area in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.[3] It is believed to be the world's rarest pinniped species.[1] This is the only species in the genus Monachus.

Description

This species of seal grows from approximately 80 centimetres (2.6 ft) long at birth up to an average of 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) as adults, females slightly shorter than males.[4] Males weigh an average of 320 kilograms (710 lb) and females weigh 300 kilograms (660 lb), with overall weight ranging from 240–400 kilograms (530–880 lb).[1][5][6][7] They are thought to live up to 45 years old;[5] the average life span is thought to be 20 to 25 years old and reproductive maturity is reached at around age four.

The monk seals' pups are about 1 metre (3.3 ft) long and weigh around 15–18 kilograms (33–40 lb), their skin being covered by 1–1.5 centimeter-long, dark brown to black hair. On their bellies, there is a white stripe, which differs in color and shape between the two sexes. In females the stripe is usually rectangular in shape whereas in males it is usually butterfly shaped.[8] This hair is replaced after six to eight weeks by the usual short hair adults carry.[5] Adults will continue to molt annually, causing their color vibrancy to change throughout the year.[9]

Pregnant Mediterranean monk seals typically use inaccessible undersea caves while giving birth, though historical descriptions show they used open beaches until the 18th century. There are eight pairs of teeth in both jaws.

Believed to have the shortest hair of any pinniped, the Mediterranean monk seal fur is black (males) or brown to dark grey (females), with a paler belly, which is close to white in males. The snout is short broad and flat, with very pronounced, long nostrils that face upward, unlike their Hawaiian relative, which tend to have more forward nostrils. The flippers are relatively short, with small slender claws. Monk seals have two pairs of retractable abdominal teats, unlike most other pinnipeds.

Reproduction

A colony on Cabo Blanco in 1945

Very little is known of this seal's reproduction. As of 2020, it is thought that there are roughly 500 pairs of monk seals remaining in the world.[10] Scientists have suggested that they are polygynous, with males being very territorial where they mate with females. Although there is no breeding season since births take place year-round, there is a peak in September, October, and November. Although mating will take place in the water, females will give birth and care for the pups on beaches or underwater caves. The use of underwater caves may have begun in order to make predatory actions almost impossible as these caves are difficult to access. Because they will stay with the pups to nurse and protect, they use their stored fat reserves to nurse.[4] Data analysis indicates that only 29% of pups born between September and January survive. One cause of this low survival rate is the timing of high surf around the areas of breeding, creating a threat to young pups. As well, if a female determines that her environment is not a safe one, she can initiate an abortion, indirectly lowering the population.[10] Because of smaller populations there is an increase in genetic events such as inbreeding and lack of genetic variation. During other months of the year, pups have an estimated survival rate of 71%.[11]

In 2008, lactation was reported in an open beach, the first such record since 1945, which could suggest the seal could begin feeling increasingly safe to return to open beaches for breeding purposes in Cabo Blanco.[12]

Pups make first contact with the water two weeks after their birth and are weaned at around 18 weeks of age; females caring for pups will go off to feed for an average of nine hours.[1] Most female individuals are believed to reach maturity at four years of age unto which they will begin to breed.[4] Males begin to breed at age six.[9] The gestation period lasts close to a year. However, it is believed to be common among monk seals of the Cabo Blanco colony to have a gestation period lasting slightly longer than a year.

Diet

Mediterranean monk seals are diurnal and feed on a variety of fish and mollusks, primarily octopus, squid, and eels, up to 3 kg per day. Although they commonly feed in shallow coastal waters, they are also known to forage at depths up to 250 meters, with an average depth varying between specimens.[1] Monk seals prefer hunting in wide-open spaces, enabling them to use their speed more effectively. They are successful bottom-feeding hunters; some have even been observed lifting slabs of rock in search of prey.

Habitat

The habitat of this pinniped has changed over the years. In ancient times, and up until the 20th century, Mediterranean monk seals had been known to congregate, give birth, and seek refuge on open beaches. In more recent times, they have left their former habitat and now only use sea caves for these activities. Often these caves are inaccessible to humans. Frequently their caves have underwater entries and many caves are positioned along remote or rugged coastlines.

Scientists have confirmed this is a recent adaptation, most likely due to the rapid increase in human population, tourism, and industry, which have caused increased disturbance by humans and the destruction of the species' natural habitat. Because of these seals' shy nature and sensitivity to human disturbance, they have slowly adapted to try to avoid contact with humans completely within the last century, and, perhaps, even earlier. The coastal caves are, however, dangerous for newborns, and are causes of major mortality among pups when sea storms hit the caves.

Distribution and status

The mediterranean monk seal can be found in Western Sahara, Mauritania, Cyprus, Turkey, Greece, and Croatia.[1] It may be extinct in Tunisia, Libya, Italy, Spain and Albania.[1] Its status in Algeria and Morocco is unknown.[1]

This earless seal's former range extended throughout the Northwest Atlantic Africa, Mediterranean and Black Sea coastlines, including all offshore islands of the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic and its islands: Canary, Madeira, Desertas, Porto Santo, as far west as the Azores. Vagrants could be found as far south as Gambia and the Cape Verde islands, and as far north as Atlantic France.[1]

Several causes provoked a dramatic population decrease over time: on one hand, commercial hunting (especially during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages) and, during the 20th century, eradication by fishermen, who used to consider it a pest due to the damage the seal causes to fishing nets when it preys on fish caught in them; and, on the other hand, coastal urbanization and pollution.[1]

Some seals have survived in the Sea of Marmara,[13] but the last report of a seal in the Black Sea dates to 1997.[1] Monk seals were present at Snake Island until the 1950s, and several locations such as the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve and Doğankent were the last known hauling-out sites post-1990.[14]

Nowadays, its entire population is estimated to be less than 700 individuals widely scattered, which qualifies this species as endangered. Its current very sparse population is one more serious threat to the species, as it only has two key sites that can be deemed viable. One is the Aegean Sea (250–300 animals in Greece, with the largest concentration of animals in Gyaros island,[3] and some 100 in Turkey); the other important subpopulation is in the Atlantic Ocean, in the Western Saharan portion of Cabo Blanco (around 270 individuals which may support the small, but growing, nucleus in the Desertas Islands – approximately 30-40 individuals[15]). There may be some individuals using coastal areas among other parts of Western Sahara, such as in Cintra Bay.[16]

These two key sites are virtually in the extreme opposites of the species' distribution range, which makes natural population interchange between them impossible. All the other remaining subpopulations are composed of less than 50 mature individuals, many of them being only loose groups of extremely reduced size – often less than five individuals.[1]

Other remaining populations are in southwestern Turkey and the Ionian Sea (both in the eastern Mediterranean). The species status is virtually moribund in the western Mediterranean, which still holds tiny Moroccan and Algerian populations, associated with rare sightings of vagrants in the Balearic Islands,[17] Sardinia, and other western Mediterranean locations, including Gibraltar.

In Sardinia the Mediterranean monk seal was last sighted in May 2007 and April 2010. The increase of sightings in Sardinia suggests that the seal occasionally inhabits the Central Eastern Sardinian coasts, preserved since 1998 by the National Park of Golfo of Orosei.[18][19][20]

Colonies on the Pelagie Islands (Linosa and Lampedusa) were destroyed by fishermen, which likely resulted in local extinction.[21]

Cabo Blanco 1997 die off and recovery

Cabo Blanco, in the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest surviving single population of the species, and the only remaining site that still seems to preserve a colony structure.[1] In the summer of 1997, more than 200 animals[1] or two-thirds of its seal population were wiped out within two months, extremely compromising the species' viable population. While opinions on the precise causes of this epidemic remain divided between a morbillivirus or, more likely, a toxic algae bloom,[1] the mass die-off emphasized the precarious status of a species already regarded as critically endangered throughout its range.

Numbers in this all-important location started a slow-paced recovery ever since. A small but incipient (up to 20 animals by 2009) sub-population in the area had started using open beaches. In 2009, for the first time in centuries, a female delivered her pup on the beach (open beaches is the optimal habitat for the survival of pups, but had been abandoned due to human disturbance and persecution in past centuries).[22]

Only by 2016 the colony had recovered to its previous population (about 300 animals). This was made possible by a recovery plan financed by Spain.[15] Also in 2016, a new record of births was set for the colony (83 pups).[15]

However, the threat of a similar incident, which could severely reduce or wipe out the entire population, remains.[23]

Recent sightings

On Coaling Island in September 2012, possibly the first record in the Strait of Gibraltar
On rocky shore at Serifos, Greece
Group at Lefkada, Greece
Yulia, aka Tugra, female Mediterranean monk seal sleeping in Israel

In June 2009, there was a report of a sighting off the island of Giglio, in Italy.[24] On 7 January 2010, fishermen spotted an injured Mediterranean monk seal off the coasts of Tel Aviv, Israel. When zoo veterinarians arrived to help the seal, it had slipped back into the waters. Members of the Israel Marine Mammal Research and Assistance Center arrived at the scene and tried to locate the injured mammal, but with no success. This was the first sighting of the species in the region since Lebanese authorities claimed to have found a population of 10–20 other seals on their coasts 70 years earlier.[25] In addition, the seal was also sighted a couple of weeks later in the northern kibbutz of Rosh Hanikra.[26]

In April 2010, there was a report of a sighting off the island of Marettimo, in the Egadi Islands off the coast of Italy, in Trapani Province.[27] In November 2010, a Mediterranean monk seal, supposedly aged between 10 and 20, had been spotted in Bodrum, Turkey.[28] On 31 December 2010, the BBC Earth news[29] reported that the MOM Hellenic Society[30] had located a new colony of seals on a remote beach in the Aegean Sea. The exact location was not communicated so as to keep the site protected. The society was appealing to the Greek government to integrate the part of the island on which the seals live into a marine protected area.

On 8 March 2011, the BBC Earth news[31] reported that a pup seal had been spotted on 7 February while monitoring a seal colony on an island in the southwestern Aegean Sea. Soon after, it showed signs of weakness and it was taken to a rehabilitation centre to try to save it. The aim is to release it back into the wild as soon as it is strong enough. In April 2011, a monk seal was spotted near the Egyptian coast after long absence of the species from the nation.[32]

On 24 June 2011, the Blue World Institute of Croatia[33] filmed an adult female underwater in the northern Adriatic, off the island of Cres and a specimen of unverified sex on 29 June 2012.[34] On 2 May 2013 a specimen was seen on the southernmost point of Istrian peninsula near the town of Pula.[35] On 9 September 2013, in Pula a male specimen swam to a busy beach and entertained numerous tourists for five minutes before swimming back to the open sea.[36] In summer 2014 sightings in Pula have occurred almost daily and monk seal stayed multiple times on crowded city beaches, sleeping calm for hours just few meters away from humans.[37][38] To prevent accidents and preserve monk seal, local city council acquired special educational boards and installed on city beaches.[39] Despite clear instructions, an incident occurred with a tourist harassing a seal. The whole event was filmed.[40] Less than a month later on 25 August 2014 this female monk seal was found dead in the Mrtvi Puć bay near Šišan, Croatia. Experts said it was natural death caused by her old age.[41]

In 2012, a Mediterranean monk seal, was spotted in Gibraltar on the jetty of the private boat owners club at Coaling Island.[42]

In the week of 22–28 April 2013, what is believed to have been a monk seal was viewed in Tyre, southern Lebanon; photographs have been reported among many local media.[43] A study by the Italian Ministry of the Environment in 2013 confirmed the presence of monk seals in marine protected area in the Egadi Islands.[44] In September and October 2013, there were a number of sightings of an adult pair in waters around RAF Akrotiri in British Sovereign Base waters in Cyprus.

In November 2014, an adult monk seal was reportedly seen inside the port of Limassol, Cyprus. A female monk seal, called Argyro by the locals, was repeatedly seen on beaches of Samos island in 2014 and 2015,[45] and two were reported in April 2016.[46] On 2017 Argyro Shot and Killed.[47]

On 7 April 2015, a large floating "fish" was reported near Raouche, Beirut in Lebanon, and collected by a local fisherman. This turned out to be the body of a female monk seal known to have been resident there for some time. Further investigations revealed that she was pregnant with a pup.[48]

On 13 August 2015, ten monk seals were spotted in Governor's Beach, Limassol, Cyprus.[49]

On 6 January 2016, a monk seal climbed aboard a parked boat in Kuşadası.[50]

On 10 April 2016, a monk seal was spotted and photographed by a group of foreign exchange students and local bio-engineers in a creek in Manavgat District in Turkey's southern Antalya Province. According to the scientists involved in local projects to protect the animals, this was the first ever documented sighting of a monk seal swimming in a river. Possible reasons for the animal's appearance included better opportunities for hunting, as well as higher salinity levels due to lower water levels.[51]

On 26 April 2016, two monk seals were spotted at the municipal baths area of Paphos, Cyprus.[46]

On 18 October 2016, a monk seal was captured on video around Gulf of Kuşadası.[52]

On 3 November 2016, a monk seal was spotted at the coast of Gialousa in Cyprus.[53]

On 13 June 2017, a specimen was spotted and photographed by a group of fishermen off the coasts of Tricase in the south of Italy.[54]

In early 2018 a mother and her pup were spotted around Paphos Harbour in Cyprus.[55]

In November 2018, a young monk seal was spotted at the coast of Karavostasi in Cyprus, only to be found dead at the same area a few days later.[56]

On 15 March 2019, a monk seal was spotted and photographed by a group of citizens at a marina in Kuşadası.[57]

On 20 July 2019, a monk seal was spotted in Protaras bay area in Cyprus.[58]

On 27 January 2020, a young monk seal was recovered dead from Torre San Gennaro in Apulia.[59]

On 15 December 2020, a monk seal was spotted and videotaped while seated on a sunlounger in Samos Island, Greece.[60]

On 24 July 2021, a previously rescued and rehabilitated monk seal nicknamed "Kostis" was found dead in the waters of the Cycladic islands. MOm, the Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal reported that the seal had been executed at close range with a spear gun. Additionally, MOm pledged a €18,000 bounty for any evidence that “will lead to the arrest of the person(s) responsible for the killing of the seal, known as Kostis.”[61]

On 24 April 2023, a large monk seal was spotted at Korakonisi, Zakynthos in Greece. It stayed on the surface for around a minute observing onlookers and then dived and was not seen again on that day. [62]

On 12 May 2023, a healthy adult female monk seal was observed and photographed resting for at least a few hours on the beach in Jaffa near Tel Aviv, Israel.[63] Israel’s Nature and Park Authority has been monitoring since then this seal dubbed "Yulia", estimated at twenty years of age, spotted by eastern Mediterranean researchers in recent years in Turkey and Lebanon, where she is known as "Tugra". International consultation assessed that she is in normal molt to shed her winter coat, mostly relaxing on the section of beach that has been fenced off for her, and occasionally going into the water.[64][65][66]

Preservation

A seal swims at Ras Nouadhibou

Damage inflicted on fishermen's nets and rare attacks on off-shore fish farms in Turkey and Greece are known to have pushed local people towards hunting the Mediterranean monk seal, but mostly out of revenge, rather than population control. Preservation efforts have been put forth by civil organizations, foundations, and universities in both countries since as early as the 1970s. For the past 10 years, many groups have carried out missions to educate locals on damage control and species preservation. Reports of positive results of such efforts exist throughout the area.[67]

In the Aegean Sea, Greece has allocated a large area for the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal and its habitat. The Greek Alonissos Marine Park, that extends around the Northern Sporades islands, is the main action ground of the Greek MOm organisation.[68] MOm is greatly involved in raising awareness in the general public, fundraising for the helping of the monk seal preservation cause, in Greece and wherever needed. Greece is currently investigating the possibility of declaring another monk seal breeding site as a national park, and also has integrated some sites in the NATURA 2000 protection scheme. The legislation in Greece is very strict towards seal hunting, and in general, the public is very much aware and supportive of the effort for the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal.

The complex politics concerning the covert opposition of the Greek government towards the protection to the monk seals in the eastern Aegean in the late 1970s is described in a book by William Johnson.[69] Oil companies apparently may have been using the monk seal sanctuary project as a stalking horse to encourage greater cooperation between the Greek and Turkish governments as a preliminary to pushing for oil extraction rights in a geopolitically unstable area. According to Johnson, the Greek secret service, the YPEA, were against such moves and sabotaged the project to the detriment of both the seals and conservationists, who, unaware of such covert motivations, sought only to protect the species and its habitat.

One of the largest groups among the foundations concentrating their efforts towards the preservation of the Mediterranean monk seal is the Mediterranean Seal Research Group (Turkish: Akdeniz Foklarını Araştırma Grubu) operating under the Underwater Research Foundation (Turkish: Sualtı Araştırmaları Derneği) in Turkey (also known as SAD-AFAG). The group has taken initiative in joint preservation efforts together with the Foça municipal officials, as well as phone, fax, and email hotlines for sightings.[70]

Preservation of the species requires both the preservation of land and sea, due to the need for terrestrial haul-out sites and caves or caverns for the animal to rest and reproduce. Even though responsible scuba diving instructors hesitate to make trips to known seal caves, the rumor of a seal sighting quickly becomes a tourist attraction for many. Irresponsible scuba diving trips scare the seals away from caves which could become habitation for the species.

The Environment and Urbanization Minister of Turkey announced on 18 November 2019 that a plan was proposed to further preserve the species to allow the sub species of Foça, Gökova, Datça and Bozburun to increase in numbers.[71]

Conservation

Under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) concerning Conservation Measures for the Eastern Atlantic Populations of the Mediterranean Monk Seal was concluded and came into effect on 18 October 2007. The MoU covers four range States (Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal and Spain), all of which have signed, and aims at providing a legal and institutional framework for the implementation of the Action Plan for the Recovery of the Mediterranean Monk Seal in the Eastern Atlantic.

As there are indications of small population increases in the subpopulations, as of 2015, the Mediterranean monk seal's IUCN conservation status has been updated from critically endangered to endangered in keeping with the IUCN's speed-of-decline criteria.[1]

In culture

The Mediterranean monk seal occasionally appears in Classical mythology. In Homer's The Odyssey, the sea god Proteus is shown herding monk seals for Poseidon. The mythical hero Phocus of Aegina (with phokos literally translating to seal in Greek) was the son of the nereid Psamathe, and was conceived while she was transformed into a seal. The ancient city of Phocis (and possibly Phocaea) was named after Phocus, and the city of Phocaea took on the monk seal as an emblem. This has been thought to either be due to the myth of Phocus' birth, or monk seals formerly inhabiting the area where Phocaea was established. There is only a single known surviving depiction of the monk seal from antiquity, this being on a Caeretan hydria likely created by Phocaean refugees in Etruria.[72]

Despite its mythological connections and association with certain peoples, the monk seal still seems to have been generally been reviled and feared by the ancient Greeks and Romans due to its form and smell, as well as its association with the unknown nature of the ocean. Many Greek and Roman metaphors and idioms portrayed the seal in a negative light. This antipathy may have contributed to its long-term decline in numbers by spurring persecution of the species.[72]

In the 11th century BC, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I was gifted several animals by the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses XI, including a crocodile and an unknown creature known as the "river-man". These animals were displayed in the menagerie of his son Ashur-bel-kala, and are portrayed on several of Ashur's obelisk fragments. A pair of hind flippers on one partial fragment has been identified with the "river-man", and if so indicate that the "river man" was almost certainly a monk seal.[73]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13653A117647375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b Karamanlidis, A.A.; et al. (April 2016). "The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus: status, biology, threats, and conservation priorities". Mammal Review. 46 (2): 92–105. doi:10.1111/mam.12053. S2CID 86285100.
  4. ^ a b c Benton, Melody. "Monachus monachus (Mediterranean monk seal)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "MOm Website". Mom.gr. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  6. ^ "Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Biology: External appearance and anatomy". Monachus-guardian.org. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  7. ^ "Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries". Nmfs.noaa.gov. 18 November 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  8. ^ "Lobo marinho". The City of Funchal. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  9. ^ a b Alava, Juan J., ed. (12 July 2017). Tropical Pinnipeds. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781315151588. ISBN 978-1-315-15158-8.
  10. ^ a b Martin, Natalie (22 November 2020). "Alonissos Honoured By National Geographic's 'Best Of The World List' 2021". Greek City Times. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  11. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 22 November 2019.unknown url
  12. ^ "Mediterranean Monk Seal News II - Monachus Guardian 11 (2): November 2008". Monachus-guardian.org. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  13. ^ Inanmaz E.Ö.. Değirmenci Ö.. Gücü C.A.. 2014. A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), in the Marmara Sea (Turkey). pp.278-280. Zoology in the Middle East. Volume 60, 2014 - Issue 3. The Taylor & Francis. Retrieved on 28 March 2017
  14. ^ Grinevetskiii, S. R.; Zonn, I. S.; Zhilʹtsov, S. S.; Kosarev, A. N.; Kostianoĭ, A. G. (2015). The Black Sea encyclopedia. Berlin. p. 532. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4.
  15. ^ a b c Vera, Eloy (22 December 2016). "La colonia de focas monje de Mauritania se ha triplicado desde su crisis de 1997". EFE Verde (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  16. ^ Tiwari M., Aksissou M., Semmoumy S., Ouakka K. (2006). Morocco Footprint Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 265. ISBN 9781907263316. Retrieved 27 December 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  17. ^ "Sighting in Mallorca". Monachus-guardian.org. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  18. ^ Razzanelli, Matteo (8 May 2007). "Sardegna: rispunta la foca monaca". Ecoblog.it.
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  20. ^ "Gruppo d'Intervento Giuridico o.n.l.u.s." tiscali.it. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  21. ^ "A brief survey of Linosa island". The Monachus Guardian. 7 (2): 1. November 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
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  24. ^ "Avvistato Esemplare Di Foca Monaca A Giglio Campese | Isola-Del-Giglio | News". Giglionews.it. 8 June 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  25. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (8 January 2010). "Critically endangered seal spotted off Israel coast - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  26. ^ "כלב ים נזירי - מין נדיר ביותר - נצפה שוב בחופי ישראל, הפעם בנהריה - מדע וסביבה - הארץ". הארץ. Haaretz.co.il. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
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  28. ^ "Bodrum'da fok müjdesi - Doğal Hayat". ntvmsnbc.com. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  29. ^ Gill, Victoria (31 December 2010). "Refuge of endangered seals found". BBC News.
  30. ^ "MOm Website". Mom.gr. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  31. ^ Gill, Victoria (7 March 2011). "Rare baby seal rescued in Greece". BBC News.
  32. ^ "Monk seal sightings in Egypt". 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  33. ^ Blue World Institute (26 June 2011). "Sredozemna medvjedica snimljena uz zapadnu obalu Cresa - Monk seal observed and filmed on Cres, 24.6.2011. on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  34. ^ "Sredozemna medvjedica na Cresu" (in Croatian). Plavi-svijet.org. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  35. ^ "Sredozemna medvjedica na Galebovim stijenama" (in Croatian). regionalexpress.hr/. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  36. ^ Marić, Dijana (12 September 2013). "Snimili ljepoticu kraj Pule: 'Kao da nas je sve došla pozdraviti'". www.24sata.hr.
  37. ^ "Turiste ne dira što ne smiju uznemiravati sredozemnu medvjedicu, opkolili je na plaži". index.hr.
  38. ^ "Sredozemna medvjedica došla među kupače i malo odmorila". www.24sata.hr. 18 June 2014.
  39. ^ "Postavljena edukativna tabla o sredozemnoj medvjedici". glasistre.hr. 30 April 2014.
  40. ^ "Objavljena snimka: Makedonski ilegalac uznemiravao sredozemnu medvjedicu na plaži u Puli". index.hr.
  41. ^ "Uginula Sredozemna medvjedica-VIDEO I FOTO". Regionalexpress.hr.
  42. ^ "Your Gibraltar TV 'Seal Spotted at Coaling Island'". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  43. ^ "فقمة صور الشهيرة احبت مياه المدينة وأهلها فعادت". lebanonfiles.com. 15 April 2013.
  44. ^ "Soddisfazione di Legambiente per il ritorno della foca monaca alle Egadi: "un evento unico in Italia ed eccezionale nel Mediterraneo"". legambiente.it. 7 April 2022.
  45. ^ "SNews regarding seal Argiro". zoosos.gr. 2015.
  46. ^ a b Chrysostomou, Annette (2016-04-26) Monk seals spotted in Paphos sea. cyprus-mail.com
  47. ^ https://greekreporter.com/2017/09/09/argyro-the-emblematic-seal-of-samos-shot-and-killed-video/
  48. ^ "بعد قتل زوجته وابنته "راهب" الدالية وحيداً". lebanonfiles.com. 15 April 2015.
  49. ^ About Sophia Söderholm (13 August 2015). "Monk seals spotted off Limassol". Newcyprusmagazine.com. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  50. ^ Kuşadası'nda limana bağlı tekneye fok çıktı. ensonhaber.com. 2016-01-06.
  51. ^ "Rare monk seal spotted by students in Antalya". Hurriyet Daily News. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  52. ^ "Nesli tükenen fok Kuşadası'ndan çıktı". Yenisafak.com. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  53. ^ Yeni Erenköy'de Akdeniz foku görüntülendi. kibrispostasi.com. (2016-11-08)
  54. ^ Monk seal spotted off Tricase, Italy. diregiovani.it. 2017-06-13
  55. ^ Andreou, Evie (2018-02-03) Rare baby monk seal reunited with mother. cyprus-mail.com
  56. ^ Gemikonağı sahilinde Akdeniz Foku. kibrispostasi.com. (2018-06-11)
  57. ^ "Kuşadası'nda 15 ay aradan sonra Akdeniz foku görüldü". Cnnturk.com. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  58. ^ "Σπάνιο αλλά συνέβη στη θάλασσα του Πρωταρά (Φωτος)". 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  59. ^ Fioravanti, Tatiana; Splendiani, Andrea; Righi, Tommaso; Maio, Nicola; Lo Brutto, Sabrina; Petrella, Antonio; Caputo Barucchi, Vincenzo (25 June 2020). "A Mediterranean Monk Seal Pup on the Apulian Coast (Southern Italy): Sign of an Ongoing Recolonisation?". Diversity. 12 (6): 258. doi:10.3390/d12060258.
  60. ^ @RinChupeco (15 December 2020). "Oh to be a monk seal relaxing atop a lounge chair on Samos Island in Greece" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  61. ^ "Reward offered after beloved monk seal found killed in Greece". 24 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Sighting log on observation.org". 24 April 2023.
  63. ^ "אירוע נדיר במיוחד: כלבת ים נצפתה בחוף במרכז הארץ". 12 May 2023.
  64. ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-rare-endangered-seal-named-yulia-causes-media-stir-on-tel-aviv-beach/
  65. ^ https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/national-international/meet-yulia-endangered-seal-draws-crowds-to-tel-aviv-beach/3258940/
  66. ^ https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-05-14/ty-article/.premium/mediterranean-monk-seal-visits-israels-shore-for-first-time/00000188-171c-d8d1-aff8-bf5c6cb10000
  67. ^ "WWF - Mediterranean monk seal project". Panda.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  68. ^ "MOm Website". Mom.gr. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  69. ^ Johnson, William (31 March 1988). The Monk Seal Conspiracy. Heretic Books. ISBN 978-0-946097-23-4.
  70. ^ SAD-AFAG Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ "New plan to protect monk seals in Turkish waters being introduced". DailySabah. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  72. ^ a b Johnson, William M. (1999). Monk seals in antiquity : the Mediterranean monk seal (monachus monachus) in ancient history and literature. Backhuys Publishers. OCLC 861030988.
  73. ^ "NABU 2022-3 (notes 77-135) – SÉPOA" (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
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Mediterranean monk seal: Brief Summary

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The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) is a monk seal belonging to the family Phocidae. As of 2015, it is estimated that fewer than 700 individuals survive in three or four isolated subpopulations in the Mediterranean, (especially) in the Aegean Sea, the archipelago of Madeira and the Cabo Blanco area in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is believed to be the world's rarest pinniped species. This is the only species in the genus Monachus.

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Mediteranea monaĥfoko ( Esperanto )

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La Mediteranea monaĥfoko (Monachus monachus) aŭ pli simple la Mediteranea foko estas fokulo apartenanta al la familio de Fokedoj. Kun nur ĉirkaŭ 450–510 (ĉiukaze mal pli ol 600[1]) restantaj individuoj, oni supozas, ke ĝi estas la plej rara fokospecio en la mondo, kaj unu el plej endanĝeritaj mamuloj en la mondo.

Ĝi loĝas nune en partoj de la Mediteranea Maro same kiel en areoj de la Atlantika Oceano ĉe la Tropiko de Kankro.

La Mediteranea monaĥfoko estas unu el du restantaj monaĥfokaj specioj; dum la alia estas la Havaja monaĥfoko. Tria specio, nome la Kariba monaĥfoko, iĝis formortinta.

Notoj

  1. MOm Website. Mom.gr. Alirita 2012-11-06.

Bibliografio

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Mediteranea monaĥfoko: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Mediteranea monaĥfoko (Monachus monachus) aŭ pli simple la Mediteranea foko estas fokulo apartenanta al la familio de Fokedoj. Kun nur ĉirkaŭ 450–510 (ĉiukaze mal pli ol 600) restantaj individuoj, oni supozas, ke ĝi estas la plej rara fokospecio en la mondo, kaj unu el plej endanĝeritaj mamuloj en la mondo.

Ĝi loĝas nune en partoj de la Mediteranea Maro same kiel en areoj de la Atlantika Oceano ĉe la Tropiko de Kankro.

La Mediteranea monaĥfoko estas unu el du restantaj monaĥfokaj specioj; dum la alia estas la Havaja monaĥfoko. Tria specio, nome la Kariba monaĥfoko, iĝis formortinta.

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Monachus monachus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La foca monje del Mediterráneo o foca fraile mediterránea (Monachus monachus) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia de los fócidos, una de las más raras que existen. Se encuentra en grave peligro de extinción; antiguamente poblaba las aguas de todo el Mediterráneo y del Atlántico norteafricano, llegando a las islas de Cabo Verde, Madeira y las Canarias (donde dio nombre al islote de Lobos) así como a toda la costa norteafricana.

Citada por primera vez en la Odisea de Homero, se han encontrado restos óseos de estas focas en cuevas de Málaga pertenecientes a los periodos Magdaleniense y Epipaleolítico hace entre 14 000 y 12 000 años. Las marcas, fracturas y quemaduras detectadas en estos huesos indican que la gente de esos periodos utilizaba a las focas no solo por la carne sino también por la piel y la grasa.

Cronología de la desaparición en España

Existen aún por todo el litoral muchos topónimos que hacen referencia a la especie, «Cueva de la Vaca», «Punta del Lobo», «Cueva del Lobo Marino», «Isla de Lobos», «Arrecife de las Sirenas», etc. sitios donde las focas monje (también conocidas como lobos o vacas marinas) comían o salían a descansar.

A comienzos del siglo XX la foca monje fue expulsada del litoral más llano, gran parte de Cataluña, Levante y la Costa del Sol; relegándolas a las partes más escarpadas de la Costa Brava y en la franja de litoral que va desde el cabo San de Antonio en Alicante al cabo de Gata en Almería, y las Baleares. Pero en los años 50 comienza el boom de la Costa Brava y también desaparecen de allí, mientras que en Mallorca (1951) se produce la última reproducción confirmada en España y, poco a poco, van desapareciendo de la clandestinidad que le proporcionaban las cuevas al borde de los acantilados marinos.

Los dos últimos ejemplares de foca monje en las Baleares (conocida popularmente como «vell marí»), fueron exterminados en Mallorca en 1958, uno de ellos sacrificado entre las redes de los pescadores de Cala Mondragó, en Santañí, y el otro fue abatido a tiros por un Guardia Civil en la Cala Tuent, Escorca, en abril de 1958.[2]​ Tras ser abatida, Lluís Gasull de la Societat D'Historia Natural, pudo medir su cadáver, por lo que hoy sabemos lo que midió la última foca de las islas Baleares; 2,52 metros.

En las islas Canarias, la extinción fue anterior y por otros motivos. Aquí las colonias de focas eran muy numerosas -con varios millares de ejemplares-, pero durante la conquista de Canarias fueron cazadas por los normandos y castellanos para la obtención de cuero, grasa y carne, provocando su desaparición.

En 1951 moría en Alicante la última cría peninsular conocida, víctima de un hachazo. Hasta mediados de los años 60 un pequeño grupo de focas sobrevivió en el cabo de Gata y en 1979 se avistó por última vez en la Isla del Fraile de Águilas Murcia. La persecución fue tal que en los años 70 solo se conocían cinco ejemplares en las costas españolas; a comienzos de los 80 solo quedaba uno.

Actualmente, las islas Chafarinas, a 27 millas náuticas al este de Melilla, son el único lugar de la costa española donde existe la especie, representada por uno o dos ejemplares. Hasta principios de los noventa vivía en estas islas el célebre «Peluso», un macho de avanzada edad que se haría popular tras una aparatosa operación de captura para liberarle de un aro de una red de pesca que le aprisionaba el cuerpo, y que murió posteriormente por causas desconocidas.[3]

Los ejemplares que se avistan esporádicamente en la actualidad en las Chafarinas pertenecen a la exigua población argelino-marroquí que vive desde Orán hasta Alhucemas. Según recientes datos la población se habría extinguido al menos en las costas argelinas[4]​ aunque no se descarta la presencia de algún ejemplar aislado en las costas marroquíes.

Sin embargo, el 17 de junio de 2008 apareció la noticia[5]​ de que un ejemplar de la especie había sido fotografiado por un submarinista en la reserva marina de Isla del Toro (Calviá, Mallorca). La Consejería de Medio Ambiente certificó el avistamiento y constató que se habían dado otros cuatro en la misma zona. Por lo que se intentaría conocer el sexo de la foca para así poder traerle una pareja.

Distribución actual

 src=
Colonia de focas monje de Cabo Blanco en 1945.

Hoy subsisten diversos ejemplares en Turquía, Grecia, Madeira, Mauritania; los animales no forman colonias estables debido a la gran dispersión de estos, y la investigación que se lleva a cabo se basa solo en los esporádicos avistamientos de algún ejemplar. En la península del Cabo Blanco (Sáhara Occidental - Mauritania) subsiste la última gran colonia de focas monje, descubierta en 1945 por el naturalista español Eugenio Morales Agacino.[6]​ La colonia está cifrada en unos 200 ejemplares, de un total mundial estimado en unos 500 individuos (estimación del año 2006). Esta situación es muy peligrosa para la supervivencia de la especie, como se demostró en mayo de 1997, año en que se dio una mortandad masiva de focas en la colonia, debida seguramente a una toxina paralizante segregada por una alga dinoflagelada. Esta epizootia acabó con dos tercios de la población existente, y además el 95% de los individuos muertos pertenecían al segmento adulto de la población.

En España es muy difícil avistar algún ejemplar tras la desaparición del último macho, «Peluso», de las islas Chafarinas situadas en la costa norte de África cercanas a Marruecos, por lo que se le considera una de las especies más raras de la fauna ibérica.

Un estudio realizado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Italia en 2013 confirma la presencia de la foca monje en el área marina protegida en las islas Egadas[7]

En el año 2014 el censo total era de unos 630 ejemplares repartidos por la zona atlántica y mediterránea:

Costa atlántica:

  • En Portugal se estiman unos 40 ejemplares, entre las islas Desertas y Madeira, multiplicando por cuatro su número en 25 años.

Costa mediterránea:

Se desconoce el censo en el litoral de Túnez, sin embargo ha habido avistamientos esporádicos en el canal de Sicilia, tanto en las islas Egadas, dentro del Área Marina Protetta Isole Egadi como en la Lampedusa en el Área Marina Protetta Isole Pelagie. Al norte, en la isla de Cerdeña también ha habido avistamientos esporádicos, en concreto en Castelsardo.

  • En el mediterráneo occidental se estiman unos 20 ejemplares, en torno a 10 ejemplares en Argelia y unos 5 ejemplares en Marruecos; ha habido avistamientos esporádicos en España, tanto en la isla de Toro en Calviá, Mallorca, como en la isla de Alborán.

Proyectos de recuperación

Considerando que en la antigua área de distribución de la foca monje existen numerosas zonas protegidas en buen estado de conservación se han creado distintos proyectos de recuperación como el de la Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y la Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente de Canarias.[8]

El objetivo es recuperar la especie para la fauna española mediante su reintroducción en las islas Canarias orientales, ya que las mismas se encuentran a medio camino geográficamente entre la colonia de Madeira y la de cabo Blanco. De esta forma se podría restablecer el corredor natural genético entre ambos núcleos, que ahora están aislados.

Además, estas islas poseen un adecuado número de espacios naturales protegidos y con un buen nivel de conservación, y reúnen suficiente capacidad biológica para albergar una población de focas, dada su riqueza en especies —presa potenciales— y su baja contaminación marina.

Otros proyectos similares son el Plan de Acción Internacional para la Recuperación de la Foca Monje en el Atlántico Oriental, dentro del Convenio Especies Migratorias o Convenio de Bonn, en el que participan varios países y entidades, así como el Fondo para la foca monje (FFM) y el proyecto de la Fundación Territorio y Paisaje, creada por Caixa Catalunya.[9]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. «Monachus monachus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). 2008. ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 2 de junio de 2021.
  2. Mayol, Joan. Baltar & associats, ed. El vell marí, una abséncia irreversible.. ISBN 978-84-95572-57-8.
  3. «Peluso, la última de las Chafarinas». Archivado desde el original el 18 de julio de 2001. Consultado el 2009.
  4. «Cronica verde: Novedades y nacimientos de focas monje». Consultado el 2009.
  5. «Medio siglo después, una foca monje nada en Baleares. nortecastilla.es». Archivado desde el original el 18 de junio de 2008. Consultado el 2009.
  6. «La foca monje del Mediterráneo». Consultado el 2009.
  7. http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/news/sul-monitoraggio-e-goi-avvistamenti-della-foca-monaca
  8. Del Rosal, Fernando (31 de agosto de 2014). «Canarias quiere a la foca monje de vuelta». eldiario.es. Consultado el 17 de mayo de 2018.
  9. «Foca monje del Mediterráneo». Eroski Consumer. Archivado desde el original el 2 de marzo de 2009. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2007.

Bibliografía

  • Jorge Bartolomé Zofío e Isaac Vega (2000). La foca monje. Editorial Debate, S.A. ISBN 84-226-8115-3.

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Monachus monachus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La foca monje del Mediterráneo o foca fraile mediterránea (Monachus monachus) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia de los fócidos, una de las más raras que existen. Se encuentra en grave peligro de extinción; antiguamente poblaba las aguas de todo el Mediterráneo y del Atlántico norteafricano, llegando a las islas de Cabo Verde, Madeira y las Canarias (donde dio nombre al islote de Lobos) así como a toda la costa norteafricana.

Citada por primera vez en la Odisea de Homero, se han encontrado restos óseos de estas focas en cuevas de Málaga pertenecientes a los periodos Magdaleniense y Epipaleolítico hace entre 14 000 y 12 000 años. Las marcas, fracturas y quemaduras detectadas en estos huesos indican que la gente de esos periodos utilizaba a las focas no solo por la carne sino también por la piel y la grasa.

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Itsas txakur fraide ( Basque )

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Itsas txakur fraide (Monachus monachus) Monachus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Phocidae familian sailkatuta dago. ugaztun pinnipedoa da, Phocidae familiakoa. Garai batean Mediterraneo, Afrikako mendebaldeko itsas ertzetan, Kanariar, Madeira eta Cabo Verden ohikoa zen espezia hau, gau egun oso arraroa da eta desagertzeko egoera larrian dago. 2006an 500 animalia gelditzen omen ziren; kolonia nagusia Mendebaldeko Sahara eta Mauritania artean, Ras Nouadhiboun dago, 200 inguruko animaliekin.[3]

Babesteko proiektuak

Espezie honen lurralde historikoetan ongi kontserbatuta zonaldeak aurki daitezke. Horretan baliatuta espeziea berreskuratzeko proiektu desberdinak daude martxan. Garrantzitsuenetariko bat Kanariar uhartetan berriro sartzeko proposamena dago. Lortuko balitz Ras Nouadhibou Madeiraraino korridore bat eskuratuko litzateke gaur egun isolaturik dauden animaliak elkartzeko.[4]

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Hermann (1779) 4 Beschaft. Berlin Ges. Naturforsch. Fr. 501 pls. 1213. or..
  3. http://marenostrum.org/vidamarina/animalia/mamiferos/pinnipedia/foca/
  4. [1]

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Itsas txakur fraide: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Itsas txakur fraide (Monachus monachus) Monachus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Phocidae familian sailkatuta dago. ugaztun pinnipedoa da, Phocidae familiakoa. Garai batean Mediterraneo, Afrikako mendebaldeko itsas ertzetan, Kanariar, Madeira eta Cabo Verden ohikoa zen espezia hau, gau egun oso arraroa da eta desagertzeko egoera larrian dago. 2006an 500 animalia gelditzen omen ziren; kolonia nagusia Mendebaldeko Sahara eta Mauritania artean, Ras Nouadhiboun dago, 200 inguruko animaliekin.

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Munkkihylje ( Finnish )

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Munkkihylje (Monachus monachus) on Välimerellä ja sen ympäristössä elävä uhanalainen hyljelaji. Se on yksi alkeellisista munkkihylkeistä.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Munkkihylje on 2,5–3-metrinen ja jopa 300 kilon painoinen. Naaraat ovat koiraita suurempia. Väri vaihtelee alueittain hieman. Selkä on yleensä tummanharmaa tai ruskehtava. Toisinaan rinnasta alavatsalle ulottuu suuri valkeankellertävä alue. Poikanen on musta. Aikuisen karva on korkeintaan 5 senttiä pitkä. Takaevät ovat myös karvaiset.

Levinneisyys

Munkkihylje elää vain laikuttaisesti Välimerellä, Mustallamerellä ja Afrikan luoteisrannikolla. Sitä tavataan myös Kap Verdessä, Madeiralla, Kanariansaarilla ja Azorereilla. Munkkihylje on hävinnyt Israelin, Ranskan, Egyptin,Libanonin, Italian, Espanjan, Portugalin ja Sardinian rannikoilta. Laji suosii rauhallisia rannikkovesiä.

Elintavat

Munkkihylje liikkuu vaihtelevan kokoisissa ryhmissä. Se oleskelee mieluiten alueilla, joissa on kallioluolia. Se myös viihtyy rauhallisilla rannoilla. Munkkihylje saalistaa yleensä pimeällä, jolloin se etsii nukkuvia eläimiä. Ruokalistalle kuuluu pääjalkaisia ja kaloja. Munkkihylje lisääntyy kesällä. Ne parittelevat vedessä, mutta poikasen ne synnyttävät johonkin suojaisaan paikkaan kuten kallioluolaan. Poikanen pystyy uimaan parin viikon ikäisenä ja emo vieroittaa poikasen 6–8-viikkoisena. Tämän jälkeen poikanen pysyy emon seurassa pari vuotta, mikä on hylkeelle paljon. Sukukypsyyden poikanen saavuttaa 3–4-vuotiaana. Hylje voi elää 30-vuotiaaksi.

Uhat

Munkkihylje on erittäin uhanalainen ja sen kanta on enää 400–500 yksilöä. Suurin syy vähenemiseen on liiallinen häirintä rakentamisen ja muun ihmistoiminnan takia. Kalastajat pitävät hyljettä uhkana elinkeinolleen, koska se repii verkkoja ja syö niistä kaloja. Usein munkkihylkeet myös hukkuvat verkkoihin. Hylkeen tilannetta ovat pahentaneet turismi, saastuminen ja kalakantojen heikentyminen. Turismin lisääntyminen estää usein naaraiden lekottelun rannalla, eikä niiden elimistössä siksi muodostu riittävästi sikiölle välttämätöntä D-vitamiiniaLähteet

  • Koivisto, I., & Sarvala, M. & Liukko, U-M.: Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet - Osa 2: Nisäkkäät. Weilin + Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4687-X.

Viitteet

  1. Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P.: Monachus monachus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 3.6.2016. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Munkkihylje: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Munkkihylje (Monachus monachus) on Välimerellä ja sen ympäristössä elävä uhanalainen hyljelaji. Se on yksi alkeellisista munkkihylkeistä.

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Phoque moine de Méditerranée ( French )

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Monachus monachus

Le phoque moine de Méditerranée (Monachus monachus) est une espèce de pinnipèdes rencontrée en Méditerranée, mais aussi sur les côtes de Madère, du Sahara occidental et de Mauritanie. Il est en danger, c'est la plus menacée des espèces de pinnipèdes.

Description

Le mâle mesure en moyenne 2,4 m de long, la femelle est légèrement plus petite. Le mâle pèse environ 315 kg et la femelle 300 kg[1].

Alimentation

Le phoque moine se nourrit de poissons, crustacés, de seiches, poulpes, langoustes et des homards. Il peut aussi se nourrir d'algues.

Reproduction

La saison de reproduction a lieu de septembre et novembre. La période de gestation dure 11 mois. La femelle donne naissance à un seul petit qui mesure entre 80 et 100 cm et pèse de 17 à 24 kg[1].

Population et conservation

 src=
Anciennes aires de répartition.

Disparition

Dans l'Antiquité, le phoque-moine méditerranéen, espèce relique de la période glaciaire würmienne, était omniprésent dans les bassins méditerranéen et pontique où les navigateurs ont nommé la Phocide, Phocée et bien d'autres sites d'après son nom.

Autrefois abondant en Méditerranée et sur une partie de la côte ouest de l'Afrique, Monachus monachus a été victime de la pollution, de l'appauvrissement de son habitat et, avant tout, de la chasse.

Le phoque a disparu des côtes espagnoles dans les années 1960. Sur les côtes méditerranéennes françaises : la colonie qui vivait dans les îles d'Hyères s'est éteinte en 1935, des Calanques de Marseille vers 1945, de Corse vers 1975[2]. Il a disparu des côtés turques (mer Noire), de Sardaigne et Tunisie dans les années 1980. Dans les années 2000, il a disparu des îles Canaries[2]. Le phoque-moine à ventre blanc de la Mer Noire, Monachus monachus albiventer, s'est éteint en 1941 : seuls trois exemplaires naturalisés au Muséum de Bucarest témoignent de leur existence passée près du village de Tyulenovo, qui signifie « Village des phoques » en bulgare.

Au milieu des années 1970, ils étaient encore près d'un millier en Méditerranée et sur la côte atlantique de l'Afrique[3], selon le Parc national de Port-Cros[4], s'exprimant au cours des Rencontres scientifiques de la Côte bleue à Carry-le-Rouet (Bouches-du-Rhône). Quinze ans après, il évaluait cette population « au maximum entre 300 et 500 »[3], avec une seule colonie importante, installée dans le parc marin des îles Sporades, en Mer Egée[3], plus aucun en Tunisie[3], et en Sardaigne seulement deux rescapés[3]. La baie de Dakhla au Sahara occidental hébergeait en 1988[3] la plus grande population mondiale de phoques moines. Selon les scientifiques Marchessaux et Aouab, leur survie dans cette zone « pourrait n'être que la conséquence de l'instabilité politique de cette région jusqu'à une époque récente » ; en octobre 1988 Didier Marchessaux et trois autres personnes y perdirent la vie au retour d'une ultime mission de reconnaissance[5].

Il a été signalé à trois reprises en Sardaigne depuis 2007[6],[7] et aperçu à Cala Sisine, plage principale du golfe d’Orosei, dans la partie qui en 1987 fut déclarée « zone protégée pour la sauvegarde du phoque moine »[8]. La plage de la Grottes du Bue Marino où il se reproduisait, alimentée par des rivières souterraines, dont l'eau douce se mélange avec l'eau de mer, est protégée. En 2000, Jean Marie Daste effectue un voyage en Sardaigne où il a découvert la trace du phoque en voie de disparition puis au retour créé l’association "Mariolos Moines Monachus" dont il prend la présidence, en se rapprochant du comité scientifique de Port-Cros et de Philippe Robert, co-directeur du Parc, à qui il confie son ancien projet de réintroduire le phoque moine à Hyères[9].

En Italie en 2013, une étude réalisée par le ministère de l'Environnement a confirmé leur présence dans la zone de protection marine dans les îles Égades, à l’ouest de la Sicile[10].

Le repeuplement a visé ensuite en priorité le secteur de l'Océan Atlantique, via notamments les eaux protégées de l'île de Madère, où ils sont passés de 6 à 35 individus entre la fin des années 1980 et 2013.

Situation actuelle

Actuellement[Quand ?] l'effectif de l'espèce est estimé à 500 individus dispersés en plusieurs groupes sur l'ensemble du bassin méditerranéen, le long de la côte occidentale de l'Afrique et à Madère. Le parc marin des îles Sporades, autour de l'île Piperi dans la mer Égée est un site reproduction protégé. En Italie en 2013, une étude réalisée par le ministère de l'Environnement confirme leur présence dans la zone de protection marine dans les Îles Égades, à l’ouest de la Sicile[10].

En Atlantique, dans les eaux protégées de Madère, leur population est passée de 6 à 35 individus depuis la fin des années 1980. La baie de Dakhla au Sahara occidental héberge la plus grande population mondiale de phoques moines. Selon Marchessaux et Aouab, leur survie dans cette zone « pourrait n'être que la conséquence de l'instabilité politique de cette région jusqu'à une époque récente » ; en octobre 1988 Didier Marchessaux et trois autres personnes y perdirent la vie au retour d'une ultime mission de reconnaissance[5].

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

Notes

  1. a et b (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Monachus monachus
  2. a et b Henry Augier, Les Calanques, 2013, p. 112
  3. a b c d e et f " Les malheurs de l'affreux Jojo. La faune de la Méditerranée, mer fermée qui n'a pas la capacité de renouvellement des océans, est gravement menacée", le 31 janvier 1990 dans Le Monde'
  4. Selon une intervention du professeur Charles Boudouresque, président du comité scientifique du parc national de Port-Cros aux deuxièmes Rencontres scientifiques de la Côte bleue à Carry-le-Rouet (Bouches-du-Rhône). [1]
  5. a et b Didier Marchessaux (1957-1988). Scientific reports of Port-Cros national park No 14, 1988, p. 171-179
  6. " Préparons le retour du phoque moine" par Stéphane Nataf en septembre 2010 dans La gazette des grands prédateurs
  7. "Sardaigne, le paradis des marcheurs!" par Frédéric Rein, le 30/03/2014 dans Générations, site suisse de référence pour l'actualité et les échanges [2]
  8. Description dans le Petit Futé édition 2015, page 61, aux Nouvelles Éditions de l’Université [3]
  9. "Six-Fours : Pour la sauvegarde des phoques moines" le 20 août 2009 dans Ouest-Var [4]
  10. a et b (it) Conferenza stampa sul monitoraggio e gli avvistamenti della Foca Monaca. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, 2013
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Phoque moine de Méditerranée: Brief Summary ( French )

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Monachus monachus

Le phoque moine de Méditerranée (Monachus monachus) est une espèce de pinnipèdes rencontrée en Méditerranée, mais aussi sur les côtes de Madère, du Sahara occidental et de Mauritanie. Il est en danger, c'est la plus menacée des espèces de pinnipèdes.

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Rón manaigh Meánmhuirí ( Irish )

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Is ainmhí é an rón manaigh Meánmhuirí. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Foca monxe ( Galician )

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A foca monxe[Cómpre referencia] (Monachus monachus) é unha especie pertencente á familia dos fócidos.

Características

Os machos poden acadar os 3,40 metros de lonxitude, namentres as femias non pasan dos 2,50 metros. O lombo é escuro, sendo a parte ventral máis pálida. Non ten orellas e posúe unhas unllas fortes nas aletas dianteiras. Habita en costas e areais do mar Mediterráneo, en lugares de difícil acceso. É unha especie diúrna, sedentaria, que vive en pequenas colonias. Aliméntase de peixes, luras e crustáceos.

Distribución

Antigamente estendíase por todo o mar Mediterráneo e o mar Negro. Tamén estaba presente nas costas atlánticas de Marrocos, chegando ata as Illas Canarias e Madeira. A comezos do século XXI só sobreviven uns 500 exemplares. Trátase dunha especie en grave risco de extinción.

Referencias

  1. Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. (2015). "Monachus monachus". Lista Vermella da IUCN (IUCN) 2015: e.T13653A45227543. Consultado o 25 de decembro de 2015.

Vésaxe tamén

Bibliografía


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Foca monxe: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A foca monxe[Cómpre referencia] (Monachus monachus) é unha especie pertencente á familia dos fócidos.

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Sredozemna medvjedica ( Croatian )

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Sredozemna medvjedica (lat. Monachus monachus), vjerojatno najrjeđi perajar, ali i jedan od najugroženijih sisavaca na svijetu. Dio je porodice pravih tuljana (Phocidae). Rasprostranjena je ograničeno na Antlantiku, oko Madeire i Kanarskih otoka, a najviše uz obale i otoke Sredozemnog mora. U Jadranskom moru je poznata od najstarijih vremena, pa su joj različiti narodi i autori nadjenuli i različita imena kao dalmatinska medvjedica, jadranska medvjedica, morski fratar, morski čovjek i Adriana.[1]

Opis

Veličinom je vrlo sličan običnom tuljanu. Težina im može biti sve do 320 kg[nedostaje izvor], pri čemu su ženke nešto manje i lakše. Tijelo im je zbijeno i pokriveno kratkom dlakom, s gornje strane tamnosmeđom ili sivkastom, s donje znatno svijetlije, a može biti i potpuno bijela. Glava im je okrugla, na kratkom i debelom vratu. Vretenasto tijelo s debelim potkožnim slojem masti je prilagođeno životu u moru. Prednji udovi su prilagođeni za kretanje u more, jer su prsti povezani plivaćom kožicom, a nokti su zakržljali. Stražnji udovi su potisnuti uz tijelo i služe pri plivanju kao repne peraje. Sredozemna medvjedica hrani se ribama, rakovima i mekušcima koje hvata oštrim zubima. Oko ustiju ima dugačke osjetilne dlake. Vid im je slabo razvijen, ali imaju dobro razvijen sluh i njuh. Pretežito je noćna životinja. Prilikom zarona zatvara nosne i ušne otvore, a pod vodom može izdržati nekoliko minuta. Na kopnu se kreće teško i nespretno, podupirući se prednjim udovima. Obitava u priobalnim vodama u području pustih i nenaseljenih otoka. Na kopno izlazi radi odmora i parenja.[1]

Ovaj rod životinja koti se s oko 80 cm dužine, a kad odrastu, mogu doseći dužinu oko 2,40 metara. Mladunci se kote u jesen, a u more ulaze u dobi od dva tjedna. Majke ih doje do starosti od oko 18 tjedana. Kote se zelenog krzna, često s mjestimičnim bijelim mrljama. Šare, odnosno oblik i mjesto ovih bijelih mrlja mogu se koristiti za raspoznavanje pojedinih jedinki. Spolno zreli postaju u dobi od četiri godine, a očekivani životni vijek im je više od 20 godina. Skotna ženka sredozemne medvjedice za koćenje i podizanje mladunca traži nepristupačnu špilju s ulazom ispod morske razine, iako povijesni opisi govore, da su sve do 18. stoljeća u tu svrhu koristile i otvorene plaže.[nedostaje izvor]

U 19. stoljeću bila je rasprostranjena po cijelom Jadranu, dok je u 20. znatno prorijeđena.[1]

 src=
Kostur sredozemne medvjedice

Status

Sredozemna medvjedica je nekad nastanjivala obale Sredozemnog i Crnog mora i dijelove obala Atlantika na jugu do Zelenortskih otoka, a na zapadu do Madeire.

S vremenom, niz razloga doveo je do dramatičnog pada brojnosti populacije. To je ranije bio uglavnom komercijalni lov (naročito u vrijeme Rimskog Carstva i u srednjem vijeku. U 20. stoljeću ribari ih doživljavaju kao konkurenciju i smatraju, da im oštećuju mreže, a velik problem morskim medvjedicama je i urbanizacija obala.

U Mramornom moru vrsta je izumrla zbog zagađenja i vrlo velikog brodskog prometa kroz Bospor i Dardanele. Pored toga, u Crnom moru je zadnji put viđena kasnih 1990-ih.

Procjenjuje se, da ukupna populacija broji nešto manje od 600 jedinki raspršenih na vrlo velikom području, što znači da je vrsta kritično ugrožena. Smatra se, da su dva mjesta ključna, jer imaju relativno velike populacije, Egejsko more i, naročito, populacija koja nastanjuje obalu zapadne Sahare, odnosno kod poluotoka Ras Nouadhibou (Mauritanija, Zapadna Sahara) i mogla bi podržati malenu, ali u porastu, populaciju na otočju Desertas (Portugal). Ova dva ključna mjesta za opstanak sredozemne medvjedice toliko su međusobno udaljena, da praktično ne postoji mogućnost razmjene genetskog materijala između ovih skupina.

Tijekom ljeta 1997. godine dvije trećine najveće populacije (one kod Zapadne Sahare) uginule su u roku od dva mjeseca, ugrozivši na taj način njenu vitalnost. Nije jasno što je izazvalo ovaj pomor. Pretpostavke su različite, no niti jedna nije dokazana. U međuvremenu, iako je još daleko od brojnosti koju je kolonija imala (procjena je 300 jedinki 1987.) prije ove epidemije, postupno se oporavlja i narasla je na oko 150 jedinki.

Iako je sredozemna medvjedica bila stanovnik Jadrana, zna se da je 1964. ubijen zadnji primjerak sredozemne medvjedice koji je živio u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana. Od 2003. godina raste broj dojava o viđenju (od okolice Biševa, do okolice Opatije).[2][3] Potvrde li se ova izviješća, postoji mogućnost da je, usprkos uvriježenom mišljenju da je u Jadranu izumrla, nekoliko jedinki preživjelo i da se populacija donekle obnovi.

U Hrvatskoj je strogo zaštićena vrsta. Udomaćeno neznanstveno ime ove vrste u Hrvatskoj je "morski čovik", "morski medvid" ili "morski fratar".

Napori za očuvanje vrste

Sredozemne medvjedice, kao i neke druge vrste morskih sisavaca, smatrane su štetočinama jer su ribarima činile štete na njihovom ribarskom priboru i smanjivali im ulov ribe. Stoga su ih mjesni ribari često iz osvete za pričinjenu štetu lovili i ubijali. Velike napore u zaštiti ove vrste od početka 1970-ih ulažu razne organizacije, fundacije i sveučilišta. Jedna od većih grupa za zaštitu je turska Grupa za istraživanje mediteranskih tuljana (turski: Akdeniz Foklarını Araştırma Grubu) koje djeluje u sklopu Zaklade za podvodna istraživanja (tr. Sualtı Araştırmaları Derneği). U Španjolskoj postoji Projekt za povratak sredozemne medvjedice u Španjolsku kojeg provode Sveučilište u Barceloni i Sveučilište u Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Cilj studije je pokušati ponovno vratiti ovu vrstu u vode Kanarskih otoka. Također provode se kampanje za edukaciju građana u Maroku, Alžiru i Tunisu.

Gotovo da je sigurno da u Jadranu danas više ne postoji autohtona populacija ovih životinja, nego povremeno pojedine jedinke u Jadran dolutaju iz Jonskog mora. Dana 14. kolovoza 2008. godine primjerak sredozemne medvjedice snimljen je u akvatoriju otoka Cresa na lokaciji Sveti Blaž.[4] Sredozemna medvjedica je u Hrvatskoj službeno zaštićena od godine 1935. Odlukom Pomorskog ravnateljstva u Splitu.[5] Tijekom 1990-ih godina provedena su istraživanja staništa u špiljama oko otočića Svetog Andrije, Biševa i Jabuke, u kojima je nekad obitavala sredozemna medvjedica, a u svrhu mogućeg ponovnog nastanjivanja u poluzatočeništvu. [6] Također u Hrvatskoj su bili tiskani plakati "SOS za sredozemnu medvjedicu".

Sredozemna medvjedica u djelima

O sredozemnoj medvjedici govori se u najranijoj hrvatskoj poeziji, u satiričnoj pjesmi dubrovačkog benediktinca Mavre Vetranovića Remeta. Sredozemnu medvjedicu u Velikom jezeru na Mljetu relativno potanko opisuje i još jedan dubrovački benediktinac Mavro Orbini u djelu Il regno degli Slavi koje je objavio na talijanskom jeziku godine 1601.

Izvori

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Sredozemna medvjedica: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Sredozemna medvjedica (lat. Monachus monachus), vjerojatno najrjeđi perajar, ali i jedan od najugroženijih sisavaca na svijetu. Dio je porodice pravih tuljana (Phocidae). Rasprostranjena je ograničeno na Antlantiku, oko Madeire i Kanarskih otoka, a najviše uz obale i otoke Sredozemnog mora. U Jadranskom moru je poznata od najstarijih vremena, pa su joj različiti narodi i autori nadjenuli i različita imena kao dalmatinska medvjedica, jadranska medvjedica, morski fratar, morski čovjek i Adriana.

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Monachus monachus ( Italian )

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La foca monaca mediterranea (Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779) è un mammifero pinnipede della famiglia delle foche.

È una specie minacciata di estinzione, di cui sopravvivono in natura meno di 700 esemplari.

Descrizione

Le caratteristiche somatiche della foca monaca sono analoghe a quelle delle altre Phocidae: corpo allungato, irregolarmente cilindrico, rivestito da uno spesso strato adiposo, ricoperto da un fitto pelo corto. La pelliccia è di colore nero nel maschio o marrone o grigio scuro nella femmina, più chiara sul ventre, dove può essere fino a bianca nel maschio.

Gli arti sono trasformati in pinne, quelli anteriori sono dotati di unghie mentre quelli posteriori ne sono quasi completamente privi.

Ha una lunghezza che va da 80 alla nascita ai 240 cm negli esemplari adulti[2] e può raggiungere i 320 kg di peso; le femmine sono un po' più piccole dei maschi.

Ha la testa tonda e leggermente appiattita, le orecchie sono prive di padiglione auricolare. Il muso è provvisto di alcuni baffi lunghi e robusti, detti vibrisse.

Alcuni ritrovamenti fossili effettuati in Toscana, in argille del pliocene, hanno contribuito a ipotizzare che la foca monaca discenda dalla Pliophoca etrusca, la quale abitava il mare che circonda l'Arcipelago Toscano.

Biologia

La vita della foca monaca si svolge soprattutto in mare; durante il periodo riproduttivo predilige i tratti di mare vicini alle coste, dove cerca spiagge isolate, sistemandosi prevalentemente in grotte o piccoli anfratti accessibili solo dal mare, perché il parto e l'allattamento si svolgono esclusivamente sulla terra ferma.
Dorme in superficie in mare aperto o utilizzando piccoli anfratti sul fondale, per poi risalire periodicamente a respirare. Si nutre di molluschi cefalopodi, crostacei e pesci, sia bentonici come murene, corvine, cernie, dentici e mostelle che pelagici catturati in alto mare.

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Colonia di foche monache

Anche durante le soste a terra, la foca rimane vicinissima al mare, anche perché i suoi movimenti sono lenti ed impacciati.

Queste foche si spostano anche di alcune decine di chilometri al giorno alla ricerca del cibo, con immersioni continue; sono state registrate immersioni fino a 90 metri di profondità, ma è probabile che esse possano superare facilmente alcune centinaia di metri di profondità, durante immersioni effettuate per la ricerca di prede.

I maschi adulti sono fortemente territoriali e, nel periodo riproduttivo che coincide generalmente con i mesi autunnali, si scontrano frequentemente con altri maschi. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale a 3-5 anni, hanno un ciclo di riproduzione di circa 12 mesi e partoriscono di solito tra settembre e ottobre; allattano, in grotte vicinissime al mare o in spiagge riparate, un cucciolo all'anno, lungo 88–103 cm e pesante 16–18 kg.

I giovani entrano in acqua già a pochi giorni dalla nascita. L'allattamento si protrae sino alla dodicesima settimana, ma la femmina lascia il suo cucciolo incustodito già dopo le prime settimane di vita, per tornare ad allattarlo periodicamente. I giovani tendono ad abbandonare il gruppo originario ed a disperdersi anche lontano dal luogo di nascita; essi raggiungono la maturità sessuale intorno ai 4 anni. La foca monaca vive dai 20 ai 30 anni.

Distribuzione

 src=
Attuale areale della foca monaca

L'areale della foca monaca un tempo comprendeva tutto il Mediterraneo, il Mar Nero, le coste atlantiche di Spagna e Portogallo, il Marocco, la Mauritania, Madera e le Isole Canarie; foche erano segnalate spesso anche nella costa sud della Francia.

La foca monaca veniva catturata per essere esibita in pubblico e, a differenza di quella comune, era molto più addomesticabile. Nel dicembre del 1766 un esemplare venne catturato nelle acque della Capraia e portato al Granduca Pietro Leopoldo. Purtroppo sopravvisse soltanto fino alle porte di Firenze[3]. Il 9 maggio del 1767 un esemplare di circa 85 cm fu catturato presso le secche della Meloria da alcuni pescatori mentre riposava sul relitto di un'imbarcazione svedese[4]. Hermann descrisse la specie nel 1778, quando una truppa veneziana, che esibiva in pubblico una foca catturata con le reti nell'autunno del 1777 nell'isola di Cherso, giunse a Strasburgo. Il Buffon, naturalista famoso, trovò un'altra foca a Parigi, sempre proveniente da Cherso, e, ignorando la scoperta dello Hermann, la classificò per conto suo come Phoque a ventre blanc ovvero Phoca albiventer. Evidentemente Cherso divenne il locus classicus della specie, grazie ad una ben orchestrata campagna di cattura veneziana[5].

Nel corso del '900 l'areale si è fortemente ridotto a causa delle persecuzioni dirette e la foca monaca sopravvive in poche isolate colonie in Grecia, in isole della Croazia meridionale, in Turchia, nell'arcipelago di Madera, in Marocco e Mauritania. Occasionalmente vengono avvistati individui in dispersione, lungo le coste di quasi tutti i paesi mediterranei.

Presenza in Italia

Alla fine del Novecento la foca monaca veniva considerata estinta in Italia, a eccezione di rari avvistamenti di esemplari provenienti dal Nordafrica o, per l'Adriatico, dalla Croazia.

Tuttavia almeno fino al 1980 circa esisteva in Sardegna, prevalentemente nell'area del Golfo di Orosei, un nucleo stabile di 10-20 foche.[6] Nel periodo seguente le segnalazioni si fecero sporadiche, ma non scomparvero mai del tutto; gli esemplari avvistati oscillavano di anno in anno tra uno e cinque, e ancora nel 1986 venne registrata la nascita di un cucciolo.[7][8][9]

Nel frattempo già nel 1980 la foca monaca fu avvistata all'Isola del Giglio[7]. A partire dal 2000 gli avvistamenti nell'Arcipelago Toscano, sempre sporadici, si sono fatti però più frequenti e sono avvenuti anche presso altre isole oltre al Giglio (nel 2020 a Capraia e a Pianosa).[10][11][12][13]

Più a nord, la foca monaca è stata avvistata nel 2010 e nel 2015 nell'area marina protetta antistante il borgo di Portofino.[14][15].

Molto più a sud, a occidente della Sicilia, le Isole Egadi sono un'altra area di tradizionale presenza della foca monaca; l'ultimo esemplare vi fu ucciso nel 1975.[7] Qui la foca è stata rivista per la prima volta nel 2010 da un pescatore locale in prossimità delle Grotta del Cammello, la 'casa' prediletta da questo mammifero quattro decenni prima.[16]. Negli anni seguenti è stata ritrovata più o meno regolarmente;[17][18][19] dal 2016 o 2017 è documentata anche la sua presenza in inverno.[20][21][22]

Gli avvistamenti nelle isole del Canale di Sicilia sono stati più irregolari; la foca è stata vista a Lampedusa già dal 1980 e a Pantelleria dal 1985.[7]

Nell'alto Adriatico la foca monaca, a partire dall'Istria dove era segnalata almeno dal 2010,[23][24] raggiunge irregolarmente la Laguna di Venezia, dove è stata fotografata nel 2013.[25].

Nel basso Adriatico, ci sono state alcune segnalazioni nel Salento in Puglia, in particolare nel 2014, nel 2017, nel 2020 e nel 2021 nell'area marina protetta di Porto Cesareo.[26][27][28]

Nel 2010 un pescatore ha avvistato un esemplare al largo del faro dell'isola di Salina.[29]

Il 06 novembre 2020 un pescatore di Lampedusa,Ingargiola Domenico (vedi video pagina Facebook) avvista un esemplare di foca monaca nella baia di cala creta a Lampedusa Elezionante

Conservazione

La fortissima diminuzione delle popolazioni, dovuta prevalentemente all'intervento umano, ha ridotto questi pinnipedi a piccoli gruppi familiari e individui isolati. L'unico luogo del mondo dove la specie è presente in numero sufficiente per formare ancora una colonia è Cabo Blanco, in Mauritania.

Secondo una stima dell'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura della foca monaca sopravvive una popolazione di appena 600-700 esemplari: circa 200 concentrati nell'Egeo e nel Mediterraneo sudorientale, 20-30 nel Mar Ionio, 10-20 nel Mare Adriatico, una decina nel Mediterraneo centrale, dai 10 ai 20 nel Mediterraneo occidentale e meno di 300 in Atlantico. La specie è pertanto da considerarsi in rischio di estinzione.

La Società Zoologica di Londra, in base a criteri di unicità evolutiva e di esiguità della popolazione, considera Monachus monachus (anche nota come Foca Monaca) una delle 100 specie di mammiferi a maggiore rischio di estinzione.

La specie è inserita nella Appendice I della Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Nel 1987 per salvaguardare la colonia di foche della Grotta del Bue marino, nel golfo di Orosei, fu varato un decreto, firmato dal ministro dell'ambiente Mario Pavan che vietava la pesca e la navigazione con qualsiasi mezzo nel golfo stesso[30]. Nel 1988 il decreto fu bocciato dal TAR della Sardegna su ricorso della Regione e del comune di Baunei[31][32].Nonostante le molteplici minacce, gli sforzi per la conservazione hanno dato frutti, infatti la popolazione è in continuo aumento e nel 2015 l'IUCN ha spostato la specie da in pericolo critico a in pericolo.

In Italia la specie è particolarmente protetta ai sensi della legge dell'11 febbraio 1992.

Nomi dialettali italiani

Bove marino (Toscana ed Elba), tigre marina e vecchio marino (Elba), boe marinu (Capraia), voje marino (Ponza), boe marinu e vriccu marinu (Sardegna), mammarinu e mammarina (Sicilia).

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P., Monachus monachus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Melody Benton, Monachus monachus (Mediterranean monk seal), su Animal Diversity Web. URL consultato il 9 gennaio 2022.
  3. ^ Gazzetta toscana ..., 1766, p. 205. URL consultato il 20 agosto 2020.
  4. ^ Gazzetta toscana, appresso Anton Giuseppe Pagani, 1767, p. 83. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2020.
  5. ^ William Klinger, Note sulla presenza storica della Foca monaca nell'Adriatico (PDF), in La Ricerca, Centro di ricerche storiche – Rovigno, n. 57, 2010, pp. 6–10.
  6. ^ Grotta del Fico: l’ultimo rifugio della Foca Monaca Mediterranea (Monachus Monachus)!, su Grotta del Fico. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Guido Picchetti - Lo studio della foca monaca
  8. ^ Riappare la foca monaca ma ora lasciatela in pace, la Repubblica, 24 agosto 2000
  9. ^ Esemplare di foca monaca viene avvistato nel Salento, la Repubblica, 10 giugno 2003
  10. ^ Avvistato esemplare di foca monaca a Giglio Campese, giugno 2009
  11. ^ C'è la foca monaca, l'isola di Capraia 'chiude' il mare - Ambiente & Energia, su ANSA.it, 24 giugno 2020. URL consultato il 21 agosto 2020.
  12. ^ Parco Nazionale Arcipelago Toscano, Isola di Capraia: la foca monaca torna a casa (PDF), su ISPRA, 25 giugno 2020. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2020.
  13. ^ Isola di Pianosa: la foca monaca sceglie ancora un'isola dell'Arcipelago Toscano, su ISPRA, 3 ottobre 2020. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2020.
  14. ^ Avvistamento a Portofino su corriere.it, su corriere.it. URL consultato il 2 luglio 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 agosto 2012).
  15. ^ Esclusivo ! Avvistata una Foca monaca nell'Area Marina Protetta di Portofino, ScubaPortal, 2015
  16. ^ L'avvistamento dei pescatori di fronte all'isola di Marettimo, nelle Egadi: La foca monaca torna dopo 50 anni, in Corriere della Sera, 16 aprile 2010.
  17. ^ Soddisfazione di Legambiente per il ritorno della foca monaca alle Egadi: “un evento unico in Italia ed eccezionale nel Mediterraneo” | Legambiente
  18. ^ Nuovo esemplare di Foca Monaca alle Egadi, su ISPRA, agosto 2016. URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2020.
  19. ^ Torna la foca monaca alle Egadi era assente da quarant'anni
  20. ^ La foca monaca è tornata anche a Favignana, Lifegate, 2018
  21. ^ Viva la foca (Monaca): si pensava fosse scappata e invece si nasconde a Favignana, su balarm.it.
  22. ^ Documentata la presenza invernale della Foca monaca nell’Isola di Favignana Continua il monitoraggio dell’ISPRA e dell’AMP Isole Egadi, su ampisoleegadi.it.
  23. ^ Tornano le foche monache nell'Alto Adriatico: avvistato un maschio adulto a Capo Promontore Archiviato il 15 marzo 2010 in Internet Archive.
  24. ^ Pola, riappare la foca monaca - Video Il Piccolo
  25. ^ Foto Una foca monaca a Chioggia: l'avvistamento del turista - Repubblica.it
  26. ^ Eccezionale avvistamento a Tricase: una rarissima foca monaca, LecceSette, 2017
  27. ^ Una foca monaca sulle spiagge salentine: avvistamenti a San Cataldo e Frigole, su LeccePrima. URL consultato il 29 gennaio 2020.
  28. ^ Avvistata foca monaca in area marina protetta Salento - Puglia, su Agenzia ANSA, 6 gennaio 2021. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2021.
  29. ^ Repubblica, 2 dicembre 2020
  30. ^ Un decreto per salvare la foca monaca, la Repubblica, 28 luglio 1987
  31. ^ IN PERICOLO QUEI 'PARADISI AZZURRI'... L'INQUINAMENTO MINACCIA LA SAR - la Repubblica.it, su Archivio - la Repubblica.it. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2022.
  32. ^ OTTOCENTO, E NON UNO DI PIU' - la Repubblica.it, su Archivio - la Repubblica.it. URL consultato il 1º febbraio 2022.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Monachus monachus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  • Spagnesi M., De Marinis A.M. (a cura di), Mammiferi d'Italia - Quad. Cons. Natura n.14 (PDF), Ministero dell'Ambiente - Istituto Nazionale Fauna Selvatica, 2002 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 luglio 2011).
  • Paterson A.W. Status della foca monaca Monachus monachus, in: La gestione degli ambienti costieri e insulari del Mediterraneo. Ed. del Sole, 1994.
  • Randall R. Reeves, Brent S. Stewart, Phillip J. Clapham and James A. Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • (EN) Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. 2008, Monachus monachus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  • Graziano Giuliani La vera storia della foca monaca dell'Argentario. Ed. Effequ, 2002.
  • Emanuele Coppola IL MISTERO DEL MEDITERRANEO trent'anni di incontri con la foca monaca Ed. ORME 2014

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Monachus monachus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La foca monaca mediterranea (Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779) è un mammifero pinnipede della famiglia delle foche.

È una specie minacciata di estinzione, di cui sopravvivono in natura meno di 700 esemplari.

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Monachus monachus ( Latin )

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Monachus monachus est mammale pinnipedium familiae Phocidarum.

Mammalia Haec stipula ad mammale spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Viduržemio jūros ruonis vienuolis ( Lithuanian )

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Viduržemio jūros ruonis vienuolis (lot. Monachus monachus, angl. Mediterranean seal monk) – tikrųjų ruonių (Phocidae) šeimai priklausantis gyvūnas. Šie ruoniai paplitę Viduržemio jūros regione, daugiausia prie Afrikos šiaurės vakarų pakrantės, taip pat Graikijos, Turkijos vandenyse. Patinai sveria 315 kg, o patelės 300 kg. Yra aktyvūs tik dieną, minta įvairiomis žuvimis ir aštuonkojais.

Šaltiniai

  1. „Monachus monachus (Mediterranean Monk Seal)“. iucnredlist.org. Suarchyvuotas originalas 2016-11-26. Nuoroda tikrinta 2016-12-11.

Vikiteka

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Viduržemio jūros ruonis vienuolis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Viduržemio jūros ruonis vienuolis (lot. Monachus monachus, angl. Mediterranean seal monk) – tikrųjų ruonių (Phocidae) šeimai priklausantis gyvūnas. Šie ruoniai paplitę Viduržemio jūros regione, daugiausia prie Afrikos šiaurės vakarų pakrantės, taip pat Graikijos, Turkijos vandenyse. Patinai sveria 315 kg, o patelės 300 kg. Yra aktyvūs tik dieną, minta įvairiomis žuvimis ir aštuonkojais.

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Mediterrane monniksrob ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Mediterrane monniksrob of gewone monniksrob (Monachus monachus) is een zeeroofdier uit de familie der zeehonden (Phocidae). Het is waarschijnlijk het meest bedreigde zeeroofdier: de populatie bestaat uit minder dan vijfhonderd dieren.

Beschrijving

De monniksrob wordt 230 tot 278 centimeter lang en wegen 250 tot 400 kilogram. Mannetjes worden iets groter dan vrouwtjes, gemiddeld 240 centimeter lang en tot 315 kilogram zwaar. Vrouwtjes worden tot 300 kilogram zwaar. De monniksrob heeft een donkere vacht. De buikzijde is lichter gekleurd, met een witte vlek op de buik. De kleur van het dier kan zeer variëren, van zwart tot zilvergrijs. De witte vlek ontbreekt soms. Vaak is de scheiding tussen de lichtere buik en de donkerder rug scherp, maar ook een geleidelijke overgang komt voor.

Gedrag en leefgebied

De Mediterrane monniksrob is een dagdier dat in kleine groepen leeft langs subtropische kusten en beschutte stranden. Hij jaagt op vis (voornamelijk grotere vissen, waaronder roggen) en inktvis, voornamelijk octopus. Hij komt voor in de Zwarte Zee, de Middellandse Zee en de Atlantische kust van Noordwest-Afrika tot Mauritanië. Het is de enige zeehond in deze regio.

De soort komt binnen Europa nog voor in Turkije, Griekenland, Portugal, Frankrijk en op Cyprus.

Voortplanting

Over de voortplanting is weinig bekend. Er is één keer een paring in het water waargenomen. Waarschijnlijk zijn de mannetjes polygaam. Tussen mei en november (voornamelijk in september en oktober) wordt één jong geboren. De jongen worden geboren in grotten en grotto's in zeekliffen, meestal met een ingang onder water. Waarschijnlijk is dit een aanpassing aan overbejaging door de mens.

Het jong wordt geboren met een donkere wollige vacht met een witte of gele plek op de buik. Het is gemiddeld 91 à 92 centimeter lang (kan variëren van 80 tot 120 centimeter) en 15 tot 26 kilogram zwaar. Na vier tot zes weken wordt de geboortevacht vervangen door een zilvergrijze vacht met een lichte buik. Na zestien weken worden de jongen gespeend. De jongen blijven drie jaar bij de moeder. Wanneer het jong ongeveer 210 centimeter lang is, is het geslachtsrijp. Het is dan ongeveer vijf of zes jaar oud. De monniksrob wordt maximaal 24 jaar.

Status

Door overbejaging en verstoring door vissers is de monniksrob schuwer geworden, waardoor hij tegenwoordig alleen in kleine, versnipperde populaties in onverstoorde gebieden voorkomt, en meer 's avonds dan overdag actief is. Tegenwoordig komt hij slechts in twee gebieden relatief veel voor, de oostelijke Middellandse Zee en de Noordwest-Afrikaanse kust. In 1997 werd de grootste populatie van de soort, aan de Côte des Phoques in de Westelijke Sahara, getroffen door een ziekte, waardoor twee derde van de populatie stierf. Vissers beschouwen de dieren als een bedreiging voor de visstand en daarom doden ze de robben. Pogingen om de soort in gevangenschap te fokken zijn tot nu toe nagenoeg allemaal mislukt.

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Mediterrane monniksrob: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Mediterrane monniksrob of gewone monniksrob (Monachus monachus) is een zeeroofdier uit de familie der zeehonden (Phocidae). Het is waarschijnlijk het meest bedreigde zeeroofdier: de populatie bestaat uit minder dan vijfhonderd dieren.

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Middelhavsmunkesel ( Norwegian )

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Middelhavsmunkesel (Monachus monachus) er ein av to nolevande artar i munkeselslekta (Monachus), som høyrer til selfamilien (Phocidae). Selen lever i Middelhavet og i nære strøk av Atlanterhavet utanfor Gibraltarsundet, sør til Krepsen sin vendekrins. Ifølgje IUCN si raudliste er arten sterkt truga av utrydding.[1] Totalbestanden tel truleg 600-700 individ.[1]

Historisk har middelhavsmunkesel levd i store delar av Middelhavet. I dag kjenner ein berre til populasjonar i Tyrkia, Kroatia, Kypros, Hellas, Portugal (Madeira), Mauritania og Vest-Sahara. Den største gruppa heldt til aust i Middelhavet, og omfattar rundt 350-450 individ. Den andre store undergruppa på rundt 220 individ held til ved Cabo Blanco i Atlanterhavet. Desse er dei einaste munkeselane som framleis lever i koloniar.[1]

Skildring

Selen er kring 80 cm lang ved fødselen og kan bli opptil 2,4 m lang som vaksen. Hanndyr veg gjennomsnittleg 320 kg og hodyr 300 kg, med eit vanleg spenn på 240-400 kg.[1][2][3][4] Ein trur dei kan bli opptil 45 år gamle,[2] med ein gjennomsnittsalder på 20-25 år. Dyra blir kjønnsmogne når dei er rundt 4 år.

Svangre hoer bruker typisk utilgjengelege sjøholer til å føda i, men tidlegare skildringar fortel at dei pleide å føda på opne strender fram til 1700-talet. Selungane veg ca. 15–18 kg. Dei har mørkebrun eller svart pels med hår på 1–1,5 centimeter. På magen har selane ei kvit stripe som har ulike farge og form hjå dei to kjønna. Hjå hoer er stripa vanlegvis rektangelforma, medan hjå hannar er ho som regel sommarfuglforma.[5] Når ungane er 6-8 veker gamle blir håret deira erstatta av det korte håret til vaksne selar.[2] Middelhavsmunkeselar skal ha den kortaste pelsen til nokon sel. Pelsen er svart hjå hannar og brun eller mørkegrå hjå hoer. Magen er lysare, nær kvit hjå hannar.

Kjelder

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. 2015. Monachus monachus (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T13653A117647375. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en. Vitja 2. februar 2020
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 «MOm Website». Mom.gr. Arkivert frå originalen 16. mars 2012. Henta 6. november 2012.
  3. «Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Biology: External appearance and anatomy». Monachus-guardian.org. Henta 6. november 2012.
  4. «Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries». Nmfs.noaa.gov. 18. november 2005. Henta 6. november 2012.
  5. «Lobo marinho». The City of Funchal. Henta 27. november 2016.


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Middelhavsmunkesel: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Middelhavsmunkesel (Monachus monachus) er ein av to nolevande artar i munkeselslekta (Monachus), som høyrer til selfamilien (Phocidae). Selen lever i Middelhavet og i nære strøk av Atlanterhavet utanfor Gibraltarsundet, sør til Krepsen sin vendekrins. Ifølgje IUCN si raudliste er arten sterkt truga av utrydding. Totalbestanden tel truleg 600-700 individ.

Historisk har middelhavsmunkesel levd i store delar av Middelhavet. I dag kjenner ein berre til populasjonar i Tyrkia, Kroatia, Kypros, Hellas, Portugal (Madeira), Mauritania og Vest-Sahara. Den største gruppa heldt til aust i Middelhavet, og omfattar rundt 350-450 individ. Den andre store undergruppa på rundt 220 individ held til ved Cabo Blanco i Atlanterhavet. Desse er dei einaste munkeselane som framleis lever i koloniar.

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Middelhavsmunkesel ( Norwegian )

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Middelhavsmunkesel (Monachus monachus) er en av to nålevende arter i slekten munkeseler (Monachus), som hører hjemme i selfamilien (Phocidae). Arten er ifølge IUCNs rødliste kritisk truet av utryddelse.[1] Totalbestanden teller trolig færre enn 600 dyr. Den finnes i Middelhavet og i nære strøk av Atlanterhavet utenfor Gibraltarstredet, sør til Krepsens vendekrets.

Beskrivelse

Middelhavsmunkesel blir omkring 2,4 m lang og veier typisk omkring 300kg (hunner) til 315kg (hanner) i snitt. Hannene har mørk brun til sort pels, mens hunnene er mer grålige i fargen. Undersiden er blek, nærmest hvit hos hannene. Pelsen er svært korthåret. Arten har kort, bred snute og relativt korte luffer med smale klør.

Atferd

Middelhavsmunkeselen eter fisk (herunder ålefisker), mollusker og blekkspruter med mer. Det daglige inntaket utgjør ca. 3 kg med føde.

Fylogeni

Phocidae









ringsel (Pusa hispida)



bajkalsel (Pusa sibirica)




kaspisel (Pusa caspica)





flekksel (Phoca largha)



steinkobbe (Phoca vitulina)





havert (Halichoerus grypus)





harlekinsel (Histriophoca fasciata)



grønlandssel (Pagophilus groenlandicus)





klappmyss (Cystophora cristata)




storkobbe (Erignathus barbatus)







weddellsel (Leptonychotes weddellii)



leopardsel (Hydrurga leptonyx)




krabbeetersel (Lobodon carcinophagus)




ross-sel (Ommatophoca rossii)






sydlig sjøelefant (Mirounga leonina)



nordlig sjøelefant (Mirounga angustirostris)






middelhavsmunkesel (Monachus monachus)



hawaiimunkesel (Monachus schauinslandi)




Kladogrammet over viser slektskapet mellom de eksisterende artene i selfamilien.[2]

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2013. Monachus monachus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Besøkt 2015-04-24
  2. ^ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). «Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description». Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)

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Middelhavsmunkesel: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Middelhavsmunkesel (Monachus monachus) er en av to nålevende arter i slekten munkeseler (Monachus), som hører hjemme i selfamilien (Phocidae). Arten er ifølge IUCNs rødliste kritisk truet av utryddelse. Totalbestanden teller trolig færre enn 600 dyr. Den finnes i Middelhavet og i nære strøk av Atlanterhavet utenfor Gibraltarstredet, sør til Krepsens vendekrets.

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Mniszka śródziemnomorska ( Polish )

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Mniszka śródziemnomorska[3] (Monachus monachus) – gatunek ssaka płetwonogiego z rodziny fokowatych. Jest gatunkiem zagrożonym wyginięciem. Ocenia się, że w naturze żyje nie więcej niż 500 osobników.

Taksonomia

Gatunek po raz pierwszy opisał w 1779 roku francuski przyrodnik Johann Hermann, nadając mu nazwę Phoca monachus[4]. Jako miejsce typowe odłowu holotypu Hermann wskazał „Morze Dalmatyńskie w Ossero” (fr. Dalmation Sea at Ossero) ograniczone w 1956 roku do Serbii i Czarnogóry[4]. Jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Monachus utworzonego w 1822 roku przez szkockiego zoologa Johna Fleminga[5].

Wygląd

Wydłużone, nieregularnie cylindryczne ciało z grubą warstwą tłuszczu pod skórą pokrytą gęstą, krótką i aksamitną sierścią nieprzepuszczającą wody. Futro jest koloru brązowego lub ciemnopopielatego o odcieniu nieco jaśniejszym po stronie brzusznej. Głowa jest niewielka i lekko spłaszczona, uszy są pozbawione zewnętrznej muszli usznej a pysk jest zakończony długimi rzadkimi ale silnymi wąsami.

Długość ciała waha się między 0,8 i 2,4 m, a waga może osiągnąć 320 kg. Samice do 2,3 m, samiec do 3,8 m.

Zachowanie

Mniszka śródziemnomorska spędza większość życia w morzu, preferuje obszary bliskie brzegom morskim, czasami zapuszcza się na bardzo krótkie wyprawy w głąb lądu. Żyje w grupach i jest zwierzęciem o dziennym trybie życia. Śpi na powierzchni wody w otwartym morzu, czasami lokuje się też na dnie, wypływając co pewien czas dla nabrania powietrza.

Przebywając na lądzie pozostaje zawsze bardzo blisko wody, również dlatego, że jej wolne i niezgrabne ruchy narażają ją na niebezpieczeństwo ze strony drapieżników i człowieka. Zmuszona jest jednak do opuszczania wody szczególnie w okresie reprodukcji. Stara się wtedy wychodzić tylko w miejscach, w których prawdopodobieństwo spotkania z człowiekiem jest ograniczone do minimum.

Samce posiadają silny instynkt kontroli swojego terytorium i w okresie reprodukcji nie tolerują obecności innych samców.

Samice osiągają dojrzałość płciową w wieku 5/6 lat, cykl reprodukcyjny trwa około 12 miesięcy i rodzą (zazwyczaj między wrześniem i październikiem) oraz karmią w grotach bardzo bliskich morza lub na małych odizolowanych plażach jedno młode na rok. Dopiero co narodzona mniszka ma od 88 - 103 cm długości i waży 16 - 18 kg. Młode mniszki wchodzą pierwszy raz do wody po około dwóch tygodniach od urodzenia. Karmienie mlekiem trwa do około osiemnastego tygodnia życia.

Młode samce mają tendencję do opuszczenia grupy, w której się urodziły i do czasami nawet znacznego oddalenia się od miejsca narodzin. Osiągają dojrzałość płciową około czwartego roku życia.

Mniszka śródziemnomorska żyje od 20 do 30 lat.

Żywi się rybami i mięczakami, głównie polipami, zjadając do 3 kg pożywienia na dzień. W poszukiwaniu pożywienia potrafi dziennie przebyć spory dystans, nurkując bez przerwy nawet do 90 m.

Obszary występowania

W przeszłości zamieszkiwała cały obszar śródziemnomorski, Morza Czarnego oraz brzegów atlantyckich Hiszpanii, Portugalii, Maroka, Mauretanii, Madery i Wysp Kanaryjskich. Była też widywana na południowych brzegach Francji.

W XX wieku obszar ten uległ drastycznemu ograniczeniu i dzisiaj żyje w niewielu odizolowanych od siebie koloniach w Grecji, południowej Chorwacji, Turcji, na Archipelagu Madery, w Maroku i Mauretanii. Z rzadka udaje się ją również zaobserwować wzdłuż brzegów prawie wszystkich innych krajów basenu śródziemnomorskiego. Najprawdopodobniej prawie zawsze chodzi o młodych samców oddalających się od grupy, w której się urodzili.

Katastrofalne zmniejszenie się populacji, związane przede wszystkim z działaniem człowieka, zredukowało gatunek do małych grup rodzinnych i odizolowanych pojedynczych egzemplarzy.

Według szacunków Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) liczebność gatunku ogranicza się dzisiaj do zaledwie 300 - 400 egzemplarzy. Mniej więcej 200 z nich jest skoncentrowanych w basenie Morza Egejskiego i w południowo-wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego; 20 - 30 egzemplarzy żyje w Morzu Jońskim, 10 - 20 w Adriatyku, 10 w części centralnej Morza Śródziemnego, a 10 - 20 sztuk w części zachodniej; nie więcej niż 10 w Morzu Czarnym i 130 w Atlantyku. Gatunek jest więc w najwyższym stopniu zagrożony wyginięciem.

Gatunek jest zamieszczony w Załączniku I do Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Przypisy

  1. Monachus monachus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. A. Aguilar & L. Lowry (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2015, Monachus monachus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 [online], wersja 2016-3 [dostęp 2017-05-11] (ang.).
  3. W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński & W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 154. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. (pol.ang.)
  4. a b J. Hermann. Besschreibung der Münchs = Robbe. „Beschäftigungen der Berlinischen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde”. 4, s. 501, ryc. 12, 13, 1779 (niem.).
  5. J. Fleming: The philosophy of zoology, or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. Cz. 2. Edynburg: Hurst, Robinson & Co., 1822, s. 187. (ang.)

Bibliografia

  • Randall R. Reeves, Brent S. Stewart, Phillip J. Clapham and James A. Powell National Audubon/ Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World wyd. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ​ISBN 0-375-41141-0

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Mniszka śródziemnomorska (Monachus monachus) – gatunek ssaka płetwonogiego z rodziny fokowatych. Jest gatunkiem zagrożonym wyginięciem. Ocenia się, że w naturze żyje nie więcej niż 500 osobników.

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Foca-monge-do-mediterrâneo ( Portuguese )

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A foca-monge-do-mediterrâneo [2][3][4] (Monachus monachus) é provavelmente o membro da família das focas mais ameaçado de extinção. Outrora espalhada pelo Mediterrâneo e águas adjacentes, hoje estima-se que haja somente em torno de 400 indivíduos restantes desse mamífero marinho, o que faz da espécie Monachus monachus a foca mais rara do mundo.[4]

É informalmente conhecida, no arquipélago português da Madeira, por lobo-marinho,[5] embora seja na verdade uma foca (pertencente à família Phocidae), e não pertencente à família Otariidae, da qual fazem parte os verdadeiros lobos-marinhos.

As focas-monges constituem um dos géneros da família dos focidas,[6] que compreende três espécies: a foca-monge-do-havaí (Monachus schauinslandi), a foca-monge-do-caribe (Monachus tropicalis), já extinta, e a foca-monge-do-mediterrâneo (Monachus monachus).

Características e comportamento

A foca-monge é um animal robusto que pode atingir os 400 quilos e os 4 metros de altura, no caso dos machos. As fêmeas são sempre mais pequenas podendo atingir até 2,30 metros de tamanho.

Apresenta uma coloração castanha-acinzentada, sendo que, nas partes inferiores, apresentam manchas mais claras, amareladas e esbranquiçadas. Quanto mais velhas se tornam, mais clara é a sua tonalidade, chegando a sua pele a atingir a coloração prateada.

Quando submerge, as suas narinas paralelas fecham-se, impedindo, desta forma, a entrada de água para os canais respiratórios. Debaixo de água, servem-se do olhos para se guiarem, mas também dos seus longos bigodes, órgãos do tacto extremamente sensíveis às mudanças de pressão.

As focas passam a maior parte do tempo dentro de água. Podem mesmo dormir no mar, à superfície, num período que pode chegar a 12 minutos, ao fim dos quais tem de se movimentar para respirar. Como é um mamífero, apenas pode respirar à superfície. O seu fôlego permite-lhe, no entanto, permanecer 10 a 12 minutos submersa.

Embora realize a maior parte da sua actividade no mar, a foca depende da terra para repousar, fazendo-o essencialmente em praias escondidas no interior de grutas.

Alimenta-se de animais que captura na água, como polvos e peixes de tamanho considerável, entre os quais se encontram o mero (Epinephelus marginatus) e o congro (Conger conger). Ainda assim, além de predadores, são também presas de outros predadores maiores como a orca (Orcinus orca) e os tubarões. Porém, dado que estes animais não costumam aproximar-se das zonas costeiras, constituem ameaças muito pontuais.

Trata-se de um animal muito curioso, que facilmente se aproxima do ser humano, especialmente quando jovem. No entanto, nas épocas de criação, as fêmeas tornam-se muito ciosas das crias, tentando sempre afastá-las do Homem, podendo ter reacções imprevistas e agressivas.

Não possuem uma época própria para os nascimentos, embora se verifique uma maior concentração destes nos períodos entre outubro e novembro. A gestação demora entre 8 a 11 meses, ao fim dos quais nasce uma pequena cria indefesa, coberta por uma pelagem lanosa de cor negra. As crias ficam entregues aos cuidados das progenitoras por um período que pode ir de 1 a 2 anos, altura em que se apresentam mais brincalhonas e despreocupadas. Estes animais podem viver cerca de 20 ou 30 anos no seu estado selvagem.

Habitat

O lobo-marinho vive na Reserva Natural das Ilhas Desertas e vive no arquipélago da Madeira - Portugal, zonas de costa bastante escarpadas e sempre de difícil acesso por exemplo em grutas que têm entrada submarina. Segundo pesquisas feitas, este não seria o seu habitat inicial.

O lobo-marinho chegou a habitar algumas praias desabrigadas, maioritariamente no concelho de Câmara de Lobos, na Ilha da Madeira, só que com a chegada do homem obrigou a que estes animais procurassem o abrigo de grutas e de locais mais acessíveis para eles.

É também conhecida por foca monge e é a única espécie que vive em território Português, nas Ilhas Desertas do arquipélago da Madeira.

Foi-lhe atribuído o nome de foca monge devido às pregas que possui no pescoço, porque quando está em descanso faz lembrar o capucho de um monge e porque também é um animal de hábitos solitários. O nome de lobo-marinho devido aos sons em tom de urro e por ser um animal carnívoro.

Os primeiros registos escritos portugueses do lobo-marinho remontam ao ano de 1419, quando os navegadores portugueses João Gonçalves Zarco e Tristão Vaz Teixeira chegaram à Ilha da Madeira. Aí, numa baía de costa sul, ter-se-ão deparado com um animal até então desconhecido, que chamaram de lobo-marinho. Este local é ainda hoje conhecido por Câmara de Lobos, designação que deriva da original “Câmara de Lobos”

A foca monge é um dos animais mais raros do mundo, um dos mamíferos marinhos mais ameaçados de extinção.

No mundo inteiro restam apenas 300 focas como esta. Esta espécie é conhecida desde sempre na Madeira como Lobo-marinho, uma vez que os seus sons fazem lembrar o uivo de um lobo, Perseguido pelo homem, sem o seu habitat e sem alimento, abandonou a ilha da Madeira e refugiou-se nas Ilhas Desertas. Estas ilhas já têm 40 animais desta espécie.

Um dos pontos muito importantes para a conservação destes animais é a sua reprodução. Por isso os locais de criação sãos zonas de grande protecção e nós os homens temos que respeitar os seus espaços.

A Foca monge deverá ser considerada como um indicador do “estado de saúde” do ambiente marinho. A sua extinção poderá ser entendido como um mau sinal de destruição do ecossistema dos oceanos

Contextualização histórica

Inicialmente, a população de focas-monge (Monachus monachus) era bastante numerosa, distribuindo-se por todo o mediterrâneo, e por algumas zonas atlânticas, costeiras ou insulares. Há relatos datados da primeira metade do século XV, descrevendo colónias de mais de 5000 indivíduos nas costas do actual Saara Ocidental.

Actualmente figura entre as espécies mais protegidas do mundo, com uma presença que não excede os 500 indivíduos no mundo inteiro.

Os povos mediterrânicos, no passado, atribuíram sempre uma grande importância à foca-monge, colocando-a sob a protecção directa dos deuses, dotando-a de uma natureza parcialmente humana, evitando ao máximo capturá-la.

O primeiro contacto português conhecido com as focas-monge data de 1419, quando João Gonçalves Zarco e Tristão Vaz Teixeira chegaram à Madeira. Nessa altura, os portugueses descobriram um animal que lhes parecia estranho e deram-lhe o nome de Lobo-marinho, O nome deveu-se, muito possivelmente à sua fisionomia e aos seus bigodes longos, embora também seja verdade que esta foca é um predador muito eficiente. De qualquer forma, o local onde este animal foi primariamente avistado é hoje conhecido pela designação Câmara de Lobos, uma vez que esta localidade forma uma pequena baía em anfiteatro que no momento da descoberta se encontrava apinhada destes simpáticos mamíferos.

O contacto com o ser humano foi logo prejudicial para a foca. Primeiro, foi perseguida para uso dos seus despojos com fins comerciais; depois, sofreu com a actividade piscatória, que competiu com a sua própria actividade de predação/alimentação e a empurrou cada vez mais para fora das áreas onde antes habitava. Além disso, a actividade dos pescadores tornou-se também nociva, quer pelo abate voluntário, quer pelo abate acidental com explosivos, ou pela captura em redes de emalhar.

Hoje em dia, os indivíduos sobreviventes desta exposição ao contacto humano no arquipélago português concentram-se nas Desertas, conjunto de pequenos ilhéus despovoados da Madeira, de origem vulcânica. A principal característica que levou à fixação desta espécie neste espaço foi o da desertificação humana que aqui se verifica. Embora tenham tentado colonizar estes ilhéus, os portugueses abandonaram a empresa devido a factores, dos quais o relevo acidentado, principalmente devido à acção marinha e eólica, e a ausência de água doce, foram os principais.

De uma população de 500 indivíduos distribuídos por todo o mundo, na Madeira podemos encontrar cerca de 40, numa colónia que se encontra em recuperação e na qual se regista uma taxa de natalidade anual de 1 para 3.

No entanto, em 1988, apenas se contavam 6 indivíduos nesta colónia.

Preservação da espécie em Portugal

Pelo menos desde 1982 que existe um cuidado especial em preservar a foca-monge das Desertas. Esse cuidado tem vindo a ser prestado pelo Parque Natural da Madeira. Em 1988, a protecção legislativa das Ilhas Desertas veio reforçar esse esforço de preservação, tendo sido criado em 1995 a Reserva Natural das Ilhas Desertas.

Durante a década de 80 e 90, o PNM apostou na protecção da espécie in loco, na monitorização e estudo da colónia, na educação ambiental, e no contacto directo com os pescadores do Funchal e do Machico. Em 1997, criou-se nas Desertas uma Unidade de Reabilitação destinada a recuperar animais que corressem risco por se encontrarem debilitados. A protecção das focas é levada a cabo por vigilantes da natureza que patrulham as ilhas de bote.

Hoje em dia, a principal ameaça sobre estes mamíferos pode ser uma catástrofe inesperada, tal como um derrame de crude. Isso, por si só, seria suficiente para dizimar a colónia.

Conclusão

Ao longo dos tempos a foca monge tem sofrido processos de adaptação ao meio que a rodeia, tendo sido o convívio com o homem que se manifestou o mais nocivo na continuidade da espécie. De tal modo o seu desaparecimento foi uma preocupação que, posteriormente, foram necessárias medidas de protecção deste animal.

Contudo a dependência que o homem tem dos outros seres vivos, e a constante sensibilização para a preservação daquilo que poderia, um dia, deixar de existir, manifestou-se em momentos de aprendizagem e de aceitação da amplitude e importância da Natureza.

Referências consultadas

  1. Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. (2015). «Monachus monachus». IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13653A45227543. Consultado em 25 de dezembro de 2015 !CS1 manut: Usa parâmetro autores (link)
  2. «¡La población de foca monje del Mediterráneo que vive en Cabo Blanco se está recuperando!». Foca monje del Mediterráneo
  3. «Foca-monge: entre a ameaça e a necessidade de preservação». Foca-monge: entre a ameaça e a necessidade de preservação. Consultado em 16 de dezembro de 2016
  4. a b «Site oficial do Turismo da Madeira - Reservas Naturais». www.visitmadeira.pt. Consultado em 16 de dezembro de 2016
  5. «Mapa Avistamentos». www.pnm.pt. Consultado em 16 de dezembro de 2016
  6. «Monachus monachus (Mediterranean Monk Seal)». www.iucnredlist.org. Consultado em 16 de dezembro de 2016
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Foca-monge-do-mediterrâneo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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A foca-monge-do-mediterrâneo (Monachus monachus) é provavelmente o membro da família das focas mais ameaçado de extinção. Outrora espalhada pelo Mediterrâneo e águas adjacentes, hoje estima-se que haja somente em torno de 400 indivíduos restantes desse mamífero marinho, o que faz da espécie Monachus monachus a foca mais rara do mundo.

É informalmente conhecida, no arquipélago português da Madeira, por lobo-marinho, embora seja na verdade uma foca (pertencente à família Phocidae), e não pertencente à família Otariidae, da qual fazem parte os verdadeiros lobos-marinhos.

As focas-monges constituem um dos géneros da família dos focidas, que compreende três espécies: a foca-monge-do-havaí (Monachus schauinslandi), a foca-monge-do-caribe (Monachus tropicalis), já extinta, e a foca-monge-do-mediterrâneo (Monachus monachus).

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Foca-călugăr ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Foca-călugăr (Monachus monachus) este o specie de mamifere marine (pinipede) din genul Monachus al familiei Phocidae. Fiind una dintre cele mai rare specii de mamifere, există un risc extrem de mare de extincție în viitorul imediat[1][2].

Referințe

  1. ^ el „MOm Website”. Mom.gr. Accesat în 26 februarie 2015.
  2. ^ en „Monachus monachus”. The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Accesat în 26 februarie 2015.

Legături externe


Azureus.png Acest articol referitor la subiecte din zoologie este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
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Foca-călugăr: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Foca-călugăr (Monachus monachus) este o specie de mamifere marine (pinipede) din genul Monachus al familiei Phocidae. Fiind una dintre cele mai rare specii de mamifere, există un risc extrem de mare de extincție în viitorul imediat.

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Tuleň mníšsky ( Slovak )

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Tuleň mníšsky alebo tuleň mníší (zriedkavo tuleň stredomorský; lat. Monachus monachus) patrí do neveľkej skupiny morských vodných cicavcovplutvonožcov.

Jeho domovom bolo mimo iných aj Jadranské more, okolie ostrova Mljet, patriace Chorvátsku. Tamojší rybári sa však domnievali, že im tulene požierajú ryby, a tak ich začali hubiť. Tulene strieľali alebo ich ubíjali palicami jedného po druhom. Aj po druhej svetovej vojne bolo ničenie tuleňov zábavou pre tamojšie obyvateľstvo. Dnes je tuleň mníšsky na pokraji vyhynutia. Posledné žijúce tulene sú roztrúsené po celej oblasti Stredozemného mora.

Charakteristika

Tuleň mníšsky sa radí medzi mäsožravé cicavce. Vyvinuli sa uprostred treťohôr zo suchozemských mäsožravcov. Plutvonožcov je asi 30 druhov a jednotlivé druhy sa od seba veľmi nelíšia. Sú prispôsobení životu vo vode, končatiny majú premenené v plutvy. Sú to veľmi dobrí plavci, rýchlosť plávania dosahuje až 30km/h. Potravou plutvonožcov je planktón, mäkkýše a ryby. Všetky plutvonožce majú silnú vrstvu tuku, ktorá ich chráni pred chladom, a majú srsť s veľmi hustou podsadou. Tuleň mníšsky patrí do čeľade tuleňovitých, pre ktoré je charakteristická chôdza po predných končatinách. Tulene sa zdržujú skôr pri brehu, kde hĺbka mora nedosahuje viac ako 70 m. Nevie sa potápať do veľkých hĺbok a musí často odpočívať na súši. Mláďatá dojčia materským mliekom a krv majú rovnako teplú ako ostatné cicavce. Dĺžka tuleňa mníšskeho je u samice 230 cm a u samca až 320 cm. Váži až 320 kg. Zviera je čiernohnedo sfarbené a na bruchu má veľkú svetlú škvrnu. Niektoré tulene sú jednotne hnedé.

Spôsob života

Tuleň mníšsky sa potápa predovšetkým na skalnatých pobrežiach v okolí jaskýň, kam sa často ukrýva. Žije prevažne na starých známych brehoch, kde odpočíva a rodí mláďatá. Z miesta na miesto sa presúva veľmi zriedkavo. Vedci si úbytok tuleňov mníšskych vysvetľujú takto: malé kolónie žijúce pri pobreží sú dnes veľmi vyrušované člnmi a loďami s turistami, ktoré sa snažia ukázať čo najviac z neporušenej prírody, a nevidia fakt, že toto ukazovanie chránených miest prírode veľmi ubližuje. Lode prenikajú čoraz hlbšie do najodľahlejších zákutí pobrežia a tak sa zvieratám nedostáva patričného odpočinku a nemajú vo svojich miestach útočišťa priestor ani k potrebnému rozmnožovaniu. Práve preto, že nemajú pokoj na súši, sa ukrývajú do jaskýň. Tuleň mníšsky je výnimkou medzi tuleňmi, pretože sa veľmi dobre pohybuje po súši, na rozdiel od iných tuleňov, ktorí sa po súši pohybujú skôr nemotorne. Tomu, že sa po súši takto obratne pohybuje, vďačí širokým a mohutným drápom na predných končatinách, ktoré normálne využíva na plávanie. Po vylezení z vody sa mohutnými pazúrmi uchytáva na skalách. Pazúry mu umožňujú, na rozdiel od tuleňa obyčajného, opustiť more aj na skalnatom pobreží. Hlavným nepriateľom tuleňa stredomorského je žralok, ktorému však dokážu svojím obratným pohybom vo vode uniknúť.

Tuleň stredomorský má chrup ako mäsožravec a je schopný korisť nielen uchopiť ale aj rozhrýzť. Potravu si rozporcuje na kusy určitej veľkosti, ktoré potom v celku prehĺta, bez toho aby ich ďalej rozhrýzol. Dôležité je, aby mal tuleň pokoj, predovšetkým v letných mesiacoch, pretože sa musí chladiť a chrániť pred slnečným žiarením a následným prehriatím. K tomuto cieľu vyhľadáva tienisté miesta v skalných rozsadlinách alebo podmorských jaskyniach a pohybujú sa v tomto období len veľmi málo. Tulene sa dožívajú dvadsiatich rokov, niekedy aj viac.

Rozmnožovanie

Tulene privádzajú svoje mláďatá na svet na súši, kde sa ich počas rozmnožovania zhromažďujú stovky. Každý samec sa snaží zabrať si pre seba čo najväčšiu skupinu samíc a ostatných samcov zaháňa neohrabanými poskokmi. Vo vode sa postupne pária so všetkými svojimi samicami. Tulene mníšske dávajú prednosť neprístupným a nerušeným miestam, ktoré slúžia iba k odpočinku a vrhu mláďat. Mláďatá sa rodia v septembri a v októbri a matka sa o ne stará tri roky. Keď dospejú do veku 4 rokov, sú už pohlavne zrelí.

Iné projekty

Zdroj

  • Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Tuleň středomorský na českej Wikipédii.
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Tuleň mníšsky: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Tuleň mníšsky alebo tuleň mníší (zriedkavo tuleň stredomorský; lat. Monachus monachus) patrí do neveľkej skupiny morských vodných cicavcovplutvonožcov.

Jeho domovom bolo mimo iných aj Jadranské more, okolie ostrova Mljet, patriace Chorvátsku. Tamojší rybári sa však domnievali, že im tulene požierajú ryby, a tak ich začali hubiť. Tulene strieľali alebo ich ubíjali palicami jedného po druhom. Aj po druhej svetovej vojne bolo ničenie tuleňov zábavou pre tamojšie obyvateľstvo. Dnes je tuleň mníšsky na pokraji vyhynutia. Posledné žijúce tulene sú roztrúsené po celej oblasti Stredozemného mora.

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Sredozemska medvedjica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Sredozemska medvedjica (znanstveno ime Monachus monachus) je vrsta tjulnja iz družine pravih tjulnjev. Z okoli 450 do 510 (vsekakor manj kot 600[2]) osebki velja za drugo najbolj redko vrsto tjulnjev (takoj za podvrsto Phoca hispida saimensis),[1] in eno izmed najbolj ogroženih živalskih vrst sesalcev na svetu[1].

Razširjena je v Sredozemskem morju ter v vzhodnem Atlantiku, v vodah okoli rakovega povratnika.

Reference

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (2008). Monachus monachus . Rdeči seznam IUCN ogroženih vrst 2008. IUCN 2008. Pridobljeno: 28. januarja 2009. Na seznamu kot skrajno ogrožena vrsta (CR A2abc; C2a(i); E)
  2. "MOm Website". Mom.gr. Pridobljeno dne 2012-11-06.
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Sredozemska medvedjica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Sredozemska medvedjica (znanstveno ime Monachus monachus) je vrsta tjulnja iz družine pravih tjulnjev. Z okoli 450 do 510 (vsekakor manj kot 600) osebki velja za drugo najbolj redko vrsto tjulnjev (takoj za podvrsto Phoca hispida saimensis), in eno izmed najbolj ogroženih živalskih vrst sesalcev na svetu.

Razširjena je v Sredozemskem morju ter v vzhodnem Atlantiku, v vodah okoli rakovega povratnika.

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Havsmunk ( Swedish )

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Inte att förväxlas med den fiktiva havslevande varelsen sjömunk.

Havsmunk eller munksäl (Monachus monachus) är en utrotningshotad sälart som förekommer i Medelhavet och östra Atlanten.

Kännetecken

 src=
Individ på Coaling Island, Gibraltar.

Med en längd på omkring 240 cm och en vikt på 280 kg (hona) är havsmunken betydligt större än knubbsälen. Dess päls varierar mellan ljusgrå och svartbrun. Honor är något mindre än hannar. Hannar och ungdjur har ibland en vit fläck på buken.[2] Ungen är vid födelsen svartaktig och har en längd på omkring 80 cm.

Utbredning och habitat

Arten förekommer främst i Medelhavet i flera från varandra skilda populationer. En population lever vid Greklands och Turkiets kustlinjer, till exempel vid Fokaia och Anamur, andra populationer finns vid Galiteöarna vid Tunisien, på olika platser vid Marockos och Västsaharas kustlinje samt vid Desertasöarna i Atlanten, som tillhör Madeiras förvaltningsområde. Vid vandringar når de ibland så långt norrut som Frankrike, söderut till Senegal och österut till Svarta havet.[1]

Havsmunken vistas främst nära kustlinjer och honor med ungar gömmer sig ofta i grottor vid vattnet. De vilar på sandstränder och mindre vassa klippor.[2]

Levnadssätt

Sälen är aktiv på dagen och livnär sig främst av fiskar. Dessutom äter den olika blötdjur. Hos arten förekommer mindre grupper med upp till 20 individer. På stranden vilar de däremot oftast ensamma.[3]

Det är inte mycket känt om dess fortplantningsbiologi. Antagligen parar sig en hane med flera honor. Efter dräktigheten, som varar i 9 till 11 månader föds de flesta ungdjuren mellan oktober och november. De föds ofta i grottor där ingången ligger under vattenytan. Vid hög vattennivå översvämmas grottan och därför överlever bara 29 % av ungdjuren fram till januari.[1] Ungen dias intensivt i tre till fyra månader och avvänjs helt efter cirka 6 månader. Beteendet är mycket ovanligt för öronlösa sälar.[2]

Livslängden uppgår till 30 år.[3]

Status och hot

Havsmunken är utrotningshotad och IUCN kategoriserar den som starkt hotad (EN).[1] Kolonin nära Madeira har cirka 80 individer och är en av de få som ökar.[4]

Noter

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 24 januari 2011.
  1. ^ [a b c d] Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. 2015 Monachus monachus (errata version published in 2017) (på engelska). Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018.1. Läst 2018-10-29.
  2. ^ [a b c] Monachus Guardian Mediterranean Monk Seal (engelska), läst 24 januari 2011.
  3. ^ [a b] Benton, M. 2000 Monachus monachus på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 24 januari 2011.
  4. ^ Madeira Monk Seal (engelska)

Externa länkar

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Havsmunk: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Inte att förväxlas med den fiktiva havslevande varelsen sjömunk.

Havsmunk eller munksäl (Monachus monachus) är en utrotningshotad sälart som förekommer i Medelhavet och östra Atlanten.

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Akdeniz foku ( Turkish )

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Akdeniz foku (Monachus monachus), fokgiller (Phocidae) familyasından yeryüzünde sadece doğu Akdeniz sahilleri ile Batı Afrika'nın bir tek sahilinde yaşayan fok türü. Yeryüzündeki toplam 34 yüzgeçayaklı fok türünden Karayip Keşiş foku, en son 1952 yılında görülmek kaydı ile yeryüzünden yok olmuştur. Dolayısıyla dünyada şu anda 33 yüzgeçayak türü vardır.

Yaşama alanı

Üzerinde yapılaşma olmayan, insanların kolay ulaşamadığı ya da insan etkinliklerinden uzak kalmış yerleri, tercihen üreme veya barınma işlevleri gören kıyı mağara ve kovuklarına sahip; sessiz ve tenha kayalık sahilleri yaşama alanı olarak seçen Akdeniz fokları, bu alanların bozulmasından doğrudan etkilenmektedir. İzmir'in Foça ilçesinde çok miktarda Akdeniz Foku bulunmaktadır.[1]

Öte yandan bu tanımdan yola çıkarak Akdeniz foklarının farklı yapıda sahilleri (örneğin kumsal kıyılar ve kıyı yerleşim bölgeleri) kullanmadığı sonucuna varılamaz. Akdeniz fokunun özellikle beslenmek için ıssız kayalık sahillerin dışına çıkarak dolaşım alanını genişlettiğini, kumluk, çakıllık kıyılar ve nehir ağızlarına da uğradığı bilinmektedir. Ancak, Akdeniz fokunun birincil yaşam alanı ıssız ve yapılaşmamış kayalık kıyılardır. Büyük bir deniz memelisi olduğundan dar yaşam alanları içinde barınamaz. Tür ancak, makul büyüklükte ve uygun kıyı alanlarının olması durumunda varlığını sürdürebilir ve güvenle yavrulayabilir.

Dış görünümü

İri bir deniz memelisi olan Akdeniz fokunun boyu 2-3 metre, ağırlığı 200-300 kilogram arasında değişmektedir. Erginlerin vücudunu 5 mm'yi geçmeyen kısa ve sert kıllar kaplar. Su üstünde görüldüğünde en belirgin özellikleri iri kafaları, uzun bıyıkları ve kömür gibi siyah gözleridir. Ergin dişi ile erkekler arasında belirgin bir boy ve kilo farkı yoktur ancak karakteristik renk ayrımları mevcuttur. Karada yatarken vücudun iriliği ve tombul görünümü göze çarpar. Vücudun her iki yanında ön yüzgeçleri (ön üyeler) ve arkada ise iki parça halinde arka yüzgeçleri (arka üyeler) yer alır.

  • Erkek: Siyaha yakın koyu kahverenginde olup karın bölgesinde belirgin bir beyaz leke vardır.
  • Dişi: Açık kahverengi veya gri tonlarda olup karın altları da boyundan kuyruğa kadar sırta göre daha açık hatta beyaza yakın renktedir. Ayrıca üstte bel bölgesinde çiftleşme sırasında erkeklerin neden olduğu tırnak izleri bulunur.
  • Yavru: Doğduğunda boyu yaklaşık 80–90 cm, ağırlığı yaklaşık 20 kilogramdır. Karın bölgesinde istisnasız görülen bariz bir beyaz leke haricinde tüm vücudu havlu gibi 1-1.5 cm uzunluğunda parlak siyah kıllarla kaplıdır. Yavru, anne ve babanın da sahip olduğu bıyıklarla doğar. Yaklaşık iki aylıkken kürkünü değiştirmeye başlar ve bir-iki ay içinde uzun siyah kılların yerini kısa ve parlak gri olanlar alır.'

Davranışı

Akdeniz foku, ürkek ve diğer yüzgeçayaklı türlerine göre daha az sosyal bir canlıdır. Türkiye kıyılarında da yaşayan doğu Akdeniz bireyleri genelde tek tek dolaşırlar ve nadiren birlikte görülürler. Araştırmacıların eskiden Türkiye'de zaman zaman 2 ile 4 arasında foku birlikte gözlediği hatta bu sayının çok ender olmakla birlikte 7-8'e kadar çıktığı da bilinmektedir. Birçok özelliği gibi davranışları hakkında da tam bilgi mevcut değildir. Akdeniz foklarının bazı dönemlerde bir araya geldiği ve sonra tekrar dağıldıkları konusunda varsayımlar mevcuttur. Ergin erkek bireyler genelde bir bölge belirler ve yaşantısını burada sürdürürler.

Dişiler erkeğe göre daha gezgin olmakla birlikte, yavrulama döneminde üreme mağarası ve civarını terk etmezler. Genç fok bireyleri ise yetişme dönemlerinde uzak bölgelere gidebilirler. Dişi Akdeniz foklarının çiftleşmek için büyük uzaklıklar katederek erkek fokların yanına geldiği ve daha sonra erkeğin bölgesinden ayrıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Çiftleşme denizde olur. Dişi fokun cinsel olgunluğa 4-5 yaşında ulaştığı tahmin edilmektedir. Dişi Akdeniz foku 10-11 aylık hamilelik döneminden sonra, her sene ya da 2 senede, bir yavru doğurur. Bu nedenle, Akdeniz foku üreme hızı düşük, yavru sayısı az bir canlıdır. Doğum, insanların uğramadığı (veya ulaşamadığı) ve içinde hava olan bir kıyı mağarasının en ucunda, dalgaların kolay ulaşamayacağı bir çakıl plaj veya kayalık platform üzerinde olur. Anne, yavruyu yaklaşık 4 ay boyunca kendi sütü ile mağara içinde karada emzirir. Akdeniz foku, yavrusunu doğurmak ve büyütmek için mutlaka karaya (ve özellikle kıyı mağaralarına) muhtaçtır.

Dağılımı ve sayısı

Akdeniz fokları 20. yüzyılın başına kadar tüm Akdeniz kıyıları ile doğu Atlas Okyanusu kıyılarında Portekiz'den Batı Afrika sahillerindeki Senegal'e kadar 7855.25114

ifade edilen bir nüfusa sahip olarak serbestçe yaşamlarını sürdürüyordu. Ancak aşırı avlanma, yaşam alanları kaybı ve deniz ekosisteminin bozulması nedeniyle türün dünya dağılımı daraldı ve nüfusu hızla azaldı. Akdeniz foku bugün dünyada sadece Türkiye, Yunanistan, Fas, Moritanya ve Madeira Adaları'nda yaşamakta olup toplam nüfusu 600 civarında tahmin edilmektedir. Moritanya sahillerindeki Akdeniz fokları gerçek bir fok kolonisi özelliği göstererek birlikte yaşamakta popülasyonu ise insan baskısı nedeniyle birlikte bulunmak yerine çoğu zaman tek tek dolaşma ve yaşama şeklini seçmeye zorlanmışlardır. Halen az sayıda da olsa Türkiye'de Akdeniz'in doğu sahillerinde rastlanmaktadır.

Akdeniz foku dünyada birbirinden kopuk 2 ana bölgede yaşamaktadır:

  1. Moritanya kıyıları, Madeira Adaları ve Fas
  2. Akdeniz (Yunanistan, Türkiye ve Doğu Akdeniz)

Türün en büyük popülasyonu Ege Denizi'ndeydi. Dolayısı ile Akdeniz fokunun Akdeniz'de soyunu sürdürebilmesi ve ekosistemde varlığını koruyabilmesi esas olarak 2 ülkenin elindedir: Türkiye ve Yunanistan.

Bir dünya mirası olan Akdeniz fokunun korunmasında Türkiye önemli bir ülke konumundadır. Türkiye'de yapılan çeşitli bilimsel çalışmalarda bireysel tanımlama yolu ile 31-44 arasında Akdeniz foku bireyi tanımlanmış olup, kıyılarımızda 100 civarında fok yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir ki dünyadaki fok popülasyonunun yaklaşık 600 olduğu gözönünde bulundurulduğunda bu sayı önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.

Akdeniz foku dağılımı kıyı boyunca süreklilik yerine belirli bölgelerde yoğunlaşma özelliği göstermektedir.

Türkiye kıyılarında foklar,

  1. Marmara Denizi'nde; Marmara Adaları ve Mola Adaları ile Biga Yarımadası kuzey sahillerinde
  2. Ege'de; Gelibolu Yarımadası'nın Ege kıyıları ile Behramkale arasında ve Yeni Foça ile Datça arasında
  3. Akdeniz'de; Datça ile Kemer arasında, Alanya ile Taşucu arasında ve Hatay Samandağ ile Suriye sınırı arasında kalan sahillerde var olma mücadelesi vermektedir.

Türün korunma derecesine bağlı olarak Türkiye'de Akdeniz foku ölümleri olduğu gibi, yavrulama ve çoğalma da gözlenmektedir. Sayılarının azalma nedeni ise balıkçıların kasıtlı veya kasıtsız fokları öldürmeleridir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

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Akdeniz foku: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Akdeniz foku (Monachus monachus), fokgiller (Phocidae) familyasından yeryüzünde sadece doğu Akdeniz sahilleri ile Batı Afrika'nın bir tek sahilinde yaşayan fok türü. Yeryüzündeki toplam 34 yüzgeçayaklı fok türünden Karayip Keşiş foku, en son 1952 yılında görülmek kaydı ile yeryüzünden yok olmuştur. Dolayısıyla dünyada şu anda 33 yüzgeçayak türü vardır.

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Тюлень-монах звичайний ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Поширення

Вид поширений у Середземномор'ї і прилеглих районах Атлантики. Невелика популяція довгий час існувала в Чорному морі, у тому числі біля берегів України, Болгарії, Туреччини.

Статус в Україні

В Україні до 1950-70х років зустрічався в Чорному морі біля берегів Кримського півострова (винищений задля шкури, товщу, м'яса)[2]. Скорочення ареалу сталося за рахунок північночорноморського його сегменту.

Занесений до всіх видань Червоної книги України (1980, 1994, 2009).

Примітки

  1. Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. (2015). Monachus monachus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2015: e.T13653A45227543. Процитовано 25 December 2015.
  2. У той самий час в останньому виданні ЧКУ вказано: «Господарське та комерційне значення: Не мав.»

Література


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Hải cẩu thầy tu Địa Trung Hải ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Hải cẩu thầy tu mediterranea (danh pháp hai phần: Monachus monachus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hải cẩu thật sự, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Hermann mô tả năm 1779.[2] Trên thế giới còn lại 450–510 cá thể (ít hơn 600[4]) cá thể còn lại, nó được coi là loài động vật chân vây hiếm thứ nhì thế giới (chỉ sau hải cầu vòng Saimaa),[1] và một trong những loài động vật có vú có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng cao nhất trên thế giới.[1] Nó hiện diện trong một số khu vực của Biển Địa Trung Hải và phía đông Đại Tây Dương xung quanh Tropic of Cancer.

Mô tả

Loài hải cẩu thầy tu này dài khoảng 80 cm lúc sinh đến chiều dài trung bình 2,4 m lúc trưởng thành. Con đực nặng trung bình 315 kg (695 lbs) và con cái nặng 300 kg (660 lbs), cân nặng nhìn chung từ 240 đến 400 kg (530–880 lbs).[1][5][6][7] Chúng được cho là sống đến 45 tuổi;[5] tuổi thọ trung bình được cho là 20 đến 25 năm tuổi và sự trưởng thành sinh sản đạt được ở mức xung quanh bốn tuổi.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â b Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (2008). Monachus monachus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 1 năm 2009. Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A2abc; C2a(i); E)
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Monachus monachus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ “Fossilworks: Monachus monachus”. Truy cập 6 tháng 10 năm 2015.
  4. ^ “MOm Website”. Mom.gr. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  5. ^ a ă “MOm Website”. Mom.gr. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  6. ^ “Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Biology: External appearance and anatomy”. Monachus-guardian.org. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  7. ^ “Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries”. Nmfs.noaa.gov. Ngày 18 tháng 11 năm 2005. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 11 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về các loài trong bộ thú ăn thịt này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hải cẩu thầy tu Địa Trung Hải: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Hải cẩu thầy tu mediterranea (danh pháp hai phần: Monachus monachus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hải cẩu thật sự, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Hermann mô tả năm 1779. Trên thế giới còn lại 450–510 cá thể (ít hơn 600) cá thể còn lại, nó được coi là loài động vật chân vây hiếm thứ nhì thế giới (chỉ sau hải cầu vòng Saimaa), và một trong những loài động vật có vú có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng cao nhất trên thế giới. Nó hiện diện trong một số khu vực của Biển Địa Trung Hải và phía đông Đại Tây Dương xung quanh Tropic of Cancer.

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Белобрюхий тюлень ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Хищные
Подотряд: Собакообразные
Семейство: Настоящие тюлени
Подсемейство: Monachinae
Вид: Белобрюхий тюлень
Международное научное название

Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 180659NCBI 248254EOL 328633FW 80789

Белобрюхий тюлень[1][2][3][4][5], или средиземноморский тюлень-монах[2][3][6], или тюлень-монах[4][5] (лат. Monachus monachus) — представитель рода тюлени-монахи (Monachus), семейства Настоящие тюлени (Phocidae). Находится под угрозой исчезновения.

Внешний вид

Для тюленей-монахов характерны следующие признаки: череп с широко расставленными скуловыми дугами (особенно у старых особей) и несколько расширенным носовым отделом. Носовые отростки межчелюстных костей обычно не вклиниваются между носовыми и верхнечелюстными костями. Передний край носовых костей образует два выступа, разделённых выемкой. Костное нёбо имеет дугообразный задний край со срединной угловой вырезкой. В отличие от других тюленевых у тюленей-монахов мощно развит задний отдел нижней челюсти. Имеются крупные предглазничные отростки. Костные слуховые барабаны небольшие, треугольной формы. Костный слуховой проход не согнут в виде колена. Щечные зубы тесно прилегают друг к другу и, как правило, не имеют дополнительных вершинок (если они имеются, то очень малы). Все щечные зубы, кроме первого предкоренного, с двумя корнями. Внутренние верхние резцы имеют уплощённые корни. Задние ласты с довольно глубокой срединной вырезкой и широкими крайними лопастями. Когти на них очень малы. На передних ластах первый палец наиболее длинный, остальные постепенно уменьшаются к пятому; когти хорошо развиты, широкие. Волосяной покров низкий, жёсткий и гладкий, плотно прилегающий к телу. Вибриссы гладкие, овальные в поперечнике. Окраска спины от тёмно-серой до черновато-бурой; на брюхе более светлая. Хромосом в диплоидном наборе 34. Длина тела этого вида 210—250 см.

Распространение

В водах Чёрного моря тюлень-монах встречался до конца прошлого столетия единичными особями и небольшими группами у юго-западного побережья Крыма. В настоящее время небольшое число их обитает в Чёрном море у побережья Болгарии, где имеется два очень маленьких по численности стада, размножающихся у мыса Калиакра и к югу от Бургаса. Изредка одиночные особи встречаются у берегов Румынии. Часть черноморской популяции обитает в прибрежной зоне Турции, по-видимому, в основном в западных районах. Остальная часть ареала охватывает Средиземное море и атлантическое побережье Африки на юг, по-видимому, до устья Сенегала около 15° с. ш. Так, небольшие группы тюленей-монахов сохранились на греческом острове Самос, в Тирренском море на итальянском острове Монтекристо, на островах Ильяш-Дезерташ у Мадейры, на тунисских островах Галите и Зембра.

В пределах СНГ в настоящее время не встречаются. Во второй половине XIX в. тюлени-монахи были распространены по западному побережью Чёрного моря, крымским берегам, в западной части полуострова и по Южному берегу Крыма. По-видимому, находки на Южном берегу Крыма относятся к началу прошлого столетия. Все случаи современных встреч тюленей-монахов по южной части побережья Кавказа малодостоверны. С 1946 по 1951 годы было отмечено несколько случаев поимки тюленей-монахов в рыболовные сети в районе северных участков Дунайской дельты.

Врагов, кроме человека, нет.

Общая численность вида к 1976 году определялась примерно в 1 000 голов. Численность в Чёрном море неизвестна, но вряд ли превышает несколько десятков. Несмотря на то, что у берегов Болгарии тюлень-монах охраняется законом, численность его не возрастает, и в районе мыса Калиакра достигает 20—30 голов. Снижение численности и полное исчезновение тюленей-монахов на территории бывшего СССР в основном обусловлено антропогенным воздействием, в том числе и прямым уничтожением человеком.

Образ жизни и питание

Держались в прибрежной зоне у малонаселенных человеком мест, скалистых, сильно изрезанных участков побережья или у берегов скалистых пустынных островов. Часто находили себе убежище в расщелинах скал и пещерах. Вели оседлый образ жизни и размножались на одном и том же участке побережья из года в год. Активность была в основном дневная. В Чёрном море питается главным образом камбалой, в меньшей мере — макрелью и анчоусами.

Социальная структура и размножение

Спаривание, по-видимому, приходилось на осенний период или конец лета. Беременность 10—11 месяцев. Самки приносили детёнышей в конце лета — осенью раз в один — два года. Лактация составляла 6—8 недель. Размножаться начинали, по-видимому, в возрасте четырёх лет.

Примечания

  1. Красная книга СССР: Редкие и находящиеся под угрозой исчезновения виды животных и растений. Том 1 / Главная ред. коллегия: А. М. Бородин, А. Г. Банников, В. Е. Соколов и др. — 2-е изд. — М.: Лесная промышленность, 1984. — С. 55—56. — 392 с.
  2. 1 2 Аристов А. А., Барышников Г. Ф. Млекопитающие фауны России и сопредельных территорий. Хищные и ластоногие (Определители по фауне России, издаваемые Зоологическим институтом РАН. Вып. 169). — СПб.: Зоологический институт РАН, 2001. — С. 543—546. — 560 с.
  3. 1 2 Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 1 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 190. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  4. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 111. — 10 000 экз.
  5. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие : Справ. пособие. — М. : Высшая школа, 1986. — С. 362—363. — 519 с., [24] л. ил. — 100 000 экз.
  6. Фишер Д., Саймон Н., Винсент Д. Красная книга. Дикая природа в опасности / пер. с англ., под ред. А. Г. Банникова. — М.: Прогресс, 1976. — С. 122—124. — 478 с.
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Белобрюхий тюлень: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Белобрюхий тюлень, или средиземноморский тюлень-монах, или тюлень-монах (лат. Monachus monachus) — представитель рода тюлени-монахи (Monachus), семейства Настоящие тюлени (Phocidae). Находится под угрозой исчезновения.

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地中海僧海豹 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Monachus monachus
(Hermann, 1779) 地中海僧海豹的分佈圖
地中海僧海豹的分佈圖

地中海僧海豹學名Monachus monachus)是一種僧海豹。牠們現存只有350-450隻,是世上最為稀有的鰭足類,也是最為瀕危哺乳動物之一。[1] 牠們分佈在地中海及東大西洋北回歸線的海域。

特徵

地中海僧海豹平均長2.3米,重約310公斤,雌海豹比公海豹較為細小。[1] 牠們的上下顎各有8對牙齒。公海豹的毛皮呈黑色,而雌海豹的呈褐色至深灰色。牠們的鼻端短而扁平,鼻孔長而向上。鰭足相對較短,有細小的爪。牠們有兩對可伸縮的乳頭

幼海豹出生時出生時約長80厘米,全身有黑色毛皮覆蓋,其上有一白斑,白斑的形狀足以分辨個別的僧海豹。牠們的壽命不詳,合計可以活到20-25歲。

繁殖

就地中海僧海豹的繁殖所知甚少。科學家相信牠們是一夫多妻制的。牠們全年也可交配,高峰期於10月及11月。不過由於風暴潮等會浸入洞穴中,令幼海豹的死亡率大大提高,尤其是在卡沃布蘭科(Cabo Blanco)。根據世界自然保護聯盟所指,幼海豹首兩個月只有少於50%能生存下來,大部份都是在出生後兩星期死亡。於9月至1月間出生的幼海豹生存率是29%,其餘時間出生的生存率則是71%。

幼海豹出生後的兩星期會首次進入水中,到了18星期大就斷奶。雌海豹平均有9小時會出外覓食。[1] 們約於4歲就達至性成熟。妊娠期接近1年,位於卡沃布蘭科群落的妊娠期多於1年。懷孕的地中海僧海豹會躲到不能進入的海底洞穴待產。

食性

地中海僧海豹是夜間活動的,主要吃魚類軟體動物,尤其是八爪魚烏賊,每天可以吃達3公斤。牠們會到水深50-75米的地方覓食[1],但也有到深達500米的地方覓食。牠們喜歡利用高速在廣闊的地方獵食。牠們也會獵食底棲動物,曾有見到牠們會舉起石床尋找獵物。

棲息地

地中海僧海豹的棲息地在近年不斷轉變。20世紀前牠們都會在海灘上聚集及生育。但到了近年,牠們只利用海中洞穴繁殖,而這些洞穴往往是位於人類不能到達的地方。科學家證實這是受到人口增長、觀光及工業發展造成棲息地破壞所影響的。加上牠們怕羞及不願與人接觸,逐步遠離人群,並於近年完全與人隔絕。不過這些洞穴卻造成幼海豹的高死亡率。

保育狀況

地中海僧海豹以往分佈在地中海黑海沿岸,包括所有地中海的離岸島嶼,與及大西洋及西至亞速爾群島馬德拉群島的島嶼。南至岡比亞佛得角,北至葡萄牙法國都有一些離群的地中海僧海豹出沒。[1]

地中海僧海豹的數量大幅下降的原因是商業捕漁。於20世紀,因牠們破壞漁網,漁民認為牠們是害蟲而將牠們根除。另外,城市化及污染亦影響牠們的數量。[1]馬爾馬拉海,牠們因污染及頻繁的海上交通而滅絕。現時估計牠們的數量少於500隻,故處於濒危狀況。加上牠們群落分散,增加了對牠們的危害程度。

參考

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:地中海僧海豹  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:地中海僧海豹
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地中海僧海豹: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

地中海僧海豹(學名:Monachus monachus)是一種僧海豹。牠們現存只有350-450隻,是世上最為稀有的鰭足類,也是最為瀕危哺乳動物之一。 牠們分佈在地中海及東大西洋北回歸線的海域。

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チチュウカイモンクアザラシ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
チチュウカイモンクアザラシ Phoque Moine Monachus.jpg 保全状況評価[1][2] ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svgワシントン条約附属書I 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 食肉目 Carnivora : アザラシ科 Phocidae 亜科 : モンクアザラシ亜科 Monachinae : モンクアザラシ属 Monachus : チチュウカイモンクアザラシ
M. monachus 学名 Monachus monachus
(Hermann, 1799) 英名 Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus distribution.png
分布

チチュウカイモンクアザラシ Monachus monachusモンクアザラシ属に分類されるアザラシの一種。

分布[編集]

大西洋カナリア諸島マデイラ諸島モーリタニア)、地中海アドリア海東部、エーゲ海黒海南西部[3][4][5]

形態[編集]

体長230-280センチメートル[5]体重250-400キログラム[4]。背面の毛衣は黒や褐色、灰色[4]。腹面には白い斑紋が入る[3][4]

出産直後の幼獣は全長80センチメートル[4]。全身の毛衣が黒い[3][4]

生態[編集]

食性は動物食で、魚類軟体動物を食べる[3][4][5]

繁殖形態は胎生。5-11月(主に9-10月)に海食洞内の砂浜などで1回に1頭の幼獣を産む[3][4][5]。授乳期間は6週間だが[3][5]、4か月授乳した例もある[4]。生後4年で性成熟した例がある[4]。寿命は23年[5]

人間との関係[編集]

ギリシャ神話に登場するセイレーンのモデルになったと考えられている[3][5]

地中海東部では漁業と競合する害獣とみなされることもあり、駆除されることもある[4]

乱獲、漁業との競合や混獲、人間による撹乱(繁殖地への侵入による育児放棄)などにより生息数は激減している[3][4][5]。ギリシャやモーリタニアでは大規模な個体群がいるが、他地域では個体群が小さく分散的[4][5]。大規模な繁殖地であるカボ・ブランコでは1978年の洞窟の崩落により50頭が死亡したとされる[3][5]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ CITES Appendices I, II and III
  2. ^ Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. 2015. Monachus monachus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T13653A45227543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en. Downloaded on 12 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i 大隅清治監修 D.W.マクドナルド編 『動物大百科2 海生哺乳類』、平凡社1986年、124、136-137頁。
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ1 ユーラシア、北アメリカ』、講談社2001年、26、143頁。
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 『絶滅危惧動物百科2 アイアイ―ウサギ(アラゲウサギ)』 財団法人自然環境研究センター監訳、朝倉書店2008年、14-15頁。
  • ジュリエット・クラットン=ブロック『世界哺乳類図鑑』 渡辺健太郎訳、新樹社、2005年、300頁

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、チチュウカイモンクアザラシに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにチチュウカイモンクアザラシに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

チチュウカイモンクアザラシ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

チチュウカイモンクアザラシ Monachus monachus はモンクアザラシ属に分類されるアザラシの一種。

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지중해몽크물범 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

지중해몽크물범(학명: Monachus monachus)은 물범과 몽크물범속에 속하는 종이며, 지중해수도사물범이라고도 한다. 지중해 연안에만 서식하는 몽크물범의 일종으로, 모피 빛깔이 목 부분에서 달라지는 것이 꼭 중세 유럽 수도승이 쓰는 고깔을 닮아 몽크물범이라는 이름이 붙었다. 같은 족의 하와이몽크물범과 이미 멸종한 카리브해몽크물범보다 덩치가 크고 무거운 몽크물범족 최대종이며, 또한 셋 중에서 가장 고위도에 서식지를 두고 있는 종이기도 하다.

휴양지 개발과 파괴, 해양 오염, 모피와 고기를 목적으로 한 남획 때문에 수가 많이 줄어 현재는 가장 심각한 멸종위기에 놓여있는 포유류 가운데 하나로 여겨지고 있다. 생존을 위해 인간이 접근하기 어려운 동굴을 서식지로 삼고, 현재 서식지 인근의 국가들이 적극적으로 보호 정책을 마련하고 있기는 하지만, 여전히 전염병의 위험에 노출되어 있다. 2015년 기준으로 잔존 개체수 추정치는 약 700마리로, 이는 기각류 가운데 가장 개체수가 적은 축에 든다.[1] 현재 남아있는 개체의 대부분은 에게해, 마데이라 제도, 대서양 동북부 모리타니 연안에 서식하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.[2]

외관

태어났을 때 몸길이는 80cm 정도에 불과하지만 다 자라면 2.4m까지 자랄 수 있으며 몸무게는 240-400kg까지 나간다. 수컷의 평균 몸무게는 320kg, 암컷은 300kg 정도로 양성 사이에 큰 차이가 나지는 않는다.[1][3][4][5] 학계에서는 지중해몽크물범의 야생 수명을 최대 45년 안팎으로 잡고 있으며,[3] 평균적으로는 20-25년으로 본다. 인간이 길들인 개체의 경우, 태어나서 성숙해지는 데까지는 4년이 소요된다.

새끼 때는 몸길이가 1m, 몸무게는 15-18kg 정도로, 자라면서 몸이 1-1.5cm 정도 길이의 암갈색 내지 검은색 털로 뒤덮인다. 복부에는 흰 줄무늬가 있는데, 수컷과 암컷 사이에 무늬 모습과 색에 차이가 있어 자웅을 구분짓는다. 암컷은 보통 네모진 모양이지만, 수컷은 나비 같은 모양을 하고 있다.[6] 이 털은 성체에서 볼 수 있는 일반적인 털로 바뀔 때까지 6-9주 정도가 걸린다.[3] 치아는 모두 8쌍이다.

기각류 가운데 가장 털이 짧게 자라는 종으로, 모피 색깔은 보통 수컷이 검은색, 암컷이 황갈색 내지 암회색을 띤다. 양쪽 모두 복부 쪽 털이 좀더 옅은색을 띠는데 수컷은 아예 흰색을 띠기도 한다. 주둥이는 둥글넓적하지만 코와 콧구멍은 두드러지게 위쪽으로 돌출해 있다. 친척뻘인 하와이몽크물범보다는 콧구멍이 좀더 앞쪽을 바라보고 있다. 앞·뒤에 달린 물갈퀴가 모두 몸집에 비하여 짧은 편이며 발톱 역시 짧고 가늘다. 젖꼭지는 2쌍으로 보이지 않게 오므릴 수 있다.[7]

번식

지중해몽크물범이 어디서 어떻게 번식하는지는 아직도 확인된 바가 몹시 적다. 주로 해안 절벽에 만들어진 동굴 내부에서 번식한다고 알려져 있으나, 18세기경까지의 역사 기록에서는 대개 이들이 주로 개활된 해안에서 번식한다고 서술되어 있다. 많은 전문가들이 수컷 지중해몽크물범들이 암컷과 교미하는 장소를 정해 심한 텃세를 부리는 것으로 미루어 일부다처에 해당하는 교미 양식을 보인다고 말한다. 한 해에 특출나게 교미가 활발히 이루어지는 번식기가 따로 없고 일 년 내내 고루 번식하지만, 대개 10-11월이 비교적 활발하게 번식한다. 하지만 해당 시기에는 거센 파도와 폭풍해일 때문에 거처인 바닷가 동굴 내부가 헹궈져 나가기 쉬워 새끼의 사망률이 높아지는 시기이기도 하다.

계통 분류

다음은 물범과의 계통 분류이다.[8]

물범과 남방물범아과 몽크물범족 몽크물범속

지중해몽크물범

네오모나쿠스속

카리브해몽크물범

   

하와이몽크물범

        코끼리물범족

남방코끼리물범

   

북방코끼리물범

    게잡이물범족    

웨들해물범

   

얼룩무늬물범

       

게잡이물범

   

로스해물범

          북방물범아과

턱수염물범

     

두건물범

       

띠무늬물범

   

하프물범

       

회색물범

    물범속

잔점박이물범

   

점박이물범

    고리무늬물범속

바이칼물범

     

고리무늬물범

   

카스피해물범

                 

각주

  1. Karamanlidis, A. & Dendrinos, P. (2015). Monachus monachus. 《IUCN Red List of Threatened Species》 (IUCN) 2015: e.T13653A45227543. 2015년 12월 25일에 확인함.
  2. Karamanlidis, A.A.; 외. (April 2016). “The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus: status, biology, threats, and conservation priorities”. 《Mammal Review》 46 (2): 92–105. doi:10.1111/mam.12053.
  3. “MOm Website”. Mom.gr. 16 March 2012에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 6 November 2012에 확인함.
  4. “Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Biology: External appearance and anatomy”. Monachus-guardian.org. 2012년 11월 6일에 확인함.
  5. “Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries”. Nmfs.noaa.gov. 2005년 11월 18일. 2012년 11월 6일에 확인함.
  6. “Lobo marinho”. The City of Funchal. 2017년 9월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 11월 27일에 확인함.
  7. Costanza Formigaro; Alexandros A. Karamanlidis; Panagiotis Dendrinos; Letizia Marsili; Marina Silvi; Annalisa Zaccaroni (2017년 1월 15일). “Trace element concentrations in the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea”. 《Science of The Total Environment》 576: 528–537.
  8. Dirk-Martin Scheel, Graham Slater, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Charles Potter, David Rotstein, Kyriakos Tsangaras, Alex Greenwood, Kristofer M. Helgen: Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409 (2014), Pages: 1-33, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
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