dcsimg
Image of Black-tailed sea hare
Creatures » » Animal » » Molluscs » Snails » » Aplysiidae »

Black Tailed Sea Hare

Aplysia dactylomela Rang 1828

Conservation Status

provided by Animal Diversity Web

This species is fairly abundant and not believed to need any special conservation efforts.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The eggs of Aplysia dactylomela are frequently seen in grass beds, intertidal to approximately three meters deep; they appear as a long tangled string of variably shaded green or brown. The large number of eggs produced requires that there be little yolk, early development to the veliger stage, and a long, one month stay in the plankton. Following this veliger stage, the larvae settle on algae where they grow and metamorphose. They continue to feed and grow to sexual maturity. The red algae, Laurencia has been shown to trigger veliger metamorphosis. All of the above were conducted under laboratory conditions.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Aplysia dactylomela has very large ganglion nerve cells, specifically of interest is the right giant neuron located in the abdominal ganglion. This neuron is very similar to those in vertebrates, making them good subjects for electrophysiological studies as well as conditioned responses. These neurons are valuable for neurological research, as long lasting changes in neuronal behavior can be detected on the level of a single cell as a result of repeated and concommitant pairing of two inputs.

Positive Impacts: research and education

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Associations

provided by Animal Diversity Web

This species is one of many that graze on algae in shallow warm water.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Aplysia dactylomela feeds on red and green algae. It uses its jaws to grasp the algae and its radula to pull the algae into its buccal cavity. The crop in A. dactylomela is lined with chitinous plates and acts like a gizzard to aide in the digestion of the larger seaweeds that it eats.

Foods eaten: Chondrococcus hornemanni, Ulva reticulata, Laurencia spp., Martensia fragilis and Spyridia filamentosa.

Plant Foods: algae

Primary Diet: herbivore (Algivore)

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Aplysia dactylomela is found world wide in tropical to warm temperate waters.

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Aplysia dactylomela is commonly found in sea grass beds where it feeds.

Range depth: intertidal to 20 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Following their peak spawn and maximum size A. dactylomela begins to lose weight and spawning declines, death soon follows.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
10 to 11 months.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Aplysia dactylomela is generally a pale yellow to green color, though this varies greatly with the food that they consume, as they may be more orange if their diet consists primarily of red algae. A characteristic that differentiates A. dactylomela from others in its genus is the irregular black rings that cover its body. The dorsal surface of the mantle and parapodia are marked with irregular black blotches forming incomplete rings, while the remainder of its body is marked with more complete rings. The foot is broad and well developed, its anterior end is rounded, and the posterior end is more bluntly pointed. The foot has a rough texture, in contrast to the smooth soft surface of the rest of its body. The parapodia are an extension of the foot, in A. dactylomela they are high and thin, allowing the animals to swim in the water column. A reduced shell is covered by the mantle and the gills are located on the right side of the mantle between the shell and the right parapodia.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Associations

provided by Animal Diversity Web

When feeling threatened A. dactylomela will elicit a quick downward movement of its parapodia over its back. It may also release foul fluids from both the opaline gland and the purple dye cavity.

The idea that A. dactylomela releases ink and opaline in defensive situations is widely held. Much of this ascription is based on electroneurophysiological studies. However, further studies were unable to confirm that inking was due to interaction with a predator.

Known Predators:

  • large green sea anenomes (Anthopleura xanthogrammica)
  • giant starfish (Coscinasterias calamaria)
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

In laboratory conditions, Aplysia dactylomela has a single reproductive period characterized by repeated spawning. Their first spawn takes place when they are roughly two months old and continues every two to four days until the end of their reproductive cycle roughly seven months later. They continue to feed and grow until they reach a maximum size. At this time they have also reached their peak spawn production. Throughout their seven month reproductive period each adult can produce an estimated 67 million eggs.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Like all species of Aplysia, A. dactylomela is hermaphroditic. The male genital opening lies just below the base of the right anterior tentacle, positioned between the right eye and the right side of the mouth. A strongly defined ciliated groove extends dorsally backward from male genetalia between the parapodia to the hermaphroditic orifice, which is marked by a dark depression. The groove is marked by a narrow black line stretching from the male genital opening to the hermaphroditic duct. When mating, one A. dactylomela, acting as a male will climb partially onto a second A. dactylomela, acting as a female, insert the male genetalia and releasing sperm into the hermaphroditic duct of the second. In this manner they form chains of up to 12 organisms, each acting as male and female simultaneously, the first in the chain acting only as a female, and the last acting only as a male.

Breeding season: 7 months

Average number of offspring: 67,000,000.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 months.

Key Reproductive Features: semelparous ; year-round breeding ; simultaneous hermaphrodite; sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

These animals invest very little in each offspring. Individual eggs receive relatively little yolk, and there is no investment in offspring once the fertilized eggs are laid.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Emore, M. 2002. "Aplysia dactylomela" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aplysia_dactylomela.html
author
Melissa Emore, Hood College
editor
Maureen Foley, Hood College
editor
Renee Sherman Mulcrone
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Aplysia (Varria) dactylomela Rang, 1828

Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828:56, pl. 9.—Eales, 1960:307.

PREVIOUS ASCENSION RECORDS.—None.

PRESENT MATERIAL.—3 specimens (3.8 mm [young]) ASC 14; 1 specimen (75 mm) ASC 16, R. B. Manning, May 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Worldwide in warm seas.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
bibliographic citation
Rosewater, Joseph. 1975. "An annotated list of the marine mollusks of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-41. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.189

Geringelter Seehase ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Geringelte Seehase (Aplysia dactylomela) ist eine Meeresschnecke der Gattung Aplysia. Charakteristisch ist ein Leopardenmuster, das durch schwarze Kreisringe auf der Rückseite auf der hellbeigen, braunen, gelb-braunen, grünen Haut aufgetragen ist. Die Exemplare dieser Art sind von mittlerer Größe. Sie kommen in Flachwassergebieten aller subtropischen und tropischer Meere vor.

Merkmale und Lebensweise

Äußere Merkmale

Ein kriechender Geringelter Seehase an der Küste Fuerteventuras, Kanarische Inseln

Der Aufbau von Aplysia dactylomela folgt dem aller Seehasen. Es gibt eine Dreiteilung in Kopf, Halsbereich und Hinterleib. Der Kopf hat im Schlundbereich zwei seitwärts abgehende, flächig-eingerollte Tentakel mit Mechano- und Chemorezeptoren, die auf Druck reagieren. Zwischen Kopf und Hals gibt es Rhinophoren, die aus einer unter der Haut liegenden Tasche aus- und bei Gefahr eingefahren werden können. Die Rhinophoren besitzen am oberen Ende Einkerbungen mit Chemosensoren und eine neuronenbesetzte Epithelhaut und dienen als olfaktorisches Sinnesorgan. Unter jeder Rhinophore befindet sich ein Auge.

Der Hals verbreitert sich zum Hinterteil. In diesem befinden sich die reduzierte Mantelhöhle mit zentralen Organen wie Herz und Kiemen, bedeckt von einer eingewachsenen, in der Evolution atrophierten Schale.

Die seitlichen Parapodiallappen sieht man häufig zum Schutz des Raumes über der Mantelhöhle geschlossen; sie verleihen ihnen mitunter ein dinosaurierhaftes Aussehen. Die Lappen sind aber nicht zusammengewachsen, sondern können geöffnet werden.

Die Grundfarbe der Tiere reicht von fast farblos beige bis kräftig sandbraun, von hellgrau über grün bis zu dunkelbraun. Charakteristische Oberflächenmuster sind große schwarze Ringe, die ihr ein leopardenähnliches Aussehen verleihen. Auffällig sind bei einigen Exemplaren an den Rändern der Parapodiallappen beginnende schwarze, netzwerkartig angeordnete Fadenlinien. Wieder andere Exemplare haben Parapodiallappen mit einem hellweiß gefärbten Saumstreifen.

 src=
Aplysia dactylomela: Schlundöffnung
 src=
Aplysia dactylomela: Schlundtentakel, Rhinophoren, aufgestellte Parapodiallappen

Schutz bietet die gute Tarnung. Kreise, Maserung und Oberflächenfarbe lassen sie auf Sand- oder steinigen Böden kaum auffallen. Dies gilt sogar bei spärlichem, aber etwa gleichfarbigem Pflanzenbewuchs.

Lebensräume

Aplysia dactylomela sind Kosmopoliten und kommen in diversen tropischen wie subtropischen Meeren bzw. Gebieten vor. Man spricht daher von einer circumtropischen Verbreitung. Sichtungen erfolgten im Atlantik, Pazifik, Indischen Ozean, in der Karibik, im Roten Meer, seit etwa 2002 auch im Mittelmeer.[2]

Aplysia dactylomela sind eine benthische Art, das heißt, sie leben in Flachwassergebieten unterschiedlicher Tiefe oder sogar in Gezeitengewässern, das heißt vom Meer bei Ebbe abgeschnittenen Gebieten. Dort halten sie sich in dichter Pflanzevegetation auf, die ihnen als Schutz und Nahrung dient.

Ernährung

In Hinsicht auf die Ernährung gibt es verschiedene Aussagen. Berichtet wird eine starke Ausrichtung auf Rotalgen, unter anderem der Gattungen Asparagopsis, Laurencia beziehungsweise der Art Acanthophora specifera.[3] Aber auch die Ernährung von Grünalgen wurde beobachtet.

Fortpflanzung

Aplysia dactylomela sind Zwitter und besitzen eine Zwitterdrüse. Da sie nicht selbstbefruchtend sind, benötigen sie einen Partner. Die Befruchtung erfolgt wechselseitig in Paaren oder reihenweise in Ketten. Dabei übernimmt je ein Tier die Rolle des Männchens, ein anderes die des Weibchens. Die Geschlechtsöffnung befindet sich rückseitig (dorsal) zwischen den Parapodiallappen. Das als Männchen agierende Tier führt die Spermien mit einem Penis in die Geschlechtsöffnung des als Weibchen agierenden Tieres ein. Nach der Befruchtung lassen die Tiere Laichschnüre aus. Die Laichschnüre haben die Form geleeartiger Röhren, in denen sich die Eier befinden. Bei Aplysia dacylomela weisen die Laichschnüre zum Teil ungewöhnliche Farben auf. So wurden gelb-braune, pinkfarbene[4] sowie violettfarbene[5][6] Laichsschnüre gesichtet.

Quellen und Literatur

  • S. Gofas, J. Le Renard, P. Bouchet: Mollusca. In: M. J. Costello u. a. (Hrsg.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. In: Collection Patrimoines Naturels. 50 2001, S. 180–213.
  • D.D. Turgeon, J.F. Quinn, A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons u. a.: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks. 2. Auflage. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, ISBN 1-888569-01-8.
  • A.E. Verrill: The nudibranchs and naked tectibranchs of the Bermudas. In: Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 10, 09-1900; pl.661, S. 545–550.

Einzelnachweise

  1. S. Rang: Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens, prèmiere famille de l'ordre des Tectibranches. 84pp, Plates 1-24; In: D. Férussac: Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des Mollusques. Firmin Didot, Paris 1828.
  2. W. B. Rudman: Comment on Re: Aplysia dactylomela from the Canary Islands by Stanley Ramsell. In: Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney 6. März 2008; (online)
  3. P. Chen: Feeding preference of Aplysia dactylomela. In: Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney 26. Oktober 2001. (online)
  4. V. Padula: Re: Aplysia dactylomela and its egg-mass. In: Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney 10. Juli 2008. (online)
  5. M. Poddubetskaia: Aplysia dactylomela and its egg-mass. In: Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney 10. März 2004. (online)
  6. A. Greco: Aplysia dactylomela egg masses from the Mediterranean. In: Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney 12. August 2008. (online)

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Geringelter Seehase: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Geringelte Seehase (Aplysia dactylomela) ist eine Meeresschnecke der Gattung Aplysia. Charakteristisch ist ein Leopardenmuster, das durch schwarze Kreisringe auf der Rückseite auf der hellbeigen, braunen, gelb-braunen, grünen Haut aufgetragen ist. Die Exemplare dieser Art sind von mittlerer Größe. Sie kommen in Flachwassergebieten aller subtropischen und tropischer Meere vor.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Aplysia dactylomela

provided by wikipedia EN

Aplysia dactylomela, the spotted sea hare, is a species of large sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod in the family Aplysiidae, the sea hares.[1]

Distribution and taxonomy

As traditionally defined, this species of sea hare was cosmopolitan, being found in almost all tropical and warm temperate seas,[2] including the Mediterranean Sea where first seen in 2002 and likely self-established due to increasing temperatures.[3]

Based on genetic evidence, the population from the Indo-Pacific region is now recognized as a separate species, A. argus. This restricts the true A. dactylomela to the Atlantic Ocean region, including the Caribbean and Mediterranean.[2][3] The appearance of the two species is very similar, although A. argus is more variable in colour and pattern.[2]

Description

The large black rings are very apparent on this juvenile spotted sea hare
Aplysia dactylomela taken out of water

The colour of the spotted sea hare is very variable, from pale gray to green, to dark brown. There are almost always large black rings on the mantle.

The maximum recorded length is 410 mm.[4]

Habitat

Aplysia dactylomela is commonly found in shallow waters, tide pools and rocky and sandy substrates, they also will be found feeding in beds of sea grass. During the day they will mostly hide under large rocks and in crevices. They usually stay in relatively shallow water, but they have been found as deep as 40 m.[5]

Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.[4] Maximum recorded depth is 3 m.[4]

Human use

The right giant neuron of Aplysia dactylomela, which is found in the abdominal ganglion, is similar to that of vertebrates, meaning it is ideal for the study of electrophysiology, as well as conditioned-response studies. These neurons have been found to be invaluable in neurological research; the reason for this is that long-lasting effects in neuronal behavior can be detected.[6]

Behaviour

The Aplysia dactylomela is capable of swimming and crawling. It accomplishes the former by creating a funnel using the parapodia folded forward and downwards; this action pulls in water. It then pushes the water out from behind the animal by pressing the anterior parts of the parapodia together, thus forward motion is achieved.

The sea hare's usual mode of propulsion is crawling; it crawls by lifting the front end of the foot, stretching it forward then placing it on the ground in front, creating an arching pattern; the remainder of the body follows this arching pattern until the tail is reached.[7]

Defense

Like the octopus, the Aplysia dactylomela squirts purple ink if it is disturbed; this ink is an irritant that causes 'altered behaviour' in other invertebrates and fish.[8] Their leathery skin contains toxins which make this sea hare practically inedible to most predators.[9]

References

  1. ^ Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 8 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Alexander, and Valdés (2013). The ring doesn’t mean a thing: Molecular data suggests a new taxonomy for two Pacific species of sea hares (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Aplysiidae). Pacific Science 67: 283–294.
  3. ^ a b Valdés, Alexander, Crocetta, Yokeş, Giacobbe, Poursanidis, Zenetos, Cervera, Caballer, Galil, and Schembri (2013). The origin and dispersal pathway of the spotted sea hare Aplysia dactylomela (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Invasions 8(4): 427–436.
  4. ^ a b c Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
  5. ^ Sterrer, Wolfgang. 1986. Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda. A Wiley-Interscience Publication.
  6. ^ Corning, W., J. Dyal. 1973. Invertebrate Learning: Volume 2. New York: Plenum Press.
  7. ^ "Aplysia dactylomela".
  8. ^ Carefoot, T.H, S.C. Pennings, Jean Paul Danko. 1999. A test of novel function(s) for the ink of sea hares. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 234 (2):185.
  9. ^ "Spotted sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela".
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Aplysia dactylomela: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Aplysia dactylomela, the spotted sea hare, is a species of large sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod in the family Aplysiidae, the sea hares.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Aplysia dactylomela ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Aplysia dactylomela es una especie de molusco gasterópodo del orden Opisthobranchia. Se caracteriza por los anillos negros de su parte dorsal, cuyo motivo recuerda al pelaje del leopardo, sobre una piel de color beige claro, marrón, marrón amarillento o verde. Estos animales son de un tamaño medio. Viven en aguas poco profundas de todos mares tropicales y subtropicales. En las Islas Canarias es conocida comúnmente como vaca de mar.

Características

Una Vaca de mar reptando en la costa de Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias.

Aplysia dactylomela es de tamaño medio y un adulto varia entre 10 - 30 cm.[2][3][4]​ La anatomía de Aplysia dactylomela sigue la de todas las babosas marinas. Hay una segmentación en cabeza, cuello y parte trasera con tronco. De ambos lados de la boca en la parte frontal de la cabeza salen lateralmente tentáculos enrollados. Llevan mecano-receptores o receptores químicos que reaccionan a presión. Entre la cabeza y el cuello hay dos rinóforos. Salen de una bolsa debajo de la piel, y son ajustables y retractables. En la parte de encima tienen muescas con un epitelio con sensores químicos que sirven como órgano olfatorio. Debajo de cada rinóforo hay un ojo.

El cuello se extiende hacia la parte trasera. Dentro del tronco se halla la cavidad reducida con los órganos centrales como corazón y branquia cubierto de una concha encarnada y atrofiado en el proceso de la evolución.

Los lobos parapodiales laterales son frecuentemente cerrados sobre de la espalda formando un espacio encima de la cavidad protegiéndola. Sin embargo, los lobos no son soldados, sino se las pueden abrir.

El color básico de los animales varia entre un beige casi opaco hasta un marrón fuerte, de gris claro sobre verde hasta marrón oscuro. En la piel hay muestras características que les da una pinta de leopardo: hay anillos negros, oscuros. En algunos animales hay visibles hilos negros que empiezan en las márgenes de los lobos parapodiales y se distribuyen como una red. Otras tienen lobos parapodiales con un dobladillo blanco claro.

 src=
Aplysia actylomela: Abertura bucal
 src=
Aplysia dactylomela: Tentáculo bucal, rinóforos, lóbulos parapodiales erigidos

Distribución

Aplysia dactylomela es cosmopolita y su distribución es circuntropical, es decir, que vive en diversos mares tropicales y subtropicales. Su presencia ha sido registrada en los océanos Atlántico, Pacífico, Índico, así como en el Mar Caribe y en el Mar Rojo. Después de 2002 se las he visto en el mar Mediterráneo.[5]

Hábitat y alimentación

Aplysia dactylomela es una especie bentónica, es decir, que vive en fondos poco profundos, incluyendo los charcos intermareales. Se hallan preferiblemente dentro de vegetación densa, que les sirve tanto como alimentación como de protección.

Se alimenta de algas rojas, entre otros de los géneros Asparagopsis, Laurencia y Acanthophora specifera.[6]​ Así como de algas verdes.

Reproducción

Aplysia dactylomela es hermafrodita pero no se autofecundan y necesitan una pareja para la reproducción. La fecundación se realiza (también recíprocamente) en parejas, o en cadenas. En el acto un animal juega el papel de macho, el otro toma la parte de hembra. La abertura sexual se encuentra entre los lobos parapodiales en la parte dorsal. El animal que actúa como macho conduce el esperma con su pene dentro de la abertura sexual del animal que actúa como hembra. Luego los individuos fecundados producen cintas de huevos. Se han observado huevos en amarillo-marrón y rosa[7]​ pero también violeta.[8][9]

Protección

Aplysia dactylomela está protegido por un buen camuflaje. Por los anillos, las vetas y el color del piel no llaman atención en suelos de arena o de roca, tampoco en zonas con poca vegetación.

Referencias

  1. Rang, S (1828). Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens, prèmiere famille de l'ordre des Tectibranches (PDF (10 MB)) (en francés). En: Férussac, D. Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des Mollusques (en francés). París: Firmin Didot.
  2. Sinbul, W. (4 de mayo de 2001). «Sea Hare from Thailand» (en inglés). Sea Slug Forum, Australian Museum, Sidney. Archivado desde el original el 22 de agosto de 2011.
  3. Stoll, C. (3 de marzo de 2010). «Aplysia dactylomela from Canary Islands» (en inglés). Sea Slug Forum, Australian Museum, Sidney.
  4. «Aplysia dactylomela from sthn Queensland». Sea Slug Forum, Australian Museum, Sidney. 3 de febrero de 2009.
  5. Rudman, W.B.: Comment on Re: Aplysia dactylomela from the Canary Islands by Stanley Ramsell; En: Sea Slug Forum; Australian Museum, Sydney; 06.03.2008; http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/21413
  6. Chen,P.: Feeding preference of Aplysia dactylomela; En: Sea Slug Forum; Australian Museum, Sydney; 26.10.2001; https://web.archive.org/web/20100909032424/http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/5517
  7. Padula,V.: Re: Aplysia dactylomela and its egg-mass; En: Sea Slug Forum; Australian Museum, Sydney; 10.07.2008; http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/21695
  8. Poddubetskaia,M.: Aplysia dactylomela and its egg-mass; En: Sea Slug Forum; Australian Museum, Sydney; 10.03.2004; http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/12375
  9. Greco,A.: Aplysia dactylomela egg masses from the Mediterranean; En: Sea Slug Forum; Australian Museum, Sydney; 12.08.2008; http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/21787
  • Gofas,S., Le Renard,J., Bouchet,P.: "Mollusca", En: Costello,M.J. et al. (eds.) (2001). "European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification"; Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp.180-213; 2001
  • Turgeon,D.D., Quinn,J.F., Jr., Bogan,A.E., Coan,E.V., Hochberg,F.G., Lyons,W.G., et al.; "Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks"', 2nd ed.; American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26; Bethesda, Maryland, USA; American Fisheries Society; ISBN 1-888569-01-8,
  • Verrill,A.E.: "The nudibranchs and naked tectibranchs of the Bermudas"; Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 545-550, 09-1900; pl.661

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Aplysia dactylomela: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Aplysia dactylomela es una especie de molusco gasterópodo del orden Opisthobranchia. Se caracteriza por los anillos negros de su parte dorsal, cuyo motivo recuerda al pelaje del leopardo, sobre una piel de color beige claro, marrón, marrón amarillento o verde. Estos animales son de un tamaño medio. Viven en aguas poco profundas de todos mares tropicales y subtropicales. En las Islas Canarias es conocida comúnmente como vaca de mar.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Crnokrugi zekan ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Crnokrugi zekan (Aplysia dactylomela), vrsta morskog puža golača porodice Aplysiidae iz tropskih i umjerenih toplih mora. Prvi zabilježen slučaj da je opažen u Sredozemlju bio je 2002 u blizini otoka Lampedudsa, a od 2006 raširio se i Jadranom.

kao i kod ostalih zekana (morskih krava) karakterizira ga dugačka ticala. Kućica mu je zakržljala, i nevidljiva je. Najveći primjerci narastu do 40 centimetara dužine. Boja mu može biti od svjetlozelene do tamnosmeđe, a najčešće je svjetlosmeđa. Najprepoznatljiviji je po crnim krugovima po svojem tijelu po čemu je i dobio ime crnokrugi zekan.

Crnokrugi zekani žive na dubinama od oko 2 metra gdje se hrane se algama[1].

Izvori

Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Crnokrugi zekan
Logotip Wikivrsta
Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Aplysia dactylomela
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Crnokrugi zekan: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Crnokrugi zekan (Aplysia dactylomela), vrsta morskog puža golača porodice Aplysiidae iz tropskih i umjerenih toplih mora. Prvi zabilježen slučaj da je opažen u Sredozemlju bio je 2002 u blizini otoka Lampedudsa, a od 2006 raširio se i Jadranom.

kao i kod ostalih zekana (morskih krava) karakterizira ga dugačka ticala. Kućica mu je zakržljala, i nevidljiva je. Najveći primjerci narastu do 40 centimetara dužine. Boja mu može biti od svjetlozelene do tamnosmeđe, a najčešće je svjetlosmeđa. Najprepoznatljiviji je po crnim krugovima po svojem tijelu po čemu je i dobio ime crnokrugi zekan.

Crnokrugi zekani žive na dubinama od oko 2 metra gdje se hrane se algama.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Aplysia dactylomela ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Aplysia dactylomela is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Aplysiidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1828 door Rang.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Gofas, S. (2012). Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828. Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138753
Geplaatst op:
09-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

黑指纹海兔 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src=
提議將該條目分割到條目Aplysia dactylomelaAplysia argus。(討論

黑指纹海兔[2][1](学名:Aplysia dactylomela)为海兔科海兔属的动物[1]

語源

本物種的種小名(或種加詞dactylomeladactylo-(手指)和mela(黑色)兩個字組成。

分佈

如同其他同科物種,本物種有全球分佈英语cosmopolitan distribution,見於幾乎所有热带温带海域[3]:除見於印度洋大西洋、以及太平洋,本物種於2002年首度於地中海發現,而且很快將整個地中海東部「殖民」:估計這很可能是全球变暖引致的結果[4],使牠們得以在水溫較冷的地中海棲息。

中国大陆,本物種分佈於广西涠洲海南三亚西沙武德岛广东汕尾等地[2][1],一般生活於海藻间[2][1]

分類

基於遗传学實證,現時本物種在印度洋-太平洋海域的分佈被視為另一個物種Aplysia argus英语Aplysia argus。現時A. dactylomela這個學名只限於分佈於大西洋、加勒比海及地中海的物種[3][4]。然而,這兩個物種本身就極為相似[3][4],就只有顏色及上面的花紋有所不同[3]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 中国科学院动物研究所. 黑指纹海兔. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-28]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05) (中文(简体)‎).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 中国经济动物志--海产软体动物
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Alexander, and Valdés (2013). The ring doesn’t mean a thing: Molecular data suggests a new taxonomy for two Pacific species of sea hares (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Aplysiidae). Pacific Science 67: 283–294.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Valdés, Alexander, Crocetta, Yokeş, Giacobbe, Poursanidis, Zenetos, Cervera, Caballer, Galil, and Schembri. The origin and dispersal pathway of the spotted sea hare Aplysia dactylomela (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Invasions. 2013, 8 (4): 427–436. doi:10.3391/ai.2013.8.4.06 (英语).

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:黑指纹海兔 物種識別信息
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

黑指纹海兔: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

黑指纹海兔(学名:Aplysia dactylomela)为海兔科海兔属的动物。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
A beautifully patterned sea hare, up to 40cm long, with body shades of green, brown, and cream. Surface with black rings of varying sizes connected by a network of black lines and punctuated by cream spots. Habitat: sheltered eulittoral and shallow sublittoral.
license
cc-by-4.0
copyright
WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Esther Fondo [email]