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Mohoua albicilla ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Mohoua albicilla[2] ye una especie d'ave pequeña ( 15 cm de llargu, 18.5/14.5 g.[3]) de la familia mohoua.

Ye endémica de Nueva Zelanda. Les partes inferiores del machu, les sos nales y cola son d'un color marrón maciu, ente que la so cabeza, y pechu son blancos, la so cabeza ye d'un color blancu casi puru. Les femes y xuveniles tienen colores similares sacante que la nuca y la zona cimera de la so cabeza son d'un marrón apagáu.[3][4] El so picu y güeyos negros oldeen cola cabeza blanca y les sos pates que son d'un azul corito.

D'antiguo bien comunes nos montes nativos na islla Norte, el mohoua cabeciblanco sufrió un marcáu descensu na so población a lo llargo de los últimos dos sieglos dende la colonización europea y na actualidá solo habita un porcentaxe amenorgáu de les tierres onde moraba d'antiguo. Históricamente la deforestación destruyó amplies zones del hábitat d'esta especie pero na actualidá la mayor amenaza ye la depredación per parte d'especies de mamíferos invasores tales como aguaróns y armiños. Foi oxetu d'una activa campaña de caltenimientu y foi reintroducíu con ésitu en reserves cerca d'Auckland y Wellington. Nel pasáu los mohoua cabeciblancos ocupaben un sitial especial na cultura maorí. Amás de ser mentaos en numberoses lleendes, los maorinos consideraben que los mohoua cabeciblancos yeren mensaxeros de los dioses y podíen predicir el futuru y por causa de diches creencies, cazar y utilizar en diversos rituales.

Hábitat y distribución

La zona na qu'habita siempres foi la islla Norte de Nueva Zelanda, y delles islles na so proximidá, incluyida la islla Little Barrier (onde ye l'ave más común nel monte)[5] la islla Great Barrier y la islla Kapiti; sicasí, la zona amenorgóse de manera significativa dende'l sieglu XIX por causa de diversos factores rellacionaos con actividaes humanes. La distribución del mohoua cabeciblanco y el so pariente cercanu, el mohoua cabecigualda son simpátricas, onde la zona habitada por esta últimu especie acutada a la islla Sur. Los mohoua cabeciblancos polo xeneral atópense acutaos a grandes zones de parrotales antiguos y monte nativu qu'entá s'atopen na islla Norte pero demostraron ser adaptables al establecer poblaciones en dellos plantíos exóticos de pinu, especialmente nel pandu volcánicu de la islla Norte.[3][4]

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Mohoua albicilla» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2013.2. Consultáu'l 26 de payares de 2013.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2009). «Nomes en castellán de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Duodécima parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Picathartidae a Paridae)». Ardeola 56 (1): pp. 127-134. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_56_1.pdf. Consultáu'l .
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Barrie Heather and Hugh Robertson, "The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand" (revised edition), Viking, 2005
  4. 4,0 4,1 R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and Y.G. Turbott, " The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1979
  5. Gill,B.J. and G. Maclean, Ian, "Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand", New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, volume 13:267-271


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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Mohoua albicilla ye una especie d'ave pequeña ( 15 cm de llargu, 18.5/14.5 g.) de la familia mohoua.

Ye endémica de Nueva Zelanda. Les partes inferiores del machu, les sos nales y cola son d'un color marrón maciu, ente que la so cabeza, y pechu son blancos, la so cabeza ye d'un color blancu casi puru. Les femes y xuveniles tienen colores similares sacante que la nuca y la zona cimera de la so cabeza son d'un marrón apagáu. El so picu y güeyos negros oldeen cola cabeza blanca y les sos pates que son d'un azul corito.

D'antiguo bien comunes nos montes nativos na islla Norte, el mohoua cabeciblanco sufrió un marcáu descensu na so población a lo llargo de los últimos dos sieglos dende la colonización europea y na actualidá solo habita un porcentaxe amenorgáu de les tierres onde moraba d'antiguo. Históricamente la deforestación destruyó amplies zones del hábitat d'esta especie pero na actualidá la mayor amenaza ye la depredación per parte d'especies de mamíferos invasores tales como aguaróns y armiños. Foi oxetu d'una activa campaña de caltenimientu y foi reintroducíu con ésitu en reserves cerca d'Auckland y Wellington. Nel pasáu los mohoua cabeciblancos ocupaben un sitial especial na cultura maorí. Amás de ser mentaos en numberoses lleendes, los maorinos consideraben que los mohoua cabeciblancos yeren mensaxeros de los dioses y podíen predicir el futuru y por causa de diches creencies, cazar y utilizar en diversos rituales.

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Mohoua albicilla ( Breton )

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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Mohoua albicilla a zo ur spesad golvaneg.

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Weißköpfchen ( German )

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Das Weißköpfchen (Mohoua albicilla) ist ein kleiner, in Neuseeland endemischer Sperlingsvogel.

Beschreibung

 src=
Vergleichsdarstellung von Weißköpfchen (oben), Gelbköpfchen und Mohua

Weißköpfchen haben eine Länge von 15 cm. Die Männchen haben ein Gewicht von 18,5 g, die Weibchen 14,5 g.[1] Die Rumpfoberseite, Schwingen und Schwanz des Männchens sind hellbraun, Kopf und Unterseite sind weiß, der Kopf nahezu reinweiß – daher der Name. Weibchen und die Jungvögel haben eine ähnliche Färbung, aber Nacken und Kopfoberseite sind braun getönt.[1][2] Schnabel und Augen sind schwarz, auch die Füße und die langen Beine sind dunkel gefärbt.[3]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Die Art ist ein Endemit der Nordinsel Neuseelands und mehrerer vorgelagerter Inseln. Unter diesen Inseln sind Little Barrier Island, wo es der häufigste Waldvogel ist,[4] Great Barrier Island und Kapiti Island.[5]

Die früher auf der Nordinsel weit verbreitete Art erlebte in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten einen deutlichen Rückgang und ist heute auf einen kleinen Teil des ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebietes beschränkt. Sie wurde im Rahmen einer Kampagne zur Erhaltung der Art in Reservaten nahe Auckland und Wellington wieder angesiedelt. Gründe für den Rückgang liegen besonders in menschlichen Einflüssen.

Weißköpfchen leben in den wenigen größeren Flächen von altem Buschwerk und heimischem Wald, die auf der Nordinsel verblieben sind, haben aber auch ihre Anpassungsfähigkeit bewiesen, indem sie besonders auf dem Volcanic Plateau Populationen in Neuseeland nicht heimischen Kiefernwäldern bilden.[1][2]

Lebensweise

Weißköpfchen bewegen sich schnell durch die Baumkronen, sind aber eher zurückhaltende Flieger.[3] Bei Bedrohung bilden sich oft kleine Schwärme aus mehreren Familiengruppen.[1]

Ernährung

Das Weißköpfchen ernährt sich hauptsächlich von auf Bäumen lebenden Kleintieren.[6] Dazu gehören Spinnen, Schmetterlinge, Raupen und Käfer,[1] die von Baumstümpfen, Blättern und Zweigen in den Baumkronen und darunter gesammelt werden. Nur selten ist die Art auf dem Waldboden anzutreffen.[2][5] Sie ergänzen ihre Insektenkost mit Früchten von heimischen Pflanzen wie Mahoe und Matipo. Wie die Gelbköpfchen hängen sie beim Fressen oft kopfüber von Zweigen. Weißköpfchen bilden oft mit anderen Arten wie Tieke, Kākāriki und Graumantelbrillenvogel gemischte Schwärme, um die von diesen Vögeln aufgestöberten Insekten zu fangen.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Weißköpfchen bauen ein schalenförmiges Nest in 1 bis 15 m Höhe über dem Boden in Baumkronen oder tiefer gelegenen kleineren Bäumen und Sträuchern.[1] Zwei bis vier Eier werden etwa 18 Tage bebrütet. Die Jungen werden von beiden Eltern gefüttert und sind nach 16–19 Tagen flügge.[2] Im November und Dezember tritt der Langschwanzkoel (Eudynamys taitensis) oft als Brutparasit auf, indem er die Eier aus dem Nest wirft und ein einzelnes Ei in das Nest legt.[7][8]

Systematik

Das Weißköpfchen bildet zusammen mit dem Gelbköpfchen (M. ochrocephala) und dem Braunköpfchen (M. novaeseelandiae) die in Neuseeland endemische Singvogelgattung Mohoua. Seit 2013 wird die Gattung in die neue monotypische[9] Familie Mohouidae[10] gestellt. Die Verbreitung des Weißköpfchens und des Gelbköpfchens sind allopatrisch, wobei umstritten ist, ob das Gelbköpfchen tatsächlich nur auf die Südinsel beschränkt ist.

Etymologie und Forschungsgeschichte

René Primevère Lesson beschrieb das Weißköpfchen als „Moineau a tête blanche“ und verlieh ihm den wissenschaftlichen Namen Fringilla albicilla. Das Typusexemplar stammte von der Bay of Islands in Neuseeland.[11]

Der Begriff »Mohoua« (auch Mohua, Mohuahua oder Momohua) bedeutet in der Sprache der Māori »Gelbkopf«, da der Gattungsname ursprünglich für das Gelbköpfchen eingeführt wurde.[12] Das Artepitheton »albicilla« setzt sich aus den lateinischen Worten »albus« für »weiß« und »capillus« für »Kopfhaar« zusammen.[13]

Literatur

  • Zachary Aidala, Nicola Chong, Michael G. Anderson, Luis Ortiz-Catedral, Ian G. Jamieson, James V. Briskie, Phillip Cassey, Brian J. Gill & Mark E. Hauber: Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Mohoua, endemic hosts of New Zealand’s obligate brood parasitic Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamys taitensis). In: Journal of Ornithology. Band 154, Nr. 4, 2013, S. 1127–1133, doi:10.1007/s10336-013-0978-8.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  • René Primevère Lesson: Voyage autour du monde exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Band 1, Nr. 2. Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1830 (online [abgerufen am 6. Dezember 2013]).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g Barrie Heather and Hugh Robertson, "The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand" (revised edition), Viking 2005.
  2. a b c d R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and E.G. Turbott, " The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1979.
  3. a b N. Leuschner Whitehead. 2013. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. (Online)
  4. B.J. Bill, Ian G. Maclean: Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand. In: New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, Band 13, S. 267–271.
  5. a b Chloe Talbot Kelly," Collins handguide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1982.
  6. John Dawson and Rob Lucas,"The Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest", Godwit, 2000.
  7. F. C. Kinsky, C. J. R. Robertson, illustrated by Janet Marshall, " Handbook of common birds of New Zealand", Reed Methuen, 1987.
  8. Andrew Crowe, illustrated by David Gunson, "Which New Zealand bird?", Penguin, 2001.
  9. Frank Gill, David Donsker: IOC World Bird List v 3.5 (Online)
  10. Zachary Aidala et al.: Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Mohoua, endemic hosts of New Zealand’s obligate brood parasitic Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamys taitensis). In: Journal of Ornithology. 154.4, 2013, S. 1127–1133. (Online)
  11. René Primevère Lesson, S. 662f.
  12. James A. Jobling, S. 258.
  13. James A. Jobling, S. 38.
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Weißköpfchen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Das Weißköpfchen (Mohoua albicilla) ist ein kleiner, in Neuseeland endemischer Sperlingsvogel.

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Pōpokotea ( Maori )

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Ko te Pōpokotea he manu ngahere nō Aotearoa. He manu ititi nō te ngahere, he rite ki te mohua. He hāura te tinana, he mā te māhunga me te puku. Ko te ingoa pūtaiao ko Mohoua albicilla. Ko te ingoa reo Pākehā ko te Whitehead.

Tohutoro

  • Robertson, C J R. (Etita), 1985. Reader's Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Poihākena: Reader's Digest.

Kupu tautoko

  1. Whakaahua nā Roger South
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Pōpokotea: Brief Summary ( Maori )

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Ko te Pōpokotea he manu ngahere nō Aotearoa. He manu ititi nō te ngahere, he rite ki te mohua. He hāura te tinana, he mā te māhunga me te puku. Ko te ingoa pūtaiao ko Mohoua albicilla. Ko te ingoa reo Pākehā ko te Whitehead.

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Whitehead (bird)

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The whitehead (Mohoua albicilla; Māori: pōpokotea) is a small species (15 cm in length, 18.5/14.5 g.[2]) of passerine bird endemic to New Zealand. It is classified in the family Mohouidae. The male whitehead's upperparts, wings and tail are a pale brown in colour, while the head and underparts are white – in the case of the male an almost pure white in colour. Females and juveniles have similar colouration except that the nape and crown (top of the head) are shaded brown.[2][3] The black beak and eyes contrast with the white head and the feet are bluish black in colouration.

Formerly quite common and widespread in native forests in the North Island, the whitehead has suffered a marked decline in the past two centuries since European colonisation and today is restricted to a fraction of its former range. Historically, deforestation has destroyed large areas of habitat for this species but today the greatest threat is from predation by invasive mammalian species such as rats and stoats. It has been the subject of an active conservation campaign and has been successfully reintroduced into reserves near Auckland and Wellington respectively. In the past whiteheads held a special place in Māori culture. As well as the species appearing in many legends, whiteheads were viewed by Māori to have roles as messengers of the gods and as fortune tellers or seers – and because of these beliefs, live birds were caught and used in several different kinds of ceremonial rites.

Habitat and distribution

The range of this species has always been restricted to the North Island of New Zealand, as well as several offshore islands surrounding it, including Little Barrier Island (where it is the most common forest bird),[4] Great Barrier Island and Kapiti Island;[5] it has however, contracted markedly since the 19th century due to a number of human induced factors (see the Conservation section below). The distributions of the whitehead and its close relative, the yellowhead are allopatric, with the range of the yellowhead being restricted to the South Island. Whiteheads are generally restricted to the larger tracts of older scrub and native forest that remain in the North Island but have proven their adaptability by establishing populations in a number of exotic pine plantations, particularly on the North Island Volcanic Plateau.[2][3]

Ecology and behaviour

When encountered whiteheads often display flocking behaviour. The flocks generally consist of small family groups.[2]

Feeding

Whitehead, Mohoua albicilla[6]

The diet of whiteheads is primarily insectivorous in nature – they are classed as arboreal insectivores.[7] Their main prey are spiders, moths, caterpillars and beetles[2] which are gleaned from tree trunks, leaves and branches in the canopy and subcanopy. They rarely feed on the forest floor.[3][5] They will supplement their predominantly insectivorous diet with the fruits of native plants such as māhoe and matipo and like the yellowhead, they frequently hang upside down from branches or twigs while feeding. Whiteheads will often form mixed-species feeding flocks with saddlebacks, kākāriki or silvereyes to catch the insects these birds dislodge as they feed.[2]

Reproduction

Unlike the yellowhead, which nests only in the cavities of tree trunks which are generally high up in the canopy, the whitehead builds a more conventional cup shaped nest at a height between 1 and 15 metres above the ground; either in the canopy of the forest or lower down in smaller trees or shrubs.[2] Between 2–4 eggs of variable colouration are laid, the incubation period is generally around 18 days and fledging takes a further 16–19, the chicks being fed by both parents.[3] In November and December, the long-tailed cuckoo frequently acts as a brood parasite of nesting whiteheads by pushing their eggs out of the nest and laying a single egg of its own in their place[8][9]

Whiteheads and humans

Place in Māori culture; legends and ceremonial rites

In times past, the whitehead held a special place within Māori culture among the forest birds of New Zealand. They featured not only in Māori folklore and legends but also in a number of rites for which live individuals were captured.[10] Flocks of whiteheads form part of the hākuturi, a multitude of small birds sometimes called Te Tini o te Hākuturi – "The myriads of Hākuturi", the spirit guardians of the forest. In a Ngāti Mahuta story, the culture hero Rata went into the forest and cut down a tree to make a canoe, but failed to perform the proper placatory rites to Tāne, god of the forest. Whiteheads and riflemen whistled shrilly at him in admonishment and gathered together the pieces of the tree until it stood whole again. This happened several times until Rata showed remorse and the birds felled the tree and made the canoe for him.[10] In some stories, the whitehead was one of several small birds chosen by Māui to accompany him in his (ultimately unsuccessful and fatal) quest to abolish death by killing Hine-nui-te-pō, the goddess of night and death.[10] The mobbing behaviour sometimes seen in whiteheads is reflected in one legend which tells of swarms of whiteheads scratching out the eyes of Whaitiri, goddess of thunder, as they pass her house, thus causing her to go blind.[10]

Whitehead on Tiritiri Matangi Island

The whitehead, as a messenger between man and the gods, was a very tapu (sacred) bird.[10] This status was reflected in its role in the tohi rite, a ritual performed over an infant. This entailed a tohunga touching the head of an infant with a live whitehead and reciting a karakia (incantation) firstly to cause the mana (power and prestige) of the gods to descend on the child from the gods and secondly to open the child's eyes and ears to the knowledge of the ancestors.[10] After the karakia was complete the bird was freed to demonstrate that the mana received would return to the gods when the child died. The whitehead also held this role as a messenger to the gods when a new (fortified village) was dedicated. Once the ceremonies were complete a single whitehead was released unharmed, the pā became free of tapu, and could be safely entered. The purpose of this rite was to bring prosperity and vitality to the pā and its people in times of war and peace.[10] When a candidate was applying to a senior tohunga to become a matakite, or seer, he had first to catch a small bird such as a whitehead. After more ritual the applicant was shut in a hut to sleep with the bird for a night. Next morning he opened the door and if the bird flew away of its own accord, his suitability to be a seer, as indeed the whitehead was regarded to be, was confirmed.[10] In the past, the appearance of a flock of whiteheads was interpreted by Māori from the upper regions of the Whanganui River as a sign that kēhua (ghosts) were nearby[9]

In general New Zealand culture

19th-century forestry workers (bushmen) regarded the whitehead as a useful forecaster of the weather: "They kept up a lively chirping some hours before an approaching storm. It was a warning which the bushmen never allowed to pass unnoticed".[11] Colonists called this bird "Joey whitehead" for its distinctive head colouration.[10] This is the origin of the English-language name of the bird.

Threats and Conservation

Subfossil remains of whiteheads have been found on the North Island[2] and the species was still very widespread when European settlement of New Zealand began in the 1840s.[2] However, soon after, they began to decline as a result of both the widespread clearance of lowland forests for agriculture[2] and the predation by several species of mammalian predators introduced by Europeans, including several species of rodents and mustelids. Such introduced species remain a problem for many whitehead populations today, as they both compete with them for food and prey upon the birds themselves. As a result, the species has experienced local extinctions of many of its populations throughout the North Island, particularly in its northern regions; whiteheads disappeared from Northland in the 1870s and from the greater Auckland area in the 1880s.[2] They also disappeared from Great Barrier Island in the 1950s.

In an effort to restore this species to its former range, a number of conservation reintroductions have been carried out in the last twenty years. All these reintroductions were carried out as part of wider efforts towards eco-restoration at each of the native forest sites concerned.

Due to the northern North Island local extinctions, whiteheads were, until recently, extinct on the mainland of the North Island north of about Hamilton. However, this situation has been rectified by 3 of the above releases in the Hunua Ranges, Waitākere Ranges and on Tiritiri Matangi Island. The Karori and Tiritiri Matangi reintroductions were done independently while the Hunua reintroduction was an Auckland Regional Council initiative. The Auckland Regional Council also played a part in the Waitākere Ranges "Ark in the Park" project release – the project is a joint effort being a joint effort between this local government body and the NZ conservation not for profit NGO Forest and Bird.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohoua albicilla.

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Mohoua albicilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22705394A130392659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705394A130392659.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barrie Heather and Hugh Robertson, "The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand" (revised edition), Viking, 2005
  3. ^ a b c d R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and E.G. Turbott, " The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1979
  4. ^ Gill,B.J. and G. Maclean, Ian, "Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand", New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, volume 13:267–271
  5. ^ a b Chloe Talbot Kelly," Collins handguide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1982
  6. ^ Photo by Roger South
  7. ^ John Dawson and Rob Lucas,"The Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest", Godwit, 2000
  8. ^ F.C. Kinsky, C.J.R. Robertson, illustrated by Janet Marshall, " Handbook of common birds of New Zealand", Reed Methuen, 1987
  9. ^ a b Andrew Crowe, illustrated by David Gunson, "Which New Zealand bird?", Penguin, 2001
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Murdoch Riley, "'’Māori Bird Lore; An Introduction", Viking Sevenseas Ltd., 2001
  11. ^ A.P. Harper, 1896, "Pioneer work in the Alps", T. Fisher unwin, London
  12. ^ "Forest birds hop back to Mana Island". doc.govt.nz. 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  13. ^ Michael Szabo, "Ark in the park", Forest and Bird, Number 319, February 2006
  14. ^ "Whiteheads return to the Hunuas". arc.govt.nz. 7 April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  15. ^ Reintroduction Projects in New Zealand
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Whitehead (bird): Brief Summary

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The whitehead (Mohoua albicilla; Māori: pōpokotea) is a small species (15 cm in length, 18.5/14.5 g.) of passerine bird endemic to New Zealand. It is classified in the family Mohouidae. The male whitehead's upperparts, wings and tail are a pale brown in colour, while the head and underparts are white – in the case of the male an almost pure white in colour. Females and juveniles have similar colouration except that the nape and crown (top of the head) are shaded brown. The black beak and eyes contrast with the white head and the feet are bluish black in colouration.

Formerly quite common and widespread in native forests in the North Island, the whitehead has suffered a marked decline in the past two centuries since European colonisation and today is restricted to a fraction of its former range. Historically, deforestation has destroyed large areas of habitat for this species but today the greatest threat is from predation by invasive mammalian species such as rats and stoats. It has been the subject of an active conservation campaign and has been successfully reintroduced into reserves near Auckland and Wellington respectively. In the past whiteheads held a special place in Māori culture. As well as the species appearing in many legends, whiteheads were viewed by Māori to have roles as messengers of the gods and as fortune tellers or seers – and because of these beliefs, live birds were caught and used in several different kinds of ceremonial rites.

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Mohoua albicilla ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mohoua cabeciblanco (Mohoua albicilla)[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Mohouidae endémica de Nueva Zelanda.

Es un pájaro pequeño, mide 15 cm de largo, y pesa entre 18,5-14,5 g.[3]​ Las partes inferiores del macho, sus alas y cola son de un color marrón pálido, mientras que su cabeza, y pecho son blancos, su cabeza es de un color blanco casi puro. Las hembras y juveniles poseen colores similares excepto que la nuca y la zona superior de su cabeza son de un marrón apagado.[3][4]​ Su pico y ojos negros contrastan con la cabeza blanca y sus patas que son de un azul negruzco.

Antiguamente muy comunes en los bosques nativos en la isla Norte, el mohoua cabeciblanco ha sufrido un marcado descenso en su población a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos desde la colonización europea y en la actualidad solo habita un porcentaje reducido de las tierras donde moraba antiguamente. Históricamente la deforestación ha destruido amplias zonas del hábitat de esta especie pero en la actualidad la mayor amenaza es la depredación por parte de especies de mamíferos invasores tales como ratas y armiños. Ha sido objeto de una activa campaña de conservación y ha sido reintroducido con éxito en reservas cerca de Auckland y Wellington. En el pasado los mohoua cabeciblancos ocupaban un sitial especial en la cultura maorí. Además de ser mencionados en numerosas leyendas, los maoríes consideraban que los mohoua cabeciblancos eran mensajeros de los dioses y podían predecir el futuro y a causa de dichas creencias, se los cazaba y se los utilizaba en diversos rituales.

Hábitat y distribución

 src=
Macho en la isla Tiritiri Matangi.

La zona en la que habita siempre ha sido la isla Norte de Nueva Zelanda, y varias islas en su proximidad, incluida la isla Little Barrier (donde es el ave más común en el bosque)[5]​ la isla Great Barrier y la isla Kapiti; sin embargo, la zona se ha reducido de manera significativa desde el siglo XIX a causa de diversos factores relacionados con actividades humanas. La distribución del mohoua cabeciblanco y su pariente cercano, el mohoua cabecigualda son simpátricas, donde la zona habitada por esta última especie restringida a la isla Sur. Los mohoua cabeciblancos por lo general se encuentran restringidos a grandes zonas de arbustos antiguos y bosque nativo que aún se encuentran en la isla Norte pero han demostrado ser adaptables al establecer poblaciones en varias plantaciones exóticas de pino, especialmente en la meseta volcánica de la isla Norte.[3][4]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2016). «Mohoua albicilla». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de marzo de 2018.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2009). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Duodécima parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Picathartidae a Paridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 56 (1): 127-134. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 11 de octubre de 2014.
  3. a b c Barrie Heather and Hugh Robertson, "The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand" (revised edition), Viking, 2005
  4. a b R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and E.G. Turbott, " The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1979
  5. Gill,B.J. and G. Maclean, Ian, "Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand", New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, volume 13:267-271

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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mohoua cabeciblanco (Mohoua albicilla)​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Mohouidae endémica de Nueva Zelanda.

Es un pájaro pequeño, mide 15 cm de largo, y pesa entre 18,5-14,5 g.​ Las partes inferiores del macho, sus alas y cola son de un color marrón pálido, mientras que su cabeza, y pecho son blancos, su cabeza es de un color blanco casi puro. Las hembras y juveniles poseen colores similares excepto que la nuca y la zona superior de su cabeza son de un marrón apagado.​​ Su pico y ojos negros contrastan con la cabeza blanca y sus patas que son de un azul negruzco.

Antiguamente muy comunes en los bosques nativos en la isla Norte, el mohoua cabeciblanco ha sufrido un marcado descenso en su población a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos desde la colonización europea y en la actualidad solo habita un porcentaje reducido de las tierras donde moraba antiguamente. Históricamente la deforestación ha destruido amplias zonas del hábitat de esta especie pero en la actualidad la mayor amenaza es la depredación por parte de especies de mamíferos invasores tales como ratas y armiños. Ha sido objeto de una activa campaña de conservación y ha sido reintroducido con éxito en reservas cerca de Auckland y Wellington. En el pasado los mohoua cabeciblancos ocupaban un sitial especial en la cultura maorí. Además de ser mencionados en numerosas leyendas, los maoríes consideraban que los mohoua cabeciblancos eran mensajeros de los dioses y podían predecir el futuro y a causa de dichas creencias, se los cazaba y se los utilizaba en diversos rituales.

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Mohoua albicilla ( Basque )

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Mohoua albicilla Mohoua generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Incertae sedis/Aves familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Mohoua albicilla Mohoua generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Incertae sedis/Aves familian sailkatua dago.

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Mohoua à tête blanche ( French )

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Le Mohoua à tête blanche (Mohoua albicilla) ou pōpokotea est une espèce de passereaux endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande.

Traduction

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .

Voir aussi

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Mohoua à tête blanche: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le Mohoua à tête blanche (Mohoua albicilla) ou pōpokotea est une espèce de passereaux endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande.

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Mohoua albicilla ( Italian )

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Il testabianca della Nuova Zelanda (Mohoua albicilla (Lesson, 1830)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Mohouidae[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, albicilla, deriva dalla crasi delle parole latina albus ("bianco") e capillus ("capelli"), col significato di "dalla testa bianca" (sebbene fin dal latino medievale il suffisso -cilla divenga, seppur in base ad un'errata interpretazione dei testi di Varrone, sinonimo di "coda"): il nome comune altro non è che la traduzione di quello scientifico.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misura 15 cm di lunghezza, per 15-18 g di peso[3]: a parità d'età, i maschi sono leggermente più grandi e pesanti rispetto alle femmine[3].

Aspetto

 src=
Esemplare in natura.

Si tratta di uccelletti dall'aspetto paffuto e massiccio, con testa arrotondata, corto collo (sicché la testa appare direttamente incassata nel torso), coda lunga e squadrata e becco corto, conico, sottile e appuntito.

Il piumaggio, come intuibile sia dal nome comune che dal nome scientifico, è di colore bianco-grigiastro su testa, petto e parte superiore di ventre e fianchi, mentre il basso ventre e la coda sono di colore bruno e il dorso e le ali sono dello stesso colore, ma più scuro e tendente al nerastro su remiganti e copritrici.
Il dimorfismo sessuale è presente ma non molto evidente, con le femmine che (oltre ad essere leggermente più minute, come accennato in precedenza) presentano sfumature brune sul bianco di nuca e vertice.

Il becco e le zampe sono di colore nerastro, mentre gli occhi sono di colore bruno-rossiccio.

Biologia

 src=
Esemplare canta nei pressi di Wellington.

Si tratta di uccelletti dalle abitudini essenzialmente diurne, vivaci e socievoli, che si muovono in stormi comprendenti più nuclei familiari (una coppia riproduttrice coi figli di più covate), spesso in associazione con altre specie quali calleidi caruncolati, kākāriki e occhialini dorsogrigio: essi passano la maggior parte della giornata fra i rami degli alberi alla ricerca di cibo, tenendosi in contatto fra loro mediante richiami cinguettanti.

Alimentazione

 src=
Esemplare si nutre a Tiritiri Matangi.

Il testabianca è un uccello essenzialmente insettivoro, che si nutre perlopiù di piccoli insetti (principalmente falene e coleotteri) ed altri invertebrati (in particolar modo ragni, che costituiscono una parte importante della dieta[3]), nonché di bruchi e larve: il cibo viene reperito cercando col becco fra le scanalature della corteccia e nelle spaccature dei tronchi d'albero, con l'animale che spesso nel cercare il cibo rimane appeso a testa in giù, similmente a quanto si osserva nei regoli. Questi uccelli possono inoltre integrare sporadicamente la dieta con bacche e piccoli frutti.

Riproduzione

Si tratta di uccelli monogami, la cui stagione riproduttiva va da ottobre a dicembre, periodo durante il quale vengono portate avanti 1-2 covate. I due sessi collaborano nelle varie fasi della riproduzione, spesso aiutati da altri membri dello stormo (i quali altro non sono che figli delle covate degli anni precedenti).

Il nido viene costruito da ambedue i sessi e consiste in un'alta coppa di fibre vegetali intrecciate, edificata su un cespuglio o un albero fino a 15 m d'altezza: al suo interno, la femmina depone 2-4 uova di colore variabile, che essa si alterna a covare col maschio e con gli altri membri dello stormo per circa 18 giorni, al termine dei quali schiudono pulli ciechi ed implumi.
I nidiacei vengono accuditi ed imbeccati dai genitori e dagli altri membri del gruppo per una ventina di giorni, quando sono pronti per involarsi: pur continuando a chiedere l'imbeccata ancora per un paio di settimane, essi possono dirsi virtualmente indipendenti attorno al mese di vita, quando generalmente si uniscono allo stormo di appartenenza dei genitori.
Durante le operazioni di cova e di allevamento della prole i genitori divengono piuttosto territoriali, scacciando energicamente eventuali intrusi con picchiate continue.

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Esemplare in natura.
 src=
Esemplare a Tiritiri Matangi.

Come intuibile dal nome comune, il testabianca della Nuova Zelanda è endemico della Nuova Zelanda, della quale abita l'Isola del Nord ed alcune piccole isole circonvicine (come Little e Great Barrier, dove risulta l'uccello autoctono più comune[4]). In passato ampiamente diffusi sull'isola, attualmente il loro areale si è alquanto ristretto, concentrandosi alle zone montuose centrali dell'isola ed all'estrema punta meridionale: sono tuttavia in atto progetti di reintroduzione in natura di popolazioni allevate in cattività, che finora hanno dato buoni risultati[5][6].

L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dai boschi di faggio australe ben maturi, anche non troppo folti ma con presenza di denso sottobosco: essi hanno inoltre colonizzato anche le pinete formatesi in un secondo momento sull'altopiano centrale[3].

Nella cultura di massa

Il testabianca occupa un posto di primaria importanza nel folklore Māori: questi uccelli (noti in lingua māori come pōpokotea) sono fra gli Hākuturi, i guardiani della foresta, e rappresentando un tramite fra gli uomini e gli dei e sono considerati particolarmente tapu[7].

Nel clan degli Ngāti Mahuta si racconta che l'eroe mitologico Rātā avesse cominciato a tagliare dei grossi alberi per ricavarne delle canoe, senza però cercare prima il permesso del dio Tāne. L'eroe ignorò i richiami d'avvertimento dei testabianca e dei fucilieri, i quali per punizione, mentre l'eroe era assente, rimettevano insieme il legno appena tagliato, vanificandone il lavoro. Solo dopo il pentimento di Rātā essi acconsentirono a tagliare essi stessi l'albero ed a ricavarne una canoa[7].
Il testabianca fu inoltre uno degli uccelli scelti dall'eroe Māui per accompagnarlo a uccidere (finendo poi egli stesso ucciso) la regina delle tenebre e della morte Hine-nui-te-pō[7]: fu uno stormo di questi uccelli, infine, ad accecare la dea del tuono Whaitiri[7].

Per il loro ruolo di messaggeri essi vengono utilizzati nel rito del tohi, dove un tohunga tocca la fronte di un neonato con un testabianca vivo recitando un karakia, al fine di attirare sul bambino la benevolenza degli dei (il mana) e di aprire i suoi occhi e le sue orecchie al sapere degli anziani[7]: l'animale viene librerato alla fine del rito, per comunicare agli dei l'avvenuta iniziazione e per ricordare ai mortali che il loro mana tornerà agli dei dopo la morte.
Inoltre, nel percorso per diventare tohunga, ed in particolare un tohunga matakite (sacerdote con doti di preveggenza), bisognava catturare un piccolo uccello (non necessariamente un testabianca) e dormire assieme ad esso per una notte: se alla visita del tohunga anziano alle prime luci dell'alba l'uccellino catturato volava via di sua spontanea volontà, allora l'abilità dell'aspirante matakite veniva confermata[7].
Alla fondazione di un (villaggio collinare fortificato), inoltre, la tradizione imponeva il rilascio simbolico di un testabianca prima di entrare nella costruzione, per buon auspicio e per liberare l'insediamento da ogni tapu[7].

Con l'arrivo dei coloni europei, il canto del testabianca (similmente a quanto avvenuto in Australia coi currawong) è stato associato alla pioggia imminente: presso i maori delle regioni centrali, invece, il canto di questi uccelli era sintomo della presenza di fantasmi nei paraggi[7].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Mohoua albicilla, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Mohouidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 13 gennaio 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d (EN) Whitehead (Mohoua albicilla), su Handbook of the Birds of the World. URL consultato il 13 gennaio 2018.
  4. ^ Gill, B. J. & Maclean, I. G., Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand, in New Zealand Journal of Zoology, vol. 13, 1986, p. 267–271.
  5. ^ (EN) NZ Government, Forest Birds hop back to Mana Island, su doc.govt.nz. URL consultato il 13 gennaio 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 12 luglio 2014).
  6. ^ Reintroduction Projects in New Zealand, su massey.ac.nz.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Murdoch Riley, ’Māori Bird Lore; An Introduction, Viking Sevenseas Ltd., 2001.

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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il testabianca della Nuova Zelanda (Mohoua albicilla (Lesson, 1830)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Mohouidae.

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Witkopmohoua ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De witkopmohoua (Mohoua albicilla) is een endemische zangvogel uit Nieuw-Zeeland. De vogel wordt in het Maori Pōpokoteapipipi genoemd. De vogel was vroeger een algemene soort in de oorspronkelijke wouden van het Noordereiland.

Kenmerken

De witkopmohoua is een kleine zangvogel van ongeveer 15 cm, waarbij het mannetje 18 gram en het vrouwtje 14 gram weegt. De vogel is overwegend vaalbruin. Bij het mannetje een helder witte kop heeft met ook een witte borst, terwijl het vrouwtje en de onvolwassen vogels daar ook bruinachtig zijn. De snavel en de ogen zijn zwart en de poten zijn blauwzwart.

De witkopmohoua speelt een belangrijke rol in de Maoricultuur. Zo werd de vogel beschouwd als een boodschapper tussen de mens en de goden.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

In 1840 toen de Europese kolonisatie goed op gang kwam, was de witkopmohoua een algemene vogel van de bossen op het Noordereiland en kleinere eilanden zoals Great Barriereiland, Little Barriereiland en Kapiti-eiland. Het verspreidingsgebied is daarna gereduceerd tot een zeer klein oppervlak door ontbossing en andere vormen van habitataantasting zoals de introductie van de hermelijn en ratten.

Status

Dankzij een actief natuurbeschermingsbeleid gaat het nu weer beter met de witkopmohoua. De vogel is bijvoorbeeld met succes opnieuw geïntroduceerd in natuurreservaten in de buurt van Auckland en Wellington. Verder bleek dat de vogel zich redelijk kon aanpassen in de aangeplante naaldbossen. De vogel is geen bedreigde soort.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Witkopmohoua: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De witkopmohoua (Mohoua albicilla) is een endemische zangvogel uit Nieuw-Zeeland. De vogel wordt in het Maori Pōpokoteapipipi genoemd. De vogel was vroeger een algemene soort in de oorspronkelijke wouden van het Noordereiland.

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Kvithovudmohua ( Norwegian )

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Kvithovudmohua (Mohoua albicilla), maori Pōpokotea, er ein liten sporvefuglNordøya på New Zealand med minkande populasjon og utbreiing. Han er ein av tre artar i den biologiske slekta Mohoua, ei slekt som er endemisk til New Zealand. Slekta er for tida klassifisert i familien plystrarar, Pachycephalidae, og dermed trudd å vere nærskyld typiske plystrarar i Australia. Kvithovudmohuaen er òg i same familien som dei uvanlege pitohuiar, ei slekt på Ny-Guinea der somme artar har alkaloide nervegifter i hud og fjører. Arten har ein spesiell plass i maorikulturen, og tidlegare blei levande fuglar fanga og brukt i fleire ulike typar seremonielle ritual.

Skildring

Kvithovudmohuaen er 15 cm i lengd, og veg 18,5 og 14,5 gram, hannar høvesvis hoer.[1] Fjørdrakta har bleikbrun overside, venger og hale. Hannar har nesten rein kvitfarge på hovud og underside, hoer og juvenile er meir skuggelagt brun i nakken og på krona, toppen av hovudet.[1][2] Det svarte nebbet og dei svarte auga står kontrast til det kvite hovudet, og føtene er blåleg svart i farga.

Habitat og distribusjon

Utbreingsområdet for denne arten har alltid vore avgrensa til Nordøya på New Zealand, medrekna fleire mindre øyar rundt Nordøya, inkludert Little Barrier Island, der han er den vanlegaste skogsfuglen,[3] Great Barrier Island og Kapiti Island.[4] Området har minka markert sidan 1800-talet på grunn av ei rekkje menneskelege påverknader, og utgjer i dag berre ein brøkdel av arealet for over 200 år sidan. Kvithovudmohuaer er generelt avgrensa til dei større habitata av eldre kratt og opphavleg skog som framleis finst på Nordøya, men arten har òg synt seg tilpassingsdyktig ved å etablere bestandar i ei rekkje plantasjar av innført furu, spesielt på det vulkanske platået på Nordøya.[1][2]

Kvithovudmohuaen og den nære slektningen, gulhovudmohua, har ingen overlappande utbreiing, den sistnemnde arten lever berre på Sørøya.

Økologi og åtferd

Når ein møter kvithovudmohuaer i feltet syner dei ofte flokkåtferd, og flokkane består generelt av små familiegrupper.[1]

Dietten av kvithovudmohuaer er primært insekt - dei er klassifisert som trelevande insektetarar.[5] Dei viktigaste byttedyra deira er edderkoppar, møll, sommarfugllarver og biller[1] som dei plukkar frå trestammar, blad og greiner i trekronene. Kvithovudmohuaer går sjeldan ned på skogbotnen for å beite.[2][4] Frukt av innfødde planter som māhoe er og del av dietten, og akkurat som gulhovudmohua vil dei ofte hengje opp ned frå greiner eller kvistar når dei et. Kvithovudmohuaer dannar ofte fleirartsflokkar for å fange insekt når salflikfuglar, parakittar (kākāriki) eller gråbrystbrillefuglar beitar.[1]

I motsetnad til gulhovudmohua, som hekkar berre i hòlrom i trestammar som er generelt høgt oppe i trekronene, byggjer kvithovudmohuaen eit meir konvensjonelt koppforma reir anten høgt i trekroner eller lågare ned i mindre tre eller i buskar, 1 til 15 meter over bakken.[1] Hoa legg mellom 2-4 egg, rugetida er vanlegvis rundt 18 dagar, etter det tar det ytterlegare 16-19 til ungane flyg, ungane blir mata av begge foreldra.[2] I november og desember vil ofte langhalekoel fungerer som ein reirparasitt på hekkande kvithovudmohuaer ved å skyve egga til kvithovudmohuaen ut av reiret og legge éit av sine eigne egg i staden.[6][7]

Truslar og vern

Ein har funne subfossil restar av kvithovudmohuaer over heile Nordøya[1] og arten var enno vidt utbreitt då den europeiske busetjinga på New Zealand tok til i 1840-åra.[1] Historisk har avskoging øydelagt store delar av habitatet for denne arten, men i dag er det største trugsmålet predasjon frå innførte pattedyrartar som rotter og røyskatt. Resultatet av trugsmålet blei lokal utrydding over delar av Nordøya, spesielt i dei nordlege regionane. Han forsvann frå Northland i 1870-åra og frå det utvida Auckland-området i 1880-åra.[1] Dei forsvann òg frå Great Barrier Island på 1950-talet.

Ein aktiv vernekampanje har medverka til at kvithovudmohuaer har blitt gjeninnført til naturområde i nærleiken av storbyane Auckland og Wellington. Gjeninnføring har òg gått føre seg i Waitakere Ranges, Hunua Ranges, Karori Wildlife Sanctuary og på Tiritiri Matangi Island i Haurakigolfen.[8]

Kjelder

Referansar

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 Barrie Heather og Hugh Robertson, The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (revised edition), Viking, 2005
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson og E.G. Turbott, The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand, Collins, 1979
  3. Gill,B.J. og G. Maclean, Ian, Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, volume 13:267-271
  4. 4,0 4,1 Chloe Talbot Kelly, Collins handguide to the Birds of New Zealand, Collins, 1982
  5. John Dawson og Rob Lucas, The Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest, Godwit, 2000
  6. F.C. Kinsky, C.J.R. Robertson, illustrated by Janet Marshall, Handbook of common birds of New Zealand, Reed Methuen, 1987
  7. Andrew Crowe, illustrated by David Gunson, Which New Zealand bird?, Penguin, 2001
  8. Reintroduction Specialist Group New Zealand Whitehead and Yellowhead Reintroductions Henta 12. desember 2012

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Kvithovudmohua: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Kvithovudmohua (Mohoua albicilla), maori Pōpokotea, er ein liten sporvefuglNordøya på New Zealand med minkande populasjon og utbreiing. Han er ein av tre artar i den biologiske slekta Mohoua, ei slekt som er endemisk til New Zealand. Slekta er for tida klassifisert i familien plystrarar, Pachycephalidae, og dermed trudd å vere nærskyld typiske plystrarar i Australia. Kvithovudmohuaen er òg i same familien som dei uvanlege pitohuiar, ei slekt på Ny-Guinea der somme artar har alkaloide nervegifter i hud og fjører. Arten har ein spesiell plass i maorikulturen, og tidlegare blei levande fuglar fanga og brukt i fleire ulike typar seremonielle ritual.

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Mohoua albicilla ( Portuguese )

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Mohoua albicilla, conhecido como pōpokotea, é uma espécie de pássaro da família Mohouidae endêmico da Nova Zelândia.[1]

Referências

  1. R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and E.G. Turbott, " The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand", Collins, 1979
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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Mohoua albicilla, conhecido como pōpokotea, é uma espécie de pássaro da família Mohouidae endêmico da Nova Zelândia.

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Vithuvad mohua ( Swedish )

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Vithuvad mohua[2] (Mohoua albicilla) är en fågel i familjen mohuer inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Fågeln förekommer i Nya Zeeland, på Little Barrier Island och Stora barriärrevet, södra Nordön och Kapiti Island.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1] Vissa behandlar den som underart till gulhuvad mohua (Mohoua ochrocephala).[4]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2016 Mohoua albicilla Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-11.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-02-01
  4. ^ Dickinson, E.C., J.V. Remsen Jr. & L. Christidis (Eds). 2013-2014. The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th. Edition, Vol. 1, 2, Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K.

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Vithuvad mohua: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Vithuvad mohua (Mohoua albicilla) är en fågel i familjen mohuer inom ordningen tättingar. Fågeln förekommer i Nya Zeeland, på Little Barrier Island och Stora barriärrevet, södra Nordön och Kapiti Island. IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig. Vissa behandlar den som underart till gulhuvad mohua (Mohoua ochrocephala).

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Mohoua albicilla ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Довжина птаха 15 см. Вага самців становить 18,5 г, самок — 14,5 г.[1] Верхня частина тіла, крила і хвіст самця світло-коричневі, голова і нижня частина білі, голова майже чисто біла — звідси назва. Самки і молоді птахи мають подібне забарвлення, але потилиця і верхівка коричневого кольору[2]. Дзьоб і очі чорні, ноги синьо-чорного кольору. Часто при небезпеці утворює невеликі зграї з декількох сімейних груп.

Поширення

Вид є ендемічним для Північного і декількох довколишніх островів Нової Зеландії, серед яких Літтл-Барр'єр, де це найпоширеніший лісовий птах[3], Грейт-Барріер і Капіті, вид.

Живлення

Живиться переважно дрібними комахами, що живуть на деревах — павуками, метеликами, гусеницями і жуками, яких вона збирає на пнях, листі і гілках у кроні дерев. Рідко птахів можна побачити на лісовій підстилці[4]. Свій раціон птахи доповнюють плодами рослин, таких як Melicytus ramiflorus і Myrsine. Як і Mohoua ochrocephala, ці птахи часто висять на гілках вниз головою.

Розмноження

Будує своє гніздо на висоті від 1 до 15 м над землею в кроні дерев чи розташованих глибше невеликих деревах і кущах. У кладці від 2 до 4 яєць. Висиджування триває приблизно 18 днів. Пташенят вигодовують обоє батьків. Пташенята стають самостійними через 16-19 днів. У листопаді і грудні довгохвостий коель (Eudynamys taitensis) часто є гніздовим паразитом птахів. Він викидає яйця з гнізда і відкладає в нього єдине яйце[5][6].

Примітки

  1. Barrie Heather and Hugh Robertson, «The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand» (revised edition), Viking 2005
  2. R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and E.G. Turbott, « The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand», Collins, 1979
  3. Gill, B.J. and G. Maclean, Ian, «Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand», New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, Band 13: S. 267—271
  4. Chloe Talbot Kelly,« Collins handguide to the Birds of New Zealand», Collins, 1982
  5. F. C. Kinsky, C. J. R. Robertson, illustrated by Janet Marshall, « Handbook of common birds of New Zealand», Reed Methuen, 1987
  6. Andrew Crowe, illustrated by David Gunson, "Which New Zealand bird?
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Mohoua albicilla ( Vietnamese )

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Mohoua albicilla là một loài chim trong họ Pachycephalidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Mohoua albicilla: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Mohoua albicilla là một loài chim trong họ Pachycephalidae.

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Белоголовая мохуа ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Инфраотряд: Corvida
Надсемейство: Corvoidea
Семейство: Мохуа
Род: Мохуа
Вид: Белоголовая мохуа
Международное научное название

Mohoua albicilla (Lesson, 1830)

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ITIS 561171NCBI 626427EOL 915900FW 372530

Белоголовая мохуа[1] (лат. Mohoua albicilla) — маленькая насекомоядная птица из семейства Mohouidae. Эндемик Новой Зеландии.

Описание

Белоголовая мохуа длиной 15 см. Вес самцов составляет 18,5 г, самок — 14,5 г.[2] Верхняя часть тела, крылья и хвост самца светло-коричневые, голова и нижняя часть белые, голова почти чисто белая — отсюда название. Самки и молодые птицы имеют схожую окраску, но затылок и макушка коричневого цвета[2][3]. Клюв и глаза чёрные, ноги сине-чёрного цвета. Белоголовая мохуа часто при опасности образует небольшие стаи из нескольких семейных групп.

Распространение

Белоголовая мохуа — эндемичный для Северного и нескольких близлежащих островов Новой Зеландии, среди которых Литтл-Барриер, где это самая частая лесная птица[4], Грейт-Барриер и Капити, вид[5].

Питание

Белоголовая мохуа питается преимущественно живущими на деревьях мелкими животными — пауками, бабочками, гусеницами и жуками[2], которых она собирает на пнях, листьях и ветках в кроне деревьев. Редко птиц можно увидеть на лесной подстилке[3][5]. Своё питание птицы дополняют плодами растений, таких как Melicytus ramiflorus и Myrsine. Как и желтоголовые мохуа они часто висят на ветвях вниз головой.

Размножение

Белоголовая мохуа строит своё гнездо на высоте от 1 до 15 м над землёй в кроне деревьев или расположенных глубже небольших деревьях и кустах[2]. В кладке от 2 до 4 яиц. Высиживание длится примерно 18 дней. Птенцов кормят оба родителя. Птенцы становятся самостоятельными через 16—19 дней[3]. В ноябре и декабре длиннохвостый коэль (Eudynamys taitensis) часто является гнездовым паразитом птиц. Он выбрасывает яйца из гнезда и откладывает в него единственное яйцо[6][7].

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 349. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Barrie Heather and Hugh Robertson, «The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand» (revised edition), Viking 2005
  3. 1 2 3 R.A Falla, R.B. Sibson and E.G. Turbott, « The new guide to the Birds of New Zealand», Collins, 1979
  4. Gill,B.J. and G. Maclean, Ian, «Morphometrics of the whitehead Mohoua albicilla on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand», New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1986, Band 13: S. 267—271
  5. 1 2 Chloe Talbot Kelly,« Collins handguide to the Birds of New Zealand», Collins, 1982
  6. F. C. Kinsky, C. J. R. Robertson, illustrated by Janet Marshall, « Handbook of common birds of New Zealand», Reed Methuen, 1987
  7. Andrew Crowe, illustrated by David Gunson, «Which New Zealand bird?», Penguin, 2001
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Белоголовая мохуа: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Белоголовая мохуа (лат. Mohoua albicilla) — маленькая насекомоядная птица из семейства Mohouidae. Эндемик Новой Зеландии.

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