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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 11.7 years (wild)
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Life Expectancy

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The longest known lifespan in the wild is 11 years, 8 months.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
140 (high) months.

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Mary Roth, Florida State University
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Emily DuVal, Florida State University
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Trophic Strategy

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During the breeding season, Harris's sparrows eat seeds, fruits, arthropods, and conifer needles. During winter and migrations, they limit their diet to seeds and fruit. In general, they are ground feeders and will kick at nearby vegetation with their feet until the seed or fruit falls down to ground level.

Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Behavior

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The males sing from exposed perches in their respective territories. Males sing 1 to 3 song types, and their song is not directed solely at females; the males also use song to communicate with each other across territories.

The extent of black "bib" coloration on the throat and breast of male Harris's sparrows communicates rank. Males with larger bibs, regardless of age, are often perceived as higher ranked than males with smaller bibs.

Harris's sparrows perceive their habitat through visual, tactile, auditory and chemical stimuli.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Distribution

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Harris's sparrows (Zonotrichia querula) have wide, but distinct breeding and non-breeding ranges. The breeding range includes north central Canada, the forest-tundra zones of Ontario, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories. Harris's sparrows follow a fall and spring migration path linking northern Canada and the central United States plain states. During the winter/non-breeding season they range from South Dakota to Texas, usually staying within the central plain states, but occasionally groups wander as far as Florida, Ontario, or California. There are no reported Harris sparrows outside of North America.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Habitat

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In the breeding season, Harris's sparrows occupy mixed forest-tundra zones in northern Canada. They seek out shrubby vegetation to shelter their ground scrape nests. Harris's sparrows overwinter in the southern central United States. They are often found feeding in agricultural fields, pastures or scrubby hedgerows.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; polar ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Morphology

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Harris's sparrows are the largest sparrow in North America at 19 cm in length. Average mass is 36.4 g with an average wingspan of 26.7 cm. They have a pink bill and a black crown, face and bib that varies by season and age. Harris's sparrows in non-breeding plumage are brown overall with buffy cheeks, black throats (occasionally with a narrow white band), and white bellies. Breeding sparrows have extensive black patches on crown and throat, with gray cheeks. Juveniles look similar to non-breeding adults, but have a white throat with a dark malar stripe and a dark breast band. All ages and plumages feature a postocular patch that can be brown or black in color.

Average mass: 36.4 g.

Average length: 19 cm.

Average wingspan: 26.7 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Associations

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Known predators include arctic ground squirrels and short tailed weasels which are most prevalent during the breeding season. Since nests are on the ground, Harris's sparrows provide an easy target for these terrestrial predators. Otherwise, northern shrikes and merlins are their main predators.

As an anti-predator adaptation, Harris's sparrows fly up into trees when startled by humans. They duck down to the ground when threatened by other birds. They also produce alarm calls when threatened to alert others.

Known Predators:

  • Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii)
  • Short tailed weasels (Mustela erminea)
  • Northern shrikes (Lanius excubitor)
  • Merlins (Falco columbarius)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Conservation Status

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Harris's sparrows are of least concern as their numbers have remained steady. This can likely be attributed to the extreme isolation of their northern breeding grounds where the threat of human disturbance is low. Overwintering habitats are suffering from human development, however the birds have recently become frequent feeder visitors and find adequate food resources to support the population.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of Harris's sparrows on humans.

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Benefits

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No positive economic importance is known for Harris's sparrows.

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Associations

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Harris's sparrows are used as a host by nasal mites Ptilonyssus morofskyi and Ptilonyssus sairae. Several species of feather lice Ricinus hastatus, Ricinus fringillae, Philopterus subflavescens, and Ceratophylus garei are also prevalent. As they are largely seed-eaters, Harris's sparrows are likely an important seed dispersant.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Nasal mites Ptilonyssus morofskyi
  • Nasal mites Ptilonyssus sairae
  • Feather lice Ricinus hastatus
  • Feather lice Ricinus fringillae
  • Feather lice Philopterus subflavescens
  • Feather lice Ceratophylus garei
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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Reproduction

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Both sexes arrive at breeding sites at the same time following migration and males establish territories shortly upon arrival. Pairs form within 7 days, and nest building (on the ground, usually under or near shrubby vegetation) begins in mid June. Harris's sparrows are a monogamous species, but length of pair bond is currently unknown. Some research has shown slight site fidelity, with males more likely to return than females and both are more likely to return to a successful breeding site. It is unknown whether successful breeding pairs reunite in subsequent years.

Mating System: monogamous

Harris's sparrows breed from late May or early June until August. They begin laying their eggs 14 days after arrival to the breeding site. They lay 3 to 5 (4 to 5 average) eggs per clutch, and one clutch per season. The eggs take 13 to 14 days to hatch and chicks are born weighing about 3.1 g. Chicks fledge after 8.5 to 10 days and they reach independence after two more weeks.

Breeding interval: Harris's sparrows have 1 brood per year.

Breeding season: Harris's sparrows breed from late May or early June to August.

Range eggs per season: 3 to 5.

Average eggs per season: 4-5.

Range time to hatching: 13 to 14 days.

Average time to independence: 2 weeks.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Nests are built either out in the open or under low shrubbery with minimal insulation, so to keep the egg temperatures in optimum range the female spends long stretches sitting on the nest. Females incubate eggs for about 80% of the day, increasing or decreasing in response to ambient temperature. Both parents feed the nestlings, though first-year breeding males take longer than second-year breeding males to initiate this behavior. Offspring are dependent on their parents for two weeks post fledging.

Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Roth, M. 2011. "Zonotrichia querula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Zonotrichia_querula.html
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Zonotrichia querula ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Zonotrichia querula,[2] tamién conocíu como sabaneru de Harris,[3] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Emberizidae. Reproduzse nel norte de Canadá (principalmente nos Territorios del Noroeste y Nunavut, estendiéndose llevemente al norte Manitoba y Saskatchewan). Mientres l'iviernu migra a los estaos de les Grandes Llanures n'Estaos Xuníos, dende Dakota del Sur hasta Texas. El nome común d'esta especie conmemora l'ornitólogu aficionáu estauxunidense Edward Harris (1799–1863).

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Zonotrichia querula» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2014.2. Consultáu'l 15 de setiembre de 2014.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2012). «Nomes en castellanu de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Decimosexta parte: Orde Passeriformes, Families Thraupidae a Icteridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 59 (1): pp. 157-166. ISSN 0570-7358. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/06/Vol_59_1.pdf.
  3. «Chingolo de Harris (Zonotrichia querula) (Nuttall, 1840)». avibase. Consultáu'l 15 de setiembre de 2014.

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Zonotrichia querula: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Zonotrichia querula Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Zonotrichia querula, tamién conocíu como sabaneru de Harris, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Emberizidae. Reproduzse nel norte de Canadá (principalmente nos Territorios del Noroeste y Nunavut, estendiéndose llevemente al norte Manitoba y Saskatchewan). Mientres l'iviernu migra a los estaos de les Grandes Llanures n'Estaos Xuníos, dende Dakota del Sur hasta Texas. El nome común d'esta especie conmemora l'ornitólogu aficionáu estauxunidense Edward Harris (1799–1863).

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Zonotrichia querula ( Breton )

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Zonotrichia querula[1] a zo ur spesad golvaneged bras eus ar c'herentiad Passerellidae.

Anvet e voe Fringilla querula (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1840) gant al loenoniour saoz Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859).

Doareoù pennañ

 src=
Zonotrichia querula,
tresadenn gant Hines (1979).


Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar zivellkeineged peurvuiañ ha diwar frouezh, greun ha had e-pad ar goañv[2].

Annez

Kavout a reer ar spesad e Norzhamerika, e hanternoz-kreiz ha kreiz Kanada[3].

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù



Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

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Zonotrichia querula: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Zonotrichia querula a zo ur spesad golvaneged bras eus ar c'herentiad Passerellidae.

Anvet e voe Fringilla querula (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1840) gant al loenoniour saoz Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859).

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Pardal de Harris ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El pardal de Harris (Zonotrichia querula) és un ocell de la família dels emberízids (Emberizidae) que habita zones amb arbusts i petits arbres a Nord-amèrica septentrional, criant al nord de Canadà i passant l'hivern a la zona central dels Estats Units.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Pardal de Harris Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Pardal de Harris: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El pardal de Harris (Zonotrichia querula) és un ocell de la família dels emberízids (Emberizidae) que habita zones amb arbusts i petits arbres a Nord-amèrica septentrional, criant al nord de Canadà i passant l'hivern a la zona central dels Estats Units.

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Bras Harris ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras Harris (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision Harris) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Zonotrichia querela; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Harris’ sparrow. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn Z. querela, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r bras Harris yn perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Bras Brewer Spizella breweri Bras coed Spizella arborea
Spizella-arborea-002 edit2.jpg
Bras llwydaidd Spizella pallida
Spizella pallida4 edit.jpg
Bras meysydd Spizella pusilla
FieldSparrow23.jpg
Bras Pigddu Spizella passerina
Spizella-passerina-015 edit.jpg
Bras Worthen Spizella wortheni Bras yr Eira Plectrophenax nivalis
Plectrophenax nivalis1.jpg
Cardinal cribgoch Paroaria coronata
Bird Dario Niz (5).jpg
Cardinal pigfelyn Paroaria capitata
Yellow-billed cardinal (Paroaria capitata).JPG
Pila mynydd penddu Phrygilus atriceps
Phrygilus atriceps -Bolivia-8.jpg
Pila mynydd penllwyd Phrygilus gayi
Phrygilus gayi.jpg
Pila mynydd Periw Phrygilus punensis
Phrygilus punensis -near Cusco, Peru-8.jpg
Pila telorus bronwinau Poospiza thoracica
Poospiza thoracica Bay-chested Warbling-finch.jpg
Pila telorus llygatddu’r Dwyrain Poospiza nigrorufa
Poospiza nigrorufa siete vestidos (2).jpg
Pila telorus tingoch Poospiza lateralis
Microspingus (Poospiza) lateralis - Buff-throated warbling-finch; Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Bras Harris: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras Harris (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision Harris) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Zonotrichia querela; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Harris’ sparrow. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn Z. querela, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Harris-Ammer ( German )

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Die Harris-Ammer (Zonotrichia querula) ist eine monotypische Singvogelart aus der Familie der Neuweltammern. Sie kommt nur im Norden Nordamerikas vor. Sie ist die größte Art unter den nearktischen Zonotrichia-Arten.[1] Die IUCN stuft sie als LC IUCN 3 1.svg (=least concern – nicht gefährdet) ein.

Erscheinungsbild

Die Harris-Ammer erreicht eine Körpergröße von 16 bis 19 Zentimetern. Die Flügelspannweite beträgt 23 bis 26 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht variiert zwischen 35 und 45 Gramm.[2]

Adulte Harris-Ammern haben eine schwarze Gesichtsmaske, die sich von der Kehle über das Gesicht bis zum Oberkopf erstreckt und auch über das Auge verläuft. Bei einigen Individuen verläuft ein dunkler Augenstreif vom Auge halbmondförmig zum Nacken, so dass sie den graubraunen Ohrfleck umrahmen. Bei den meisten Individuen ist dieser Streifen jedoch nicht vorhanden oder kaum zu erkennen. Der übrige Kopf ist grau, der Nacken ist braun. Der Schnabel ist rosa, die Iris ist braun. Ein dünnes schwarzes Halsband trennt den Kopf von der weißen Körperunterseite. Ein unscharf abgesetzter schwarzer Latz reicht über das Halsband bis auf die Vorderbrust. Der Rumpf ist graubraun, der Mantel ist braun mit einer dunklen braunen Strichelung. Die Füße und Beine sind blass rosabraun.

Nichtbrütende Vögel behalten die schwarze Gesichtsmaske, der Rest des Kopfes ist aber blass kastanienfarben. Jungvögel haben einen einfachen braunen Kopf. Die Stirn und die Oberscheitel sind dunkel gestrichelt, die Kehle ist weiß mit einer schwarzen Strichelung. Die Körperunterseite ist weiß oder blass rötlichbraun mit kleinen braunen Flecken.

Verbreitungsgebiet

Die Harris-Ammer brütet in einem Gebiet, das vom Delta des Mackenzie Rivers bis in den Südwesten der Hudson Bay reicht. Als Lebensraum bevorzugt die Harris-Ammer Waldränder, sie wird aber häufig auch weiter nördlich in der Tundra in dicht bewachsenen Flusstälern beobachtet.

Sie ist ein Zugvogel, der im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten überwintert.

Lebensweise

Die Harris-Ammer ist ein Allesfresser. Zu ihrem Nahrungsspektrum gehören Früchte und Samen, die Nadeln von Nadelbäumen und Arthropoden. Im Winterhalbjahr bildet sie häufig große Schwärme. In der Fortpflanzungszeit verteidigen die Männchen dagegen ein Brutrevier. Harris-Ammern gehen nach jetzigem Wissensstand eine monogame Saisonehe ein.[3]

Harris-Ammern sind Bodenbrüter, das Nest ist nicht mehr als eine flach gescharrte Mulde, die mit etwas Moos und Flechten ausgelegt wird. Das Gelege besteht aus drei bis vier Eiern. Diese haben eine blasse bis dunkle grüne Farbe und weisen braune Flecken auf. Die Brutzeit beträgt zwölf bis 14 Tage. Es brütet allein der weibliche Elternvogel. Die Nestlinge sind nach acht bis zehn Tagen flügge.

Belege

Literatur

  • Richard Sale: A Complete Guide to Arctic Wildlife. Verlag Christopher Helm, London 2006, ISBN 0-7136-7039-8 .

Einzelbelege

  1. Sale, S. 323.
  2. Sale, S. 324.
  3. Sale, S. 324.

Weblinks

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Harris-Ammer: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Harris-Ammer (Zonotrichia querula) ist eine monotypische Singvogelart aus der Familie der Neuweltammern. Sie kommt nur im Norden Nordamerikas vor. Sie ist die größte Art unter den nearktischen Zonotrichia-Arten. Die IUCN stuft sie als LC IUCN 3 1.svg (=least concern – nicht gefährdet) ein.

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Harris's sparrow

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The immature Harris's sparrow has a brown striped head as opposed to the black striped head of the mature breeding bird. Note the orange bill.

Harris's sparrow (Zonotrichia querula) is a large sparrow. Their breeding habitat is the north part of central Canada (primarily the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, ranging slightly into northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan), making it Canada's only endemic breeding bird. In the winter they migrate to the Great Plains states of the United States, from southern South Dakota to central Texas. The common name of this species commemorates the American amateur ornithologist Edward Harris (1799–1863).

Description

This species is the largest of the sparrows in the family Passerellidae, though other superficially dissimilar species in the family may slightly exceed them in size. They range in total length from 17 to 20 cm (6.7 to 7.9 in), with a 27 cm (11 in) wingspan and weigh from 26 to 49 g (0.92 to 1.73 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 7.7 to 9.2 cm (3.0 to 3.6 in), the tail is 7.6 to 8.8 cm (3.0 to 3.5 in), the bill is 1.1 to 1.4 cm (0.43 to 0.55 in) and the tarsus is 2.2 to 2.5 cm (0.87 to 0.98 in).

This is a very distinctive looking species. Breeding plumage birds have conspicuous pink bills and black on the crown, face, throat and upper breast, contrasting with grey on the sides of the head and neck. The back is brown, overlaid with heavy black streaking. There are two white wing bars. Breeding birds have white lower underparts with some black mottling on flanks. Non-breeding adults are more buffy than grey and brown, with reduced or absent black markings and often have whitish scalloping on the head and throat. Immatures have less black than all adult plumages, normally marked with a white chin and throat, a black malar stripe and a broad smudgy black breast-band. Juveniles have a brownish crown streaked with black and fine dark streaks and some broader black markings on the underside. Birds moult from July to September. Confusion of wintering birds is possible with the winter Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) but that species is much shorter-tailed with white outer rectrices, has rich rufous in greater coverts, and is strictly terrestrial on open ground.

The song of the Harris's sparrow is usually delivered from a high perch. The song consists of a series of one or more clear high wavering whistles followed by another series in higher or lower pitch. They have also been known to call out a strong, metallic chink, as well as some variable musical twittering.

Habitat

The Harris's sparrow breeds in stunted coniferous forests and adjacent scrubs, especially areas of the grand boreal forests where stands of spruce abut mossy bogs. They often nest near the northern limit of tree growth in the forest-tundra ecotone. Typical plant life in the breeding grounds consist of white and black spruce (Picea glauca and P. mariana) and American larch (Larix laricina), dwarf birch-willow, and wet sedge meadow and shrubby tundra with dwarf ericad/lichen plant life.[2] The species migrates mainly through tallgrass prairies to winter in open woodlands, woodland edges and clearings, hedgerows, dense riparian thickets and around brush piles. The Harris's sparrow regularly occurs at feeders in suburban and rural gardens during the wintertime. They typically avoid dry shortgrass prairies and dense woods during winter. Migrating sparrows may be attracted to marsh elder (Iva annua) and giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida).[3]

Behaviour

Harris's Sparrow
Harris's Sparrow near Denton, Nebraska. October 2017.

Migration

Spring migration commences around late February with birds arriving on breeding grounds by May. Sparrows arrive on their wintering grounds as early as late October, though mostly during November and early December. Records from Banff National Park suggest Harris's sparrows use mountain valleys as migration routes.[4] Apparently, fall migration is less strict than spring migration as Harris's sparrows regularly wander about prairie provinces in Canada until harsh weather forces them south.[5]

Feeding ecology

The Harris's sparrow generally feeds on the ground, scratching vigorously in the leaves and soil for food. Observed foraging during nesting was 85% ground-gleaning.[6] During the breeding season individuals typically forage alone or with a mate. Primary in the diet (66% of stomach contents of breeding birds) are seeds, largely of Carex sedges, grasses and Scirpus bulrush.[7] Also important in the breeding season diet are fruits, largely black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), mountain bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina) and various Vaccinium species. Pine needles, flower buds and blossoms are eaten supplementally. Larval invertebrates are important from June to September in the diet, as available prey becomes more common at this point.[6] The principal preferred animal prey includes beetles, flies, bees, ants, moths, butterflies, spiders, cicadas, aphids and leafhoppers.[7] The diet of wintering Harris's sparrow is less well-known and has not been quantitatively studied.

Sociality

Males of this species often group together to sing at dusk. In winter flocks, Harris's sparrows maintain linear dominance hierarchies that determine access to food and roost sites. The most dominant birds are the oldest males which usually also have the largest bibs. "Jump fights" between males occasionally occur, consisting of birds facing off, then leaping at each other, pecking, clawing and beating each other with wings. Testosterone alone does not affect the dominance status of winter birds. If first winter birds have their feathers dyed black, creating an artificially large bib, they rise in the dominance hierarchy past females and other young males.[8] It is usually found in flocks up to several dozen in winter, individuals regularly wandering outside of the "normal" range and turning up in flocks of other sparrow species.

Reproduction

Breeding pairs establish a territory of about 2 ha (4.9 acres).[9] Nests are usually constructed in early to mid-June. Eggs are usually laid by late June to July, depending on when snow in their habitat completely melts.[10] In this species, nests are placed in a well-hidden spot on the ground underneath a thick bush or small conifer or in mossy depression in thick grass clumps. Both parents build a cup nest out of twigs, grass, moss and lichens and line it with fine grasses. From three to five eggs are laid, being variably greenish or greyish in colour with differing degrees of small reddish-brown spot. Eggs average 22.2 mm × 16.5 mm (0.87 in × 0.65 in) in size and weigh approximately 3.3 g (0.12 oz).[6] The incubation stage lasts for approximately 13.5 days. The chicks weigh about 3.1 g (0.11 oz) upon hatching. The young will fledge in about 8 to 10 days, from July 4 to July 13. About 3 weeks after fledging, the young become independent of their parents.[11] Second clutches may be laid if the first is destroyed, usually prolonging the brooding period a further three days for the parent sparrows.[11] The species is arguably the least studied North American sparrow due to its isolated nesting territory. The first nest ever found was discovered 1931 in Churchill, Manitoba by ornithologist George M. Sutton, 91 years after the species was initially described.[12]

Longevity and mortality

The Harris's sparrow has lived for up to 11 years and 8 months in the wild. Predators on the nest can including varied terrestrial mammals, including Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) and stoats (Mustela erminea).[13] Harris's sparrows provide an easy target for these predators due to the location of their nests on the ground. Canada jays (Perisoreus canadensis), northern shrikes (Lanius excubitor) and merlins (Falco columbarius) can be a serious predators at the nest (including both nestlings and adults).[6] Shrikes, sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) are known predators of wintering Harris's sparrows.[5] As an anti-predator adaptation, Harris's sparrows fly up into trees when startled by other animals, usually issuing an alarm call in the process (weenk). They duck down to the ground when threatened by other birds. They also produce alarm calls when threatened to alert others.[6]

Conservation status

This species is classified as being of near threatened by the IUCN.[1] The total breeding population is estimated at about 2 million individuals.[12] However, the species came to be included on the "Audubon Watchlist" because there appears to have been a decline in the number of birds observed in annual Christmas Bird Counts across North America. The species is fairly adaptable in wintering habitat and feeding opportunities and its habitat is isolated enough to be out of reach for heavy human development, which makes the recent declines something of a mystery.[14] The species breeds on the northern edge of boreal forests and it is possible that habitat change in their breeding range is affecting this sparrow. The boreal forest, beyond heavy logging, has been adversely affected by increased wildfire and declining soil quality, both of which are likely correlated to global climate change.[15][16]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Zonotrichia querula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22721082A179974375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721082A179974375.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Timoney, K. P., G. H. La Roi, S. C. Zoltai, and A. L. Robinson. 1992. The high subarctic forest-tundra of northwestern Canada: position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate. Arctic 45:1-9.
  3. ^ Swenk, M. H. and O. A. Stevens. 1929. The Harris's Sparrow and the study of it by trapping. Wilson Bulletin 41:129-177.
  4. ^ Salt, Jim R. 1998. Some bird records from Jasper National Park. Alberta Naturalist 28(4):73-74.
  5. ^ a b Baumgartner, A. M. 1968. Harris's Sparrow. Pages 1249-1273 in Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows, and their allies, part 3. Vol. 237 (Austin, Jr., O. L., Ed.) U.S. National Museum Bulletin
  6. ^ a b c d e Norment, C. J. 1992a. The comparative breeding ecology of the Harris's Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula) and White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Phd Thesis. University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  7. ^ a b Semple, J. B. and G. M. Sutton. 1932. Nesting of Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia querula at Churchill, Manitoba. Auk 49:166-183.
  8. ^ Rohwer, S. and J. C. Wingfield. 1981. A field study of social dominance, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and steroid hormones in wintering Harris's Sparrows. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 57(2):173-183.
  9. ^ Norment, C. J. & S. A. Shackleton. 1993. "Harris' Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula)". In Birds of North America, No. 64 (A. Poole & F. Gill, eds.) Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
  10. ^ Rees, W. R. 1973. Comparative ecology of three sympatric species of Zonotrichia PhD Thesis. University of Toronto, Toronto.
  11. ^ a b Norment, C. 2003. Patterns of Nestling feeding in Harris’s Sparrows, Zonorichia querula and White-crowned Sparrows, Z. leucophyrs, in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 117: 203-208.
  12. ^ a b Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  13. ^ Norment, C. J. 1992b. Comparative breeding biology of Harris's Sparrows (Zonotrichia querula) and Gambel's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Condor 94:955-975.
  14. ^ "Audubon Watchlist - Harris's Sparrow". Audubon. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  15. ^ Kasischke, E. S., Christensen Jr, N. L., & Stocks, B. J. (1995). Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests. Ecological Applications, 437-451.
  16. ^ Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C., Harden, J. W., Trumbore, S. E., Crill, P. M., Gower, S. T., ... & Munger, J. W. (1998). Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science, 279(5348), 214-217.
  • Sparrows and Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World by Clive Byers & Urban Olsson. Houghton Mifflin (1995). ISBN 978-0395738733.
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Harris's sparrow: Brief Summary

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The immature Harris's sparrow has a brown striped head as opposed to the black striped head of the mature breeding bird. Note the orange bill.

Harris's sparrow (Zonotrichia querula) is a large sparrow. Their breeding habitat is the north part of central Canada (primarily the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, ranging slightly into northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan), making it Canada's only endemic breeding bird. In the winter they migrate to the Great Plains states of the United States, from southern South Dakota to central Texas. The common name of this species commemorates the American amateur ornithologist Edward Harris (1799–1863).

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Nigravizaĝa emberizo ( Esperanto )

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La Nigravizaĝa emberizo, Nigravizaĝa zonotriĥoNigravizaĝa plumzonulo, Zonotrichia querula, estas mezgranda birdospecio membro de la grupo de Amerikaj paseroj indiĝena de Nordameriko kaj membro de la genro de zonotriĥoj, kiu enhavas speciojn de brunstriecaj dorsoj kaj distingaj kapobildoj.

Ties reprodukta habitato estas la norda parto de centra Kanado (ĉefe la Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj kaj Nunavuto, kun teritorioj iome al norda Manitobo kaj Saskaĉevano). Fakte tiu birdospecio estas la ununura kanada endemia reproduktanto. Vintre ili migras al la usonaj subŝtatoj de la Nordamerikaj Grandaj Ebenaĵoj, el malsupra Suda Dakoto al supra Teksaso.

La plej rimarkinda karaktero de tiu specio diference de la samgenranoj estas nigra kapozono kiu nomigas ĝin laŭ la komuna nomo kiu konsistas el nigraj krono, ampleksa bridareo, gorĝareo kaj disiĝe al supra brusto kiel horizontala strio plu brustocentra makulo. La resto de la kapo estas helgriza (al sablokolora) kun iomete pli malhelgriza orelareo kun pli markata malantaŭa bordo preskaŭ nigreca. La fortika beko kaj la kruroj estas rozkoloraj. La supra dorso montras nigrecan vertikalan striecon super helbruna al helgriza fono kiu pluas al suba dorso kaj pugo senstriaj; la vosto estas iomete pli malhela. La subaj partoj estas helgrizaj kun nigreca strieco en brustaj flankoj. La okulirisoj estas brunaj.

La komuna nomo de tiu specio en la angla nome Harris's Sparrow rememoras la usonan amatoran ornitologon nome Edward Harris (1799–1863).

Referencoj

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Nigravizaĝa emberizo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Nigravizaĝa emberizo, Nigravizaĝa zonotriĥoNigravizaĝa plumzonulo, Zonotrichia querula, estas mezgranda birdospecio membro de la grupo de Amerikaj paseroj indiĝena de Nordameriko kaj membro de la genro de zonotriĥoj, kiu enhavas speciojn de brunstriecaj dorsoj kaj distingaj kapobildoj.

Ties reprodukta habitato estas la norda parto de centra Kanado (ĉefe la Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj kaj Nunavuto, kun teritorioj iome al norda Manitobo kaj Saskaĉevano). Fakte tiu birdospecio estas la ununura kanada endemia reproduktanto. Vintre ili migras al la usonaj subŝtatoj de la Nordamerikaj Grandaj Ebenaĵoj, el malsupra Suda Dakoto al supra Teksaso.

La plej rimarkinda karaktero de tiu specio diference de la samgenranoj estas nigra kapozono kiu nomigas ĝin laŭ la komuna nomo kiu konsistas el nigraj krono, ampleksa bridareo, gorĝareo kaj disiĝe al supra brusto kiel horizontala strio plu brustocentra makulo. La resto de la kapo estas helgriza (al sablokolora) kun iomete pli malhelgriza orelareo kun pli markata malantaŭa bordo preskaŭ nigreca. La fortika beko kaj la kruroj estas rozkoloraj. La supra dorso montras nigrecan vertikalan striecon super helbruna al helgriza fono kiu pluas al suba dorso kaj pugo senstriaj; la vosto estas iomete pli malhela. La subaj partoj estas helgrizaj kun nigreca strieco en brustaj flankoj. La okulirisoj estas brunaj.

La komuna nomo de tiu specio en la angla nome Harris's Sparrow rememoras la usonan amatoran ornitologon nome Edward Harris (1799–1863).

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Zonotrichia querula ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El chingolo de Harris (Zonotrichia querula),[2]​ también conocido como sabanero de Harris,[3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Emberizidae. Se reproduce en el norte de Canadá (principalmente en los Territorios del Noroeste y Nunavut, extendiéndose levemente al norte Manitoba y Saskatchewan). Durante el invierno migra a los estados de las Grandes Llanuras en Estados Unidos, desde Dakota del Sur hasta Texas. El nombre común de esta especie conmemora el ornitólogo aficionado estadounidense Edward Harris (1799–1863).

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Zonotrichia querula». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 15 de septiembre de 2014.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2012). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimosexta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Thraupidae a Icteridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 59 (1): 157-166. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 15 de septiembre de 2014.
  3. «Chingolo de Harris (Zonotrichia querula) (Nuttall, 1840)». avibase. Consultado el 15 de septiembre de 2014.

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Zonotrichia querula: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El chingolo de Harris (Zonotrichia querula),​ también conocido como sabanero de Harris,​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Emberizidae. Se reproduce en el norte de Canadá (principalmente en los Territorios del Noroeste y Nunavut, extendiéndose levemente al norte Manitoba y Saskatchewan). Durante el invierno migra a los estados de las Grandes Llanuras en Estados Unidos, desde Dakota del Sur hasta Texas. El nombre común de esta especie conmemora el ornitólogo aficionado estadounidense Edward Harris (1799–1863).

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Zonotrichia querula ( Basque )

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Zonotrichia querula Zonotrichia generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Emberizidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Zonotrichia querula: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Zonotrichia querula Zonotrichia generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Emberizidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Bruant à face noire ( French )

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Zonotrichia querula

Le Bruant à face noire (Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall, 1840)) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Passerellidae.

Répartition

Zonotrichia querulaFVF14CB.jpg

Cet oiseau niche dans le Nord du Canada et hiverne aux États-Unis.

 src=
Carte de répartition
  • Aire de nidification
  • Voie migratoire
  • Aire d'hivernage

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Bruant à face noire: Brief Summary ( French )

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Zonotrichia querula

Le Bruant à face noire (Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall, 1840)) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Passerellidae.

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Zwartkruingors ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De zwartkruingors (Zonotrichia querula) is een zangvogel uit de familie Emberizidae (gorzen).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in het noordelijke deel van Centraal-Canada en overwintert in de zuidelijke Verenigde Staten.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Zwartkruingors: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zwartkruingors (Zonotrichia querula) is een zangvogel uit de familie Emberizidae (gorzen).

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Kanadasparv ( Swedish )

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Kanadasparv[2] (Zonotrichia querula) är en fågel i familjen amerikanska sparvar inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Fågeln häckar i norra och centrala Kanada och flyttar till södra USA.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som nära hotad.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2018 Zonotrichia querula . Från: IUCN 2018. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-2. Läst 2019-03-01.
  2. ^ BirdLife Sverige (2019) Officiella listan över svenska namn på alla världens fågelarter
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2017) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2017 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2017-08-11

Externa länkar

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Kanadasparv: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Kanadasparv (Zonotrichia querula) är en fågel i familjen amerikanska sparvar inom ordningen tättingar. Fågeln häckar i norra och centrala Kanada och flyttar till södra USA. IUCN kategoriserar arten som nära hotad.

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Zonotrichia querula ( Vietnamese )

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Zonotrichia querula là một loài chim trong họ Emberizidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Zonotrichia querula: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Zonotrichia querula là một loài chim trong họ Emberizidae.

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カオグロシトド ( Japanese )

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カオグロシトド カオグロシトド 保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : ホオジロ科 Emberizidae : ミヤマシトド属 Zonotrichia : カオグロシトド Z. querula 学名 Zonotrichia querula
(Nuttall, 1840) 和名 カオグロシトド 英名 Harris's Sparrow

カオグロシトド (学名:Zonotrichia querula)は、スズメ目ホオジロ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
ホオジロ亜科 Emberizinae
ホオジロ族 Emberizini

脚注[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、カオグロシトドに関連するメディアがあります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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カオグロシトド: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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カオグロシトド (学名:Zonotrichia querula)は、スズメ目ホオジロ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

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