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Biology

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Sanford's brown lemurs live in multimale-multifemale groups, generally numbering between four and seven in rainforest areas, but as large as 15 in dry forest regions. Breeding is seasonal with singleinfants generally born in September or early October after a gestation period of approximately 120 days. Brown lemurs reach sexual maturity between one and three years, and the lifespan in the wild is believed to range between 20 and 25 years (2) (5). This species is cathemeral, meaning it is active at varying times throughout the day and night. Fruit forms the bulk of this lemur's diet, although mature leaves, flowers, bark, sap, soil, insects, centipedes and millipedes will also be eaten (2) (6).
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Conservation

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Sanford's brown lemur occurs in three protected areas and a fourth, the forests of Daraina, soon to be officially declared a protected area (3). However, poaching and brush fires are fairly common events in many of Madagascar's nature reserves, and protection needs to be increased. Only a handful of captive bred populations of this lemur exist around the world (5). The fate of this lemur will most probably be determined by the future of its forest habitat, which needs to be better preserved if the survival of this species is to be safeguarded.
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Description

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This medium-sized lemur has a horizontal posture, which is suited to its predominantly quadrupedal mode of movement (2). These lemurs are also capable of leaping considerable distances, their long furry tails assisting them in maintaining their balance (5). Both sexes are dark brown, with a lighter underside and darker areas at the end of the tail. However, females are a reddish-brown while males are more grey-brown in colour (2) (5). The most distinctive difference is the existence of a pronounced creamy-grey beard and prominent ear tufts in the male, that are lacking in the female, which give the male a 'maned' appearance. The male's nose bridge and snout are black, while the female's face and head are completely grey (2).
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Habitat

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Found in tropical dry and moist lowland forest, and montane forest (3). Sanford's brown lemurs are arboreal and spend most of their time in the upper layers of the forest (5) (6).
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Range

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Restricted to the far north of Madagascar (2).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU B1+2bc) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1), although classified here as a subspecies (Eulemur fulvus sanfordi) of the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus), which is listed under Appendix I of CITES (4). Recent scientific thought is that Sanford's brown lemur should be elevated to species status, as Eulmur sanfordi (3).
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Threats

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Habitat destruction remains the primary threat to this lemur, largely as a result of the explosive growth in the human population on Madagascar (2) (5). Having such a small and restricted range accentuates this problem. Hunting and trapping for food or the pet trade also constitute a significant threat to Sanford's brown lemur (2).
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Eulemur sanfordi ( Breton )

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Eulemur sanfordi[1] a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad al Lemuridae.

Gwechall e veze sellet outañ evel un isspesad (Eulemur fulvus sanfordi) eus Eulemur fulvus.

Dougen a ra anv ar surjian stadunanat Leonard Cutler Sanford (1868-1950) a oa un evnoniour amatour ivez.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar frouezh dreist-holl.

Annez

  • ██ Tiriad Eulemur sanfordi.
  • Brosezat eo e hanternoz Madagaskar.

    Liamm diavaez

    Notennoù ha daveennoù

    1. N'en deus al loen anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
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    Eulemur sanfordi: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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    Eulemur sanfordi a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad al Lemuridae.

    Gwechall e veze sellet outañ evel un isspesad (Eulemur fulvus sanfordi) eus Eulemur fulvus.

    Dougen a ra anv ar surjian stadunanat Leonard Cutler Sanford (1868-1950) a oa un evnoniour amatour ivez.

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    Lèmur bru de Sanford ( Catalan; Valencian )

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    El lèmur bru de Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) és una espècie de primat prosimi de la família dels lemúrids. Anteriorment se'l considerava una subespècie del lèmur bru (Eulemur fulvus), però el 2005 s'elevaren moltes de les subespècies del lèmur bru al rang d'espècie.[1] El seu nom és un homenatge a Leonard Cutler Sanford, membre del consell d'administració del Museu Americà d'Història Natural.

    Referències

     src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Lèmur bru de Sanford Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
    1. Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V. N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Meyers, D., Mittermeier, R. A., Perieras, A., Princee, F., Rabarivola, J. C., Rakotosamimanana, B., Rasamimanana, H., Ratsimbazafy, J., Raveloarinoro, G., Razafimanantsoa, A., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C., Thalmann, U., Wilmé, L. i Wright, P.. Eulemur sanfordi. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 01-01-2009.


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    Lèmur bru de Sanford: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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    El lèmur bru de Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) és una espècie de primat prosimi de la família dels lemúrids. Anteriorment se'l considerava una subespècie del lèmur bru (Eulemur fulvus), però el 2005 s'elevaren moltes de les subespècies del lèmur bru al rang d'espècie. El seu nom és un homenatge a Leonard Cutler Sanford, membre del consell d'administració del Museu Americà d'Història Natural.

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    Sanford-Maki ( German )

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    Der Sanford-Maki (Eulemur sanfordi) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gewöhnlichen Makis (Lemuridae) innerhalb der Lemuren (Lemuriformes). Ehemals galt er als Unterart des Braunen Makis (Eulemur fulvus).

    Merkmale

    Sanford-Makis erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 38 bis 40 Zentimeter, der Schwanz ist mit 50 bis 55 Zentimetern deutlich länger als der Rumpf. Das Gewicht beträgt 2 bis 2,5 Kilogramm. Die Geschlechter unterscheiden sich in der Fellfärbung: Bei den Männchen ist der Rücken braun gefärbt, der Bauch ist hellbraun. Die Nase und die langgestreckte Schnauze sind schwarz, die Oberseite des Kopfes ist graubraun. Das Gesicht ist von hellgrauen Ohrbüscheln und einem hellgrauen Bart eingerahmt, die den Eindruck einer Mähne erwecken. Das Fell des Weibchens ist mehr rötlichbraun, der Kopf und das Gesicht sind einheitlich grau gefärbt, diese Graufärbung kann sich bis zu den Schultern erstrecken. Den Weibchen fehlen die mähnenartigen Ohrbüschel und Barthaare.

    Verbreitung und Lebensraum

    Sanford-Makis kommen nur an der Nordspitze der Insel Madagaskar vor, die Südgrenze ihres Verbreitungsgebietes ist der Fluss Manambato. Lebensraum dieser Tiere sind Wälder, wobei sie sowohl in feuchten als auch in trockenen Wäldern vorkommen, sie leben auch in Gebirgswäldern bis in 1400 Meter Seehöhe.

    Lebensweise

    Sie sind kathemeral, das heißt, sie haben keinen ausgeprägten Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus und können sowohl am Tag als auch in der Nacht aktiv sein. Meist halten sie sich in den Bäumen auf, wo sie sich auf allen vieren im Geäst fortbewegen. Sie leben in Gruppen zusammen, die Gruppengröße hängt vom Lebensraum ab: in Regenwäldern umfassen die Gruppen vier bis sieben, in Trockenwäldern hingegen bis zu 15 Tiere. Gruppen setzen sich aus mehreren Weibchen und Männchen sowie den dazugehörigen Jungtieren zusammen. Das Streifgebiet einer Gruppe umfasst rund 15 Hektar und überlappt großflächig mit den Revieren anderer Gruppen.

    Früchte machen den Hauptanteil ihrer Nahrung aus, daneben fressen sie Knospen, Blüten und Kleintiere wie Spinnen und Tausendfüßer. Die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung variiert nach Jahreszeit und Lebensraum. Bei der Nahrungssuche halten sie sich eher in den mittleren und oberen Baumschichten auf, wodurch sie Nahrungskonkurrenz mit dem sympatrischen Kronenmaki vermeiden. Im September oder Oktober bringt das Weibchen nach einer rund 120-tägigen Tragzeit meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Dieses klammert sich zunächst an den Bauch der Mutter, später reitet es auf ihrem Rücken.

    Bedrohung

    Die Hauptbedrohung der Sanford-Makis stellt die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch den Bergbau und die Brandrodungen dar. Manchmal werden sie auch gejagt oder zu Heimtieren gemacht. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst weniger als 5000 km² und ist stark zersplittert, die Bestände gehen zurück. Die IUCN listet die Art als „stark gefährdet“ (endangered).

    In Europa wird die Art nicht mehr gepflegt, alle ehemaligen Halter befinden sich in GB.[1]

    Etymologie

    Die Art wurde von dem US-amerikanischen Zoologen Richard Archbold (1907–1976) nach dem Ornithologen Leonard Cutler Sanford (1868–1950) benannt. Sanford war Treuhänder des American Museum of Natural History in New York und hatte die von Franzosen, Engländern und Amerikanern gemeinsam durchgeführte zoologische Expedition nach Madagaskar (1929–1931), bei der die Art entdeckt wurde, großzügig unterstützt.

    Literatur

    Einzelnachweise

    1. [1] ZTL 16.6
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    Sanford-Maki: Brief Summary ( German )

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    Der Sanford-Maki (Eulemur sanfordi) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gewöhnlichen Makis (Lemuridae) innerhalb der Lemuren (Lemuriformes). Ehemals galt er als Unterart des Braunen Makis (Eulemur fulvus).

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    Sanford's brown lemur

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    Sanford's brown lemur (Eulemur sanfordi), or Sanford's lemur,[3] is a species of strepsirrhine primate in the family Lemuridae. Sanford's brown lemur was previously considered a subspecies of the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) but was raised to full species in 2001.[1] It is named after Leonard Cutler Sanford, a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History.[4]

    Physical description

    Sanford's brown lemur is a medium-sized lemur with a head-to-body length of 38–40 cm (15–16 in), a tail length of 50–55 cm (20–22 in), an overall length of 88–95 cm (35–37 in), and a body weight of 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb).[5]

    This species is sexually dichromatic. Males have a gray to brown dorsal coat which darkens as it reaches the hands, feet and base of the tail. Ventral coat is pale gray to brownish-gray and the tail is dark gray. The nose, muzzle and face are black, with the surrounding area solid white or light gray. Features that distinguish this species from the white-fronted brown lemur are the more prominent ear and cheek tufts. In this species the hair around the ears and on the lower cheek is noticeably longer and has a 'spiked' appearance, while the white-fronted lemur males have a very rounded look to their tufts. The tufts on the Sanford's lemur may be white to cream to rufous, though it is suspected that the darker or rufous variations may be results of hybridization between this species and the crowned lemur which is within the same home range. Male Sanford's brown lemurs also have a light brown 'cap' at the top of the head which the male white-fronted lemur lacks.

    Female Sanford's brown lemurs have a gray-brown dorsal coat which darkens to gray around the shoulders and upper area of the back to the top of the head. The ventral coat is a paler gray, and the face is a similar gray color with variable light patches above the eyes. Tail is often darker than the dorsal coat and can range in color from gray-brown to dark gray. From a distance, female Sanford's brown lemurs can be almost indistinguishable from female white-fronted brown lemurs, but at a close range there are a few subtle difference. There is a slight difference in coat color and variation but notable differences are in the face. White-fronted females will have a small light spot at the corner of their mouths, while female Sanford's lack the lip patches and have variable light areas around the eyes. Sanford's brown lemur females also tend to have longer, bushier hair on their cheeks than do white-fronted females.

    Behavior and ecology

    Habitat

    This species is found at the very northernmost tip of Madagascar, ranging from Antsiranana to Ampanakana. Their populations are concentrated in a few forests – Ankarana,[6][7] Analamerana and Montagne d'Ambre, with a small disjunct population in the Daraina region. The Manambato river is the southern limit of its range, although hybrids of the Sanford's brown lemur and white-fronted brown lemur appear to occur between Vohemar and Sambava.[5] This species occurs in tropical moist, dry lowland and montane forests up to elevations of 1,400 m.

    In Ankarana it appears to favor secondary forest and is active at both day and night.[5][6] Sanford's brown lemur is said to display a cathemeral activity pattern, becoming most active in the afternoon and evening with occasional bouts at night.

    Sanford's brown lemur is reported to associate with the crowned lemur during the wet season, a time of greater food availability.[5] This friendly behavior would explain the occasional reports of hybrids between the two species.

    Groups

    Sanford's brown lemur troop sizes range from 3 to 15 individuals, numbers varying depending on location. Each troop defends a territory of up to 14 hectares,[8] and will chase off intruding groups with territory calls rather than defending home ranges violently.

    There is no evidence of female dominance in this species, which is unusual in the family Lemuridae but appears to be frequent in brown lemur species.

    Reproduction

    Mating occurs in late May and births usually take place in late September or early October after a gestation of about 120 days.[5]

    Typically only one young is born, but in captivity they could rarely produce twins. As with most true lemur species, newborn Sanford's Lemurs cling to the mother's chest at first and after about two weeks they transfer onto her back. Young may be weaned by three or four months of age and they reach sexual maturity at two years.

    Diet

    The diet of this species consists primarily of fruit, but includes other plant parts (buds, young leaves, flowers) according to seasonal availability, and also includes the occasional invertebrate (e.g., centipedes, millipedes and spiders).[5] Consumption of insects is thought to be based on removing them rather than for nutrition. These biting invertebrates are a considerable pest and can be potentially harmful to them due to the toxic secretions. A millipede's defensive poison, exuded when a lemur bites or agitates the invertebrate, may be rubbed on the body in a behavior known as "millipede washing" in order to repel biting insects (i.e. malaria-carrying mosquitoes).

    Conservation status

    Sanford's brown lemur is considered to be Endangered, and among the rarest of the brown lemurs. Primary threats to its survival are habitat loss due to logging and mining, but hunting is starting to become a significant problem as well. The species is known to be hunted and kept as pets by locals in the Antsiranana region.[1]

    References

    1. ^ a b c d Chikhi, L.; Le Pors, B.; Louis, E.E.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Ralainasolo, F.B.; Ralison, J.; Randrianambinina, B.; Randriatahina, G.; Rasamimananana, H.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Ratelolahy, F.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Volampeno, S.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020). "Eulemur sanfordi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T8210A182235685. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T8210A182235685.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
    2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    3. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    4. ^ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009-09-28). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0801893049. OCLC 270129903.
    5. ^ a b c d e f Mittermeier, RA (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar. pp. 285–257. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. Data provided by: Terranova and Coffman, 1997
    6. ^ a b Wilson, J.M.; et al. (1989). "Ecology and Conservation of the Crowned Lemur at Ankarana, N. Madagascar with notes on Sanford's Lemur, Other Sympatrics and Subfossil Lemurs". Folia Primatologica. 52 (1–2): 1–26. doi:10.1159/000156379. PMID 2807091.
    7. ^ * Wilson, Jane (1995). Lemurs of the Lost World: exploring the forests and Crocodile Caves of Madagascar. Impact, London. ISBN 978-1-874687-48-1.
    8. ^ "DLC: Animals: Sanford's Lemur". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
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    Sanford's brown lemur: Brief Summary

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    Sanford's brown lemur (Eulemur sanfordi), or Sanford's lemur, is a species of strepsirrhine primate in the family Lemuridae. Sanford's brown lemur was previously considered a subspecies of the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) but was raised to full species in 2001. It is named after Leonard Cutler Sanford, a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History.

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    Eulemur sanfordi ( Spanish; Castilian )

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    El lémur marrón de Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi)[2]​ es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae.[2]​ Es endémico de la isla de Madagascar, en específico de su región norte y este.[1]

    Posee hábitos arbóreos y es un animal diurno.[1]

    Referencias

    1. a b c Andrainarivo, C., Andriaholinirina, V.N., Feistner, A., Felix, T., Ganzhorn, J., Garbutt, N., Golden, C., Konstant, B., Louis Jr., E., Mey (2008). «Eulemur sanfordi». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de agosto de 2010.
    2. a b Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
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    Eulemur sanfordi: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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    El lémur marrón de Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi)​ es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae.​ Es endémico de la isla de Madagascar, en específico de su región norte y este.​

    Posee hábitos arbóreos y es un animal diurno.​

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    Eulemur sanfordi ( Basque )

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    Eulemur sanfordi Eulemur primate lemuriformeetako espezie bat da. 88 eta 95 zentimetro arteko tamaina dute, horietatik 50etik 55era isatsaren tamaina delarik. 1,8tik 1,9 kgrako pisua dute. Espeziea hau sexualki dikromatikoa da, hau da, arrak eta emeek kolore ezberdina dute.

    Ikus, gainera


    Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Eulemur sanfordi: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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    Eulemur sanfordi Eulemur primate lemuriformeetako espezie bat da. 88 eta 95 zentimetro arteko tamaina dute, horietatik 50etik 55era isatsaren tamaina delarik. 1,8tik 1,9 kgrako pisua dute. Espeziea hau sexualki dikromatikoa da, hau da, arrak eta emeek kolore ezberdina dute.

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    Sanfordinmaki ( Finnish )

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    Sanfordinmaki[2] (Eulemur sanfordi) on Madagaskarin saarella elävä puoliapinalaji. Se luokiteltiin aiemmin ruskomakin (Eulemur fulvus) alalajiksi. Sanfordinmaki on nimetty amerikkalaisen biologin ja American Museum of Natural Historyn kuraattorin Leonard Cutler Sanfordin mukaan.[3]

    Koko ja ulkonäkö

    Sanfordinmaki on keskikokoinen makilaji. Sen pään ja ruumiin yhteispituus on 38–40 senttiä ja hännän pituus on 50–55 senttiä.[4] Paino on 1,8–2,5 kiloa.[5] Sanfordinmakin molemmat sukupuolet ovat väritykseltään tummanruskeita, ja niiden vatsapuoli on muuta ruumista vaaleampi ja hännänpää tummempi. Naaraat ovat värisävyltään enemmän punaruskeita ja koiraat enemmän harmaanruskeita. Näkyvimmät erot sukupuolten välillä ovat kuitenkin koiraan kermanharmaa parta ja silmiinpistävät korvatupsut, jotka molemmat puuttuvat naaraalta. Lisäksi koiraan kuono ja nenänvarsi ovat mustat, kun taas naaraalla naama ja koko pää on kokonaan harmaa.[4] Sanfordinmakinaaraita on usein vaikea erottaa valko-otsamakinaaraista.[5] Molemmilla sukupuolilla on isot perärauhaset.[6] Häntä on pitkä ja tuuhea.[4]

    Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

    Sanfordinmakia tavataan vain pienellä alueella Madagaskarin pohjoiskärjessä. Sen etelärajana on Manambatojoki. Levinneisyyden keskus on Ankaranassa, Analameranassa ja Montagne d’Ambressa. Kaakossa, Darainassa elää erillinen populaatio.[1]

    Sanfordinmakin elinympäristöä ovat trooppiset kuivametsät, kosteat alankometsät ja vuoristometsät.[4] Sen uskotaan suosivan metsiä, joissa on jatkuva latvuskerros.[5] Ankaranassa se näyttää viihtyvän myös uudismetsissä.[1] Lajia esiintyy tiheimmin ikivihreissä metsissä, kuten Montagne d’Ambren rinteillä, jossa niitä elää erityisesen paljon 800–1 000 metrin korkeudessa. Kuivissa kesävihannissa metsissä, joita on esimerkiksi Analameranassa, ne ovat harvalukuisempia. Anameranassa sanfordinmakien esiintymistiheys on ainakin kahdella alueella 3,5–5,5 eläintä neliökilometriä kohden. Laji on ainakin Ankaranassa ja Anameranassa harvalukuisempi kuin harjamaki.[1]

    Elintavat

    Sanfordinmakit elävät ryhminä, joihin kuuluu useita molemman sukupuolen edustajia. Sademetsissä eläviin ryhmiin kuuluu tavallisesti 4–7 yksilöä, kuivametsissä eläviin jopa 15 yksilöä.[5] Sanfordinmakit viettävät suurimman osan ajastaan metsän latvustossa. Ne pystyvät tekemään siellä pitkiäkin hyppyjä, ja niiden pitkä häntä tasapainottaa kulkua. Sanfordinmakit ovat liikkeellä jaksoittain, ja ovat aktiivisia sekä päivällä että yöllä.[4] Sanfordinmakiryhmän elinalue voi olla jopa 14 hehtaarin laajuinen.[7]

    Ravinnosta noin 90 prosenttia koostuu hedelmistä, mutta sanfordinmaki syö myös versoja,[5] silmuja, kukkia, nuoria ja vanhoja lehtiä,[7] kaarnaa, mahlaa ja jopa maa-ainesta. Se syö myös selkärangattomia, kuten juoksujalkaisia ja muita tuhatjalkaisia[4] sekä hämähäkkejä.[7] Tilaisuuden tullen niiden tiedetään napanneen ruoaksi jopa lintuja.[5] Sanfordinmakit saattavat ruokailla yhdessä harjamakien kanssa.[5] Niitä liikkuu yhdessä etenkin sadekaudella.[1]

    Sanfordinmakit parittelevat toukokuun lopulla, ja naaraat synnyttävät yhden poikasen yleensä syyskuun lopussa tai lokakuun alussa,[1] noin 120 vuorokauden kantoajan jälkeen.[7] Muiden ruskomakilajien tavoin myös sanfordinmakien poikaset matkaavat kuukauden ikäisiksi emonsa mukana pitämällä kiinni emon vatsasta. Tämän jälkeen ne ratsastavat emon selässä.[5] Sanfordinmakit saavuttavat sukukypsyyden noin kaksivuotiaina.[7] Luonnonvaraisten sanfordinmakien uskotaan voivan elää 20–25-vuotiaiksi.[4]

    Uhat ja suojelu

    Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto luokittelee sanfordinmakin erittäin uhanalaiseksi lajiksi. Sen levinneisyysalue on alle 5 000 neliökilometriä ja pahoin sirpaloitunut. Sanfordinmakien lukumäärä on laskussa. Suurin uhka on elinympäristöjen tuhoutuminen kaskeamisen ja safiirienhankintaan liittyvän kaivostoiminnan takia, joskin laji näyttää selviävän myös ihmisen vahingoittamassa ympäristössä.[1] Huomattava uhka sanfordinmakeille on myös se, että niitä metsästetään ruoaksi ja pyydystetään lemmikeiksi.[4][1]

    Sanfordinmaki kuuluu CITES-sopimuksen liitteeseen I. Sitä tavataan ainakin Montagne d’Ambren kansallispuistossa sekä Ankaranan ja Analamerana erityissuojelualueilla. Myös Darainassa lajin elinympäristöä ollaan suojelemassa.[1] Salametsästys ja maastopalot ovat kuitenkin tavallisia Madagaskarin suojelualueilla. Lisääntyviä, vankeudessa eläviä sanfordinmakikantoja on vain vähän.[4]

    Lähteet

    1. a b c d e f g h i Andriaholinirina, N., Baden, A., Blanco, M., Chikhi, L., Cooke, A., Davies, N., Dolch, R., Donati, G., Ganzhorn, J., Golden, C., Groeneveld, L.F., Hapke, A., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Kappeler, P., King, T., Lewis, R., Louis, E.E., Markolf, M., Mass, V., Mittermeier, R.A., Nichols, R., Patel, E., Rabarivola, C.J., Raharivololona, B., Rajaobelina, S., Rakotoarisoa, G., Rakotomanga, B., Rakotonanahary, J., Rakotondrainibe, H., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotondratsimba, M., Rakotonirina, L., Ralainasolo, F.B., Ralison, J., Ramahaleo, T., Ranaivoarisoa, J.F., Randrianahaleo, S.I., Randrianambinina, B., Randrianarimanana, L., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Rasamimananana, H., Rasolofoharivelo, T., Rasoloharijaona, S., Ratelolahy, F., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ratsimbazafy, N., Razafindraibe, H., Razafindramanana, J., Rowe, N., Salmona, J., Seiler, M., Volampeno, S., Wright, P., Youssouf, J., Zaonarivelo, J. & Zaramody, A.: Eulemur sanfordi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 9.7.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. a b Koivisto, I., & Sarvala, M.: ”Makit”, Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet - Osa 1: Nisäkkäät, s. 180. Weilin + Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4686-1.
    3. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, Michael Grayson: The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals, s. 357. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0801893049. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 23.8.2011). (englanniksi)
    4. a b c d e f g h i Arkive - Sanford’s brown lemur videos, photos, facts - Eulemur sanfordi 2009. Wildscreen. Viitattu 21.1.2012. (englanniksi)
    5. a b c d e f g h Sanford's Brown Lemur Eulemur sanfordi (Archbold, 1932) 2009. Lemur Conservation Foundation. Viitattu 21.1.2012. (englanniksi)
    6. Koivisto, I., & Sarvala, M.: ”Makit”, Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet - Osa 1: Nisäkkäät, s. 178. Weilin + Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4686-1.
    7. a b c d e Sanford's Brown Lemur Education Research and Conservation Duke Lemur Center. Viitattu 22.1.2012. (englanniksi)
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    Sanfordinmaki: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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    Sanfordinmaki (Eulemur sanfordi) on Madagaskarin saarella elävä puoliapinalaji. Se luokiteltiin aiemmin ruskomakin (Eulemur fulvus) alalajiksi. Sanfordinmaki on nimetty amerikkalaisen biologin ja American Museum of Natural Historyn kuraattorin Leonard Cutler Sanfordin mukaan.

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    Eulemur sanfordi ( French )

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    Lémur de Sanford

    Le Lémur de Sanford[1] (Eulemur sanfordi) est une espèce de primate lémuriforme appartenant à la famille des Lemuridae. Il était anciennement considéré comme une sous-espèce d'Eulemur fulvus (Eulemur fulvus sanfordi).

    Notes et références

    1. (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne), entrée N°2215.

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    Eulemur sanfordi: Brief Summary ( French )

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    Lémur de Sanford

    Le Lémur de Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) est une espèce de primate lémuriforme appartenant à la famille des Lemuridae. Il était anciennement considéré comme une sous-espèce d'Eulemur fulvus (Eulemur fulvus sanfordi).

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    Eulemur sanfordi ( Italian )

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    Il lemure di Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi Archbold, 1932) è un lemure endemico del Madagascar.[2]

    Descrizione

    Misurano circa 1 m di lunghezza, di cui più della metà spetta alla coda.
    Ambo i sessi presentano la zona dorsale grigia e quella ventrale bianco-grigiastra: la coda, il petto, la testa, le spalle e a volte anche parte degli arti anteriori sono nerastri. I maschi possiedono una "barba" di pelo allungato biancastro che corre a collana dalle orecchie alla gola, assente nelle femmine. Gli occhi sono giallo-arancio.

    Biologia

    Comportamento

    Si tratta di animali piuttosto sociali, che vivono in gruppi di 5-10 esemplari: tendono ad avere abitudini notturne, ma non è infrequente vederli anche di giorno.

    Alimentazione

    Sono animali prevalentemente frugivori, che non disdegnano tuttavia integrare la dieta con foglie, nettare, fiori e funghi.

    Distribuzione e habitat

    Il suo areale è circoscritto alla zona nord-orientale dell'isola, dove predilige le aree di foresta pluviale[1].

    Tassonomia

    Fino a tempi recenti, la specie era classificata come sottospecie del lemure bruno Eulemur fulvus; recenti studi a livello genetico hanno invece dimostrato che (assieme ad altre 4 ex-sottospecie) si tratta a tutti gli effetti di una specie a sé stante.[2]

    Conservazione

    E. sanfordi rientra tra le specie inserite nella Appendice I della CITES (specie di cui è vietato il commercio).
    La Lista rossa IUCN lo inserisce tra le specie considerate in pericolo di estinzione (EN).
    La specie è protetta all'interno del Parco nazionale della Montagna d'Ambra e delle riserve speciali di Analamerana e dell'Ankarana[1].

    Note

    1. ^ a b c (EN) Andrainarivo C. et al. 2008, Eulemur sanfordi, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
    2. ^ a b (EN) Colin Groves, Eulemur sanfordi, in D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder (a cura di), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

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    Eulemur sanfordi: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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    Il lemure di Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi Archbold, 1932) è un lemure endemico del Madagascar.

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    Sanfords maki ( Dutch; Flemish )

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    De Sanfords maki (Eulemur sanfordi) is een echte maki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar. Sanfords maki wordt ook wel beschouwd als een ondersoort van de bruine maki, Eulemur fulvus sanfordi.[2]

    Beschrijving

    De Sanfords maki behoort tot de wat grotere soorten echte maki's. Er is verschil tussen het mannetje en het vrouwtje. Het mannetje heeft een bruine vacht op de rug en is lichtbruin op de buik en de borst. Het gezicht en de spitse snuit is zwart, met lichtgrijze, langharige krans van de oren tot over de wangen ("bakkebaarden"). Het vrouwtje heeft een meer naar roodbruin neigende vacht en geen ruige beharing op de kop.

    Een volwassen Sanfords maki heeft een kop-romplengte van 38 tot 40 cm, een staartlengte van 50 tot 55 cm en een lichaamsgewicht van 2,0 tot 2,5 kg.

    Leefgebied

    De Sanfords maki leeft in bergbossen, regenwouden op een hoogte van 800 m en 1400 m boven de zeespiegel en ook drogere bossen in het uiterste noorden van Madagaskar. De Sanfords maki kan zich aanpassen in bossen die sterk zijn aangetast.

    Het is een bosbewoner die zowel ’s nachts als overdag actief is. De Sanfords maki leeft in familiegroepjes, bestaande uit gemiddeld 3 tot 9 exemplaren, maximaal tot 14 individuen. In de regio Analamerana wordt de dichtheid geschat op 4,5 individuen/km².

    Bedreigingen

    De Sanfords maki wordt bedreigd door de vernietiging van zijn leefgebied door mijnbouwkundige winning van saffier en zwerflandbouw (slash-and-burn). Ook wordt er op gejaagd voor de handel in huisdieren. Het gebied waarin de Sanfords maki voorkomt is sterk gefragmenteerd. Daarom staat deze maki als bedreigde diersoort op de internationale rode lijst.[1]

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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    Sanfords maki: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

    provided by wikipedia NL

    De Sanfords maki (Eulemur sanfordi) is een echte maki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar. Sanfords maki wordt ook wel beschouwd als een ondersoort van de bruine maki, Eulemur fulvus sanfordi.

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    Eulemur sanfordi ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    Lêmure-de-Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) é uma espécie de lêmure pertencente à família Cheirogaleidae.[1][2]

    Referências

    1. a b «Eulemur sanfordi na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 16 de setembro de 2012
    2. Groves, C. P. (2005). «Eulemur sanfordi». In: Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World 3º ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494
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    Eulemur sanfordi: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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    Lêmure-de-Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) é uma espécie de lêmure pertencente à família Cheirogaleidae.

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    Sanfordsmaki ( Swedish )

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    Sanfordsmaki (Eulemur sanfordi) är en primat i familjen lemurer som förekommer på norra Madagaskar.

    Utseende

    Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) mellan 38 och 40 cm, en svanslängd av 50 till 55 cm och en vikt mellan 1,8 och 2,0 kg. Pälsfärgen är huvudsakligen mörkbrun. Den är något ljusare på buken och något mörkare vid svansspetsen. Hos honor är pälsen mera rödaktig medan den hos hannar är mera gråaktig. Honornas ansikte är grå och hannarnas svart. Påfallande är hannarnas ljusbruna skägg kring ansiktet.[2]

    Utbredning och habitat

    Sanfordsmaki lever i norra Madagaskar. Den vistas i olika slags skogar i låglandet och på upp till 1 400 meter höga bergstrakter. Den saknas i mycket torra skogar.[1]

    Ekologi

    Individerna kan vara aktiva på dagen och på natten. De äter främst frukter men har även andra växtdelar och småkryp som föda.[2]

    Denna lemur bilder flockar av 4 till omkring 15 individer som bildas av flera vuxna hannar och honor samt deras ungar. I torrare skogar är gruppen vanligen större än i fuktiga skogar. Efter dräktigheten som varar ungefär 120 dagar föder honan i september/oktober ett enda ungdjur (i undantagsfall tvillingar). Ungarna blir efter ett till tre år könsmogna. Uppskattningsvis lever de 20 till 25 år.[2]

    Status

    Arten hotas av habitatförstörelse genom svedjebruk. Den jagas även för köttets skull och fångas för att hålla den som sällskapsdjur. IUCN listar sanfordsmaki som starkt hotad (EN).[1]

    Noter

    1. ^ [a b c] Andrainarivo, C. et. al. 2011 Eulemur sanfordi Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 24 september 2012.
    2. ^ [a b c] M. Richardson (19 april 2005). ”Sanford’s brown lemur”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 oktober 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121018172556/http://www.arkive.org/sanfords-brown-lemur/eulemur-sanfordi/#text=All. Läst 24 september 2012.

    Externa länkar

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    Sanfordsmaki: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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    Sanfordsmaki (Eulemur sanfordi) är en primat i familjen lemurer som förekommer på norra Madagaskar.

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    Vượn cáo nâu Sanford ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Vượn cáo nâu Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Lemuridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Archbold mô tả năm 1932.[2]

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Andriaholinirina, N. và đồng nghiệp (2014). Eulemur sanfordi. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2014. Bảo trì CS1: Định rõ "và đồng nghiệp" (link)
    2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Eulemur sanfordi”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

    Tham khảo


    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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    Vượn cáo nâu Sanford: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Vượn cáo nâu Sanford (Eulemur sanfordi) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Lemuridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Archbold mô tả năm 1932.

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    Лемур Санфорда ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
    Царство: Животные
    Подцарство: Эуметазои
    Без ранга: Вторичноротые
    Подтип: Позвоночные
    Инфратип: Челюстноротые
    Надкласс: Четвероногие
    Подкласс: Звери
    Инфракласс: Плацентарные
    Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
    Грандотряд: Euarchonta
    Миротряд: Приматообразные
    Отряд: Приматы
    Инфраотряд: Лемурообразные
    Надсемейство: Lemuroidea
    Семейство: Лемуровые
    Вид: Лемур Санфорда
    Международное научное название

    Eulemur sanfordi Archbold, 1932

    Ареал

    изображение

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    Систематика
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    ITIS 944076NCBI 122225EOL 4472394

    Лемур Санфорда (лат. Eulemur sanfordi) — примат из семейства лемуровых. Ранее считался подвидом бурого лемура (Eulemur fulvus), в 2005 году был поднят до ранга вида.[1] Название дано в честь Леонарда Санфорда, американского врача и орнитолога-любителя, администратора Американского музея естественной истории.

    Описание

    Лемуры среднего размера. Длина тела от 38 до 40 см, длина хвоста от 50 до 55 см, общая длина от 88 до 95 см. Вес от 1,8 до 1,9 кг.[2] Шерсть верхней части тела самцов от серой до коричневой, у ступней, ладоней и у основания хвоста более тёмная. Нижняя часть тела (брюхо, грудь и внутренняя поверхность конечностей) светло-серая или коричневато-серая. Хвост тёмно-серый. Морда тёмная, обрамлена белой или серой шерстью. От родственных видов отличаются более длинной светлой шерстью на ушах и щеках. У самцов светло-коричневая шерсть на макушке. У самок шерсть на верхней части тела серо-коричневая, более тёмная на плечах, верхней половине спины и голове. Нижняя часть тела светло-серая, лицо также серое, со светлыми отметинами над глазами. Хвост обычно тёмно-серый.

    Распространение

    Встречаются в северной части Мадагаскара от Анциранана до Ампанакана. Популяция сконцентрирована в нескольких лесных массивах — Анкарана[en][3][4], Аналамерана[en] и Амбр, кроме того, имеется небольшая популяция в районе Дараина[en]. Южная граница ареала проходит по реке Манамбату. Между местечками Вухемар[en] и Самбава встречаются гибриды с белолобым лемуром (Eulemur albifrons)[2]. Населяют тропические влажные и сухие равнинные леса. Также встречаются на среднегорье на высоте до 1400 метров над уровнем моря[2][3].

    Поведение

    Образуют группы от 3 до 15 особей. Каждая группа защищает территорию до 14 гектаров.[5] Сезон размножения в конце мая, рождения случаются в конце сентября или начале октября. Продолжительность беременности около 120 дней.[2] Обычно в помёте один детёныш, в неволе иногда случаются двойни. После рождения детёныш цепляется за брюхо матери, через две недели переползает на её спину. Питаются молоком до 3 или 4 месяцев, половая зрелость наступает в возрасте около 2 лет.

    В рационе в основном фрукты, дополнением служат другие части растений (почки, цветы, молодые листья), а также небольшие беспозвоночные (пауки, многоножки, насекомые). Иногда ядовитые многоножки используются в качестве средства от наружных паразитов — лемуры раздражают многоножек, слегка покусывая их, и натирают шерсть выделяемым токсичным секретом.[2]

    Статус популяции

    Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Вымирающий». Это один из самых редких видов лемуров. В дикой природе их осталось совсем немного, также они содержатся в не более, чем четырёх зоопарках. Главные угрозы популяции в дикой природе — разрушение среды обитания из-за лесозаготовок и добычи полезных ископаемых, также серьёзную опасность представляет охота ради мяса. Мясо лемуров считается деликатесом и продаётся за границу.

    Примечания

    1. Eulemur sanfordi (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 Mittermeier, RA. Lemurs of Madagascar. — 2006. — P. 285–257. — ISBN 1-881173-88-7. Data provided by: Terranova and Coffman, 1997
    3. 1 2 Wilson, J.M.; et al. Ecology and Conservation of the Crowned Lemur at Ankarana, N. Madagascar with notes on Sanford's Lemur, Other Sympatrics and Subfossil Lemurs (англ.) // Folia Primatologica. — 1989. — Vol. 52. — P. 1—26. — DOI:10.1159/000156379.
    4. Wilson, Jane. Lemurs of the Lost World: exploring the forests and Crocodile Caves of Madagascar. — London: Impact, 1995. — ISBN 978-1-874687-48-1.
    5. アーカイブされたコピー (неопр.). Проверено 18 ноября 2008. Архивировано 4 июля 2008 года.
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    Лемур Санфорда: Brief Summary ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

    Лемур Санфорда (лат. Eulemur sanfordi) — примат из семейства лемуровых. Ранее считался подвидом бурого лемура (Eulemur fulvus), в 2005 году был поднят до ранга вида. Название дано в честь Леонарда Санфорда, американского врача и орнитолога-любителя, администратора Американского музея естественной истории.

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    샌포드갈색여우원숭이 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    샌포드갈색원숭이 (Eulemur sanfordi)는 여우원숭이과에 속하는 원원류 영장류의 일종이다. 샌포드갈색여우원숭이는 이전에는 커먼갈색여우원숭이(Eulemur fulvus)의 아종의 하나로 간주되었으나 2005년부터 많은 갈색여우원숭이들과 함께 별도의 종으로 승격되었다.[2] 학명은 미국 자연사 박물관의 재단위원회 위원 중의 하나인 레너드 커틀러 샌포드 박사의 이름을 따서 지었다.

    각주

    1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 114쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. “Eulemur sanfordi”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 1일에 확인함.
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