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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 9.3 years (captivity) Observations: It has been reported that these animals live up to 10.2 years (Ronald Nowak 1999), which is possible but has not been confirmed. One captive specimen lived 9.3 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits

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Townsend's chipmunks are potential fungus dispersers, which mean they can also be an agent in the dissemination of harmful fungus, especially for conifer seeds. Thus they can cause problems in commercial forestry, though on a limited scale.

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Associations

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Townsend's chipmunks use alarm calls to warn other individuals, especially their relatives. Their small size and color of fur also make them cryptic, which is an advantage for a prey. They also display some behavioral adaptations like the preference for covered areas. Townsend's chipmunks are preyed upon by weasels (Mustela), minks (Neovison vison), bobcats (Lynx rufus), house cats (Felix catus), foxes (Vulpes), martens (Martes), skunks (Mephitidae), hawks (Accipitrinae), owls (Strigiformes), and snakes (Serpentes).

Known Predators:

  • weasels (Mustela)
  • minks (Neovison vison)
  • bobcats (Lynx rufus)
  • house cats (Felix catus)
  • foxes (Vulpes)
  • martens (Martes)
  • skunks (Mephitidae)
  • hawks (Accipitrinae)
  • owls (Strigiformes)
  • snakes (Serpentes)

Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic ; cryptic

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Morphology

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Townsend's chipmunks have dark brown and striped backs. There are five dark stripes alternating with four lighter stripes; the middle one is usually darker. Unlike squirrels, chipmunks have striped faces. Townsend's chipmunks have two gray and three brown stripes on their faces. Other anterior stripes might also be observed, but they are mostly obsolete. Underparts are creamy white to gray. Ears are black in front and gray behind. The bushy tail is dark brown to dark tipped with gray above, and brown below. The tail is held erect while running. Townsend's chipmunks tend to be brighter during the summer, and undergo two molts annually in May and August. Juvenile pelage is similar to adults.

Townsend's chipmunks are considered fairly large among chipmunks. Their size range from 22 to 38 cm, and averages 25.5 cm. This includes a tail of 7 to 17 cm. Their weight ranges from 60 to 118 g, and averages 75 g. Females are 2% to 6% larger than males, which leads to a female dominance in the population.

Their dental formula is: 1/1 0/0 2/1 3/3 =22, with a small vestigial upper premolar that all western North American chipmunks possess and eastern North American do not.

Range mass: 60 to 118 g.

Average mass: 75 g.

Range length: 22 to 38 cm.

Average length: 25.5 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Life Expectancy

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In captivity, an individual Townsend's chimpunk lived to 9.3 years. Another specimen has been said to have lived up to 10.2 years, but this was inadequately documented. In the wild, Townsend's chipmunks live 2 to 7 years, with an expected lifespan of 5 years. Food availability may be a limiting factor in populations, and might reduce survival and reproduction.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
2 to 7 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
10.2 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
7 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
7 hours.

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Habitat

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Townsend's chipmunks are mainly found in dense hardwood forests and dense coniferous forests. They tend to live in riparian areas within the forests, or in areas with dense shrub cover which influence their behavior. They can sometimes reach more open areas, like clear-cut forests, especially several years after the cut when the secondary forest is growing. This provides shrub cover and an abundant source of food. Their home range extends from the coast to the sub-alpine areas of the Cascade Range in Oregon. For nesting, they look for talus slope with lose rocks that provide a shelter.

Range elevation: 0 (low) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Distribution

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Townsend's chipmunks are found in the northwestern United States. Their distribution ranges from the the Rogue River in southern Oregon to southwestern British Columbia along the Pacific coast. Thus they are found in an oceanic, or marine west coast climate.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Trophic Strategy

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Townsend's chipmunks have a fairly diverse diet. Underground fungi (truffes) emit a strong odor and seem to be the favorite food of the Townsend's chipmunks, especially during winter. Thus they are primarily mycophagous, but tend to diversify they diet depending upon the availability of the different resources. During the summer, they feed mainly on berries including blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salal berries (Gaultheria shallon), and thimble-berries (Rubus parviflorus). In the fall, their diet tends to switch to seeds: maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) seeds, thistle (Cynareae) seeds, grain seeds, conifer seeds, but also acorns (Quercus), huckleberries (Vaccinium and Gaylussacia), grass and roots. Townsend's chipmunks forage mainly on the ground, but may also climb in trees. They use their cheek pouches to carry food from their foraging areas to their burrow.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Other Foods: fungus

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: omnivore ; mycophage

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Associations

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Townsend's chipmunks are mainly primary consumers (though they do not feed exclusively on plants), enabling energy flows from primary producers to secondary consumers. Townsend's chipmunks are potential seed dispersers. They partially feed on seeds which may end up in their feces because of their low digestibility. Moreover, they store seeds in their burrows, and even if they consume these during winter, some might remain at the beginning of the spring and germinate. They may also participate in fungi dispersal. They spread the spores by carrying them on their feet, and by eating fungi, can also disperse them in their feces. Townsend's chipmunks can be host for some parasites like coccidain parasites (Eimeria) and contribute to their propagation in the ecosystem.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • protozoans (Eimeria)
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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Benefits

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Townsend's chipmunks rely partially on a mycophagous diet, so they can potentially play a role in forest ecology. They can disperse fungi that contribute to create enriched soils, resulting in a global enhancement of soil quality in the forest. Thus it might be an advantage in commercial forestry.

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Conservation Status

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Townsend's chipmunk populations are quite stable. They are not threatened and are considered quite common. Herbicide treatment of Douglas-fir plantations caused a decline in a coastal population in British Columbia in the 1980's, but only temporarily. Their density ranges from 0.6 to 1.1 individuals per hectare in a mature forest, but may be 2 to 4 times higher in clear-cuts (3 to 10 years after the cut).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Behavior

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Townsend's chipmunks perceive their environment through sight, hearing, and smell, but communicate using vocalizations, threat displays, and touch. Their most important method of communication is vocalizations, primarily alarm calls made by males, females, adults, and juveniles. This is an interesting behavior, because even if the Tonwsend's chipmunks tend to be solitary, they give alarm calls to warn their conspecifics, compromising their own survival. This can be considered as altruism. This phenomenon seems to be more important when the chipmunks are genetically related. This involve kin selection: they are able to recognize individuals to which they are more related. This is mainly accomplished by familiarization when they are young, such as sniffing and grooming.

Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic

Other Communication Modes: pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Untitled

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Sciuridae fossils have been found worldwide, however their biogeography (dispersal over evolutionary time) is still obscure. No fossil from the Pleistocene era has been found of Townsend's chipmunks.

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Catherine Kent, Special Projects
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Reproduction

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There is little documentation regarding mating systems of Townsend's chipmunks. Mating is seasonal and occurs for 2 weeks in spring. Like most chipmunks, they are likely not promiscuous, nor do they form a pair bond.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Townsend's chipmunks only breed once a year for a period of 2 weeks right after hibernation. This is so that all reproduction activities can occur between late spring and early summer, when food availability and climate are more favorable. In this way, young can mature during summer and prepare for winter.

Townsend's chipmunks are viviparous. Gestation lasts 28 days and parturation occurs from May to June. Females give birth to 3 to 6 young in their burrows. At birth the young have no hair or teeth. Their eyes are closed, ears folded, feet webbed, and skin translucent. They weigh around 3.5 g. At 10 days, dorsal hairs have begun to grow on their back, and their eyes are still closed. They are not totally helpless, but are able to use their forelimbs to move by pulling and pushing. By 20 days, they have fur, incisors, and are more active. They appear above ground in July, when food and climate conditions are favorable. At the end of the 50-day weaning period, they weigh around 35 g. At 90 days, they are considered adults. Adults reach sexual maturity at 353 days, and Townsend's chipmunks can reproduce the following summer.

Breeding interval: Townsend's chipmunks breed once a year.

Breeding season: Townsend's chipmunks breed for 2 weeks in spring, usually in late April.

Range number of offspring: 3 to 6.

Average gestation period: 28 days.

Average weaning age: 50 days.

Average time to independence: 90 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 353 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 353 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Pups are altricial at birth, so the mother provides protection and sustenance. She primarily keeps them in the burrow, and feeds them milk until they transition to an omnivorous diet. The mother nurses the young until they leave the burrow and become independent.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Acquisto, A. 2013. "Tamias townsendii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tamias_townsendii.html
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Anne-Claire Acquisto, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Laura Prugh, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Esquirol llistat de Townsend ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'esquirol llistat de Townsend (Neotamias townsendii) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu en els boscos del nord-oest de Nord-amèrica, a partir de la Colúmbia Britànica al llarg de l'estat de Washington i Oregon. Sent un gran esquirol, els adults poden arribar als 36 cm des del nas fins a la cua. En gran part de la seva àrea de distribució, és l'únic esquirol; pot ser identificat per la seva cua que és grisenca a sobre i vermellosa per sota, i per la seva coloració marró amb ratlles lleonades indistintes. L'esquirol de Townsend hiverna en les regions on l'hivern és dur, però en altres parts de la seva àrea que tenen un clima més suau que pot ser actiu tot l'any. És omnívor, i menja una gran varietat de plantes i insectes i fins i tot ous d'aus.[1] Els esquirols de Townsend a la serralada de la costa d'Oregon tenen densitats de població més altes en àrees amb arbustos densos, especialment de Salal (Gaultheria shallon).[2]

L'esquirol de Townsend s'anomena així en honor a John Kirk Townsend, un ornitòleg de principis del segle XIX.[3]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Esquirol llistat de Townsend Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Hartson, Tamara. Squirrels of the West. Lone Pine Publishing, 1999, p. 22, 12–56. ISBN 1-55105-215-6.
  2. Hayes, John P.; Horvath, Eric G.; Hounihan, Patrick «Townsend's chipmunk populations in Douglas-fir plantations and mature forests in the Oregon Coast Range». Canadian Journal of Zoology. National Research Council [Ottawa], vol. 73, January 1995, pàg. 67–73. DOI: 10.1139/z95-008. ISSN: 1480-3283 [Consulta: 16 gener 2010].
  3. Ornithology of the United States of North America, John Kirk Townsend, 1839
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Esquirol llistat de Townsend: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'esquirol llistat de Townsend (Neotamias townsendii) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu en els boscos del nord-oest de Nord-amèrica, a partir de la Colúmbia Britànica al llarg de l'estat de Washington i Oregon. Sent un gran esquirol, els adults poden arribar als 36 cm des del nas fins a la cua. En gran part de la seva àrea de distribució, és l'únic esquirol; pot ser identificat per la seva cua que és grisenca a sobre i vermellosa per sota, i per la seva coloració marró amb ratlles lleonades indistintes. L'esquirol de Townsend hiverna en les regions on l'hivern és dur, però en altres parts de la seva àrea que tenen un clima més suau que pot ser actiu tot l'any. És omnívor, i menja una gran varietat de plantes i insectes i fins i tot ous d'aus. Els esquirols de Townsend a la serralada de la costa d'Oregon tenen densitats de població més altes en àrees amb arbustos densos, especialment de Salal (Gaultheria shallon).

L'esquirol de Townsend s'anomena així en honor a John Kirk Townsend, un ornitòleg de principis del segle XIX.

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Townsend-Streifenhörnchen ( German )

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Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen (Tamias townsendii, Syn.: Neotamias townsendii) ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Streifenhörnchen (Tamias). Es kommt an der Pazifikküste im äußersten Südwesten Kanadas sowie in den amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Washington und Oregon vor.

Merkmale

Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen erreicht eine durchschnittliche Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von etwa 13,8 bis 14,6 Zentimetern, die Schwanzlänge beträgt etwa 11,0 bis 11,5 Zentimeter und das Gewicht etwa 70 bis 100 Gramm. Die Rückenfarbe der Tiere ist Braun und wie bei anderen Arten der Gattung befinden sich auf dem Rücken mehrere dunkle Rückenstreifen, die durch helle Streifen getrennt und gegenüber den Körperseiten abgegrenzt sind. Im Vergleich zu anderen sehr ähnlichen Streifenhörnchen der Region ist die Art etwas größer, die Fellfarbe ist im hinteren Rücken- bis Rumpfbereich dunkler und im vorderen Rückenbereich grauer. Die Rückenstreifen sind sehr dunkel, der Schwanz ist ebenfalls sehr dunkel mit weiß- und grauspitzigen Haaren. Die Unterseite des Schwanzes ist weiß bis cremefarben.[1]

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Townsend-Streifenhörnchens

Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen kommt an der Pazifikküste im äußersten Südwesten von British Columbia in Kanadas sowie in den amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Washington und Oregon bis zum Rogue River vor.[1][2]

Lebensweise

 src=
Townsend-Streifenhörnchen im westlichen Washington
 src=
Townsend-Streifenhörnchen, sehr graue Form

Townsend-Streifenhörnchen leben vor allem in mäßig geschlossenen Waldgebieten mit viel Unterwuchs. Die Tiere und vor allem die Jungtiere bevorzugen höhere Lagen, geschlechtsaktive Tiere kommen häufiger in Flusstälern vor. Es lebt vor allem kletternd in den Bäumen und im Unterwuchs der Nadelwälder seines Verbreitungsgebietes. Im Bereich von Lichtungen und Einschlägen nimmt die Bestandsdichte aufgrund der verfügbaren Kräutern und Gebüsche am Lichtungsrand deutlich zu.[1]

Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen ist tagaktiv mit Aktivitätsmaxima in der Tagesmitte. Die Tiere ernähren sich vorwiegend herbivor von Samen und Früchten sowie Wurzeln und anderen Pflanzenteilen. Hinzu kommen vor allem Pilze, wobei sie sowohl unterirdische wie oberirdische Fruchtkörper suchen und fressen. Die am häufigsten gefressenen Pilze sind dabei nach Auswertungen von Sporen in den Faeces Melanogaster und Rhizopogon, wobei die Menge und Diversität sich mit dem Alter der Wälder und Waldbereiche verändert.[1] Die Bestandsdichte der Tiere liegt zwischen 0,6 und 1,1 Tiere pro Hektar in Jungwäldern und steigt auf den drei- bis vierfachen Wert in älteren Waldbeständen.[2] Die Territorien haben eine Größe von durchschnittlich 0,8 Hektar.[1]

Die Tiere sammeln vor allem Eicheln und andere Samen und legen Vorratslager an. Besonders im südlichen Bereich der Vancouver Island wurde beobachtet, dass das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen sehr häufig Samen der Küsten-Kiefer (Pinus contorta) und der Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca) konsumiert und lagert, die von dem Pilz Caloscypha fulgens befallen sind, der die Samenreife und -rottung behindert, und damit die Langzeitlagerung ermöglicht. Zugleich wird durch die Sammeltätigkeit der Hörnchen der Pilz weiterverbreitet, allerdings ist die tatsächliche Beziehung zwischen den beiden Arten bislang noch nicht vollständig geklärt.[1] Sie verbringen den Winter im Winterschlaf bzw. einer Winterruhe, die in den nördlichen und kälteren Regionen vier bis fünf Monate dauern kann. Die Tiere der pazifischen Küstenregionen sind dagegen in der Regel das gesamte Jahr über aktiv.[1]

Die Nester bauen die Tiere unterirdisch zwischen und unter Steinen, in Baumhöhlen, sowie in älteren Nestern anderer Tiere im Geäst der Bäume.[1] Die Tiere sind territorial und sie verteidigen ihre Territorien aggressiv gegen Artgenossen und andere Streifenhörnchen. Die Kommunikation erfolgt vorwiegend zur Abgrenzung der Territorien und als hochfrequente Alarmrufe.[1]

Die Paarungszeit liegt bei dieser Art im Frühjahr, abhängig von den Temperaturen. In den Regionen, in denen die Tiere eine Winterruhe einlegen, liegt dei Paarungszeit im späten April bis Mai. Einige ausgewachsene Tiere sind jedoch auch später sexuell aktiv und verpaaren sich bis in den Frühsommer. Die Tragzeit dauert 28 Tage, die Wurfgröße besteht im Durchschnitt aus drei bis vier (3,8) Jungtieren. Diese verlassen die Nester Anfang Juli, manchmal können Muttertiere jedoch auch bis in den August laktierend sein und Jungtiere im Nest haben. Im Alter von drei Monaten werden die Jungtiere geschlechtsreif, die ersten Verpaarungen finden jedoch erst im Folgejahr statt.[1]

Im größten Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes kommt die Art sympatrisch mit anderen Hörnchenarten vor. Gemeinsam mit dem Nördlichen Gleithörnchen (Glaucomys sabrinus) und dem Gemeinen Rothörnchen (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) stellt das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen einen Indikator für die Lebensraumqualität der Nadelwälder dar. Diese Arten kommen gemeinsam sehr häufig in gesunden und weit entwickelten Primärwaldbeständen oder gut gepflegten Sekundärwäldern vor, die sich durch eine hohe Samenproduktion auszeichnen. Häufig wird dieser Effekt jedoch vor allem auf die hohe Biomasseproduktion der Pazifikwälder zurückgeführt.[1] Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen lebt zudem in Teilen des Verbreitungsgebiets sympatrisch mit dem Gelben Fichtenstreifenhörnchen (Tamias amoenus). Aufgrund der Größe der Tiere kommen als Prädatoren verschiedene Greifvögel, Marder, Katzen und Hunde in Frage, als Parasiten sind bislang nur drei Arten von Eimeria und Dasselfliegen (Cuterebra).[1]

Systematik

Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Streifenhörnchen (Tamias) eingeordnet, die aus 25 Arten besteht.[3] Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von dem amerikanischen Zoologen John Bachman aus dem Jahr 1839, der es anhand von Individuen vom Columbia River nahe der Einmündung des Willamette River im Multnomah County in Oregon beschrieb.[4][3] Innerhalb der Streifenhörnchen wird das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen gemeinsam mit den meisten anderen Arten der Untergattung Neotamias zugeordnet, die auch als eigenständige Gattung diskutiert wird.[5] Die Benennung der Art erfolgte nach dem amerikanischen Naturforscher John Kirk Townsend (1809–1851), der vor allem als Sammler und Präparator bekannt wurde und vor allem mit John James Audubon in regem Austausch stand.[6]

Innerhalb der Art werden gemeinsam mit der Nominatform zwei Unterarten unterschieden:[1][4]

  • Tamias townsendii townsendii: Nominatform; kommt vom Süden von British Columbia bis zum Rogue River vor, mit Ausnahme eines etwa 200 Kilometer breiten Küstenstreifens am pazifischen Ozean in Washington und eines 100 Kilometer breiten Streifens in Oregon, in dem Tamias townsendii cooperi vorkommt. Die Form ist größer als die Küstenform mit einer Rückenfärbung, die von gelblich oliv-grau bis kräftig gelb-braun variiert. Die Rückenstreifen sind schwarz oder dunkelbraun.
  • Tamias townsendii cooperi: kommt vom Süden von British Columbia bis zum Rogue River im Küstenbereich bis zum Verbreitungsgebiet von Tamias townsendii townsendii vor. Die Form ist kleiner als die Inlandform sowie grauer und heller. Die Rückenstreifen sind mehr grau bis grauschwarz.

Status, Bedrohung und Schutz

Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) als „nicht gefährdet“ (Least Concern, LC) eingestuft. Begründet wird dies durch das relativ große Verbreitungsgebiet und das regelmäßige Vorkommen, bestandsgefährdende Risiken sind nicht bekannt.[2] Im Küstengebiet von British Columbia gingen die Bestandszahlen zurück, vor allem aufgrund des verstärkten Einsatzes von Herbiziden in den Anpflanzungen der Douglasien.[2]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1, S. 346–347.
  2. a b c d Neotamias townsendii in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2015.4. Eingestellt von: A.V. Linzey, NatureServe (G. Hammerson), 2008. Abgerufen am 3. Juli 2016.
  3. a b Tamias (Neotamias) townsendii In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 Bände. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  4. a b Dallas A. Sutton: Tamias townsendii. (Memento des Originals vom 15. März 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.science.smith.edu Mammalian Species 435, 1993.
  5. Bruce D. Patterson, Ryan W. Norris: Towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels: the status of the Holarctic chipmunks. Mammalia 80 (3), Mai 2016; S. 241–251 doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0004
  6. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, Michael Grayson: The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9, S. 416.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Townsend-Streifenhörnchen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Das Townsend-Streifenhörnchen (Tamias townsendii, Syn.: Neotamias townsendii) ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Streifenhörnchen (Tamias). Es kommt an der Pazifikküste im äußersten Südwesten Kanadas sowie in den amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Washington und Oregon vor.

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Townsend's chipmunk

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Townsend's chipmunk (Neotamias townsendii) is a species of rodent in the squirrel family, Sciuridae. It lives in the forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America, from extreme southwestern British Columbia through western Washington and western Oregon. Townsend's chipmunk is named after John Kirk Townsend, an early 19th-century ornithologist.[2]

Description

A large chipmunk, adults can be 36 cm (14 in) from nose to the tip of its tail. In much of its range, it is the only chipmunk; it can be identified by its tail which is grayish above and reddish below, and by its brown coloration with indistinct tawny stripes.

Biology

Skull of a Townsend’s chipmunk

Townsend's chipmunk hibernates in regions where the winter is harsh, but in other parts of its range that have a more mild climate it can be active year-round. It is omnivorous, eating a variety of plants and insects and even birds' eggs.[3] Townsend's chipmunks in the Oregon Coast Range have higher population densities in areas with dense shrubbery, especially salal (Gaultheria shallon).[4] In the summer and early fall, Townsend's chipmunks eat blackberries, salal berries, and thimble berries. In the late fall, they eat acorns, huckleberries, maple seeds, thistle seeds, grain seeds, grass, roots, and conifer seeds.

References

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V. & Hammerson, G. (2008). "Neotamias townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2009.old-form url
  2. ^ Ornithology of the United States of North America, John Kirk Townsend, 1839
  3. ^ Hartson, Tamara (1999). Squirrels of the West. Lone Pine Publishing. pp. 22, 12–56. ISBN 1-55105-215-6.
  4. ^ Hayes, John P.; Horvath, Eric G.; Hounihan, Patrick (January 1995). "Townsend's chipmunk populations in Douglas-fir plantations and mature forests in the Oregon Coast Range". Canadian Journal of Zoology. Ottawa: National Research Council. 73: 67–73. doi:10.1139/z95-008. ISSN 1480-3283. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
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Townsend's chipmunk: Brief Summary

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Townsend's chipmunk (Neotamias townsendii) is a species of rodent in the squirrel family, Sciuridae. It lives in the forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America, from extreme southwestern British Columbia through western Washington and western Oregon. Townsend's chipmunk is named after John Kirk Townsend, an early 19th-century ornithologist.

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Neotamias townsendii ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Neotamias townsendii es una especie de roedor esciuromorfo de la familia Sciuridae; habita en los bosques del noroeste del Pacífico de América del Norte, desde la Columbia Británica hasta el oeste de Washington y Oregón. lleva el nombre de John Kirk Townsend, un ornitólogo de principios del siglo XIX [2]

Descripción

Los adultos de esta especie pueden llegar a medir 36 cm. Es la única ardilla rayada que puede llegar a ser identificable por su cola que es grisácea en la parte superior y rojiza por debajo, y por su coloración marrón con rayas oscuras

Referencias

  1. Linzey, A. V. «Neotamias townsendii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 8 de enero de 2009.
  2. Ornitólogo de los Estados unidos, John Kirk Townsend, 1839
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Neotamias townsendii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Neotamias townsendii es una especie de roedor esciuromorfo de la familia Sciuridae; habita en los bosques del noroeste del Pacífico de América del Norte, desde la Columbia Británica hasta el oeste de Washington y Oregón. lleva el nombre de John Kirk Townsend, un ornitólogo de principios del siglo XIX ​

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Tamias townsendii ( Basque )

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Tamias townsendii Tamias generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Bachman (1839) Sciuridae J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 68. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Tamias townsendii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Tamias townsendii Tamias generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Townsendinmaaorava ( Finnish )

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Townsendinmaaorava (Tamias townsendii tai Neotamias townsendii) on maaoravien sukuun kuuluva jyrsijä, joka elää pääosin Pohjois-Amerikan luoteismetsissä.[1] Laji sai nimensä yhdysvaltalaiselta luonnontieteilijältä John Kirk Townsendilta.

Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi "oregonintikutakua",[2] mutta suomen kielen lautakunta ei pitänyt tällaista muutosta perusteltuna.[3]


Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. a b Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.): Tamias townsendii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Nisäkäsnimistö 2008. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Helsingin yliopisto: Oregonintikutaku (Tamias townsendii) Viitattu 8. elokuuta 2010.
  3. Suomen kielen lautakunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet Kotus.fi. 20.11.2008. Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus. Viitattu 18.10.2011.
Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Townsendinmaaorava: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Townsendinmaaorava (Tamias townsendii tai Neotamias townsendii) on maaoravien sukuun kuuluva jyrsijä, joka elää pääosin Pohjois-Amerikan luoteismetsissä. Laji sai nimensä yhdysvaltalaiselta luonnontieteilijältä John Kirk Townsendilta.

Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi "oregonintikutakua", mutta suomen kielen lautakunta ei pitänyt tällaista muutosta perusteltuna.


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Tamia de Townsend ( French )

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Tamias townsendii

Le Tamia de Townsend (Tamias townsendii) est un petit rongeur du genre Tamias originaire d'Amérique du Nord et qui ressemble à un écureuil.

Étymologie

Le Tamia de Townsend tire son nom de John Kirk Townsend, un ornithologiste du début du XVIIIe siècle[1].

Habitat

Ce tamia vit dans les zones boisées du Nord-Ouest Pacifique que ce soit en Colombie-Britannique, en Oregon ou dans l'État de Washington. Il s'agit du seul membre du genre Tamia dans la plus grande partie de cette région.

Description

Adulte, il peut mesurer jusque 36 cm du nez jusque la queue. Il se distingue par une queue grise au-dessus et rougeâtre en dessous. Son corps a une coloration brune avec des bandes peu visibles de couleur fauve. Ce mammifère omnivore hiberne dans les régions où les hivers sont rudes mais il reste actif toute l'année dans les régions plus douces. Il se nourrit de plantes, d'insectes et même d'œufs d'oiseaux[2].

Dans la chaîne côtière de l'Oregon, la densité de sa population est plus importante dans les zones recouvertes d'arbustes denses et en particulier de la Gaulthérie shallon)[3].

Durant l'été et au début de l'automne, ce tamia se nourrit de baies. Durant l'automne, il se nourrit de graines, de semences, de racines et de pignons de conifères.

Référence

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Tamia de Townsend: Brief Summary ( French )

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Tamias townsendii

Le Tamia de Townsend (Tamias townsendii) est un petit rongeur du genre Tamias originaire d'Amérique du Nord et qui ressemble à un écureuil.

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Townsendchipmunk ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De townsendchipmunk (Tamias townsendii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Bachman in 1839.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in Canada en de Verenigde Staten.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Townsendchipmunk: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De townsendchipmunk (Tamias townsendii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Bachman in 1839.

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Tamias townsendii ( Swedish )

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Tamias townsendii[2][3][4][5][6] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av John Bachman 1839. Den ingår i släktet jordekorrar och familjen ekorrar.[7][8] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Beskrivning

Arten är en förhållandevis stor jordekorre, med en längd (inklusive den 7 till 17 cm långa svansen) mellan 22 och 38 cm och en vikt mellan 60 och 118 g. Honan är mellan 2 och 6% större än hanen. Ryggen är mörkbrun med en (vanligtvis) mörk mittstrimma, omgiven av, växelvis, fyra mörka och fyra ljusa strimmor. Även ansiktet är strimmigt, med tre bruna och två grå strimmor. Buken är blekbrun till grå.[9]

Utbredning

Arten förekommer i delstaterna Oregon och Washington (USA) samt i angränsande område i Kanada (British Columbia).[1]

Ekologi

Det ursprungliga habitatet utgörs av skogar och buskskogar. Tamias townsendii har bra anpassningsförmåga till människopåverkade landskap där träd, buskar, örter och lav förekommer.[1]

Boet är ofta ett gömställe under stenar vid en bergssluttning. Arten syns vanligen utanför boet mellan mars och november. I snöfattiga regioner är den även aktiv under vintern. Annars är jordekorren mindre aktiv under den kalla årstiden men den håller ingen vinterdvala. Födan utgörs av frön, nötter, frukter, rötter, svampar och gröna växtdelar. Tamias townsendii vistas vanligen på marken men kan klättra. Den samlar förråd i boet. Vanliga naturliga fiender är mink, andra mårddjur och rödlo.[1]

Efter parningen under våren är honorna dräktiga i cirka fyra veckor. Kullstorleken är i genomsnitt 3,8 ungar. Under juli syns ungarna för första gången utanför boet. Unga ekorrar kan para sig efter ett år. Livslängden går upp till sju år.[1]

Taxonomi

Inga underarter (utöver nominatunderarten) finns listade i Catalogue of Life,[7] medan Wilson & Reeder skiljer mellan två underarter:[4]

  • T. townsendii townsendii
  • T. townsendii cooperi

Vissa forskare anser, baserat på analys av mitokondrie-DNA, att arten bör placeras i ett eget släkte, Neotamias.[1][10]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e f g h] Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. 2008 Tamias townsendii Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 3 januari 2016.
  2. ^ (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  3. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
  4. ^ [a b] Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Tamias townsendii Läst 7 januari 2016
  5. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  6. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  7. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2015). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Leiden, Naturalis, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/search/all/key/tamias+townsendii/match/1. Läst 7 januari 2016.
  8. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  9. ^ Anne-Claire Acquisto (2013). Tamias townsendii Townsend's chipmunk” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamias_townsendii/. Läst 3 januari 2016.
  10. ^ Piaggio, A.J. & Spicer, G.S. (2001). ”Molecular phylogeny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 (3). doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0975. PMID 11527462.

Externa länkar

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Tamias townsendii: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Tamias townsendii är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av John Bachman 1839. Den ingår i släktet jordekorrar och familjen ekorrar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

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Tamias townsendii ( Ukrainian )

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Морфологічні особливості

Самиці в середньому на 3—4% більші самців. Загальна довжина 234—286 мм, хвіст 103—130 мм, задні ступні 32—40 мм, вуха 17—23 мм, вага 65—89 гр, вага новонароджених 3—4 гр.

Цей бурундук має світлу чи темну оранжево-коричневу спину й 5 темних смуг на ній, розділеними чотирма оранжуватими смугами. Забарвлення черева та горла від білого до кремового. Верх хвоста посріблений чорнувато-сірий, нижня частина хвоста яскраво-оранжева. Зимове хутро темніше ніж літнє. Зубна формула: різців 1/1, ікла 0/0, премоляри 2/1, моляри 3/3, загалом 22 зуба.

Поширення

Країни проживання: Канада (Британська Колумбія), США (Орегон, Вашингтон). Мешкає в лісах з пишною кроною і густих чагарниках.

Життя

Ласки, норки, рисі є хижаками. Цей вид має різноманітну дієту. Їсть насіння, горіхи, фрукти, комах, коріння, зелень, гриби. Живиться в основному на землі, але іноді й на деревах. Зберігає їжу в норі. Зазвичай залишається активним принаймні з березня до кінця листопада. Активний всю зиму в більш теплих районах, особливо вздовж узбережжя.

Буває один приплід на рік, вагітність триває близько чотирьох тижнів, середній розмір виводку 3.8. Молодь з'являється над землею в липні. Тривалість життя сім років.

Джерела


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Sóc chuột Townsend ( Vietnamese )

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Neotamias townsendii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Bachman mô tả năm 1839.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V. & Hammerson, G. (2008). Tamias townsendii. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Tamias townsendii”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  •  src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Tamias townsendii tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Sóc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Sóc chuột Townsend: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Neotamias townsendii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Bachman mô tả năm 1839.

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Бурундук Таунсенда ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Tamias townsendii
(Bachman, 1839)

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ITIS 180208 NCBI 123796 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 42584

Бурундук Таунсенда[1] (лат. Tamias townsendii) — вид грызунов семейства беличьих. Видовое название дано в честь американского натуралиста Джона Керка Таунсенда (1809—1851)[2].

Самки в среднем на 3-4% больше самцов. Общая длина 234-286 мм, хвост 103-130 мм, задние ступни 32-40 мм, уши 17-23 мм, вес 65-89 грамм, вес новорождённых 3-4 г.

Окраска верха светлая или тёмная оранжево-коричневая, на спине 5 тёмных полос, разделённых четырьмя оранжевыми полосами. Окраска брюха и горла от белого до кремового. Верх хвоста посеребренный черновато-серый, нижняя часть хвоста ярко-оранжевая. Зимний мех темнее чем летний. Зубная формула: I 1 1 C 0 0 P 2 1 M 3 3 = 22 {displaystyle I{1 over 1}C{0 over 0}P{2 over 1}M{3 over 3}=22} {displaystyle I{1 over 1}C{0 over 0}P{2 over 1}M{3 over 3}=22}.

Вид распространён в Канаде (Британская Колумбия) и США (Орегон, Вашингтон). Обитает в лесах с пышной кроной и густых зарослях.

Естественными врагами являются ласки, норки, рыси. Этот вид имеет разнообразный рацион, состоящий из семечек, орехов, фруктов, насекомых, кореньев, зелени, грибов. Питается в основном на земле, но иногда и на деревьях. Запасает корм в норе. Обычно остаётся активным по крайней мере с марта до конца ноября. Активен всю зиму в более тёплых районах, особенно вдоль побережья.

В год бывает один приплод, беременность длится около четырёх недель, средний размер выводка 3—8. Детёныши появляются над землёй в июле. Продолжительность жизни семь лет.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 145. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, and Mike Grayson. The eponym dictionary of mammals. — Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. — P. 416. — 574 p. — ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
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Бурундук Таунсенда: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Бурундук Таунсенда (лат. Tamias townsendii) — вид грызунов семейства беличьих. Видовое название дано в честь американского натуралиста Джона Керка Таунсенда (1809—1851).

Самки в среднем на 3-4% больше самцов. Общая длина 234-286 мм, хвост 103-130 мм, задние ступни 32-40 мм, уши 17-23 мм, вес 65-89 грамм, вес новорождённых 3-4 г.

Окраска верха светлая или тёмная оранжево-коричневая, на спине 5 тёмных полос, разделённых четырьмя оранжевыми полосами. Окраска брюха и горла от белого до кремового. Верх хвоста посеребренный черновато-серый, нижняя часть хвоста ярко-оранжевая. Зимний мех темнее чем летний. Зубная формула: I 1 1 C 0 0 P 2 1 M 3 3 = 22 {displaystyle I{1 over 1}C{0 over 0}P{2 over 1}M{3 over 3}=22} {displaystyle I{1 over 1}C{0 over 0}P{2 over 1}M{3 over 3}=22}.

Вид распространён в Канаде (Британская Колумбия) и США (Орегон, Вашингтон). Обитает в лесах с пышной кроной и густых зарослях.

Естественными врагами являются ласки, норки, рыси. Этот вид имеет разнообразный рацион, состоящий из семечек, орехов, фруктов, насекомых, кореньев, зелени, грибов. Питается в основном на земле, но иногда и на деревьях. Запасает корм в норе. Обычно остаётся активным по крайней мере с марта до конца ноября. Активен всю зиму в более тёплых районах, особенно вдоль побережья.

В год бывает один приплод, беременность длится около четырёх недель, средний размер выводка 3—8. Детёныши появляются над землёй в июле. Продолжительность жизни семь лет.

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타운센드다람쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

타운센드다람쥐(Neotamias townsendii)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 북아메리카 태평양 북서부 브리티시컬럼비아주부터 워싱턴주 서부와 오리건주까지 숲에서 서식한다. 대형 다람쥐로 코부터 꼬리까지 성체 몸길이는 36cm 정도이다. 분포 지역 대부분의 지역에서 유일한 다람쥐이다. 회색빛을 띠는 꼬리 윗면과 붉은색의 꼬리 아랫면, 희미한 황갈색 줄무늬를 가진 갈색 털을 통해 식별할 수 있다. 타운센드다람쥐는 혹독한 날씨의 겨울에는 동면을 하지만 다른 분포 지역의 좀더 따뜻한 온대 기후에서는 연중 활동할 수 있다. 잡식성 동물로 다양한 식물과 곤충, 심지어 새알을 먹기도 한다.[3] 울창한 관목, 특히 살랄(Gaultheria shallon) 지대에서 서식하는 오레곤 해안 산맥의 타운센드다람쥐 개체밀도가 가장 높다.[4] 학명과 일반명은 19세기초 조류학자인 타운센드(John Kirk Townsend)의 이름에서 유래했다.[5]

아종

2종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]

  • Neotamias townsendii townsendii
  • Neotamias townsendii cooperi

각주

  1. “Tamias townsendii”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 8일에 확인함.
  2. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 754–818쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Hartson, Tamara (1999). 《Squirrels of the West》. Lone Pine Publishing. 22, 12–56쪽. ISBN 1-55105-215-6.
  4. Hayes, John P.; Horvath, Eric G.; Hounihan, Patrick (January 1995). “Townsend's chipmunk populations in Douglas-fir plantations and mature forests in the Oregon Coast Range”. 《Canadian Journal of Zoology》 (Ottawa: National Research Council) 73: 67–73. doi:10.1139/z95-008. ISSN 1480-3283. 2010년 1월 16일에 확인함.
  5. Ornithology of the United States of North America, John Kirk Townsend, 1839
 title=
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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

타운센드다람쥐: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

타운센드다람쥐(Neotamias townsendii)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 북아메리카 태평양 북서부 브리티시컬럼비아주부터 워싱턴주 서부와 오리건주까지 숲에서 서식한다. 대형 다람쥐로 코부터 꼬리까지 성체 몸길이는 36cm 정도이다. 분포 지역 대부분의 지역에서 유일한 다람쥐이다. 회색빛을 띠는 꼬리 윗면과 붉은색의 꼬리 아랫면, 희미한 황갈색 줄무늬를 가진 갈색 털을 통해 식별할 수 있다. 타운센드다람쥐는 혹독한 날씨의 겨울에는 동면을 하지만 다른 분포 지역의 좀더 따뜻한 온대 기후에서는 연중 활동할 수 있다. 잡식성 동물로 다양한 식물과 곤충, 심지어 새알을 먹기도 한다. 울창한 관목, 특히 살랄(Gaultheria shallon) 지대에서 서식하는 오레곤 해안 산맥의 타운센드다람쥐 개체밀도가 가장 높다. 학명과 일반명은 19세기초 조류학자인 타운센드(John Kirk Townsend)의 이름에서 유래했다.

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