Laubierpholoe riseri Pettibone 1992

Laubierpholoe riseri

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Leigh, middle of Goat Island, 36°16′S, 174°48′E, 20 m, coarse broken shell in Amphioxus sand, 2 Nov 1982, N.W. Riser collector, holotype (USNM 126753), 7 paratypes (USNM 126754).

DESCRIPTION.—Holotype 1.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 26 segments; paratypes 1–1.5 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm wide, 19 segments plus growth zone. Elytra large, oval, covering dorsum, with few lateral papillae; elytra on posterior segment small, enclosing pygidium (Figure 5B). Dorsal tubercles nodular.

Prostomium and tentacular segment fused; prostomium oval, bilobed, anterior lobes lateral to small ceratophore of median antenna, extended anteriorly; style of median antenna short, with filamentous tip; 2 pairs of large eyes in anterior half of prostomium, anterior pair larger than posterior pair (Figure 5A). Tentaculophores lateral and anterior to prostomium, each with spherical glandular area inside; dorsal tentacular cirrus long, about as long as prostomium; ventral tentacular cirrus one-third as long as dorsal tentacular cirrus and nearly hidden in dorsal view; palps stout, long, about 4 times longer than dorsal tentacular cirri; facial tubercle absent; 2 rows of small papillae on anterior lip of mouth (Figure 5A,C). Segment 2 with first pair of bulbous elytrophores, biramous parapodia, and ventral buccal cirri longer than dorsal tentacular cirri; posterior lip of mouth papillate (Figure 5A,C). Pharynx with 9 dorsal and 9 ventral border papillae, medial 3 pairs slightly shorter than lateral pairs, and 2 pairs of jaws.

Notopodium with acicular lobe subconical, longer than subconical acicular lobe of neuropodium (Figure 5D). Notosetae numerous, slender, capillary (Figure 5E). Neurosetae compound, slightly stouter than notosetae, of 2 types: supraacicular ones (4 or so) with blades long, tapering to capillary tips (Figure 5F); subacicular ones (about 20) with blades short, falcate (Figure 5G). Ventral cirri short, tapered (Figure 5D). Pygidium rounded, enclosed in parapodia of posterior segment (26), with small elytra and pair of long anal cirri (Figure 5B).

DEVELOPMENT.—Male (holotype) with sperm in segments 11–14; male (paratype) with sperm in segments 9–11, and large oval extensions on left side between segments 11–12 and on right side between 15–16. Female (paratype) with large yolky eggs in segments 9–15.

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for Nathan W. Riser, the collector of this interstitial species.

DISTRIBUTION.—South Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, in 20 meters.

Imajimapholoe, new genus

TYPE SPECIES.—Pholoe parva Imajima and Hartman, 1964.

DIAGNOSIS.—Body small, linear, relatively few segments (up to 34). Elytra and elytrophores on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, continuing on alternate segments to 23, then on every segment to end of body. Dorsal tubercles on segments lacking elytra. Elytra opaque, with papillae on lateral and posterior borders and on surface. Without dorsal cirri and branchiae. Prostomium and first or tentacular segment fused, ventrally forming anterior lip of mouth, without facial tubercle. Prostomium squarish, deeply bilobed; median antenna occipital, on indistinct ceratophore at posterior border; without lateral antennae; 2 pairs of eyes. Tentaculophores ventrolateral and anterior to prostomium, achaetous, each with long dorsal and shorter ventral tentacular cirrus; palps stout, long, emerging ventral and lateral to tentaculophores. Second or buccal segment with first pair of large elytrophores and elytra, biramous parapodia, long ventral buccal cirri, and forming lateral and posterior lips of mouth. Eversible muscular pharynx with circlet of 9 dorsal and 9 ventral border papillae and 2 pairs of jaws. Parapodia biramous; notopodial conical acicular lobe, without subdistal bract; neuropodial conical acicular lobe, without distal papillae. Notosetae simple, slender, capillary, slightly curved. Neurosetae stouter than notosetae, compound, shafts with subdistal spines, blades short, unidentate, falcate. Ventral cirri short, tapering, on all segments. Pygidium with pair of anal cirri. Interstitial species with relatively few, large eggs, 1–2 per segment

ETYMOLOGY.—The genus is named for Minoru Imajima, in recognition of his many contributions to our knowledge of the polychaetes of Japan. Gender: feminine.

Imajimapholoe parva (Imajima and Hartman, 1964), new combination

Pholoe parva Imajima and Hartman, 1964:44, pl. 8: figs. a-f.—Yamanishi, 1985:17, fig. 1A,B.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—JAPAN: Shirikishinai, littoral zone, 13 Jul 1958, M. Imajima collector, holotype (AHF Poly 0063).

DESCRIPTION.—Holotype incomplete posteriorly, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 28 segments (up to 34 according to Imajima and Hartman). Yamanishi (1985) reported specimens 2.3–3.4 mm long, 0.9–1.3 mm wide, and 24–31 segments. Body small, flattened, smooth, with adhesive glands. Elytra large, oval, opaque, leaving middorsum uncovered, with short, indistinctly annulated papillae along posterior and lateral margins and on surface (Figure 6C; Imajima and Hartman, 1964, pl. 8: figs. a-c). Dorsal tubercles nodular.

Prostomium and tentacular segment fused. Prostomium squarish, deeply bilobed; median antenna occipital, on small indistinct ceratophore on posterior border of prostomium, short, about length of prostomium; 2 pairs of large eyes, anterior pair slightly larger than posterior pair; tentaculophores anterior and lateral to prostomium, and slightly shorter ventral tentacular cirrus (called lateral antennae by Yamanishi); palps thick, tapering, emerging lateral and ventral to tentaculophores; facial tubercle absent (Figure 6A,B; Imajima and Hartman, 1964, pl. 8: fig. a; Yamanishi, 1985, fig. 1A). Segment 2 with first pair of large elytrophores, biramous parapodia, long ventral buccal cirri on bulbous cirrophores, lateral to mouth; posterior lip of mouth papillate (Figure 6A,B). Eversible muscular pharynx with 9 dorsal and 9 ventral border papillae and 2 pairs of jaws (Yamanishi, 1985, fig. 1A).

Parapodia biramous, smaller notopodial acicular lobe on anterodorsal side of larger neuropodial conical acicular lobe (Figure 6D,E; Imajima and Hartman, 1964, pl. 8: fig. d). Notosetae moderate in number, slender, capillary, slightly curved, with minute serrations (Figure 6F; Imajima and Hartman, 1964, pl. 8: fig. e). Neurosetae compound, stouter than notosetae; shafts with subdistal spinous rows; blades rather short, upper ones slightly longer, serrated, with hooked tips (Figure 6G; Imajima and Hartman, 1964, pl. 8: fig. f). Ventral cirri rather long, tapered (Figure 6D,E). Pygidium with pair of anal cirri (Yamanishi, 1985, fig. 1B).

DEVELOPMENT.—Holotype with large developing eggs in segments 10–22, 2 per segment. Yamanishi (1985) reported large eggs in segments 6–23, 1–2 per segment. He found living worms to be inactive and sluggish, with the body very sticky (adhesive glands), in very coarse sand in the beach slope above the waters' edge, associated with interstitial forms.

DISTRIBUTION.—Northern Japan, intertidal.

Taylorpholoe, new genus

TYPE SPECIES.—Pholoe minuta hirsuta Rullier and Amoureux, 1979.

DIAGNOSIS.—Body small, linear, with relatively few segments (up to 19). Elytra and elytrophores on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, continuing on alternate segments; dorsal tubercles on segments lacking elytra. Body with middorsum with scattered tubercles; elytra squarish, with fringe of numerous filiform papillae on 3 sides. Without dorsal cirrri or branchiae. Prostomium and first or tentacular segment fused; ventrally forming anterior lip of mouth, with projecting filiform facial tubercle and pair of frontal papillae. Prostomium rounded, deeply bilobed, with lobes widely separated, with 3 filiform antennae: median antenna occipital, on conical base; lateral antennae on anterior border of prostomium; 2 pairs of large eyes. Tentaculophores lateral and anterior to prostomium, achaetous, each with subequal dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri; stout palps emerging ventral and lateral to tentaculophores. Second or buccal segment with first pair of large elytrophores and elytra, biramous parapodia, long ventral buccal cirri, and forming lateral and posterior lips of mouth. Eversible muscular pharynx with circlet of 9 dorsal and 9 ventral border papillae and 2 pairs of jaws. Parapodia biramous; notopodium with conical acicular lobe, rounded anterior lobe and rounded posterior lobe with projecting stylode; neuropodial acicular lobe longer, conical. Notosetae slender, capillary, finely spinose, curved and slightly bent. Neurosetae stouter than notosetae, compound, with blades short, spinose, falcate, and unidentate. Ventral cirri short, tapering, on all segments. Pygidium with pair of anal cirri. Interstitial species with relatively few large yolky eggs, with early embryos developing in body cavity and later stages in sac under elytra.

ETYMOLOGY.—The genus is named for John L. Taylor, in recognition of his studies on polychaetes in the Florida area. Gender: feminine.

Taylorpholoe hirsuta (Rullier and Amoureux, 1979), new combination

Pholoe sp.—Taylor, 1971:111, fig. 3E–I.

Pholoe minuta hirsuta Rullier and Amoureux, 1979:154, fig. 3.—Amaral and Nonato, 1984:17.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—BRAZIL: Between Santa Barbara and Siriba, Calypso sta 85, 28 Nov 1961, 2–5 m, sand, calcareous algae, holotype of Pholoe minuta hirsuta (MNHNP).

GULF OF MEXICO: Florida, Lower Tampa Bay, sta 16–14, 25 Oct 1963, J.L. Taylor and C. Saloman collectors, 6 specimens (USNM 126755, as Pholoe sp. by Taylor, 1971). Eastern Gulf of Mexico, as Sigalionidae, Genus A, by Wolf, 1984a: SOFLA sta 20D, 25°17′N, 82°09′W, Jul 1981, 22 m, coarse sand, 2 specimens (USNM 86013); MAFLA sta 2317, 28°56′N, 84°06′W, Aug 1977, 29 m, silty, very fine sand, 1 specimen (USNM 86008); MAFLA sta 2852, 28°30′N, 83°30′W, Jul 1976, 22 m, medium sand, 1 specimen (USNM 86906).

BAHAMAS: North side of Tokas Cay, North Bimini, 26 Aug 1962, sandy, M.L. Jones collector, 16 specimens (USNM 126757). Bimini Lagoon, 25°43′N, 79°16′W, 1970–1971, from submerged plastic sponge, A. Schoener collector, 1 specimen (USNM 126756).

CUBA: Isle of Pines, Arena, 35 m, G. San Martin collector, 1 young specimen (collection G. San Martin, as Genus A Wolf, by San Martin, et al., 1986).

BELIZE: East of Carrie Bow Cay, 30 Oct 1988, 4.5 m, well sorted, mainly coarse sand, D. Eibye-Jacobsen collector, 4 specimens (ZMUC).

SOUTH CAROLINA: Off shore, 32°13′N, 79°52′W, Feb 1977, G. Gaston collector, 1 specimen (USNM 56535).

DISCRIPTION.—Holotype from Brazil, male with sperm, 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 19 segments. Specimens from Tampa Bay, Florida, some with developing embryos and juveniles under elytra, up to 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 18 segments. Specimens from North Bimini up to 2.8 mm long, 2 mm wide, 16 segments. Specimens from Eastern Gulf of Mexico (MAFLA and SOFLA sta) 1 mm long, 0.8–1 mm wide, 15–16 segments. Specimens from Belize, with large yolky eggs under elytra, 1–1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 14–17 segments. Young specimen from Bimini Lagoon 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 11 segments. Young specimen from Isle of Pines, Cuba, 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 11 segments.

Body flattened, tapering slightly anteriorly and posteriorly. Middorsum not covered by elytra, with scattered tubercles and attached fine, foreign material (Figure 7C,D; Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8a); ventral surface with scattered minute globular papillae. First pair of elytra oval, with filiform papillae on border; following elytra squarish, with fringe of numerous papillae on 3 sides, covered with silty foreign material (Figure 7A–C,G; Taylor, 1971, fig. 3H,I; Rullier and Amoureux, 1979, fig. 3; Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8a,c; San Martín et al., 1986, fig. 5A). Dorsal tubercles nodular, on segments without elytra (Figure 7I).

Prostomium and first or tentacular segment fused; prostomium oval, deeply bilobed, with 3 antennae: lateral pair on anterior border; median antenna occipital, on posterior conical ceratophore; 2 pairs of large eyes; tentaculophores lateral and anterior to prostomium, rounded, achaetous, with subequal filiform dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri; palps rather long, finely papillate, ventral and lateral to tentaculophores; anterior lip of mouth with medial digitiform facial tubercle and slightly more dorsal pair of filiform frontal papillae (Figure 7C–E; Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8a,b). Second or buccal segment with first pair of elytrophores, biramous parapodia, and long ventral buccal cirri lateral to mouth, similar to tentacular cirri (Figure 7C–E). Pharynx with 9 dorsal and 9 ventral border papillae, 2 pairs of strong jaws, and 2 pairs of subdistal lateral papillae (Figure 7F).

Biramous parapodia with notopodium shorter than neuropodium; notopodium in form of conical acicular lobe, rounded anterior lobe, and rounded posterior lobe with prominent cirriform process or stylode; neuropodium in form of conical acicular lobe with few scattered papillae (Figure 7D,E,H–J; Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8d). Notosetae slender, slightly curved to bent, finely spinose, with capillary tips (Figure 7K; Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8e,f). Neurosetae compound, shafts without subdistal spines, blades short, spinose, with entire, falcigerous tips, upper ones slightly longer than lower ones (Figure 7L; Taylor, 1971, fig. 3G; Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8g). Ventral cirri short, filiform, with slightly bulbous tips (Figure 7E,H,J). Pygidium with pair of basally inflated anal cirri (Wolf, 1984a, fig. 25-8h).

DEVELOPMENT.—Females were found with relatively few large yolky eggs and developing embryos in the body cavity, as well as in a sac under the elytra, without any sign of segmentation; one specimen had a developing juvenile showing 4 setigerous segments in a sac under the elytra (Figure 7M). Wolf (1984a) observed one specimen with embryos developing within the body cavity and another specimen with four embryos developing two pairs of posterior elytra (= viviparous, brooding).