Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Maximum longevity: 17.8 years (captivity)
Observations: One specimen lived 17.8 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Similar species live over 20 years, so it is possible that maximum longevity is slightly underestimated in these animals.
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- de Magalhaes, J. P.
Biology
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A solitary animal (2), the Bawean deer is usually only seen with another deer if it is a mother and her young, a courting pair, or two rival males fighting over a female (4). When with another individual, the Bawean deer can be heard communicating with short, sharp, barks (4).
Although capable of breeding at any time of the year, Bawean deer mate primarily between July and November. After a gestation period of around seven months, the majority of young are born between February and June (4).
With a preference for grazing (2), the Bawean deer feeds chiefly on forbs and grass-like plants (4). Occasionally, it may also feed on crops (7).
Conservation
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In 1979, the Bawean Island Nature Reserve was established (7), offering the mountainous habitat of the Bawean deer some much needed protection. Management activities on the island have included protecting the deer from hunting, the controlled burning of grasslands to provide deer habitat, and the thinning of teak plantations to encourage understorey development on which the deer can browse (7) (9). The removal of wild dogs has also been recommended (9). A number of Bawean deer also occur in zoos around the world (4), acting as a safeguard against this species extinction should the worst happen on Bawean Island.
Description
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This rare deer, which exists on only one island, is a short-legged and bushy-tailed species (2). Its coarse hair is uniformly brown in adults, except for lighter patches on the throat and around the eyes (2) (4). Young Bawean deer, or fawns, occasionally have a few faint spots on their coat, but these disappear quickly with age (2). Like other deer, the males of this species are distinguished by their antlers: bony, hornlike growths that are typically shed and re-grown each year (5). The antlers of the Bawean deer, which are fully developed by the age of 21 months, are relatively small compared to other deer living in tropical areas (6).
Habitat
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The Bawean deer inhabits hill forest (2).
Range
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This small deer occurs only on Bawean Island, Indonesia, where it is most abundant in the hilly central region (7). Bawean Island, situated near Borneo, covers just 220 square kilometres (2).
Status
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Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3).
Threats
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In the past, this diminutive deer was hunted by local people for its meat. Hunting was particularly rampant during the 1960s, when large areas of forest were cut down to plant teak, affording hunters easier access (7). Around 1977, hunting of the Bawean deer diminished, giving populations the respite they needed to recover slightly (7).
Today, hunting may remain a contributing factor to the Bawean deer's threatened status, but wild dogs (2), which prey on deer (8), as well as habitat degradation (1) (8), also jeopardise this species' continued existence. Habitat degradation takes the form of the cutting down of trees, the deliberate burning of vegetation, and the encroachment of cultivation by the human inhabitants of the island (9).
Bawean deer
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The Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii), also known as Kuhl's hog deer or Bawean hog deer, is a highly threatened species of deer endemic to the island of Bawean in Indonesia. Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range, the Bawean deer is evaluated as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. It has few natural enemies except for birds of prey and large snakes such as pythons.
Description
A typical height for males of 60–70 cm has been reported. Males have three-tined antlers. Their fawns are spotted at birth, which separates them from the best known western population of the related Indian hog deer (Axis porcinus). Their pelage is short, smooth, and soft, and generally a light brown in color. There are few distinctive yellow markings which are limited to the head and neck. There is also a light throat patch or 'bib' and a whitish eye-ring. Infants have white spots on their backs when younger.
Taxonomy
The Bawean deer was sometimes included in the same species as the Indian hog deer (Axis porcinus), but is now mostly considered a different species. The most recent analyses indicate that these two species, together with Axis calamianensis, may constitute a different genus distinct from Axis and Hyelaphus.[1] It is considered by some taxonomists to be in the genus Hyelaphus; however, in 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists placed it in the genus Axis,[3] which the IUCN has also done.[1]
Life history
They live in woodlands and upland forests with dense undergrowth which is used for shelter, providing a refuge in which the deer sleep and rest during the day. They live in small groups of four or five deer, usually one female, her infant, and two males. They are herbivores and consume grasses, herbs, leaves, twigs, corn crops, and leaves of the cassave plant. Females will have one offspring at a time per year. The gestation period is 225–230 days, and the majority of births occur in February to June.
Males can be very aggressive towards other males that approach their small families, and will spray other males and predators in the face with their glandular secretions. They also mark their territories with this as well.[4] When fleeing, the Bawean deer carries its head low and runs with a trotting gait. Their spine also curves high towards the rear when fleeing from predators. When fleeing from predators the males will run in front and the infant, if there is one, will be behind the males. The female will run in the back. This is effective in order to protect the infant from predators.[5]
Conservation efforts
The World Wildlife Fund has noted that some of the factors for the decline of this species and others in Indonesia include climate changes: warming ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, prolonged droughts, and increased flooding.[6] The Indonesian government passed a bill in 1977 protecting the endangered Bawean deer, and consequently their numbers have risen. With the help of this law their reproductive success has gone up over the years.[7] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Kuhl's hog deer as being critically endangered, meaning that the species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.[8]
References
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^ a b c Semiadi, G.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2447A73071875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2447A73071875.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
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^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
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^ "Explore the Database".
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^ Regional Office of Endangered Species, Eastside Fed. Complex, 911 NE 11th Ave. Portland Oregon 97232, "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Region 1". Archived from the original on 1999-11-27. Retrieved 2014-01-15.
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^ Edinburgh Zoo and Highland Wildlife Park, The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH12 6TES
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^ "Wildlife Conservation, Endangered Species Conservation". Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
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^ "Kuhl's hog deer". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
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^ "Axis kuhlii (Bawean Deer, Bawean Hog Deer, Kuhl's Hog Deer)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.old-form url
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Bawean deer: Brief Summary
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The Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii), also known as Kuhl's hog deer or Bawean hog deer, is a highly threatened species of deer endemic to the island of Bawean in Indonesia. Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range, the Bawean deer is evaluated as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. It has few natural enemies except for birds of prey and large snakes such as pythons.
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