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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Tenkohlavec ( Czech )

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Tenkohlavec (Trichuris nebo Trichocephalus) je rod hlístic parazitujících v tlustém a slepém střevě savců. Rod čítá několik medicínsky a veterinárně významných druhů. Onemocnění těmito helminty se označuje jako trichurióza nebo trichocefalóza.

Morfologie a biologie

Tenkohlavci mají nečlánkované tělo, které v dospělosti měří 30-55 mm. Jsou odděleného pohlaví s výrazným pohlavním dimorfismem. Přední část dospělých červů je nitkovitá a je zanořena do sliznice tlustého střeva. Zadní část má výrazně větší průměr.

Přehled nejznámějších druhů

Externí odkazy

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Tenkohlavec: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Tenkohlavec (Trichuris nebo Trichocephalus) je rod hlístic parazitujících v tlustém a slepém střevě savců. Rod čítá několik medicínsky a veterinárně významných druhů. Onemocnění těmito helminty se označuje jako trichurióza nebo trichocefalóza.

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Peitschenwürmer ( German )

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Peitschenwürmer (Trichuris ssp., von altgriechisch θρίξ thríx, Gen. τριχός trichós, vgl. ngr. τρίχα ‚Haar‘ und ουρά ourá ‚Schwanz‘[1]) sind eine Gattung der Fadenwürmer, die parasitisch im Dickdarm verschiedener Säugetiere leben. Sie haben einen langen dünnen Vorderkörper, der etwa zwei Drittel der Gesamtlänge ausmacht, und ein verdicktes Hinterende, was ihnen das Aussehen einer Peitsche verleiht. Der Ösophagus ist in einen vorderen muskulösen und einen hinteren drüsigen Abschnitt gegliedert. Den drüsigen Abschnitt bilden spezifische Zellen, sogenannte Stichozyten.[2] Das Vorderende des Parasiten ist in die Darmschleimhaut eingesenkt, während das verdickte Ende mit den Geschlechtsorganen in das Darmlumen des Wirtes ragt.[3] Die Mundöffnung zeigt keine Lippen, die Vulva liegt am Übergang vom fadenförmigen in den dicken Teil. Die dickschaligen Eier haben eine typische Fassform mit Polpfröpfen.[4]

 src=
Ei von T. trichiura (links) und T. vulpis (rechts)

Die Gattung enthält etwa 60 bis 70 Arten.[3]

Die parasitologische Diagnostik erfolgt durch Nachweis der Eier im Stuhl. Der Befall mit Peischenwürmern (Trichuriose) kann beim Menschen mit Mebendazol behandelt werden. Für die Behandlung von Tieren sind zahlreiche Anthelminthika zugelassen.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Trichuris im Duden
  2. Thomas Schnieder: Veterinärmedizinische Parasitologie. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2006, ISBN 9783830441359, S. 513.
  3. a b Roy C. Anderson: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission. CABI, 2000, ISBN 9780851997865; S. 606.
  4. J. D. Smyth: Introduction to Animal Parasitology. Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 9780521428118, S. 389.
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Peitschenwürmer: Brief Summary ( German )

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Peitschenwürmer (Trichuris ssp., von altgriechisch θρίξ thríx, Gen. τριχός trichós, vgl. ngr. τρίχα ‚Haar‘ und ουρά ourá ‚Schwanz‘) sind eine Gattung der Fadenwürmer, die parasitisch im Dickdarm verschiedener Säugetiere leben. Sie haben einen langen dünnen Vorderkörper, der etwa zwei Drittel der Gesamtlänge ausmacht, und ein verdicktes Hinterende, was ihnen das Aussehen einer Peitsche verleiht. Der Ösophagus ist in einen vorderen muskulösen und einen hinteren drüsigen Abschnitt gegliedert. Den drüsigen Abschnitt bilden spezifische Zellen, sogenannte Stichozyten. Das Vorderende des Parasiten ist in die Darmschleimhaut eingesenkt, während das verdickte Ende mit den Geschlechtsorganen in das Darmlumen des Wirtes ragt. Die Mundöffnung zeigt keine Lippen, die Vulva liegt am Übergang vom fadenförmigen in den dicken Teil. Die dickschaligen Eier haben eine typische Fassform mit Polpfröpfen.

 src= Ei von T. trichiura (links) und T. vulpis (rechts)

Die Gattung enthält etwa 60 bis 70 Arten.

Die parasitologische Diagnostik erfolgt durch Nachweis der Eier im Stuhl. Der Befall mit Peischenwürmern (Trichuriose) kann beim Menschen mit Mebendazol behandelt werden. Für die Behandlung von Tieren sind zahlreiche Anthelminthika zugelassen.

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Trichuris

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Trichuris, often referred to as whipworms (which typically refers to T. trichiura only in medicine, and to any other species in veterinary medicine), is a genus of parasitic worms from the roundworm family Trichuridae, which are helminths. The name whipworm refers to the shape of the worm; they look like whips with wider "handles" at the posterior end. The name Trichocephalus is sometimes used for this genus.[1]

Species

The genus Trichuris includes over 20 species, which infect the large intestine of their host, including:

A new species – as yet unnamed – has been identified in François’ leaf monkey (Trachypithecus francoisi).[2]

Other species in this genus include Trichuris cynocephalus, Trichuris discolor, Trichuris laevitestis, Trichuris pardinasi, Trichuris navonae, Trichuris ovis, Trichuris rhinopithecus, Trichuris thrichomysi, and Trichuris travassosi.

Trichurias is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis and belongs to the group of neglected tropical diseases, affecting about 604 million people globally.[3]

Researchers are currently facing difficulties completely differentiating the numerous species under the genus Trichuris. When different whipworm species were discovered, the main factor used to differentiate species was the length of the spicule sheath. However, many species were eventually discovered to have similar spicule sheath lengths.[4] Therefore, researchers began to compare other morphologies, such as the structure or orientation surrounding female sex organs of species suspected to be similar, but different.[5] Relatively recently, studies have been conducted to differentiate similar Trichuris species based on mitochondrial DNA differences, a much more accurate method of distinction.[6] However, currently a paucity of research devoted to encoding the DNA of each and every species exists. As a result, Trichuris species distinction is still largely based on morphological differences.

Lifecycle

Currently, the general lifecycle of the whipworm is not completely understood.[7] However, all whipworm species have a similar general lifecycle. Whipworm eggs are first ingested by the host. They eventually reach the duodenum of the small intestine, where the eggs ultimately hatch. The larvae from these eggs travel into the large intestine’s cecum.[8] For about four weeks, the whipworms feed on blood vessels located within the cecum. Eventually, the whipworms leave the cecum and begin to lay thousands of eggs. These unembryonated eggs are then released from the host through feces. The process from egg ingestion to release takes around 12 weeks.[9] The released eggs become embryonated in approximately nine to twenty-one days and are eventually ingested by another host.[10]

Whipworm eggs have thick, lemon-shaped, light yellow shells. Located on opposite ends of the shells are plugs that protect the eggs in unfavorable conditions such as rugged soil and the acidic environment of the small intestine.[9] The actual egg is covered by a vitelline membrane.[11] When the eggs first exit the uterus of their mother, they are composed solely of yolk granules. Over a period of 72 hours, the eggs undergo mitotic division into two blastomeres that are separated by a transverse cleavage. Two additional cleavages occur within at least 96 hours, so that the eggs are now composed of four cells each. Cellular division continues in this manner and the morula stage is reached within the next week. After a total of 21–22 days, the larvae become fully developed and will not hatch until ingested by a host. The larvae can live for a total of six months without the assistance of a host. The timeline of egg development can vary depending on the species.[11]

In domestic animals

Whipworms develop when a dog swallows whipworm eggs, passed from an infected dog. Clinical signs may include diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration. The dog whipworm (T. vulpis) is commonly found in the U.S. It is hard to detect at times, because the numbers of eggs shed are low, and they are shed in waves. Centrifugation is the preferred method. Several preventives are available by prescription from a veterinarian to prevent dogs from getting whipworm.

The cat whipworm is a rare parasite. In Europe, it is mostly represented by T. campanula, and in North America it is more often T. serrata.[12][13] Whipworm eggs found in cats in North America must be differentiated from lungworms, and from mouse whipworm eggs that are just passing through.

T. campanula can be found in cats throughout the United States, having a whip-like shape, living in the large intestine and cecum of cats. The cat gets infected with T. campanula by ingesting food or water that is contaminated with the whipworm eggs. Once the cat ingests the infected eggs, they hatch and the larvae mature as adults in the large intestine, where they feed on the blood from the intestinal wall. T. campanula lays eggs that are passed in the feces of the infected cat, remaining alive in soil for years. The infection can be found by examining the feces of the infected cat. Also, blood can be found in the feces that can help in diagnosing of the infected cat. For prevention, cats should visit the veterinarian to get worming, having the feces inspected. [14]

References

  1. ^ Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Robert Jr. (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 399. ISBN 9780073028279.
  2. ^ Liu GH, Gasser RB, Nejsum P, Wang Y, Chen Q, Song HQ, Zhu XQ (2013). "Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence supports the existence of a new Trichuris species in the endangered François' leaf-monkey". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66249. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866249L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066249. PMC 3688784. PMID 23840431.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Fenwick, A (Mar 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases". Public Health. 126 (3): 233–6. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015. PMID 22325616.
  4. ^ Knight, Robert (1984). "Morphological Differences in Trichuris ovis Associated with Different Host Species". The Journal of Parasitology. 70 (5): 842–843. doi:10.2307/3281784. JSTOR 3281784. PMID 6512651.
  5. ^ Ketzis, Jennifer (2015). "Trichuris spp. infecting domestic cats on St. Kitts: identification based on size or vulvar structure?". SpringerPlus. 4 (115): 115. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0892-z. PMC 4355293. PMID 25789211.
  6. ^ Liu, Guo-Hua; Wang, Yan; Xu, Min-Jun; Zhou, Dong-Hui; Ye, Yong-Gang; Li, Jia-Yuan; Song, Hui-Qun; Lin, Rui-Qing; Zhu, Xing-Quan (2012). "Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Whipworms Trichuris ovis and Trichuris discolor (Nematoda:Trichuridae)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 12 (2012): 1635–1641. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.005. PMID 22926017.
  7. ^ Olsen, Oliver (1974). Animal Parasites. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 497–502. ISBN 0486651266. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  8. ^ Ransom, Brayton (1911). The Nematodes Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of Cattle, Sheep, and Other Ruminants. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. pp. 111–117.
  9. ^ a b "The Biology of the Goat". GoatBiology.com. Karin Christensen. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  10. ^ "Intestinal Parasites - Whipworms". CAPCVet.org. CAPC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  11. ^ a b Thapar, Gobind Singh; Singh, Suresh (1954). "Studies on the Life-History of Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) (Fam. trichuridae: Nematoda)". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 40 (3): 69–88. doi:10.1007/BF03050426. S2CID 82067217.
  12. ^ "Whipworms". VeterinaryPartner.com. 24 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
  13. ^ Hendrix CM, Blagburn BL, Lindsay DS (1987). "Whipworms and intestinal threadworms". Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 17 (6): 1355–75. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(87)50006-7. PMID 3328393.
  14. ^ Nash, Holly. "Whipworms (Trichuris serrata) in Cats". Veterinary Services Department. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
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Trichuris: Brief Summary

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Trichuris, often referred to as whipworms (which typically refers to T. trichiura only in medicine, and to any other species in veterinary medicine), is a genus of parasitic worms from the roundworm family Trichuridae, which are helminths. The name whipworm refers to the shape of the worm; they look like whips with wider "handles" at the posterior end. The name Trichocephalus is sometimes used for this genus.

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Piiskamadot ( Finnish )

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Piiskamadot (Trichuris) ovat piiskamaisia sukkulamatoja, jotka elävät loisina eläinten paksusuolessa. Ne ovat toisesta päästä paksuja ja ohenevat suhteellisen tasaisesti ohueksi "piiskaksi".

Ihmisen paksusuolessa elävä piiskamatolaji on Trichuris trichiura. Koirassa elää Trichuris vulpis, ja muillakin eläinryhmillä on omat matonsa.

Tahallisesti elimistöön päästettyjen piiskamatojen on todettu vähentävän Colitis ulcerosaa eli haavaista paksusuolen tulehdusta.

 src=
Piiskamadon muna, poimittu ulosteesta

Lajeja

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Piiskamadot: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Piiskamadot (Trichuris) ovat piiskamaisia sukkulamatoja, jotka elävät loisina eläinten paksusuolessa. Ne ovat toisesta päästä paksuja ja ohenevat suhteellisen tasaisesti ohueksi "piiskaksi".

Ihmisen paksusuolessa elävä piiskamatolaji on Trichuris trichiura. Koirassa elää Trichuris vulpis, ja muillakin eläinryhmillä on omat matonsa.

Tahallisesti elimistöön päästettyjen piiskamatojen on todettu vähentävän Colitis ulcerosaa eli haavaista paksusuolen tulehdusta.

 src= Piiskamadon muna, poimittu ulosteesta
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Trichuris ( French )

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Trichuris est un genre de nématodes (les nématodes étant un embranchement de vers non segmentés, recouverts d'une épaisse cuticule et menant une vie libre ou parasitaire) de la famille des Trichuridae.

Les trichuris, parasites intestinaux, peuvent affecter les chiens mais rarement les chats en Amérique[2].

Liste des espèces

Selon BioLib (14 novembre 2018)[3] :

Article connexe

Notes et références

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Trichuris: Brief Summary ( French )

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Trichuris est un genre de nématodes (les nématodes étant un embranchement de vers non segmentés, recouverts d'une épaisse cuticule et menant une vie libre ou parasitaire) de la famille des Trichuridae.

Les trichuris, parasites intestinaux, peuvent affecter les chiens mais rarement les chats en Amérique.

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Trichuris ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het geslacht Trichuris behoort tot de familie van de Trichinellidae een familie van de rondwormen. Het meest bekend is de (gewone) zweepworm Trichuris trichiura die bij mensen voorkomt. Zweepwormen danken hun naam aan hun opvallende vorm die bestaat uit een relatief dik voorste deel dat halverwege uitloopt in een lang en dun achterstuk, waardoor het geheel op een zweep lijkt.

Preparaten van de varkenszweepworm (Trichuris suis) waarmee mensen bewust werden besmet, bleken effect te hebben bij de bestrijding van de ziekte van Crohn.[1]

Zweepwormen komen voor als endoparasieten in de darmen van diverse groepen zoogdieren. Men onderscheidt:

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Summers R.W. et al, 2005. Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease. Gut 54 (1): 87–90. Abstract
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Trichuris ( Polish )

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Trichuris - rodzaj nicieni z rodziny Trichuridae.

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Trichuris: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Trichuris - rodzaj nicieni z rodziny Trichuridae.

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Trichuris trichiura - włosogłówka Trichuris vulpis
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Trichuris ( Portuguese )

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Trichuris é um gênero de nemátodos da família Trichuridae, cuja espécie Tricuris trichiura provoca uma verminose denominada tricuríase.

O gênero inclui inúmeras espécie que ocorrem no intestino grosso do homem e outros animais:

Referências

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Trichuris: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Trichuris é um gênero de nemátodos da família Trichuridae, cuja espécie Tricuris trichiura provoca uma verminose denominada tricuríase.

O gênero inclui inúmeras espécie que ocorrem no intestino grosso do homem e outros animais:

Trichuris campanula (parasita do gato) Trichuris suis (parasita do porco) Trichuris muris (parasita do camundongo) Trichuris trichiura - causa tricuríase Trichuris vulpis (parasita do cão)
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Trichuris ( Swedish )

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Trichuris är ett släkte av maskar tillhörande rundmaskar.

Inom släktet finns arten piskmask (Trichuris trichiura) som kan drabba människor. Inom släktet Trichuris finns även arter som kan drabba andra djur än människan. Den art som drabbar hundar heter Trichuris vulpis och den som drabbar katter i Europa Trichuris campanula medan i Nordamerika drabbas katter av Trichuris serrata. Grisar kan drabbas av Trichuris suis.

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Trichuris: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Trichuris är ett släkte av maskar tillhörande rundmaskar.

Inom släktet finns arten piskmask (Trichuris trichiura) som kan drabba människor. Inom släktet Trichuris finns även arter som kan drabba andra djur än människan. Den art som drabbar hundar heter Trichuris vulpis och den som drabbar katter i Europa Trichuris campanula medan i Nordamerika drabbas katter av Trichuris serrata. Grisar kan drabbas av Trichuris suis.

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