Farin loko (fárín loko) (Antiaris africana) bishiya ne.[1]
Farin loko (fárín loko) (Antiaris africana) bishiya ne.
Zaqqum, anchar (Antiaris) — tutdoshlar oilasiga mansub oʻsimliklar turkumi. Bir uyli daraxt yoki butalardan iborat. Guli mayda, koʻrimsiz, changchilari kallaksimon toʻpgul, urugʻchisi shoxlarda bittadan joylashgan. Osiyo, Afrika tropiklarida va Madagaskar o.da 5—6 turi bor. Osiyoning tropiklarida oʻsadigan A. toxicaria degan yirik daraxt Z.ning bir turi boʻlib, zaharli sut shirasi tarkibida antiarin va antiozidin glikozidi bor. Z.ning shirasi zaharli boʻlganidan mahalliy xalq kamalak oʻqlarini zaharlashda qadimdan foydalanib keladi. [1]
Zaqqum, anchar (Antiaris) — tutdoshlar oilasiga mansub oʻsimliklar turkumi. Bir uyli daraxt yoki butalardan iborat. Guli mayda, koʻrimsiz, changchilari kallaksimon toʻpgul, urugʻchisi shoxlarda bittadan joylashgan. Osiyo, Afrika tropiklarida va Madagaskar o.da 5—6 turi bor. Osiyoning tropiklarida oʻsadigan A. toxicaria degan yirik daraxt Z.ning bir turi boʻlib, zaharli sut shirasi tarkibida antiarin va antiozidin glikozidi bor. Z.ning shirasi zaharli boʻlganidan mahalliy xalq kamalak oʻqlarini zaharlashda qadimdan foydalanib keladi.
Antiaris toxicaria is a tree in the mulberry and fig family, Moraceae. It is the only species currently recognized in the genus Antiaris. The genus Antiaris was at one time considered to consist of several species, but is now regarded as just one variable species which can be further divided into five subspecies. One significant difference within the species is that the size of the fruit decreases as one travels from Africa to Polynesia.[1] Antiaris has a remarkably wide distribution in tropical regions, occurring in Australia, tropical Asia, tropical Africa, Indonesia, the Philippines, Tonga, and various other tropical islands. Its seeds are spread by various birds and bats, and it is not clear how many of the populations are essentially invasive. The species is of interest as a source of wood, bark cloth, and pharmacological or toxic substances.
The generic epithet Antiaris is derived directly from the Javanese name for it: ancar[2] (obsolete Dutch-era spelling: antjar).[3] Some of the better known synonyms include: Antiaris africana Engl., Antiaris macrophylla R.Br. and Antiaris welwitschii Engl..
In English it may be called bark cloth tree, antiaris, false iroko, false mvule or upas tree,[4] and in the Javanese language it is known as the upas or ancar. In the Indonesian language it is known as bemu. In the related official language of the Philippines, Filipino, upas, and in Malaysia's Malaysian language as Ipoh or ancar. In Thai it is the ยางน่อง (yangnong). In Mandinka, it is the jafo and in Wolof the kan or man. In Coastal Kenya, it is called mnguonguo by the Giriama.
The Chinese of Hainan Island, refer to the tree as the "Poison Arrow Tree" (Chinese: 箭毒木; pinyin: Jiàndú Mù — "Arrow Poison Wood,") because its latex was smeared on arrowheads in ancient times by the Li people for use in hunting and warfare.[5]
Currently one species of Antiaris is formally accepted, namely Antiaris toxicaria,[6][7][1] with about twenty synonyms recorded and rejected as invalid. The status of other species still is unresolved, namely Antiaris turbinifera. However, given the wide range of the genus, it is quite likely that investigations under way will lead to the establishment of new species. Some varieties and subspecies are already established, pending further investigation. At present the accepted taxonomy is as follows:
Antiaris toxicaria is monoecious. It is a large tree, growing to 25–40 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter, often buttressed at the base, with pale grey bark. The trees have milky to watery latex.[8] The leaves are elliptic to obovate, 7–19 cm long and 3–6 cm broad.[9] The African tree bears larger fruit than Asian and Polynesian populations. The Indonesian Antiaris toxicaria flowers in June. In Kenya peak seeding time is March. The edible fruit is a red or purple drupe 2 cm in diameter, with a single seed.[8] The tree grows rapidly and attains maturity within 20 years. It is classified by Hawthorne W.D. as a non-pioneer light demanding tree.[10]
The Antiaris tree is found in grassy savanna and coastal plateaus. In Africa, there are three varieties clearly distinguished by habitat and their juvenile forms. One is confined mainly to wooded grassland, the other two are found in wet forests; rainforest, riverine forest and semi-swamp forests. It generally does not grow at altitudes above some 1500 metres above sea-level.[11]
Antiaris toxicaria is a fairly small-scale source of timber and yields a lightweight hardwood with density of 250–540 kilogram per cubic metre (similar to balsa). As the wood peels very easily and evenly, it is commonly used for veneer.
The bark has a high concentration of tannins that are used in traditional clothes dyeing and paints.
The seed from the fruit, which is a soft and edible[12] red or purple drupe 2 cm in diameter, is dispersed by birds, bats, possums, monkeys, deer, antelopes and humans.
In Africa and Polynesia the bast fibre is harvested and is used in preparing strong, coarse bark cloth for clothing. The clothes often are decorated with the dye produced from the bark tannins.
Antiaris toxicaria is an excellent, fast-growing shade tree and often is grown around human dwellings for shade. The leaf litter is an excellent compost material and high in nutrients. It often is applied as mulch or green manure in local gardens, which however, must be grown beyond the shade of the extremely dense canopy of the tree.
Recently, the plant had allegedly been used by retired Tanzanian pastor Ambilikile Mwasapile to allegedly cure all manner of diseases, including HIV/AIDS, diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, asthma, and others.[13] While found to be harmless to humans when boiled in accordance with Mwasapile's mode of creating a medicinal drink out of the bark, it allegedly was undergoing testing by the WHO and Tanzanian health authorities to verify whether it has any medicinal value.[14] However, conflicting reports suggest that the plant in question is not in fact Antiaris, but rather Carissa edulis.[15]
The latex of Antiaris toxicaria contains intensely toxic cardenolides, in particular a cardiac glycoside named antiarin.[16] It is used as a toxin for arrows, darts, and blowdarts in Island Southeast Asian cultures. In various ethnic groups of the Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi and Malaysia the concentrated sap of Antiaris toxicaria is known as upas, apo, or ipoh, among other names. The concentrate is applied (by dipping) to darts used in sumpit blowguns employed for hunting and warfare.[17][18] In Javanese tradition in Indonesia, Antiaris toxicaria (also known as upas) is mixed with Strychnos ignatii for arrow poison.[11]
In China, this plant is known as "arrow poison wood" and the poison is said to be so deadly that it has been described as "Seven Up Eight Down Nine Death" meaning that a victim can take no more than seven steps uphill, eight steps downhill or nine steps on level ground before dying. Some travellers' tales have it that the Upas tree is the most poisonous in the world, so that no one can reach the trunk before falling down dead.[19]
Another account (professedly by one Foersch, who was a surgeon at Semarang in 1773) was published in The London Magazine, December 1783, and popularized by Erasmus Darwin in Loves of the Plants (Botanic Garden, pt. ii). The tree was said to destroy all animal life within a radius of 15 miles or more. The poison was fetched by condemned malefactors, of whom scarcely two out of twenty returned.[20] Geoffrey Grigson proposed that this exaggerated description was perpetrated by George Steevens.[21] In fact, the deaths were due to an adjoining extinct volcano near Batar, called Guava Upas. Due to confusion of names, the poisonous effects of the deadly valley have been ascribed to the Upas tree.[22]
Literary allusions to the tree's poisonous nature are frequent and as a rule are not to be taken seriously.[23][24] A poem that has been frequently commented on and set to music is "The Upas-Tree" by Pushkin.[25]
One of the heroes of Thomas Mann's novel The Magic Mountain written in 1924 mentioned this tree in the context "The knowledge of drugs possessed by the coloured races was far superior to our own. In certain islands east of Dutch New Guinea, youths and maidens prepared a love charm from the bark of a tree—it was probably poisonous, like the manzanilla tree, or the antiaris toxicaria the deadly upas tree of Java, which could poison the air round with its steam and fatally stupefy man and beast".
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) *Hot and cold soaking treatment of twenty wood species from Irian Jaya,Abdurrohim S and Martawijaya A. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Indonesia: 1987. 4(3): 1–9.
*Flora of West Tropical Africa. Hutchinson J and Dalziel JM. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administration: London 1958. 2nd Ed., Vol. 1(2), .
*Analysis of some Malaysian dart poisons, Kopp B, Bauer WP and Bernkop-Schnurch A, Journal of Ethnopharmacology: . 1992. 36(1): 57–62.
*Timber trees: lesser known species Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.) PROSEA 5(3). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 1998
*A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya, Teel W. KENGO, Nairobi: 1984
*Studies on the Indonesian Antiaris Toxicaria Sap, Fujimoto Yukio, Suzuki Yuko, Kanaiwa Takao, Amiya Takashi, Hoshi Katsuji, Fujino Sumiko, "Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics", 6 (2), The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan: 19830200: pp 128–135
Antiaris toxicaria is a tree in the mulberry and fig family, Moraceae. It is the only species currently recognized in the genus Antiaris. The genus Antiaris was at one time considered to consist of several species, but is now regarded as just one variable species which can be further divided into five subspecies. One significant difference within the species is that the size of the fruit decreases as one travels from Africa to Polynesia. Antiaris has a remarkably wide distribution in tropical regions, occurring in Australia, tropical Asia, tropical Africa, Indonesia, the Philippines, Tonga, and various other tropical islands. Its seeds are spread by various birds and bats, and it is not clear how many of the populations are essentially invasive. The species is of interest as a source of wood, bark cloth, and pharmacological or toxic substances.
Antiaris es un género con 18 especies de plantas con flores pertenecientes a la familia Moraceae, son nativos del este de Asia.
Antiaris es un género con 18 especies de plantas con flores pertenecientes a la familia Moraceae, son nativos del este de Asia.
Antiaris est un genre de plantes de la famille des Moraceae.
Selon NCBI (28 décembre 2013)[2] :
Selon The Plant List (28 décembre 2013)[3] :
Selon Tropicos (28 décembre 2013)[1] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
Antiaris is een geslacht uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). Het geslacht telt slechts een soort die voorkomt in de tropische regio's van Australië, Azië, Afrika, en op eilandengroepen zoals Indonesië, de Filipijnen, Tonga en talrijke andere tropische eilanden.
Antiaris is een geslacht uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). Het geslacht telt slechts een soort die voorkomt in de tropische regio's van Australië, Azië, Afrika, en op eilandengroepen zoals Indonesië, de Filipijnen, Tonga en talrijke andere tropische eilanden.
Antiaris é um género botânico pertencente à família Moraceae[1].
Antiaris é um género botânico pertencente à família Moraceae.
«Antiaris — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020Upasträdsläktet (Antiaris) är ett släkte mullbärsväxter[2] som förekommer i Ostindien. Släktet omfattar omkring 15 arter träd med enköndade blommor och saftiga skenfruker.
Den mest känd bland arterna är upasträdet, ur vars mjölksaft antiarin utvinns. Av trädens bastfibrer har man tillverkat papper och säckväv.
Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life[2]:
AntiarisUpasträd (Antiaris toxicaria)
Анча́р (Antiaris) — рід деревних рослин родини шовковицевих (Moraceae). Відомо 16 видів, поширених в Східній Індії та на островах Малайського архіпелагу. Всі види анчара містять отруйні алкалоїди, але особливо отруйне упас-дерево (Antiaris toxicaria; (en)) з о. Ява. Його молочним соком тубільці з давніх часів користувалися для отруєння стріл.
Думка про те, що це дерево отруює навіть повітря навколо себе, неправильна. О. С. Пушкін у вірші «Анчар» використав перекази про це дерево.
Анча́р (Antiaris) — рід деревних рослин родини шовковицевих (Moraceae). Відомо 16 видів, поширених в Східній Індії та на островах Малайського архіпелагу. Всі види анчара містять отруйні алкалоїди, але особливо отруйне упас-дерево (Antiaris toxicaria; (en)) з о. Ява. Його молочним соком тубільці з давніх часів користувалися для отруєння стріл.
Думка про те, що це дерево отруює навіть повітря навколо себе, неправильна. О. С. Пушкін у вірші «Анчар» використав перекази про це дерево.
Анча́р (лат. Antīaris) — род вечнозелёных деревьев или кустарников семейства Тутовые (Moraceae). По информации базы данных The Plant List (2013), род включает единственный вид — Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.[3], включающий четыре подвида и две разновидности.
Родовое название Antiaris было установлено французским путешественником, естествоиспытателем и ботаником Ж. Лешено. Растение длительное время относили к семейству крапивные.
Виды этого рода происходят из Ост-Индии и Малайского архипелага.
Листья простые.
Цветки мелкие, тесно скученные в плотные соцветия, окружённые бокаловидной поволокой. Цветочный покров (чашечка) четырёхраздельный.
Плод сложный или сборный; соплодие, состоящее из многих мелких, тесно сидящих плодиков, облечённых каждый своим разросшимся по отцветании сочным околоцветником.
Все подвиды весьма ядовиты, особенно же Анчар ядовитый (Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.), соком которого туземцы отравляют стрелы (отсюда и составное ботаническое название: др.-греч. αντι — против, вместо, для, и άρις — острие); растёт на Яве. Слава о силе яда этого дерева создала издавна даже поверье о ядовитости самого воздуха вблизи анчара от испарений его, особенно в тени, убивающих животных и людей, неосторожно приближающихся к дереву. Известный яд упас (также боон-упас, боа-упас) есть млечный сок анчара; при перегонке сока со спиртом получается антиарин, весьма сильный яд, кристаллизующийся в блестящих бесцветных листочках.
Другой подвид, Анчар Беннетта, с островов Виту, содержит в плодах прекрасную карминовую краску, а в коре лубяные волокна, идущие на поделки. Из подобных же волокон в Ост-Индии и на Цейлоне делают мешки.
Древесина некоторых видов используется для производства шпона.
Существует одноимённое стихотворение А. С. Пушкина[4][5], написанное в 1828 году.
Анча́р (лат. Antīaris) — род вечнозелёных деревьев или кустарников семейства Тутовые (Moraceae). По информации базы данных The Plant List (2013), род включает единственный вид — Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., включающий четыре подвида и две разновидности.
见血封喉属（学名：Antiaris）是桑科下的一个属，为常绿乔木植物。只有唯一的1种箭毒木，分布于热带非洲、印度、马来半岛地区。[1]
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