Comments
provided by eFloras
Pontederia cordata has a large number of synonyms, at the levels of species, variety, and form (see R. M. Lowden 1973 for most names). Almost all these names are based on variations in leaf shape, but extensive morphological variation has been observed within single populations and even in individual plants. Study is needed to determine the cause of the extreme leaf base forms of cuneate on lanceolate blades and cordate on ovate blades. Variation has also been observed in peduncle pubescence. A velutinous peduncle and ovate leaf blade with slightly cuneate base is consistently found among some South American populations, hence recognition there of var. ovalis (Martius) Solms.
The reproductive biology of Pontederia cordata has been well studied (R. Ornduff 1966; S. D. Price and S. C. H. Barrett 1982, 1984). It is a tristylous species, and most populations contain all three morphs (S. D. Price and S. C. H. Barrett 1982). At least some degree of self-incompatibility exists, being strongest with the short-style morphs and weakest with the midstyle morphs (R. Ornduff 1966).
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Description
provided by eFloras
Plants perennial, rooted in mud. Vegetative stems contracted, rhizomatous. Flowering stems erect, to 120 cm. Sessile leaves: blade linear. Petiolate leaves emersed; stipule 7–29 cm; petiole distinctly constricted just below blade, to 60 cm; blade lanceolate to cordate, 6–22 × 0.7–12 cm. Spikes with up to several hundred flowers, 2–15 cm; spathes 5–17 cm. Perianth mauve, tube 3–9 mm, limb lobes oblanceolate, 5–8 mm, distal central lobe with 2-lobed yellow spot; proximal stamens 7–13 mm, distal 1.5–6.3 mm; style 3-lobed. Utricles with dentate ridges, 4–6 × 2–3 mm.
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Distribution
provided by eFloras
N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico; Central America (Belize); South America.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering Mar--Nov in Florida; flowering season shorter farther north.
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Habitat
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Pond and lake margins; 0--500m.
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Synonym
provided by eFloras
Narukila cordata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland; Pontederia angustifolia Pursh; P. cordata var. lanceolata (Nuttall) Grisebach; P. cordata var. lancifolia (Muhlenberg) Torrey; P. lanceolata Nuttall; P. lancifolia Muhlenberg; Unisema cordata (Linnaeus) Farwell
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Derivation of specific name
provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
cordata: heart-shaped
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- Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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- Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Pontederia cordata L.
var. lanceolata (Nutt.) Griseb. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=112980
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- Mark Hyde
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- Bart Wursten
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- Petra Ballings
Comprehensive Description
provided by North American Flora
Pontederia cordata L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753
Unisema obliisifolia Raf. Med. Repos. II. 4: 352. 1808.
^Pontederia lancifolia Muhl. Cat. 34. 1813.
Pontederia angustifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 224. 1814.
Pontederia cordata var. angustifolia Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 343. 1824.
Unisema dellifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 105. 1830.
Unisema latifolia Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107, in part. 1830.
Unisema media Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830.
Unisema mucronata Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830.
Unisema obliquata Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 107. 1830.
Unisema heterophylla Raf. Med. Fl. 2: 108, in part. 1830.
JUnisema rotundifolia RaLMed. Fl. 2: 108. 1830.
Unisema lancifolia Raf. Atl. Jour. 178. 1833.
Pontederia coerulea Maund, Bot. Gard. pi. 551. 1836.
Unisema peduncularis Raf. New Fl. 2: 75. 1837.
Pontederia cordata var. typica Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 532, in part. 1883.
Pontederia cordata f. angustifolia Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 532, in part. 1883.
Pontederia cordata f. sagittala Solms, in DC. Monog. Phan. 4: 533. 1883. Pontederia cordata lancifolia Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 105. 1894. Varukila cordata Nieuwl. Am. Midi. Nat. 3: KM. 1913. Narukila cordata var. lancifolia Nieuwl. Am. Midi. Nat .3: KM . 1913. Pontederia cordata f. albiflora House, Hull. N. Y. Stale Mus. 243-244: 62. 19 Pontederia cordata f. latifolia House, Hull. N. Y. State Mus. 243 244: 62. I'' ! Unisema cordata Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3: 91. 1924. Unisema cordata f. latifolia Parwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3: 92. 192 l Unisema cordata f. angustifolia Farwell, Papers Mich. Acad. 3 92. 1924,
Plant cmerscd, up to 12 dm. tall, the rootstock creeping in the mud; [eaves erect, the blades cordate, oblong-cordate, sagittate-cordate, hastate cordate, hastate, or lanceolati , sometimes more than one form on the same plant, up to 18 cm. Long; stipules truncate, the midrib produced into a mucro; lower spathe-valve leaf-like, the upper one loosely sheathing, its Upper margin somewhat reflexed, 3-6 cm. long, abruptly caudate; inflorescence glabrate t" densely pilose, its flowering portion 5-15 cm. long; perianth more or less villou n bud,
not or only occasionally glandular, violet-blue to white, its tube 5-7 mm. long, its limb spreading, the lobes 7-10 mm. long, the three outer linear to linear-elliptic, the three inner broadlj elliptic to oblanceolate, the middle upper one with a bilobed yellow spot; filaments pubescent ; anthers oblong; stigma 3-6-cleft; fruit oblong-ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, the crest-ridges with angular, obtuse divisions.
Type locality: Virginia.
Distribution: Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, and southward at higher elevation to Virginia and Texas.
- bibliographic citation
- Albert Charles Smith, Harold Norman Moldenke, Edward Johnston Alexander. 1937. XYRIDALES. North American flora. vol 19(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Pontederia cordata
provided by wikipedia EN
Pontederia cordata, common name pickerelweed (USA) or pickerel weed (UK), is a monocotyledonous aquatic plant native to the American continents. It grows in a variety of wetlands, including pond and lake margins across an extremely large range from eastern Canada south to Argentina. A few examples include northern rivers,[3] the Everglades[4] and Louisiana.[5]
Ecology
The species grows as an emergent plant, that is, in flooded conditions, so the plant is generally dependent upon aerenchyma in the stem to carry oxygen into the roots. Its metabolism, is, however, also tolerant of low soil oxygen.[6] It is often found in areas where water levels fluctuate naturally, with spring flooding and later summer emergence. Apart from flooding, the species is also influenced by soil fertility, tending to grow in the more fertile bays of large lakes, for example. Like many aquatic plants, it is negatively affected by salinity and grazing.[7] It is also negatively affected by competition from other wetland plants.[8] Like many wetland plants, it can survive unfavorable conditions as buried seeds in the soil.[9]
Flowers
The plant flowers in late summer. The purple flowers have yellow markings which may assist in attracting bees for pollination.[10] Two species known to pollinate the flowers are Melissodes apicatus and Dufourea novaeangliae.[11][12] Once the plant begins to produce seeds, the stem supporting the inflorescence bends to submerge the fruits and seeds.[7] Seeds are dormant at the time of dispersal and will not germinate without stratification for 6–8 weeks.[9]
The flowers of the species are tristylous, meaning the styles of individual plants occur in three different morphs, with most populations containing all three. Leaf shape, which varies considerably across populations, within populations, and even within individuals, has been the source for many taxonomic synonyms.[13] Like many wetland and aquatic plants, the species can reproduce asexually by means of branching rhizomes, and hence can form large clonal stands.[11]
Cultivation
This plant is cultivated as an ornamental garden pond plant, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14][15]
Uses
The young leafstalks can be eaten raw (with the unripe fruits stripped off) or cooked. The seeds are edible raw, and can be ground into grain.[16][17]
References
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^ NatureServe (2006), "Pontederia cordata", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, Virginia, retrieved 2010-07-25
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^ "Pontederia cordata (Pickerelweed, Pickerel Weed)". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. NC State University. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
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^ Day, R. T., Keddy, P. A., McNeill, J., and Carleton, T. (1988). Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology, 69, 1044–54.
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^ Loveless, C. M. (1959). A study of the vegetation in the Florida everglades. Ecology, 40, 1–9.
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^ Keddy, P. A., Campbell, D., McFalls T., Shaffer, G., Moreau, R., Dranguet, C., and Heleniak, R. (2007). The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews, 15, 1–35.
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^ Laing, H. E. (1940). Respiration of the rhizomes of Nuphar advenum and other water plants. American Journal of Botany, 27, 574–81.
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^ a b Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p
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^ Geho, E. M., Campbell, D., and Keddy, P. A. (2007). Quantifying ecological filters: the relative impact of herbivory, neighbours, and sediment on an oligohaline marsh. Oikos, 116, 1006–16.
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^ a b Whigham, Dennis F. and Robert L. Simpson. 1982. Germination and dormancy studies of Pontederia cordata L. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 109: 524–528.
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^ Sculthorpe, C. D. (1967). The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London. p. 280.
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^ a b Hutchinson, G. E. (1975). A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. 3, Limnological Botany. New York: John Wiley. p.229.
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^ Mitchell, T. B. (1962). Bees of the Eastern United States. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 152(2): 1–557.
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^ Adanson, Narukila; Rafinesque, Umsema; Rafinesque, Unisema (2002), "Pontederia cordata", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+ (ed.), Flora of North America, vol. 26, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 45
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^ "RHS Plant Selector – Pontederia cordata". Retrieved 6 February 2021.
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^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 81. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
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^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 711. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
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^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
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Pontederia cordata: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Pontederia cordata, common name pickerelweed (USA) or pickerel weed (UK), is a monocotyledonous aquatic plant native to the American continents. It grows in a variety of wetlands, including pond and lake margins across an extremely large range from eastern Canada south to Argentina. A few examples include northern rivers, the Everglades and Louisiana.
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