Apteronotus albifrons és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels apteronòtids.[5]
Menja larves d'insectes.[12][13]
És un peix d'aigua dolça, bentopelàgic i de clima tropical (23°C-28°C), el qual viu als rierols de corrent ràpid i fons de sorra.[7][14]
Es troba a Sud-amèrica: des de Veneçuela fins al Paraguai, incloent-hi el riu Paranà i la conca del riu Amazones al Perú.[15][7][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
És inofensiu per als humans, d'hàbits nocturns, una espècie popular en aquariofília[23][14][24][25][26] i els amerindis sud-americans creuen que els esperits dels difunts s'hi reencarnen.[27][7]
Apteronotus albifrons és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels apteronòtids.
Black ghost er en tropisk fisk i knivfiskfamilien (Apteronotidae). Fisken holdes af og til i akvarier. Fisken er sort med 2 hvide ringe på halen og bevæger sig hovedsageligt ved at vifte med en lang finne på undersiden. Fisken har en maksimal længde på 50 centimeter.
I naturen lever black ghost hovedsageligt i hurtigstrømmende vand med sandbund i et tropisk klima. Den foretrækker vand med en pH på mellem 6,0 og 8,0, samt en hårdhed på 5-19 °dH. Den bedste temperatur for fisken er på mellem 23 og 28 °C. Den er nataktiv og finder insektlarver med et elektrisk organ og receptorer over hele kroppen.
StubDer Weißstirn-Messerfisch (Apteronotus albifrons) ist ein Süßwasserfisch aus der Ordnung der Neuwelt-Messerfische (Gymnotiformes). Er kommt in Südamerika östlich der Anden vom Orinoko bis zum Río de la Plata und im westlich der Anden gelegenen Río Magdalena vor.
Weißstirn-Messerfische besitzen einen langgestreckten, seitlich stark abgeflachten Körper. Eine kleine Schwanzflosse ist vorhanden. Rückenflosse und Bauchflossen fehlen. Die Fische werden etwa 50 cm lang. Die lange, sich fast über die gesamte Körperlänge erstreckende Afterflosse ist das Hauptantriebsorgan der Fische. Sie ermöglicht es ihnen, durch wellenförmige Bewegungen sowohl vorwärts als auch rückwärts zu schwimmen. Der Weißstirn-Messerfisch ist schwarzblau bis dunkelbraun gefärbt. Einzige Farbmarkierungen sind zwei weiße Bänder um den Schwanzflossenstiel und ein schmaler weißer Strich auf der Stirn. Die Fische besitzen ein schwaches elektrisches Organ, das aus umgewandelten Nervenzellen besteht und bis zum Schwanz reicht.
Weißstirn-Messerfische leben ausschließlich in Fließgewässern mit starker Strömung und sandigem Boden. Sie sind nachtaktiv und ernähren sich vor allem von Insektenlarven.
Der Weißstirn-Messerfisch (Apteronotus albifrons) ist ein Süßwasserfisch aus der Ordnung der Neuwelt-Messerfische (Gymnotiformes). Er kommt in Südamerika östlich der Anden vom Orinoko bis zum Río de la Plata und im westlich der Anden gelegenen Río Magdalena vor.
Ulam Black Ghost (Apteronotus albofrons) utawi ingkang wonten ing Indonesia kawéntar kanthi nama ulam sétan kalebet satunggaling iwak hias. Ulam punika asalipun saking Sungai Amazon, Brazil, Amérika Selatan. Nanging wonten ugi ingkang wastani bilih ulam black ghost punika. Ulam punika asalipun saking Sungai Amazon, Rio Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Ekuador, Venezuela, lan Guyana. Ulam punika gadhah wujud awak ingkang pipih (tipis) kanthi dawa kirang langkung 66 cm dumugi 48 cm. Warni awakipun saking biru, ungu tuwa, dumugi radi ireng. Ingkang unik saking ulam punika inggih corèngan warni putihingkang wonten ing dawaning pérangan dorsal (wiwitan saking sirah dumugi dorsal tengah) saha kalih garis kanthi warni putih wonten ing buntut lan nyawijinipun sirip dhadha kaliyan sirip weteng [1].
Ulam punika kalebet ulam pendamai. Ukuran awakipun saged 50 cm kanthi dawa rata-rata kirang langkung 35 cm. Adhedhasar wujud awakipun ulam setan punika kagolong dhateng ulam pisau (Knifefishes), inggih punika golongan ulam kados pisau ingkang lébar pérangan sirah lan awak lajeng ngruncing ing pérangan weteng. Ulam black ghost ugi kagolong dhateng electic fishes inggih punika ulam ingkang saged ngasilaken listrik. Ulam punika saed ngasilaken listrik andhap (< 1V/cm) kanthi frekuensi medan listrik 0.1 – 10 kHz. Listik punika kaginakaken kanggé ngenali objek sakiwa-tengené lan kanggé komunikasi kaliyan ulam listrik sanèsipun. Saénipun ulam punika boten dipunpiara kaliyan ulam ingkang ngasilaken listrik sanèsipun [2].
Ulam black ghost remen kaliyan papan ingkang lunak lan cenderung asem, nanging saged ugi gesang wonten toya ingkang warna-warna. Ulam black ghost ugi milih panganan kanthi jinis tartamtu, lan saged mangan pakan ingkang garing, beku ugi panganan urip. Nanging ulam sétan punika langkung remen kaliyan pakan cacing rambut.
Bedanipun ulam setan ingkang lanang kaliyan wadon punika saged katingal saking jarak antawisipun tutuk kaliyan tutup angsang. Manawi ulam lanang punika jarakipun langkung dawa katandingan kaliyan ulam wadon. Ulam lanang langkung langsing katimbang ulam wadon ingkang gadhah wujud weteng gendhut. Induk ulam black ghost saged mateng endos manawi sampun umur kirang langkung satunggal taun kanthi dawa 15 cm.
Ulam Black Ghost (Apteronotus albofrons) utawi ingkang wonten ing Indonesia kawéntar kanthi nama ulam sétan kalebet satunggaling iwak hias. Ulam punika asalipun saking Sungai Amazon, Brazil, Amérika Selatan. Nanging wonten ugi ingkang wastani bilih ulam black ghost punika. Ulam punika asalipun saking Sungai Amazon, Rio Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Ekuador, Venezuela, lan Guyana. Ulam punika gadhah wujud awak ingkang pipih (tipis) kanthi dawa kirang langkung 66 cm dumugi 48 cm. Warni awakipun saking biru, ungu tuwa, dumugi radi ireng. Ingkang unik saking ulam punika inggih corèngan warni putihingkang wonten ing dawaning pérangan dorsal (wiwitan saking sirah dumugi dorsal tengah) saha kalih garis kanthi warni putih wonten ing buntut lan nyawijinipun sirip dhadha kaliyan sirip weteng .
Ulam punika kalebet ulam pendamai. Ukuran awakipun saged 50 cm kanthi dawa rata-rata kirang langkung 35 cm. Adhedhasar wujud awakipun ulam setan punika kagolong dhateng ulam pisau (Knifefishes), inggih punika golongan ulam kados pisau ingkang lébar pérangan sirah lan awak lajeng ngruncing ing pérangan weteng. Ulam black ghost ugi kagolong dhateng electic fishes inggih punika ulam ingkang saged ngasilaken listrik. Ulam punika saed ngasilaken listrik andhap (< 1V/cm) kanthi frekuensi medan listrik 0.1 – 10 kHz. Listik punika kaginakaken kanggé ngenali objek sakiwa-tengené lan kanggé komunikasi kaliyan ulam listrik sanèsipun. Saénipun ulam punika boten dipunpiara kaliyan ulam ingkang ngasilaken listrik sanèsipun .
Ulam black ghost remen kaliyan papan ingkang lunak lan cenderung asem, nanging saged ugi gesang wonten toya ingkang warna-warna. Ulam black ghost ugi milih panganan kanthi jinis tartamtu, lan saged mangan pakan ingkang garing, beku ugi panganan urip. Nanging ulam sétan punika langkung remen kaliyan pakan cacing rambut.
The black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) is a tropical fish belonging to the ghost knifefish family (Apteronotidae). They originate in freshwater habitats in South America where they range from Venezuela to the Paraguay–Paraná River, including the Amazon Basin.[1] They are popular in aquaria. The fish is all black except for two white rings on its tail, and a white blaze on its nose, which can occasionally extend into a stripe down its back. It moves mainly by undulating a long fin on its underside. It will grow to a length of 18"-20". Only a fish for those with large aquariums, minimum 100 gallons.
Black ghost knifefish are nocturnal. They are a weakly electric fish which use an electric organ and receptors distributed over the length of their body in order to locate insect larvae.[2]
The black ghost knifefish natively lives in fast moving, sandy bottom creeks in a tropical climate. South American natives believe that the ghosts of the departed take up residence in these fish,[3] hence the name.
The black ghost knifefish is a weakly electric fish as a result of the electromotor and electrosensory systems it possesses.[2] While some fish can only receive electric signals, the black ghost knifefish can both produce and sense the electrical impulses.[4] Electrogenesis occurs when a specialized electric organ found in the tail of the fish generates electrical signals, which are thus called electric organ discharges (EODs).[5] Then, for these EODs to be sensed by the fish, electroreception occurs when groups of sensory cells embedded in the skin, known as electroreceptor organs, detect the electrical change.[6] The EODs are used for two major purposes: electrolocation and communication.[7]
The kind of EOD produced can be used to distinguish between two types of weakly electric fish: the pulse-type and the wave-type.[8] The black ghost knifefish are considered to be the latter type, because they can continuously generate EODs in small intervals. Wave-type EODs have a narrow power spectra, and can be heard as a tonal sound, where the discharge rate establishes the fundamental frequency.[6] By emitting its own continuous sinusoidal train of EODs, the fish can determine the presence of nearby objects by sensing perturbations in timing and amplitude of electric fields, an ability known as active electrolocation.[7] The particular organs used to sense the self-generated high-frequency EODs are tuberous electroreceptor organs. On the other hand, when low-frequency electric fields are generated by external sources instead of the fish itself, a different class of electroreceptor organs is used for this passive electrolocation, called ampullary organs. Therefore, the black ghost knifefish uses an active and a passive electrosystem, each with its own corresponding receptor organs.[2] The fish can also use a mechanosensory lateral line system, which detects water disturbances created by the motion of the fish's body.[9] As nocturnal hunters, the fish can rely on all three systems to navigate through dark environments and detect their prey.[2]
Each species has a characteristic EOD baseline frequency range, which varies with sex and age within the species, as well. The baseline frequency is maintained to be almost constant at stable temperature, but will usually be changed due to the presence of others of the same species. Such changes in frequency relevant to social interaction are called frequency modulations (FMs). The role these FMs have in communication is significant, as black ghost knifefish have developed jamming avoidance responses, which are behavioral responses that avoid the overlapping of EOD frequencies between conspecific individuals to prevent sensory confusion.[7] Moreover, a study was conducted that focused on sexual dimorphism in electrocommunication signals. Female black ghost knifefish generate EODs at a higher frequency than the males, an FM which can be used for gender recognition.[5] A study found the subordinate black ghost knifefish exhibited noticeable gradual frequency rises (GFRs) in their EODs whereas the dominant fish did not, supporting the researchers' hypothesis that GFRs during communication are indicative of submissive signals.[7]
It is possible to use a device to convert a captive fish's electrical signals into audible sound, allowing listeners to hear the fish "talk". The Bakken Museum in Minneapolis has a display with such a device and a black ghost knifefish.[10]
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The black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) is a tropical fish belonging to the ghost knifefish family (Apteronotidae). They originate in freshwater habitats in South America where they range from Venezuela to the Paraguay–Paraná River, including the Amazon Basin. They are popular in aquaria. The fish is all black except for two white rings on its tail, and a white blaze on its nose, which can occasionally extend into a stripe down its back. It moves mainly by undulating a long fin on its underside. It will grow to a length of 18"-20". Only a fish for those with large aquariums, minimum 100 gallons.
Black ghost knifefish are nocturnal. They are a weakly electric fish which use an electric organ and receptors distributed over the length of their body in order to locate insect larvae.
Black ghost knifefish with its underside pointing towards the camera The black ghost knifefish natively lives in fast moving, sandy bottom creeks in a tropical climate. South American natives believe that the ghosts of the departed take up residence in these fish, hence the name.
The black ghost knifefish is a weakly electric fish as a result of the electromotor and electrosensory systems it possesses. While some fish can only receive electric signals, the black ghost knifefish can both produce and sense the electrical impulses. Electrogenesis occurs when a specialized electric organ found in the tail of the fish generates electrical signals, which are thus called electric organ discharges (EODs). Then, for these EODs to be sensed by the fish, electroreception occurs when groups of sensory cells embedded in the skin, known as electroreceptor organs, detect the electrical change. The EODs are used for two major purposes: electrolocation and communication.
The kind of EOD produced can be used to distinguish between two types of weakly electric fish: the pulse-type and the wave-type. The black ghost knifefish are considered to be the latter type, because they can continuously generate EODs in small intervals. Wave-type EODs have a narrow power spectra, and can be heard as a tonal sound, where the discharge rate establishes the fundamental frequency. By emitting its own continuous sinusoidal train of EODs, the fish can determine the presence of nearby objects by sensing perturbations in timing and amplitude of electric fields, an ability known as active electrolocation. The particular organs used to sense the self-generated high-frequency EODs are tuberous electroreceptor organs. On the other hand, when low-frequency electric fields are generated by external sources instead of the fish itself, a different class of electroreceptor organs is used for this passive electrolocation, called ampullary organs. Therefore, the black ghost knifefish uses an active and a passive electrosystem, each with its own corresponding receptor organs. The fish can also use a mechanosensory lateral line system, which detects water disturbances created by the motion of the fish's body. As nocturnal hunters, the fish can rely on all three systems to navigate through dark environments and detect their prey.
Each species has a characteristic EOD baseline frequency range, which varies with sex and age within the species, as well. The baseline frequency is maintained to be almost constant at stable temperature, but will usually be changed due to the presence of others of the same species. Such changes in frequency relevant to social interaction are called frequency modulations (FMs). The role these FMs have in communication is significant, as black ghost knifefish have developed jamming avoidance responses, which are behavioral responses that avoid the overlapping of EOD frequencies between conspecific individuals to prevent sensory confusion. Moreover, a study was conducted that focused on sexual dimorphism in electrocommunication signals. Female black ghost knifefish generate EODs at a higher frequency than the males, an FM which can be used for gender recognition. A study found the subordinate black ghost knifefish exhibited noticeable gradual frequency rises (GFRs) in their EODs whereas the dominant fish did not, supporting the researchers' hypothesis that GFRs during communication are indicative of submissive signals.
It is possible to use a device to convert a captive fish's electrical signals into audible sound, allowing listeners to hear the fish "talk". The Bakken Museum in Minneapolis has a display with such a device and a black ghost knifefish.
Apteronotus albifrons es una especie de pez de agua dulce del género Apteronotus de la familia Apteronotidae, en el orden de los Gymnotiformes. Es denominada comúnmente morena negra, cherogá, cuchillo, caballo, etc. Se distribuye en ambientes acuáticos de Sudamérica cálida.[1] Es un pez habitualmente comercializado para acuariofilia.
Esta especie fue descrita originalmente en el año 1766 por el científico, naturalista, botánico y zoólogo sueco Carlos Linneo, bajo el término científico de Gymnotus albifrons.
Etimológicamente el nombre genérico Apteronotus se construye con palabras del idioma griego, en donde: aptero significa 'sin aletas' y noton es 'espalda', haciendo así referencia a la ausencia de su aleta dorsal.[2]
Posee su cuerpo la forma de un cuchillo comprimido; no presenta ni aletas pélvicas ni dorsal, siendo la aleta anal extremadamente larga y ondulante para permitirle moverse tanto hacia delante como hacia atrás. Sí cuenta con aleta caudal y un órgano filiforme que nece en el dorso. Sus ojos son muy pequeños, delante de los mismos se conectan las líneas laterales sensoriales; los huesos infraorbitales están osificados formando un tubo delgado. También poseen un órgano que genera descargas eléctricas de alta frecuencia.[3]
Esta especie se distribuye desde Venezuela, por la cuenca del Amazonas de Brasil y del Perú,[4] hasta la cuenca del Plata, en los ríos Paraguay, Paraná y Uruguay, en los países de Paraguay, Colombia, Bolivia, el nordeste de la Argentina, y el oeste del Uruguay.
Apteronotus albifrons es una especie de pez de agua dulce del género Apteronotus de la familia Apteronotidae, en el orden de los Gymnotiformes. Es denominada comúnmente morena negra, cherogá, cuchillo, caballo, etc. Se distribuye en ambientes acuáticos de Sudamérica cálida. Es un pez habitualmente comercializado para acuariofilia.
Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Apteronotidae familian.
Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Apteronotidae familian.
Mustaveitsikala (Apteronotus albifrons) on musta, puikkomainen kala, joka voi luoda samantapaisen sähkökentän kun sukulaisensa veitsikala ja sähköankerias. Erikoisen näköisiä kaloja myydään akvaarioihin, mutta nopea ja suureksi kasvava kala tarvitsee ison altaan, ja valikoidut muut kalat seurakseen, sillä se syö useimmat pienet naapurinsa.[1]
Mustaveitsikala kasvaa 60 cm pitkäksi, mutta jää akvaario-oloissa usein pienemmäksi. Se on muuten musta, mutta pyrstössä on kaksi valkoista rengasta. Myös selän ja pään poikki voi kulkea kapea valkoinen juova. Väritys on hyvin yksilöllinen. Kala ui lähinnä aaltoilevan, helmamaisen vatsaevänsä avulla.
Mustaveitsikalaa tavataan luonnossa Venezuelasta Paraguay- ja Paraná-joelle asti, sekä Perun puoleisessa osassa Amazonin vesistöä.[2]
Mustaveitsikala on aktiivinen öisin, ja löytää saaliinsa pimeässä sähköaistinsa avulla. Akvaariossa tulee olla hieno hiekkapohja ja paljon piilopaikkoja. Suositeltava altaan koko aikuiselle kalalle on tuhat litraa.[3]
Mustaveitsikala syö eläinpitoista ruokaa. Sopiva pH on 6.6 ja lämpötila 25-28 astetta. Veden pitää olla kirkasta ja puhdasta.[4] (vertaa veitsikalaan, joka elää sameassa vedessä).
Mustaveitsikala (Apteronotus albifrons) on musta, puikkomainen kala, joka voi luoda samantapaisen sähkökentän kun sukulaisensa veitsikala ja sähköankerias. Erikoisen näköisiä kaloja myydään akvaarioihin, mutta nopea ja suureksi kasvava kala tarvitsee ison altaan, ja valikoidut muut kalat seurakseen, sillä se syö useimmat pienet naapurinsa.
Apteronotus albifrons est une espèce de poissons gymnotiformes de la famille des Apteronotidae. On trouve ce poisson au Venezuela et dans l'Amazone[1].
Apteronotus albifrons, ou poisson-couteau américain, peut atteindre 50 cm[1]. Le corps de ce poisson est allongé et aplati latéralement. Il est presque entièrement bleu-noir, deux anneaux blanc sont présents sur sa queue. Il a également une trace blanche sur sa tête qui peut parfois s'étendre sur son dos. La nageoire anale s'étend sur toute la longueur du corps. Cette nageoire est la force motrice principale de cette espèce.
Apteronotus albifrons possède un organe faiblement électrique.
Apteronotus albifrons est nocturne. Il vit dans les fonds sablonneux et se nourrit principalement de larves d'insectes.
Apteronotus albifrons est une espèce de poissons gymnotiformes de la famille des Apteronotidae. On trouve ce poisson au Venezuela et dans l'Amazone.
Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766) è un pesce tropicale della famiglia Apteronotidae. È originario del Sudamerica, del bacino amazzonico in Perù e Venezuela fino al fiume Paraná in Paraguay[1]. Sta diventando diffuso negli acquari, nonostante richieda acquari grandi (almeno 3 metri) con acqua corrente molto ossigenata e alimentazione a base di prede vive.
Si muove ondulando la lunga pinna sul ventre. Può raggiungere e superare la lunghezza di 50 cm. Non ha squame, la colorazione è nera tranne che per due anelli bianchi sulla coda e una macchia bianca sul dorso.
È un animale notturno; è un pesce debolmente elettrico, che utilizza un organo elettrico e i recettori posti sulla lunghezza del corpo per localizzare le larve degli insetti[1].
Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766) è un pesce tropicale della famiglia Apteronotidae. È originario del Sudamerica, del bacino amazzonico in Perù e Venezuela fino al fiume Paraná in Paraguay. Sta diventando diffuso negli acquari, nonostante richieda acquari grandi (almeno 3 metri) con acqua corrente molto ossigenata e alimentazione a base di prede vive.
Si muove ondulando la lunga pinna sul ventre. Può raggiungere e superare la lunghezza di 50 cm. Non ha squame, la colorazione è nera tranne che per due anelli bianchi sulla coda e una macchia bianca sul dorso.
È un animale notturno; è un pesce debolmente elettrico, che utilizza un organo elettrico e i recettori posti sulla lunghezza del corpo per localizzare le larve degli insetti.
Juodoji vairauodegė peiliažuvė (lot. Apteronotus albifrons, angl. Black ghost knifefish, vok. Weißstirn-Messerfisch) – vairauodegių peiliažuvių (Apteronotidae) šeimos žuvų rūšis, priklausanti paprastųjų vairauodegių peiliažuvių (Apteronotus) genčiai.
Juodoji vairauodegė peiliažuvė (lot. Apteronotus albifrons, angl. Black ghost knifefish, vok. Weißstirn-Messerfisch) – vairauodegių peiliažuvių (Apteronotidae) šeimos žuvų rūšis, priklausanti paprastųjų vairauodegių peiliažuvių (Apteronotus) genčiai.
Apteronotus albifrons is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de staartvinmesalen (Apteronotidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1766 door Linnaeus.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Black ghost («svart spøkelse») er en tropisk fisk i knivfiskfamilien (Apteronotidae). De holdes av og til i akvarier. Fisken er helt svart, unntatt to hvite ringer på halen. Den beveger seg hovedsakelig ved å vifte med en lang finne på undersiden. Den vokser til en maksimal lengde på 50 cm.
I naturen lever black ghost hovedsakelig i hurtigstrømmende vann med sandbunn i et tropisk klima. De foretrekker vann med en pH på mellom 6,0 og 8,0, og en hardhet på 5-19 dGH. Temperaturen ligger mellom 23-28 grader celsius. De er nattaktive, og finner insektlarver med et elektrisk organ og reseptorer over hele kroppen.
Black ghost («svart spøkelse») er en tropisk fisk i knivfiskfamilien (Apteronotidae). De holdes av og til i akvarier. Fisken er helt svart, unntatt to hvite ringer på halen. Den beveger seg hovedsakelig ved å vifte med en lang finne på undersiden. Den vokser til en maksimal lengde på 50 cm.
I naturen lever black ghost hovedsakelig i hurtigstrømmende vann med sandbunn i et tropisk klima. De foretrekker vann med en pH på mellom 6,0 og 8,0, og en hardhet på 5-19 dGH. Temperaturen ligger mellom 23-28 grader celsius. De er nattaktive, og finner insektlarver med et elektrisk organ og reseptorer over hele kroppen.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Duch brazylijski[2], duch amazoński[3] (Apteronotus albifrons) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rzędu Gymnotiformes i rodziny Apteronotidae, aktywnie wykorzystującej zmysł elektrorecepcji, hodowany w akwariach.
Ameryka Południowa: od Wenezueli po rzeki Paragwaj i Parana oraz w peruwiańskich dopływach Amazonki.
Zasiedla szybko płynące wody nad piaszczystym dnem o temperaturze 24–28 °C.
Dorasta do 50 cm długości. Kształt ciała ducha brazylijskiego jest typowy dla większości Gymnotiformes – wydłużony, silnie bocznie ścieśniony, zwężający się ku tyłowi – przypomina kształt noża (do tego nawiązuje angielska nazwa knifefish, ryba-nóż). Płetwa odbytowa silnie wydłużona i umięśnona. Ubarwienie ciała czarne z jasnymi przebarwieniami na trzonie i płetwie ogonowej. Nie udokumentowano rozmnażania w akwarium.
Jego narządy elektryczne – utworzone z przekształconej tkanki nerwowej – wytwarzają słabe pole elektryczne o częstotliwości ok. 1 kHz wykorzystywane do elektronawigacji i wyszukiwania ofiary w ciemnościach lub w wodzie silnie zamulonej. Na całej powierzchni ciała, od głowy do ogona, rozmieszczone są dwa rodzaje licznych i bardzo czułych, wyspecjalizowanych elektroreceptorów: jedne wykrywają zmiany pola elektrycznego wysokiej częstotliwości generowanego przez własne narządy elektryczne (elektrorecepcja aktywna), drugie (ampułkowe) odbierają sygnały niskiej częstotliwości generowane przez inne organizmy znajdujące się w wodzie (elektrorecepcja pasywna). W narządzie linii bocznej znajdują się dodatkowo mechanoreceptory.
Duch brazylijski prowadzi nocny tryb życia. Żywi się głównie larwami owadów, a także innymi, drobnymi bezkręgowcami.
Nie posiada znaczenia jako ryba konsumpcyjna. Jest chętnie hodowany w akwarium.
Duch brazylijski, duch amazoński (Apteronotus albifrons) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rzędu Gymnotiformes i rodziny Apteronotidae, aktywnie wykorzystującej zmysł elektrorecepcji, hodowany w akwariach.
O Ituí-cavalo ou Fantasma-negro, Apteronotus albifrons, é um peixe tropical pertencente à família Apteronotidae. São nativos da Bacia Amazônica na América do Sul, no rio Paraná através do Peru, Venezuela e Paraguai. Gozam de popularidade crescente em aquários. O peixe é todo preto, exceto por dois anéis brancos na cauda, e uma mancha branca na cabeça, que pode se estender até as costas. Se move principalmente ondulando uma longa barbatana ventral, e pode crescer até 60 centímetros.
São noturnos, dotados de uma leve corrente elétrica, e como são cegos (os olhos são cobertos por pele), utilizam um órgão elétrico e receptores distribuídos pelo corpo para localizar larvas de insetos. Tendem a nadar "de pé", com a cauda para baixo, e de maneira um tanto desordenada. Junto com o peixe-elefante eles são os peixes eletrosensíveis mais estudados.[1]
O Ituí-cavalo vive em águas rápidas, com fundo arenoso em climas tropicais. Preferem águas com pH em torno de 6.0 - 8.0, dureza da água entre 5.0 - 19.0 dGH, e temperatura entre 23-28 °C.
Existem lendas entre alguns povos da região amazônica de que as almas dos mortos habitavam estes peixes,[2] daí um dos nomes.
Estes peixes requerem um tanque de no mínimo 280 litros, devido ao seu tamanho. Não devem ser mantidos com neons, camarões e outros peixes menores, pois o Ituí-cavalo irá devorá-los ou feri-los (principalmente nos olhos). Ituí Cavalos preferem águas bem oxigenadas, e vão passar um bom tempo nadando nas bolhas geradas pelo sistema de oxigenação (muitas vezes boiando descontroladamente, tal qual uma folha solta)[carece de fontes?]. Devem ser alimentados com artêmia salina, tubifex, dáphnia ou peixes vivos. Podem também comer minhocas, carne congelada ou mesmo serem acostumados a comer ração para peixes[carece de fontes?]
Como são peixes noturnos, necessitam de abrigos durante o dia, servindo para este fim "cavernas" feitas com pedras, conchas ou troncos. São peixes muito territoriais, e uma vez adaptados ao aquário, não hesitarão em atacar quando tiverem seu território invadido.
O período de adaptação ao novo aquário é crítico, devendo se tomar muito cuidado com estresse, doenças e temperatura.
Devido ao seu campo elétrico, quando mantidos em grupos em aquários tendem a se agrupar, alinhando-se lado a lado.[carece de fontes?].
O Ituí-cavalo ou Fantasma-negro, Apteronotus albifrons, é um peixe tropical pertencente à família Apteronotidae. São nativos da Bacia Amazônica na América do Sul, no rio Paraná através do Peru, Venezuela e Paraguai. Gozam de popularidade crescente em aquários. O peixe é todo preto, exceto por dois anéis brancos na cauda, e uma mancha branca na cabeça, que pode se estender até as costas. Se move principalmente ondulando uma longa barbatana ventral, e pode crescer até 60 centímetros.
São noturnos, dotados de uma leve corrente elétrica, e como são cegos (os olhos são cobertos por pele), utilizam um órgão elétrico e receptores distribuídos pelo corpo para localizar larvas de insetos. Tendem a nadar "de pé", com a cauda para baixo, e de maneira um tanto desordenada. Junto com o peixe-elefante eles são os peixes eletrosensíveis mais estudados.
O Ituí-cavalo vive em águas rápidas, com fundo arenoso em climas tropicais. Preferem águas com pH em torno de 6.0 - 8.0, dureza da água entre 5.0 - 19.0 dGH, e temperatura entre 23-28 °C.
Existem lendas entre alguns povos da região amazônica de que as almas dos mortos habitavam estes peixes, daí um dos nomes.
Cá dao ma đen, tên khoa học Apteronotus albifrons, là một loài cá thuộc họ Apteronotidae. Chúng có nguồn gốc từ Nam Mỹ trong các lưu vực sông Amazon ở Peru và từ Venezuela qua Paraguay tại sông Paraná và đang trở nên phổ biến trong các vùng hồ.
Chúng có cơ thể màu đen, ngoại trừ hai chiếc đốm màu trắng trên đuôi và một đốm màu trắng trên mũi, mà đôi khi có thể mở rộng thành một sọc trên lưng. Loài này di chuyển chủ yếu bằng cách uốn lượn cái vây dài ở thân dưới. Chúng phát triển đến chiều dài tối đa 20 inch (50 cm).
Loài này không có vảy. Chúng là loài ăn đêm. Chúng là một loại cá yếu điện mà sử dụng một cơ quan thụ điện và phân bố trên chiều dài của cơ thể của chúng để xác định vị trí ấu trùng côn trùng.[1]
Cá dao ma đen tự nhiên di chuyển nhanh, đáy lạch cát chảy trong khí hậu nhiệt đới. Người bản địa Nam Mỹ tin rằng những bóng ma của người đã khuất mất nơi cư trú trong những con cá.[2] hình thành tên của loài này.
Cá dao ma đen, tên khoa học Apteronotus albifrons, là một loài cá thuộc họ Apteronotidae. Chúng có nguồn gốc từ Nam Mỹ trong các lưu vực sông Amazon ở Peru và từ Venezuela qua Paraguay tại sông Paraná và đang trở nên phổ biến trong các vùng hồ.
Чёрная ножетелка[1], хвостопёрая ножетелка[1], или чёрный нож[2] (лат. Apteronotus albifrons) — рыба семейства аптеронотовых. Обитает в районах Бразилии, Перу, Боливии, Колумбии.
Вся рыба чёрная, за исключением двух белых колец возле хвостового плавника и светлого пятна на носу, который иногда может переходить в полосу на спине. Она движется в основном за счёт волнистых движений длинного нижнего плавника. Достигает в длину 50 см[2]. При содержании в аквариуме — 35-40 сантиметров[2]. Самки меньше самцов и имеют более выпуклое брюхо.
Это преимущественно одиночные ночные хищники. Днём отлеживаются в укрытиях. Обладают электрическим органом, который используется для поиска еды и отпугивания врагов[2]. Основной рацион составляют различные черви, мелкие ракообразные, мальки рыб. В природе живут в тропическом климате на дне быстрых песчаных ручьев.
Несмотря на то, что рыбы являются хищниками, они не представляют опасности для крупных рыб, но мелких они рассматривают как добычу. В аквариуме должны быть укрытия. Температура воды 25-30 °C. Требуется хорошая аэрация и фильтрация[2].
Чёрная ножетелка, хвостопёрая ножетелка, или чёрный нож (лат. Apteronotus albifrons) — рыба семейства аптеронотовых. Обитает в районах Бразилии, Перу, Боливии, Колумбии.
線翎電鰻，為輻鰭魚綱電鰻目線翎電鰻科的一種，為熱帶淡水魚，卵生，分布於南美洲巴拉圭河及巴拉那河流域，體長可達50公分，棲息在沙底質溪流底中層水域，[1] 在觀賞魚中頗受歡迎。牠的身體上沒有鱗片[1]，尾部有兩個白色的環狀條紋，鼻子上的白色斑紋有些會延續到尾部。因为沒有背鰭，線翎電鰻會藉著擺動身體下側的旗狀魚鰭移動，泳姿優美且獨特。
身體下側的裙帶狀魚鰭，则能够使牠自在的向前、向後及垂直移動。
在熱帶氣候地區，水流速度快的沙質底床的溪流是線翎電鰻的棲息地。在雨水充沛的溼季，牠們會遷徙到被淹沒的森林中，因為那裡有大量黑暗且可供隱避的地方。[來源請求]
亞馬遜雨林中的一些部落相信，死去的人們的靈魂會寄宿在這些魚之中，因此稱牠們為黑色幽靈魚（black ghost knifefish）。[2]這可以視為當地人的一則神話故事。
黑色幽靈魚喜歡溫暖的水溫，略酸性水質，對水質較為敏感。喜歡的餌料為小型的活體動物，攻擊性低，是溫和的魚種。在人工繁殖成功之前，牠們全靠從野外捕获，主要产地为巴西。目前市場上的線翎電鰻已經幾乎全來自印尼的繁殖場。[來源請求]
牠們的眼睛的視覺已退化，在黑暗的環境中，藉著發出微弱的電波及分佈在身體上的受體定位獵物的位置、[3]感測水流和障礙物。
線翎電鰻屬於弱電魚，牠擁有發電器官和電傳感（electrosensory）系統。[3]一些魚只能接收電訊號，而牠可以發出及感應電波。[4]牠的棒狀的尾部有產生電的器官，可以發出電波，這些電波接觸到分佈於身體中的電感受細胞時，就可以偵測出電位變化，以此做到電定位（electrolocation）[5]和通信[6]。
弱電魚的電器官放電（electric organ discharges，简称EOD）[7]的種類有兩種：電脈衝和電波。線翎電鰻屬於電波型，牠們可以以小間隔連續放電。電波型的EOD具有狹窄的功率頻譜，而且可以作為音頻而被聽到，放電的頻率為其基頻。藉著放出連續正弦電波序列，並感測電場的時序和振幅的擾動，即可確定附近物體的存在和位置，這種能力被稱為主動電定位（active electrolocation）。此外，牠的壺腹器官（ampullary organs）可以接收外來的低頻電場，這稱為被動電定位（passive electrolocation）。線翎電鰻使用主動和被動電系統，且各有其應對的受體器官。[3]牠的側線系統可以感測到由魚的身體的運動所產生的水擾動。[3]這三個系統可以讓牠們在黑暗的環境中覓食。
每個物種的EOD基頻均有其頻率範圍，並隨著物種內的性別和年齡而變化。同一物種的基本頻率在穩定溫度下幾乎相同，但是在族群中或相近物種相遇時就會發生改變。這種因為社會性互動而產生的頻率變化被稱為調變（frequency modulation，簡稱FM），是弱電魚為防止相同物種的個體之間，因為EOD頻率重疊而造成的感覺混亂的一種行為反應，稱為干擾迴避反應（Jamming Avoidance Response）。[6]雌性個體發出的電波頻率比雄性更高，可以此識別性別。[7]一項兩性異形的研究顯示，較低頻率的線翎電鰻遇到較高頻的個體時，會表現出顯著的頻率上升現象，而高頻個體的頻率不會改變，[6]研究者認為通信期間的這種頻率上升現象為一種順從信號。
