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Anelloviridae

Anelloviridae ( German )

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Die Anelloviridae sind eine Familie von DNA-Viren. Ihr Genom besteht aus einer ringförmigen (zirkulären) Einzelstrang-DNA negativer Polarität. Sie haben ein nicht umhülltes Kapsid von abgerundet ikosaedrischer Geometrie mit T=3-Symmetrie. Ihre Wirte sind Wirbeltiere. Es sind etwa 200 verschiedene Arten bekannt.[1][2] Die Typusart ist das 1997 entdeckte Torque-Teno-Virus 1 (TTV-1) aus der Gattung Alphatorquevirus.[3]

Die Namensbezeichnung ist abgeleitet von italienisch anello ‚Ring‘, was sich auf das zirkuläre Genom der Anelloviridae bezieht.

Genom

 src=
Genomkarte der Gattung Alphatorquevirus alias Anellovirus/Torque-Teno-Virus (TTV)
 src=
Genomkarte von Torque teno sus virus k2a RS/2 (TTSuV k2a-RS2)[4]

Das Genom ist nicht segmentiert (monopartit), es enthält ein einzelnes Molekül zirkulärer einzelsträngiger DNA mit negativem Polarität. Das gesamte Genom ist 3000–4000 nt lang. Das Genom hat offene Leserahmen (englisch open reading frames, ORFs) und einen hohen Grad an genetischer Diversität.[5][2]

Replikation

Der Replikationsmechanismus der Anelloviridae scheint die Rolling-circle-Replikation zu sein. Für die Replikation ist eine Wirtspolymerase erforderlich. Das Genom des Virus selbst kodiert nämlich nicht für eine virale Polymerase, weshalb sich die Anelloviren im Zellkern replizieren müssen.[2]

Pathologie

Anelloviren sind weit verbreitet und genetisch vielfältig. Mindestens 200 verschiedene Arten kommen bei Mensch und Tier vor. Sie verursachen chronische menschliche Virusinfektionen, die bisher noch nicht mit einer Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht wurden. Drei Gattungen der Anelloviridae sind mit Infektionen des Menschen verbunden:[1]
das Alphatorquevirus (veraltet Torque-Teno-Virus, TTV)
das Betatorquevirus (veraltet Torque-Teno-Mini-Virus, TTMV)
das Gammatorquevirus (veraltet Torque-Teno-Midi-Virus, TTMDV)

Systematik

Die innere Systematik der Anelloviridae ist nach dem International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) mit Stand März 2019 wie folgt:[6]

Familie Anelloviridae

  • Spezies Torque teno virus 1 (Torque-Teno-Virus 1, TTV-1, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies „Simian torque teno virus 30“ Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Spezies „Simian torque teno virus 31
  • Spezies „Simian torque teno virus 32
  • Spezies „Simian torque teno virus 33
  • Spezies „Simian torque teno virus 34
  • Spezies Torque teno mini virus 1 (Torque-Teno-Mini-Virus, TTMV-1, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno midi virus 1 (Torque-Teno-Midi-Virus 1, TTMDV-1, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Tupaia-Torque-Teno-Virus (Torque teno tupaia virus, TTV14-Tbc, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno tamarin virus (Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno douroucouli virus (Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno felis virus (Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Hunde-Torque-Teno-Virus (Torque teno canis virus, TTV10-Cf, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Schweine-Torque-Teno-Virus (Torque teno sus virus 1a, Porcine torque teno virus 1, TTV31-Sd, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno sus virus 1b (Porcine torque teno virus 2)
  • Spezies Torque teno sus virus k2a (Typusspezies)[7], mit Torque teno sus virus k2a RS/2 (TTSuV k2a-RS2)[4]
  • Spezies Torque teno zalophus virus 1 (Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno equus virus 1 (Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Torque teno seal virus 4 (Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Hühneranämievirus (Chicken anemia virus, CAV, Typusspezies)[9][10]
  • ohne Gattungszuordnung (doppelte Anführungszeichen für Vorschläge):
  • Spezies „Katzen-Torque-Teno-Virus“ („Feline anellovirus“, TTV4-Fc)
  • Spezies „Nachtaffen-Torque-Teno-Virus“ (TTV3-At)
  • Spezies „Tamarin-Torque-Teno-Virus“ (TTV2-So)

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b F. Bernardin, E. Operskalski, M. Busch, E. Delwart: Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses. In: Transfusion. Band 50, Nr. 11, Mai 2010, S. 2474–2483, doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x, PMID 20497515.
  2. a b c ViralZone: Anelloviridae. ExPASy. Abgerufen am 31. August 2019.
  3. Vasilyev EV, Trofimov DY, Tonevitsky AG, Ilinsky VV, Korostin DO, Rebrikov DV: Torque Teno Virus (TTV) distribution in healthy Russian population. In: Virology Journal. 6, 2009, S. 134. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-134. PMID 19735552. PMC 2745379 (freier Volltext).
  4. a b Caroline Tochetto, Ana Paula Muterle Varela, Diane Alves de Lima, Márcia Regina Loiko, Camila Mengue Scheffer, Willian Pinto Paim, Cristine Cerva, Candice Schmidt, Samuel Paulo Cibulski, Lucía Cano Ortiz, Sidia Maria Callegari Jacques, Ana Cláudia Franco, Fabiana Quoos Mayer, Paulo Michel Roehe: Viral DNA genomes in sera of farrowing sows with or without stillbirths, in: PLoS ONE 15(3), e0230714, 26. März 2020, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230714
  5. ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.107.0.01. Anellovirus. In: Büchen-Osmond, C. (Hrsg.): ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Columbia University, New York, USA
  6. ICTV: ICTV MSL #34v 2018b.v2, März 2019
  7. NCBI: Torque teno sus virus k2a (species)
  8. SIB: Gyrovirus, auf: ViralZone
  9. Science Direct: Anelloviridae. „Members of the family Anelloviridae have features in common with Chicken anaemia virus, the type species of genus Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae
  10. Michael J. Tisza, Diana V. Pastrana, Nicole L. Welch, Brittany Stewart, Alberto Peretti, Gabriel J. Starrett, Yuk-Ying S. Pang, Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Patricia A. Pesavento, David H. McDermott, Philip M. Murphy, Jessica L. Whited, Bess Miller, Jason Brenchley, Stephan P. Rosshart, Barbara Rehermann, John Doorbar, Blake A. Ta'ala, Olga Pletnikova, Juan C. Troncoso, Susan M. Resnick, Ben Bolduc, Matthew B. Sullivan, Arvind Varsani, Anca M. Segall, Christopher B. Buck: Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses, in: eLife 9, 4. Februar 2020, e51971; doi:10.7554/eLife.51971. Fig. 2
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Anelloviridae: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Anelloviridae sind eine Familie von DNA-Viren. Ihr Genom besteht aus einer ringförmigen (zirkulären) Einzelstrang-DNA negativer Polarität. Sie haben ein nicht umhülltes Kapsid von abgerundet ikosaedrischer Geometrie mit T=3-Symmetrie. Ihre Wirte sind Wirbeltiere. Es sind etwa 200 verschiedene Arten bekannt. Die Typusart ist das 1997 entdeckte Torque-Teno-Virus 1 (TTV-1) aus der Gattung Alphatorquevirus.

Die Namensbezeichnung ist abgeleitet von italienisch anello ‚Ring‘, was sich auf das zirkuläre Genom der Anelloviridae bezieht.

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Anelloviridae ( Yoruba )

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Anelloviridae jẹ́ ẹbí àwọn àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn kan tí a ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ mọ́. Wọ́n kàwọ́n sí àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn tí ó légungun tí ó sì ní ẹ̀wù ìdáàbòbò tí o gbó dáradára, tí ó rí róbótó, tí igun rẹ̀ jọ ara wọn, pẹ̀lú ogún igun tó jọrawọn. Àwọn ẹ̀yà wọ̀n yí jẹ́ àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn ti torque teno (ìdílé Alphatorquevirus).[1]

Iye jíìnì tó ní

Iye jíìnì ẹ̀ ko pín sí wẹ́wẹ́ tí ó sì ní molecule róbóto, pẹ̀lú apá DNA kan. Gbogbo iye jíìnì rè. jẹ́ bíi 3000 sí 4000 gígun ne nucleotide.[2]

Ìlera

Anellovirus jẹ́ àwọn ẹ̀yà tí ó wọ́pọ̀ tí ó sì pé oríṣiríṣi. Wọ́n maa ń fa àkóràn nlá tí a kò tíì mọ ìbáṣepọ̀ rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú àìsàn.[3] Ẹbí mẹta ni ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú àkóràn ènìya: kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí ti Torque teno (TTV), kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí pélébé ti Torque teno midi (TTMDV) àti kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí mini ti (TTMV).

Àwọn ìtọ́kasí

  1. "Torque Teno Virus (TTV) distribution in healthy Russian population". Virology Journal 6: 134. 2009. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-134. PMC 2745379. PMID 19735552. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2745379.
  2. ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.107.0.01.
  3. "Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses". Transfusion 50 (11): 2474–2483. May 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x. PMID 20497515.

Àwọn àjápọ̀ latì ìta

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Anelloviridae: Brief Summary ( Yoruba )

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Anelloviridae jẹ́ ẹbí àwọn àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn kan tí a ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ mọ́. Wọ́n kàwọ́n sí àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn tí ó légungun tí ó sì ní ẹ̀wù ìdáàbòbò tí o gbó dáradára, tí ó rí róbótó, tí igun rẹ̀ jọ ara wọn, pẹ̀lú ogún igun tó jọrawọn. Àwọn ẹ̀yà wọ̀n yí jẹ́ àkóràn kòkòrò àìlèfojúrí afàìsàn ti torque teno (ìdílé Alphatorquevirus).

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Anelloviridae

provided by wikipedia EN

Anelloviridae is a family of viruses. They are classified as vertebrate viruses and have a non-enveloped capsid, which is round with isometric, icosahedral symmetry and has a triangulation number of 3.

The name is derived from Italian anello 'ring', referring to the circular genome of anelloviruses.

Genome

The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular, negative-sense, single-stranded DNA. The complete genome is 3000–4000 nucleotides long.[1] They also contain a non-coding region with one to two 80–110 nt sequences that contain high GC content, forming a secondary structure of stems and loops.[2] The genome has ORFs and a high degree of genetic diversity.[3]

Although the mechanism of replication has not been studied heavily, anelloviridae appears to use the rolling circle mechanism where first ssDNA is converted to dsDNA. It requires a host polymerase for replication to occur as the genome itself does not encode for a viral polymerase and, as a result, anelloviridae must replicate inside the cell's nucleus.[4]

Anelloviridae also have two main open reading frames, ORF1 and ORF2. They initiate at two different AUG codons.[5] Additional ORFs can be formed as well. These ORFs may overlap partially. [2]

ORF1 is thought to encode the putative capsid protein and replication-associated protein of anelloviruses. The specific role of these replication-associated proteins are still being studied.[6]

ORF2 is thought to either encode a protein with phosphatase activity (TTMVs) or a peptide that suppresses the NF- κ {displaystyle kappa } kappa B pathways (TTVs).[7] It was seen to have a highly conserved motif in the N-terminal part.

Clinical

Anellovirus species are highly prevalent and genetically diverse. Their virome has been present in most humans. They enter in the cell early in life and replicate persistently.[8] This happens in the first month of life. It remains debated whether or not the first infection is symptomatic or not, however. They are probably repressed by host immunity, as the anelloviruses increase during host immunosuppression.[5]

The overall prevalence in the general population is over 90% and has been found in all continents.[2] They cause chronic human viral infections that have not yet been associated with disease. There is also no evidence of viral clearance following infection.[5] At least 200 different species are present in humans and animals.[9]

It has been shown that there are multiple methods of transmission such as saliva droplets and maternal or sexual routes.[2]

Taxonomy

Most genera has a name pattern of a certain (Greek, Arabic or Hebrew) letter+torquevirus with the exception of gyrovirus, as Alphatorquevirus (where torque means necklace) is one of the first genera to represent the family. The family contains the following genera:[10]

References

  1. ^ ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.107.0.01. Anellovirus. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA
  2. ^ a b c d Biagini, Philippe (2011). Virus Taxon. Elsevier (London).
  3. ^ Viralzone
  4. ^ Viralzone
  5. ^ a b c Kaczorowska, Joanna; van der Hoek, Lia (2020-05-01). "Human anelloviruses: diverse, omnipresent and commensal members of the virome". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 44 (3): 305–313. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaa007. ISSN 0168-6445. PMC 7326371. PMID 32188999.
  6. ^ "Anelloviridae – ssDNA Viruses (2011) – ssDNA Viruses (2011) – ICTV". talk.ictvonline.org. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  7. ^ Zheng, H., Ye, L., Fang, X., Li, B., Wang, Y., Xiang, X., Kong, L., Wang, W., Zeng, Y., Ye, L. and Wu, Z., 2007. Torque teno virus (SANBAN Isolate) ORF2 protein suppresses NF-κB pathways via interaction with IκB kinases. Journal of virology, 81(21), pp.11917-11924.
  8. ^ Freer, Giulia; Maggi, Fabrizio; Pifferi, Massimo; Di Cicco, Maria E.; Peroni, Diego G.; Pistello, Mauro (2018-04-10). "The Virome and Its Major Component, Anellovirus, a Convoluted System Molding Human Immune Defenses and Possibly Affecting the Development of Asthma and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 686. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00686. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5902699. PMID 29692764.
  9. ^ Bernardin F, Operskalski E, Busch M, Delwart E (May 2010). "Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses". Transfusion. 50 (11): 2474–2483. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x. PMID 20497515. S2CID 29973708.
  10. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

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Anelloviridae: Brief Summary

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Anelloviridae is a family of viruses. They are classified as vertebrate viruses and have a non-enveloped capsid, which is round with isometric, icosahedral symmetry and has a triangulation number of 3.

The name is derived from Italian anello 'ring', referring to the circular genome of anelloviruses.

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Anelloviridae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Anelloviridae es una familia de virus descubierta en 1997 que infectan animales y que tienen una cápside sin envoltura, la cual es redonda con simetría isométrica e icosaédrica. El nombre de la familia se deriva del italiano anello 'anillo', refiriéndose al genoma circular de los miembros de la familia.[1]

Descripción

El genoma es no segmentado y contiene una sola molécula de ADN monocatenario circular de sentido negativo. El genoma completo tiene una longitud de 3000-4000 nucleótidos y dos marcos de lectura abiertos principales, ORF1 y ORF2, que codifican para la proteína Rep y las proteínas de la cápside.[2]

La replicación viral se produce en el núcleo. La entrada en la célula huésped se logra mediante la penetración en la célula huésped. La replicación sigue el modelo de círculo rodante ssADN. Después de la infección de una célula huésped, las pequeñas moléculas de ADN actúan como iniciadores. Se unen a las regiones complementarias y ayudan a la iniciación de la síntesis de ADN utilizando las polimerasas del huésped. Al término de la síntesis, habrá una cadena bicatenaria intermedia que se transcribe unidireccionalmente. La mayoría de las partículas individuales de anellovirus solo codifican una única proteína. La transcripción con plantilla de ADN monocatenario es el método de transcripción.[3]

Las especies de anellovirus son muy prevalentes y genéticamente diversas. Causan infecciones virales humanas crónicas que aún no se han asociado con enfermedades. Al menos 200 especies diferentes están presentes en humanos y animales.[4]

Hay tres géneros asociados con las infecciones humanas: el virus Torque teno (TTV), el virus Torque teno midi (TTMDV) y el mini virus Torque teno (TTMV).[4]

Géneros

Los virus de la familia Anelloviridae pertenecen al grupo II de la clasificación de los virus. Los géneros de esta familia son los siguientes:[4]

Referencias

  1. Vasilyev EV, Trofimov DY, Tonevitsky AG, Ilinsky VV, Korostin DO, Rebrikov DV (2009). «Torque Teno Virus (TTV) distribution in healthy Russian population». Virology Journal 6: 134. PMC 2745379. PMID 19735552. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-134.
  2. ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.107.0.01. Anellovirus. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA
  3. Zhao, L.; Rosario, K.; Breitbart, M.; Duffy, S. (2019). Eukaryotic circular rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses: ubiquitous viruses with small genomes and a diverse host range. Advances in virus research. 103. Academic Press. pp. 71–133.
  4. a b c Bernardin F, Operskalski E, Busch M, Delwart E (May 2010). «Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses». Transfusion 50 (11): 2474-2483. PMID 20497515. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x.
 title=
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Anelloviridae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Anelloviridae es una familia de virus descubierta en 1997 que infectan animales y que tienen una cápside sin envoltura, la cual es redonda con simetría isométrica e icosaédrica. El nombre de la familia se deriva del italiano anello 'anillo', refiriéndose al genoma circular de los miembros de la familia.​

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