Broomsedge Bluestem

broomsedge bluestem
broomsedge
broom sedge
yellowsedge bluestem

More info for the term: cover

Broomsedge bluestem's chief value to wildlife is as bird nesting cover
[23]. In a Georgia study, it was one of the most common plant species
associated with quail nests. Quail apparently prefer stands of
broomsedge bluestem because the plants surround and overtop the nest
[12].

More info for the term: warm-season

Broomsedge bluestem is a 2- to 4-foot-tall (0.6-1.2 m), native,
warm-season, perennial bunchgrass that usually grows in rather small
clumps [9,18]. In South Carolina, maximum clump diameter was achieved
in 7 or 8 years, and averaged about 3.5 inches (9 cm); no clumps were
greater than 5.1 inches (13 cm) in diameter [8]. It is easily
distinguished from other bluestems by its slender appearance and
straw-colored leaves and inflorescences [9].

Broomsedge bluestem grows throughout the Southeast from the 25-inch mean
annual precipitation belt (southeastern Nebraska south through eastern
Texas) eastward. It is found as far north as Iowa, Ohio, and New York.
Outlying introduced populations occur in southern California and Hawaii
[18,33].

More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Broomsedge bluestem is both a fire survivor and an off-site colonizer.
Burned plants quickly initiate new top-growth from surviving meristems.
In Hawaii, broomsedge bluestem began sprouting within 4 days after fire
[14]. In southern Florida, it initiated new top-growth 3 weeks after
prescribed burning in mid-February [13]. Additionally, new plants are
commonly established the first year after fire from abundant
wind-dispersed seed [19].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".

More info for the terms: fuel, fuel moisture, prescribed fire, wildfire

Grazing considerations: The nutritional quality and digestibility of
new broomsedge bluestem growth are significantly increased following
fire. When burned in January or February in Georgia, protein content on
March 15 was 13 percent for plants on burned sites but only 5.5 percent
for plants on unburned sites. However, nutrient increases are
short-lived. By June 15, protein content of burned and unburned plants
was similar at 6.2 and 6.0 percent, respectively [20]. Tender and
nutritious, this new growth is palatable to cattle and horses.
Following a July wildfire on Cumberland Islands National Seashore,
Georgia, horses heavily grazed broomsedge bluestem regrowth but avoided
nearby plants that had not burned [3].

Prescribed burning considerations: Studying the fuel characteristics of
broomsedge bluestem, Fujioka and Fujii [5] found the leaves and stalks
have a surface area-to-volume ratio 2.5 times as large as that in the
National Fire Danger Rating System model for perennial grass. After a
few years without fire, broomsedge bluestem stands contain much of this
dead, highly flammable material which carries fire well. It burns at
relatively high relative humidities (80-90%) and high fuel moisture
(20-25%) [14]. On a 4-year-old loblolly pine clearcut in South
Carolina, an early February prescribed fire in cured broomsedge bluestem
carried fire at a rate of spread of 2.5 to 3.6 feet per minute (0.76-1.1
m/min). Burning took place only 4 days after a rain of 0.42 inch (1 cm)
and 7 days after a rain of 0.91 inch (2.3 cm). Flame heights were
generally 1 to 3 feet (0.3-0.9 m) and occasionally reached 4 to 5 feet
(1.2-1.5 m) [38].

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More info for the term: hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte

More info for the terms: grassland, woodland

Broomsedge bluestem grows in a wide variety of open habitats, from
grassland and pastureland to open woodland. It is especially common in
oldfields, overgrazed pastures, and cut-over Southeastern pinelands, and
along roads and railroad tracks [9,11,25,33]. It is most common on
sandy soils but also grows on a variety of other soil textures [11,18].
It grows well on low-fertility soils, especially those on eroded,
"worn-out" fields [18].

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

40 Post oak - blackjack oak
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
97 Atlantic white-cedar
98 Pond pine
111 South Florida slash pine

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K074 Bluestem prairie
K077 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K114 Pocosin
K116 Subtropical pine forest

Fire apparently has little effect on broomsedge bluestem except for
removal of aboveground living and dead biomass. Small bunchgrasses are
generally not harmed by fire and recover relatively quickly [40].

Broomsedge bluestem is not a particularly important cattle forage but is
sometimes heavily grazed during the spring and early summer on sites
where it is abundant, such as abandoned fields [11,18]. It is generally
considered a poor wildlife forage [9,25]. Small birds remove and eat
seeds from the flowering stalks in the winter when the seeds of other
plants are unavailable [23].

More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid

Broomsedge bluestem is considered a pasture weed. It frequently invades
improperly managed pasture lands, and because of its low palatability,
increases on deteriorating ranges. To reduce its abundance, pastures
should be heavily grazed in the early spring when broomsedge bluestem is
most palatable, and then deferred from grazing for 60 to 90 days [18].
In pastures heavily infested with broomsedge bluestem in Missouri, a
combination of drilling with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea),
fertilization, winter mowing, and grazing eliminated broomsedge bluestem
in 4 years [28].

More info for the term: fire management

The nutritive value of broomsedge bluestem is low except in early growth
stages. Nutritional quality is greatly increased by prescribed burning
[see Fire Management Considerations].

AL AR CA CT DE FL GA HI IL IN
IA KS KY LA MD MS MO NE NJ NY
NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX VA WV
MEXICO

Broomsedge bluestem's palatability to cattle is low [34].

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More info for the terms: phenology, seed

Broomsedge bluestem's vegetative growth begins in the winter or spring
when daytime temperatures average 60 to 65 degrees F (15-18 deg C) [18].
In North Carolina, flower stalks form by September, and seeds ripen by
late October [8,16]. At the end of the growing season, nearly all green
material dies, leaving a large accumulation of standing dead material
[8].

Phenology of broomsedge bluestem near Gainesville, Florida, was as
follows [28]:

flowering - late September to early October
seed dispersal - early October to mid-December
vegetative growth - February and March, June and July
leaves green - March to late November
drying - late November to mid-December
dormancy - January

More info for the term: litter

Broomsedge bluestem depends on frequent disturbance to maintain itself.
Fires at 1- to 3-year intervals favor this species and tend to maintain
its abundance [21]. In loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in South
Carolina, broomsedge bluestem was rare in unburned areas, infrequent in
areas periodically burned in the summer or winter, but common in areas
burned annually in the summer or winter, or biennially in the summer
[21,39]. Broomsedge bluestem is most abundant during the first few
years after fire. After a few years without fire (or other
disturbance), litter builds up and plant vigor declines [19]. In
eastern Arkansas, broomsedge bluestem was the dominant grass on prairies
burned and hayed annually for decades, but without these disturbances
was eliminated after 16 years [15].

More info for the term: graminoid

Tussock graminoid
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)

More info for the terms: culm, stratification

Broomsedge bluestem's primary mode of reproduction is sexual. It is a
prolific producer of small seeds that are dispersed by wind and readily
establish on exposed soil. Each flowering culm may have as many as 50
racemes, and each raceme 8 to 12 spikelets [37]. Germination is
relatively high after cold stratification. Eighty-four percent of
broomsedge bluestem seeds germinated after 38 days when sown on flats of
field sand and kept indoors [8]. Seedling survival in the field is
high. First-year seedlings in North Carolina averaged 5 inches (13 cm)
in height, while 1- and 2-year-old plants averaged 40 inches (100 cm) in
height and 3 inches (7.5 cm) in basal circumference [16]. Flowering
begins when plants are 2 or 3 years old, and continues thereafter
[8,16].

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
7 Lower Basin and Range
14 Great Plains

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More info for the terms: allelopathy, competition, cover

Broomsedge bluestem is a shade-intolerant, seral species. It invades
abandoned cropland, roadsides, overgrazed range, and logged-over
pinelands. It is one of the most common invaders of abandoned
agricultural lands and often forms a continuous cover within 4 or 5
years of abandonment [26]. Broomsedge bluestem is relatively
short-lived. Once established, it depends upon periodic disturbance to
maintain its abundance.

On infertile soils, broomsedge bluestem acts as a long-lived competitor.
Nearly pure stands can persist on soils low in nitrogen or phosphorus as
a result of competition and allelopathy. Decaying broomsedge bluestem
inhibits the growth of carelessweed (Amaranthus palmeri), Japanese brome
(Bromus japonicus), prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), and little
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) [31].

The currently accepted scientific name of broomsedge bluestem is
Andropogon virginicus L. [10,29]. Recognized varieties include [29]:

Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus (Hackel) Fernald & Griscom
Andropogon virginicus var. glaucopsis (Ell.) Hitchcock
Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus Hackel
Andropogon virginicus var. hirsutior (Hackel) Hitchcock
Andropogon virginicus var. tetrastachyus (Ell.) Hackel
Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus

More info for the term: cover

Broomsedge bluestem is a common invader of abandoned coal strip mines
and quarries, and frequently becomes the dominant ground cover [24,32].

Andropogon louisianae Steud. Syn. Gram. 383. 1854
Andropogon Curtisianu s St&nd. Syn. Gram. 390. 1854.
Andropogon virginicus viridis ditior Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889.
Andropogon virginicus tetrastachyus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889.
Sorgum virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 792. 1891.
Andropogon macrourus viridis Chapm.; Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 11. 1892.
Andropogon virginicus vaginatus Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. ed. 3. 594. 1897. Steins tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the sparsely divided branches in I's-S's, distant, the nodes glabrous, very rarely barbed; leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, commonly more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins with long usually lax hairs, or sometimes a part or the whole of the sheaths densely hirsute; ligules scarious, ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough or roughish, usually hirsute on the upper surface near the base; spathes 3-5 cm. long, extending beyond the racemes; racemes generally in pairs, rarely in 3's or 4's, 2-3 cm. long, the rachis slender and fragile; sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, one and a half times to twice as long as the internodes, pale or colored, the first scale hispid on the keels, the callus barbed with hairs about one third as long as the spikelet, the fourth scale very shortly 2-toothed, with an awn 1-1.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet.
Type locality : Virginia.
Distribution : Rhode Island to Missouri and Oklahoma, and south to Florida, Texas, and Mexico; Bermudas; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Haiti.

Andropogon capillipes Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot
Gard. 1: 431. 1900.
Andropogon ma&rourus glaucopsis EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 150. 1816.
Andropogon virginicus glaucus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889. Not A . glaucus Retz.
1789. Andropogon virginicus dealbaius C. Mohr; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889. Andropogon glomeraius glaucopsis C. Mohr, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 21. 1897. Andropogon glaucop sis Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 62. 1903. Not A. glaucopsis Steud. 1854.
Whole plant blueor grayishgreen, intensely glaucous, smooth and glabrous. Stems
6-12 dm. tall, branched, the branches in Ts-S's; leaf -sheaths keeled, the lower ones compressed;
blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-6 mm. wide, erect; spathes 2-6 cm. long, equaling or exceeding the
racemes; racemes 1.5-4.5 cm. long, the rachis slender, the internodes clothed with long hairs;
sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, linear to linear-lanceolate, about twice as long as the internodes,
the first scale hispidulous on the keels above, the intercarinal space depressed, the fourth
scale 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a hispidulous usually somewhat contorted imperfect awn
1-2 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the
pedicel as long as or a little exceeding the sessile spikelet.
Type locality : Florida.
Distribution : North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.

Andropogon virginicus I^. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753
Andropogon dissitifiorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 57. 1803.
Anatherum virginicum Spreng. Pugill. 2 : 16. 1815.
Andropogon vaginatus EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 148. 1816.
Andropogon tetrastachyus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 150. 1816.
Andropogon eriophorus Scheele, Flora 27 : 51. 1844. Not ^. eriophorus Willd. 1806.

Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, St ems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stems branching above base or distally at nodes, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly basal, below middle of stem, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades glaucous, blue-green, or grey, or with white glands, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Ligule a fringed, ciliate, or lobed membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence lax, widely spreading, branches drooping, pendulous, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Inflorescence branches paired or digitate at a single node, Flowers bisexual, Flowers unisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets laterally compressed, Inflorescence or spikelets partially hidden in leaf sheaths, subtended by spatheole, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Pedicellate spikelet rudimentary or absent, usually sterile, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets unisexual, Inflorescence disarticulating between nodes or joints of rachis, rachis fragmenting, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly prese nt, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes keeled or winged, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex dentate, 2-fid, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awn 2-4 cm long or longer, Lemma awn from sinus of bifid apex, Lemma awns straight or curved to base, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.

Andropogon virginicus is a species of grass known by several common names, including broomsedge bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem and (in Australia, because it was introduced to that country after being used as packaging for bottles of American whiskey) whiskey grass. It is native to the southeastern United States and as far north as the Great Lakes. It is known as an introduced species in California and Hawaii, where it is weedy.