Gasteria

Gasteria ser. Gasteria: Bauchige Blüte von Gasteria bicolor var. bicolor

Gasteria ser. Gasteria: Blütenstand von Gasteria disticha

Gasteria ser. Longifoliae: Gasteria acinacifolia

Gasteria ser. Namaquana: Gasteria pillansii

Gasteria ser. Multifariae: Gasteria nitida

Die Gasteria, eingedeutscht werden sie auch Gasterien genannt, sind eine Pflanzengattung aus der Unterfamilie der Affodillgewächse (Asphodeloideae). Zur Gattung gehören etwa 22 Arten. Ihre natürliche Verbreitung ist auf den südlichen und westlichen Teil der Republik Südafrika beschränkt mit einer Art, die bis in die Grenzregionen zu Namibia hineinreicht (Gasteria pillansii).

Beschreibung

Gasterien sind immergrüne sukkulente Pflanzen. Alle Arten wachsen in der Jugend zweizeilig, im Alter verändern sich etwa die Hälfte der Arten zu rosettenförmigem Wuchs. Die meisten Arten bilden nahe der Mutterpflanze viele Ableger (Kindel) aus. Solitäre Gasterien sind selten, in der Regel bilden sie dichte Polster. Die einfachen, sukkulenten Laubblätter besitzen meist einen hornigen Rand, aber sind nie bewehrt. Die Blattoberfläche ist dunkelgrün mit Bändern aus weißen Punkten.

Gasterien bilden seitliche oder endständige, manchmal verzweigte, lockere Blütenstände, meist sind sie traubig. Die zwittrigen, zygomorphen Blüten sind dreizählig. Die Blütenhüllblätter sind gelblich bis rot oder gelb und haben oft grüne Spitzen. Die Blütenhüllblätter sind röhrig verwachsen, aber sie sind nicht zweilippig, dies ist ein Hauptunterscheidungsmerkmal zu Haworthia-Arten. Die Blütenröhre ist gebogen und bauchig erweitert, dies ist das Hauptunterscheidungsmerkmal zu Aloë-Arten (daher auch der botanische Name: von Griechisch gáster für Bauch). Es werden Kapselfrüchte gebildet.

Systematik

Die Gattung Gasteria wurde 1809 von Henri Auguste Duval in Pl. Succ. Horto Alencon., 6 erstbeschrieben. Ein heterotypisches Synonym ist Ptyas Salisb.^[1]

Arten

Der südafrikanische Gasteria-Spezialist Ernst van Jaarsveld vom Botanischen Garten Kirstenbosch und Verfasser des Gasteria-Standardwerks Gasterias of South Africa, A new revision of a major succulent group (Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg 1994) verringerte die über 100 Gasteria-Namen drastisch und wies nach, dass viele verbreitete Namen wie Gasteria caespitosa, Gasteria maculata, Gasteria marmorata, Gasteria minima oder Gasteria prolifera nur Standortvarietäten, Fehlbeschreibungen oder Kulturhybriden sind.

Die Gattung Gasteria wird in zwei Sektionen mit je zwei Serien untergliedert und umfasst folgende Arten:^[2]

• Gasteria sect. Gasteria Duval
  • Gasteria ser. Gasteria Duval
    • Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
    • Gasteria bicolor Haw.
      • Gasteria bicolor var. bicolor
      • Gasteria bicolor var. fallax (Haw.) van Jaarsv.^[3]
      • Gasteria bicolor var. liliputana (Poelln.) van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv.
      • Gasteria brachyphylla var. brachyphylla
      • Gasteria brachyphylla var. bayeri van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria disticha (L.) Haw.
      • Gasteria disticha var. disticha
      • Gasteria disticha var. langebergensis van Jaarsv.^[4]
      • Gasteria disticha var. robusta van Jaarsv.^[5]
    • Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk^[6]
    • Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
    • Gasteria retusa (van Jaarsv.) van Jaarsv.^[7]
  • Gasteria ser. Namaquana van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria pillansii Kensit
      • Gasteria pillansii var. pillansii
      • Gasteria pillansii var. ernesti-ruschii (Dinter & Poelln.) van Jaarsv.
      • Gasteria pillansii var. hallii van Jaarsv.^[8]
• Gasteria sect. Longiflorae Haw.
  • Gasteria ser. Longifoliae (Haw.) van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw.
    • Gasteria barbae van Jaarsv.^[9]
    • Gasteria batesiana G.D.Rowley
      • Gasteria batesiana var. batesiana
      • Gasteria batesiana var. dolomitica van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
    • Gasteria croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker
      • Gasteria croucheri subsp. croucheri
      • Gasteria croucheri subsp. pendulifolia (van Jaarsv.) Zonn.^[10][11]
      • Gasteria croucheri subsp. pondoensis N.R.Crouch, Gideon F.Sm. & D.G.A.Styles^[12]
    • Gasteria loedolffiae van Jaarsv.^[13]
    • Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.^[14]
  • Gasteria ser. Multifariae (Haw.) van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria armstrongii Schönland
    • Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval
      • Gasteria carinata var. carinata
      • Gasteria carinata var. glabra van Jaarsv.
      • Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa (Mill.) van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria excelsa Baker
    • Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw.
    • Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.^[15]
    • Gasteria pulchra (Aiton) Haw.
    • Gasteria thunbergii N.E.Br.
    • Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv.

Hybriden

• ×Algastoloba D.M.Cumming
  = Aloe × Gasteria × Astroloba
• ×Bayerara D.M.Cumming
  = Aloe × Gasteria × Haworthia
• ×Cummingara G.D.Rowley
  = Gasteria × Haworthia × Poellnitzia
• ×Gasteraloe Guillaumin
  = Gasteria × Aloe

Quellen

• Doreen Court: Succulent flora of southern Africa, Verlag CRC Press, 2000. ISBN 90-5809-323-9: Google-Book Online. Gasteria ab Seite 262.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
2. ↑ Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon. Einkeimblättrige Pflanzen (Monocotyledonen). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7, S. 200–206.
3. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: The genus Gasteria: A synoptic review (new taxa and combinations). In: Aloe. Band 44, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 98.
4. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: The genus Gasteria: A synoptic review (new taxa and combinations). In: Aloe. Band 44, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 99.
5. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: The genus Gasteria: A synoptic review (new taxa and combinations). In: Aloe. Band 44, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 99.
6. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld, A. E. Van Wyk: Gasteria doreeniae: a new species from the Eastern Cape. In: Aloe. Band 41, Nummer 4, 2004, S. 81–83.
7. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: The genus Gasteria: A synoptic review (new taxa and combinations). In: Aloe. Band 44, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 100.
8. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: The genus Gasteria: A synoptic review (new taxa and combinations). In: Aloe. Band 44, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 94–95.
9. ↑ E. J. van Jaarsveld: Gasteria barbae, a new cliff-dwelling species from the Western Cape, South Africa. In: CactusWorld. Band 32, Nummer 4, 2014, S. 257–260.
10. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: Gasteria pendulifolia van Jaarsv., a new species from KwaZulu-Natal. In: Cactus and Succulent Journal. Band 73, Nummer 2, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2001, S. 68–70.
11. ↑ B. J. M. Zonneveld, E. J. van Jaarsveld: Taxonomic implications of genome size for all species of the genus Gasteria Duval (Aloaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Band 251, Nummer 2–4, 2005, S. 217–227 (doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0244-x).
12. ↑ Neil R. Crouch, Gideon F. Smith, D. Styles: Asphodelaceae : Alooideae. Gasteria croucheri subsp.Pondoensis, a new cremnophyte from Pondoland, South Africa. In: Bothalia. Band 41, Nummer 1, 2011, S. 183–185 (PDF).
13. ↑ E. J. van Jaarsveld: Gasteria loedolffiae (Asphodelaceae). A new cliff-dwelling species from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In: Bradleya. Band 32, 2014, S. 44–49.
14. ↑ E.J. van Jaarsveld, A.E. van Wyk: Gasteria tukhelensis, a new species from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. In: Bothalia. Band 35, Nummer 2, 2005, S. 164–166.
15. ↑ Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: Gasteria polita van Jaarsv., a new species from the Western Cape. In: Cactus and Succulent Journal. Band 73, Nummer 3, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2001, S. 127–130

Weitere Literatur

• Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: The genus Gasteria: A synoptic review (new taxa and combinations). In: Aloe. Band 44, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 84–104.
• Bernardus Joannes Maria Zonneveld, Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld: Taxonomic implications of genome size for all species of the genus Gasteria Duval (Aloaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Band 251, Nummer 2–4, 2005, S. 217–227 (doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0244-x).

Weblinks

– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Kulturhinweise für Haworthia und verwandte Gattungen (Ingo Breuer). (deutsch)
• Gasteria.

Gasteria l'è 'n zèner de piànte gràse (suculènte), uriginàrie del Sudàfrica. L'è 'mparentàt coi zèner Aloe e Haworthia. Del pónt de vìsta tasonòmich l'è colocàt endèla famìa botànica de le Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Spéci

• Gasteria acinacifolia Haw.
• Gasteria antandroi Decary
• Gasteria armstrongii Schönland
• Gasteria batesiana Baker
• Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
• Gasteria croucheri Baker
• Gasteria disticha Haw.
• Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
• Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria excelsa Baker
• Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria latifolia Hort. ex Baker
• Gasteria nitida Haw.
• Gasteria pendulifolia van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pillansii Kensit
• Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pulchra Haw.
• Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
• Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria worrinkae Hort. ex Guillaumin

Riferimèncc

Colegamèncc estèrni

• Colesiù de Gasteria en Nord Amèrica
• Webshots - Fóto de Gasteria
• La 'Nciclopedia de le piànte ornamentàle - Gasteria
• Gasteria

Gasteria is a genus of succulent plants, native to South Africa (and the far south-west corner of Namibia).^[1]

Naming

The genus is named for its stomach-shaped flowers ("gaster" is Latin for "stomach") that result from the swollen base on the corolla. Common names include ox-tongue, cow-tongue, lawyer's tongue and, occasionally, mother-in-law's tongue.^[2]

Description

Single flower of a Gasteria

Gasteria brachyphylla

Gasterias are recognisable from their thick, hard, succulent "tongue-shaped" leaves. These are either in two opposite ranks (distichous), or in various distinctive spiral arrangements.^[3] Their inflorescence is also unique, with their curved, stomach-shaped flowers, which hang from inclined racemes.

Distribution

Gasteria rawlinsonii 'Staircase' (a cultivar) showing the distinctive pendulous, "stomach-shaped" Gasteria flowers

The species of this genus are mostly native to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, where the bulk of the species occur – especially in the small area between Makhanda and Uniondale which enjoys rainfall throughout the year. However distribution of several species extends widely across the low-altitude coastal regions of the country, in an arched horseshoe shape across South Africa. At the one end of the genus's distribution, a species Gasteria pillansii extends into the far south-west corner of Namibia. At the other end, a species reaches the Lebombo mountains of Eswatini.

Taxonomy

Distribution map of the various Gasteria species and subspecies in southern Africa

Gasteria is part of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. Closely related genera include Aloe and Haworthia, and the species of these genera are known to hybridise relatively easily with each other.^[4]

Dividing Gasteria into species is extremely difficult, as each plant can be highly variable. One plant will look different depending on its location, its soil and its age. Young Gasteria plants typically look entirely different from older specimens. (Usually, young plants have flat, strap-shaped, highly tubercled leaves, in a distichous formation.) In addition, the species tend to flow into each other in gradual transitions, with many intermediate forms, rather than being cleanly divided into discrete and separate species. Lastly, hybrids occur easily and naturally, whenever the range of two species overlap in habitat.

There is therefore considerable disagreement on how many species exist, with as many as 100 names being listed.

Taxonomy according to flower morphology

Using morphology (especially flower structure), a traditional and widely accepted taxonomy was described in 1994 (van Jaarsveld et al.), dividing the genus into 2 sections, 4 series, and 16 species. E. J. van Jaarsveld has revised the taxonomy since then and the most recent synoptic review was published in 2007.^[5] Several new species have been described in recent years, as well. Currently the number of accepted species is 29.

• Section Longiflorae (2 series, 19 species)
  • Series Longifoliae (6 species):
    • Gasteria acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw. – southern coast of Cape Province
    • Gasteria barbae van Jaarsv. – southern coast of Cape Province, between Knysna and Plettenberg Bay^[6]
    • Gasteria batesiana G.D.Rowley – Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal
      • G. batesiana var. batesiana G.D.Rowley
      • G. batesiana var. dolomitica van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk – Mpumalanga
    • Gasteria croucheri Baker – south-east Cape Province to east KwaZulu-Natal
      • G. croucheri subsp. croucheri Baker – south-east Cape Province to East KwaZulu-Natal
      • G. croucheri subsp. pendulifolia (van Jaarsv.) Zonn. – KwaZulu-Natal
      • G. croucheri subsp. pondoensis N.R.Crouch, Gideon F.Sm. & D.Styles – south-east Cape Province^[7]
    • Gasteria loedolffiae van Jaarsv. – Eastern Cape^[8]
    • Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv. – KwaZulu-Natal

• • Series Multifariae (13 species):
    • Gasteria armstrongii Schönland – southern Cape Province
    • Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval – south-south-west Cape Province
      • G. carinata var. carinata (Mill.) Duval – Langeberg in Cape Province
      • G. carinata var. glabra (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv. – Mossel Bay to Gouritz River
      • G. carinata var. verrucosa (Mill) van Jaarsv. – Bredasdorp in Cape Province
    • Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv. – Kouga Dam in Cape Province
    • Gasteria excelsa Baker – Transkei, Eastern Cape
    • Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv. – Kouga River Valley
    • Gasteria koenii van Jaarsv. – Swartberg^[9]
    • Gasteria langebergensis (van Jaarsv) van Jaarsv. & Zonn. – western Cape Province^[10]
    • Gasteria nitida Haw. – southern Cape Province
    • Gasteria polita van Jaarsv. – Cape Province
    • Gasteria pulchra Haw. – Cape Province
    • Gasteria thunbergii N.E.Br. – near Herbertsdale in Cape Province
    • Gasteria visserii van Jaarsv. – Eastern Cape^[11]
    • Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv. – Great Swartberg + Witteberg in Cape Province (a higher altitude species)

• Section Gasteria (2 series, 10 species)
  • Series Gasteria (9 species):
    • Gasteria baylissiana Rauh – Suurberg Range in Cape Province
    • Gasteria bicolor Haw. – south-east Cape Province; naturalized in Mexico
      • G. bicolor var. bicolor Haw.
      • G. bicolor var. fallax (Haw.) van Jaarsv.
      • G. bicolor var. liliputana (Poelln.) van Jaarsv.
    • Gasteria brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv. – Little Karoo in Cape Province
      • G. brachyphylla var. brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv.
      • G. brachyphylla var. bayeri van Jaarsv. – Little Karoo in Cape Province
    • Gasteria camillae van Jaarsv. & Molteno – Baviaanskloof mountain range^[12]
    • Gasteria disticha (L.) Haw. – Robertson Karoo and surrounds, Western Cape
      • G. disticha var. disticha (L.) Haw. – south-west and south-central Cape Province
      • G. disticha var. robusta van Jaarsv. – western Cape Province
    • Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk – Cape Province
    • Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv. – Kouga Dam in Cape Province
    • Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm. – Baviaanskloof in Cape Province
    • Gasteria retusa (van Jaarsv.) van Jaarsv. – Worcester & Heidelberg in Cape Province

• • Series Namaquana (1 species):
    • Gasteria pillansii Kensit – Namibia, Cape Province
      • G. pillansii var. pillansii Kensit – western Cape Province
      • G. pillansii var. ernesti-ruschii (Dinter von Poellnitz) van Jaarsv. – south-west Namibia to north-west Cape Province (Richtersveld)
      • G. pillansii var. hallii van Jaarsv. – western Cape Province

Taxonomy according to genome

A phylogenetic study in 2005^[13] suggest that the genus may be sub-divided into 5 groups with respect to an increasing pattern in DNA content and geographical distribution:

• Group A
• Gasteria rawlinsonii (possibly a relict species; genetically an outlier, with the smallest genome)
• Group B - 8 rare and restricted inland species (possibly also relict species, with relatively small genomes):
  • Gasteria armstrongii (separated from G. nitida here due to the difference in DNA content)
  • Gasteria polita
  • Gasteria glomerata
  • Gasteria pulchra
  • Gasteria ellaphieae
  • Gasteria vlokii
  • Gasteria glauca
  • Gasteria nitida
• Group C - 5 widespread, distichous species, mainly from the west of southern Africa:
  • Gasteria brachyphylla
  • Gasteria bicolor
  • Gasteria disticha
  • Gasteria baylissiana
  • Gasteria pillansii
• Group D - 5 widespread, rosette-forming species, mainly large coastal species:
  • Gasteria excelsa
  • Gasteria croucheri (including Gasteria pendulifolia)
  • Gasteria acinacifolia
  • Gasteria carinata
• Group E
  • Gasteria batesiana (most northerly species, with the largest genome)

Gallery for identification

• 

  Gasteria rawlinsonii has long hanging stems. Its leaves have a rough surface.

Western distichous group

Species with distichous (two-ranked), strap-shaped leaves which are usually without keels.

• 

  Gasteria pillansii has rough, mat-surfaced leaves with larger elongated flowers

• 

  The larger elongated Gasteria pillansii flowers

• 

  Gasteria disticha has rough, mat-surfaced (often wavy edged) leaves

• 

  The smaller, rounded Gasteria disticha flowers

• 

  Gasteria brachyphylla has smooth-surfaced, glossy leaves with crenulate margins.

• 

  Gasteria bicolor eventually develops a short, sprawling stem. It has smooth, shiny, erect leaves

• 

  Gasteria baylissiana has distinctive tiny, white, truncate tubercles on both sides of its swollen, convex leaves, that have squarely truncated leaf-tips.

Rare inland species

• 

  Gasteria glauca has rough-surfaced, blue-green leaves.

• 

  Gasteria ellaphieae forms rosettes of pointed, triangular, recurved, densely tuberculate leaves, and branched inflorescence.

• 

  Gasteria glomerata has distichous compact, round, glaucous, recurved rough-surfaced leaves, and forms dense clumps.

• 

  Gasteria vlokii forms rosettes of mat-surface, slightly rough, triangular (usually recurved), strap shaped leaves.

• 

  Adult Gasteria nitidas form rosettes of smooth, shiny, triangular leaves, with smooth (non-serrated) edges and true (non-marginiform) keels. Juvenile plants have recurved distichous, tubercled leaves.

• 

  Gasteria armstrongii is a very divergent form of Gasteria nitida which maintains into adulthood the dark, recurved, retuse, distichous, roughly tuberculate leaves.

• 

  Gasteria polita forms rosettes of short, triangular, smooth leaves, with rounded ends and strong keels

• 

  Gasteria doreeniae

• 

  Gasteria pulchra forms rosettes of smooth, thin, sharp, elongated, ascending leaves (linear triangular).

Large coastal group

Species generally form rosettes, with leaves usually bearing marginiform keels.

• 

  Gasteria carinata var carinata – the typical form. It has erect & spreading, rough, sparsely bumpy/tuberculate leaves

• 

  Gasteria carinata var carinata – the adult form with juvenile

• 

  Gasteria carinata var verrucosa is a proliferous variety with erect & spreading leaves that remain distichous and heavily tubercled into adulthood

• 

  Gasteria acinacifolia has slender, erect & spreading leaves with finely serrated edges. Heavily spotted.

• 

  Gasteria excelsa has smooth spreading leaves with a darker colour and sharply serrated edges.

• 

  Gasteria croucheri has smooth spreading, dark green, slightly glaucous leaves

• 

  Gasteria tukhelensis has slender, smooth and shiny leaves

• 

  Gasteria batesiana has leaves which are heavily tuberculate (bumpy/warty) and finely rululous (wrinkled).

Cultivation

Gasteria species are grown in well-drained, sandy soils in light shade. The species can all be propagated by off-sets and cuttings (leaf cuttings can usually be rooted easily). They are also commonly propagated by seed. Germination usually occurs within 8 days but may take as long as one month depending on the species.

Flowering times vary between species, but is usually in the spring & summer. Those in the summer rainfall areas to the east, tend to always flower in spring to summer (October–January in South Africa) such as Gasteria batesiana, Gasteria croucheri & Gasteria acinacifolia. Those in the areas which receive rainfall all year, usually flower also in later summer (December–January) such as Gasteria excelsa, Gasteria nitida, Gasteria vlokii and Gasteria brachyphylla var. bayeri. Others in this region flower all year, but with a peak in the spring, such as Gasteria rawlinsonii, Gasteria bicolor & Gasteria carinata. The westernmost species vary in their flowering times, within the species. Gasteria pillansii in the far west, flowers in summer (December–January), except for its northernmost variety "var. ernesti-ruschii" which flowers in autumn (March–April). Gasteria disticha usually flowers in spring, but in the far north of its range near Beaufort West it flowers in December.^[14]

Gasteria species are prone to Fusarium root rot, if they are over-watered. ^[15][16]

The cultivar 'Little Warty' ^[17] is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Several hybrids with species in other related genera have been created in cultivation, such as between Gasteria and Aloe (× Gasteraloe), and between Gasteria and Haworthia (×Gasterhaworthia).

References

Gasteria es un género de plantas suculentas, nativas de Sudáfrica. Está emparentada con los géneros Aloe y Haworthia. El género es taxonómicamente incluida en la Familia Xanthorrhoeaceae. Es originario de Sudáfrica.^[1]​

Cultivo

Las especies de Gasteria deben crecer en suelos bien drenados, más bien arenosos. La mayoría de las especies prefieren ligera sombra, debiéndoselas proteger del sol directo o de otras condiciones extremas. Un mantillo inorgánico es bueno colocar alrededor de las plantas para evitar malezas. El mantillo, y también algún compost o abono, se colocan al comienzo de la estación de crecimiento.

La germinación ocurre a los 8 días, pero depende (hasta un mes) de las especies.

Se las riega frecuentemente en primavera, verano, y otoño, sin encharcar. Se sugiere suspender el riego de la Gasteria en invierno. Así, habría que reenmacetar cada 3 a 4 años.

• Gasteria acinacifolia Haw.
• Gasteria antandroi Decary
• Gasteria armstrongii Schönland
• Gasteria batesiana Baker
• Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
• Gasteria croucheri Baker
• Gasteria disticha Haw.
• Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
• Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria excelsa Baker
• Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria latifolia Hort. ex Baker
• Gasteria nitida Haw.
• Gasteria pendulifolia van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pillansii Kensit
• Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pulchra Haw.
• Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
• Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria worrinkae Hort. ex Guillaumin

Referencias

Sarviaaloet (Gasteria) on kasvisuku, joka kuuluu heinäpuukasvien (Xanthorrhoeaceae) tai soihtukasvien (Asphodelaceae) heimoon. Siihen sisältyy muun muassa huonekasvina kasvatettu täpläsarviaaloe (Gasteria bicolor).^[1]

Lähteet

Gasteria est un genre de plantes succulentes de la famille des Xanthorrhoeaceae. Ils s'apparentent aux Aloès, avec des fleurs rosâtres, facilement reconnaissables par leur périanthe soudé en forme d'estomac d'où Gasteria tire son nom. Les quelque 80 espèces de ce genre sont originaires des régions arides d'Afrique méridionale.

Description

Fleur de Gasteria sp.

Gasteria est un genre de plantes vivaces dotées de feuilles charnues et coriaces rangées la plupart du temps sur deux côtés. Elles sont généralement tachetées, striées de blanc ou même verruqueuses (Gasteria verrucosa, Gasteria batesiana…).

Les fleurs sont organisées en grappe et ont des tépales soudés en forme de tubes renflés de couleur rose, rouge, voire jaune à la base et vert à leur extrémité.

Liste d'espèces

Selon World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (27 déc. 2010)^[1] :

Selon NCBI (27 déc. 2010)^[2] :

• Gasteria acinacifolia
• Gasteria batesiana
• Gasteria bicolor
• Gasteria excelsa
• Gasteria glomerata
• Gasteria liliputana
• Gasteria maculata
• Gasteria subnigricans

Hybrides

Il existe des hybrides de Gasteria et d'Aloe nommés x Gasteraloe.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Gasterija (lat. Gasteria) sadrži oko 20 vrsta sukulenata koji potječu iz južne Afrike. Pripada porodici čepljezovki (Asphodelaceae)

Cvjetovi imaju karakterističan oblik koji je vrlo važan kod razvrstavanja Gasteria. Kada pokušavamo raspoznati Gasterie,važno je primijetiti da mlade Gasterie imaju vrlo drugačije oblike i boje od starijih članova svoje vrste.

Mnoge vrste dobro podnose malu količinu svjetla, i mogu se uzgajati kao kućne biljke.

Vrste

1. Gasteria acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw.
2. Gasteria barbae van Jaarsv.
3. Gasteria batesiana G.D.Rowley
4. Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
5. Gasteria brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv.
6. Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval
7. Gasteria croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker
8. Gasteria disticha (L.) Haw.
9. Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
10. Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
11. Gasteria excelsa Baker
12. Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
13. Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
14. Gasteria koenii van Jaarsv.
15. Gasteria loedolffiae van Jaarsv.
16. Gasteria nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw.
17. Gasteria obliqua (Aiton) Duval
18. Gasteria pillansii Kensit
19. Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.
20. Gasteria pulchra (Aiton) Haw.
21. Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
22. Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.
23. Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv.

Izvori

Gasteria Duval è un genere di piante succulente appartenente alla famiglia delle Asphodelaceae, originario dell'Africa australe^[1][2].

Il suo nome deriva dal greco gastèr (ventre) per via della forma del fiore.

Descrizione

Infiorescenza

Le sue foglie carnose e screziate si sviluppano sia a rosetta che a biforcazione (dicotòmiche).

I fiori sono riuniti in una spiga che presenta fiorellini campanulati di colore verdastro o bianco-rosa.

Tassonomia

Comprende le seguenti specie:^[2]

Coltivazione

La coltivazione delle Gasteria necessita di terreno poroso e molto drenante, composto di terra fibrosa e sabbia. Le piante andranno esposte in posizione di piena luce e leggermente assolata; se esposte in pieno sole, le foglie assumeranno uno sgradevole colore rossastro e le screziature saranno molto attenuate.

Le annaffiature dovranno essere regolari ma non troppo frequenti nel periodo primavera-autunno, ma dovranno essere del tutto sospese nel periodo invernale, periodo in cui andranno conservate ad una temperatura non inferiore ai 7 °C.

La moltiplicazione avviene facendo radicare i polloni emessi in grande quantità alla base della pianta. Si può effettuare la moltiplicazione anche per talea di foglia, ma è una tecnica molto più difficile per via della facilità a marcire e allo stesso tempo di seccare della foglia che inoltre necessiterebbe del giusto grado di umidità che questo tipo di riproduzione richiede.

Si può inoltre ottenere una riproduzione per seme avendo cura di interrare leggermente i semi in un letto di terra setacciata mista a sabbia e mantenuta umida, arieggiata e ombreggiata ad una temperatura di 21 °C.

Note

Gasteria is een geslacht uit de affodilfamilie. De soorten komen voor in Zuid-Afrika en Namibië.

Soorten

• Gasteria acinacifolia
• Gasteria antandroi
• Gasteria armstrongii
• Gasteria batesiana
• Gasteria baylissiana
• Gasteria croucheri
• Gasteria disticha
• Gasteria doreeniae
• Gasteria ellaphieae
• Gasteria excelsa
• Gasteria glauca
• Gasteria glomerata
• Gasteria latifolia
• Gasteria nitida
• Gasteria pendulifolia
• Gasteria pillansii
• Gasteria polita
• Gasteria pulchra
• Gasteria rawlinsonii
• Gasteria tukhelensis
• Gasteria vlokii
• Gasteria worrinkae

Kwiaty Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa

Gasteria batesiana

Gasteria (Gasteria Duval) – rodzaj sukulentów pochodzących głównie z przylądkowej części południowej Afryki, liczący ok. 26 gatunków^[2]. Gatunkiem typowym jest Gasteria angustifolia Duval^[3].

Morfologia

Liście

Ułożone spiralnie bądź dwurzędowo, z reguły charakterystycznie pokryte białymi plamkami lub brodawkami.

Kwiaty

Zebrane w długie kwiatostany z rurkowatymi kwiatami rozdętymi u podstawy (łac. gaster = żołądek, nazwa rodzajowa pochodzi właśnie od kształtu kwiatów).

Systematyka

Wykaz gatunków^[2]

• Gasteria acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw.
• Gasteria batesiana G.D.Rowley
• Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
• Gasteria brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval
• Gasteria croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker
• Gasteria disticha (L.) Haw.
• Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
• Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria excelsa Baker
• Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria minima Poelln.
• Gasteria nigricans Haw.
• Gasteria nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw.
• Gasteria obliqua (Aiton) Duval
• Gasteria pendulifolia van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pillansii Kensit
• Gasteria poellnitziana Jacobs.
• Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pseudonigricans Haw.
• Gasteria pulchra (Aiton) Haw.
• Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
• Gasteria transvaalensis De Smet Ex Bak.
• Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.

Przypisy

Gasteria é um género botânico pertencente à família Asphodelaceae^[1].

Espécies

• Gasteria verrucosa

Gasteriasläktet (Gasteria) är ett växtsläkte i familjen afodillväxter. Släktet innehåller cirka 30 arter och förekommer naturligt i Sydafrika. Några arter odlas som krukväxter i Sverige.

Släktet består av fleråriga, kala, städsegröna suckulenta örter. Bladen sitter i rosetter som ibland är tvåradiga, de är vanligen fläckiga eller bandade, ibland rynkiga eller vårtiga men saknar taggar i kanterna. Blommorna sitter i klasar på en enkel eller grenad blomställning. Själva blommorna är hängande, hyllet är rörlikt, uppsvängt och med uppsvälld bas. Frukten är en kapsel.

Hybrider

Släktet korsar sig lätt med arter i andra närstående släkten och fler av dem har fått namn:

• ×Algastoloba D.M.Cumming - Aloe × Astroloba × Gasteria.
• ×Bayerara D.M.Cumming - Aloe × Gasteria × Haworthia.
• ×Gasteraloe Guillaumin - Aloe × Gasteria.
• ×Gasterhaworthia Guillaumin - Gasteria × Haworthia.
• ×Gasterlirion Mays & G.D.Rowley - Gasteria × Chortolirion.
• ×Gastroloba D.M.Cumming - Astroloba × Gasteria.
• ×Maysara D.M.Cumming - Astroloba × Gasteria × Haworthia.
• ×Smithara D.M.Cumming - Gasteria × Haworthia × Poellnitzia.

Källor

• Walters, S.M. (1986). The European Garden Flora, Vol. 1. Pteridophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae — Alismataceae to Iridaceae. ISBN 0-521-24859-0

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Gasteriasläktet.
  Bilder & media

Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.

• 1 Поширення
• 2 Етимологія
• 3 Біологічний опис
• 4 Догляд та утримання
• 5 Міжродові гібриди
• 6 Застосування
• 7 Види
• 8 Примітки
• 9 Галерея
• 10 Джерела
• 11 Література
• 12 Посилання

• Gasteria acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw.
• Gasteria batesiana G.D.Rowley
• Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
• Gasteria brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval
• Gasteria croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker
• Gasteria disticha (L.) Haw.
• Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
• Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria excelsa Baker
• Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria minima Poelln.
• Gasteria nigricans Haw.
• Gasteria nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw.
• Gasteria obliqua (Aiton) Duval
• Gasteria pendulifolia van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pillansii Kensit
• Gasteria poellnitziana Jacobs.
• Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pseudonigricans Haw.
• Gasteria pulchra (Aiton) Haw.
• Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
• Gasteria transvaalensis De Smet ex Bak.
• Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv.

1. ↑ Широбокова Д. Н., Нікітіна В. В., Гайдаржи М. М., Баглай К. М. Кактуси та інші сукулентні рослини. — К.: Українські пропілеї, 2003. — 110 с. ISBN 966-7015-28-9 (укр.)
2. ↑ Марія Цвєткова. Нова енциклопедія кімнатних рослин. Найповніша інформація для всіх: початківців, впевнених у собі, досвідчених квітникарів. — Харків : Школа, 2013. — С. 159. — ISBN 978-966-429-165-8.

Gasteria là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Asparagaceae.^[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Gasteria tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Gasteria tại Wikispecies

Bài viết liên quan đến họ Măng tây này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

• 1 Внешний вид
• 2 Классификация
• 3 Комнатная культура
• 4 Примечания
• 5 Ссылки
• 6 Литература

• Gasteria acinacifolia (J.Jacq.) Haw.
• Gasteria batesiana G.D.Rowley
• Gasteria baylissiana Rauh
• Gasteria brachyphylla (Salm-Dyck) van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval
• Gasteria croucheri (Hook.f.) Baker
• Gasteria disticha (L.) Haw.
• Gasteria doreeniae van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk
• Gasteria ellaphieae van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria excelsa Baker
• Gasteria glauca van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria glomerata van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria minima Poelln.
• Gasteria nigricans Haw.
• Gasteria nitida (Salm-Dyck) Haw.
• Gasteria obliqua (Aiton) Duval
• Gasteria pendulifolia van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pillansii Kensit
• Gasteria poellnitziana Jacobs.
• Gasteria polita van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria pseudonigricans Haw.
• Gasteria pulchra (Aiton) Haw.
• Gasteria rawlinsonii Oberm.
• Gasteria transvaalensis De Smet ex Bak.
• Gasteria tukhelensis van Jaarsv.
• Gasteria vlokii van Jaarsv.

Gasteria acinacifolia 孔雀扇

Gasteria disticha 富士子宝

Gasteria disticha 富士子宝的花

Gasteria bicolor 子宝

Gasteria bicolor 子宝开的花

鲨鱼掌又有白星龙、肉龙、沙鱼掌，它是百合科，脂麻掌属的观赏植物，原产地为南非吉望峰，鲨鱼掌具有能够贮藏较多水分的叶片， 颇为耐旱，它株形十分美观，具有多肉植物的典型特点，株高20～30厘米，无茎，单叶互生，带状，长10～20厘米，先端渐尖，两 面有拉扯色乳状突起，叶面粗糙，肉质，总状花序，小花筒状，下垂，基部橙红色，先端绿色。该属包括大约22 种。其自然分布范围 是在南部和西部南非共和国与一类是在边境地区限制纳米比亚延伸。 有些物种是作为室内植物适合阳光明媚的窗户或温室。 像所有其他肉质植物，它们需要节制浇水，温暖和明亮。 主要生长期是欧洲在冬季出​​现，不黄化。 该鲨鱼掌属（Gasteria ）于1809年由亨利·奥古斯特·杜瓦尔在阿朗松首次描述。

植株特点

常绿多肉质植物，两排成长。大多数物种形成接近许多分支​​（金德尔）母株。 春莺啭是罕见的品种，通常他们形成致密的垫子。肉质的叶子通常有角质边缘， 叶面深绿色与白色圆点。形成横向或终端，有时分枝，散花序，通常他们都是葡萄似的。 雌雄同体，两侧对称。花苞是红色或黄色，或是还带有绿色，有果胶囊形成。

栽培

宜选用疏松肥沃的砂质壤土做栽培基质。如果有条件，所用盆土可由腐叶、细砂、园土按体积计以0.5：2：1的比例配成。 鲨鱼掌植株小巧精致，通常选用小型花盆进行定植。鲨鱼掌喜偏干的土壤环境，十分耐旱，除在生长旺盛阶段每周浇1次。 在冬春低温时节浇水间隔可控制在每隔半个月浇1次为宜，否则植株容易烂根，最终导致死亡。 在生长旺盛阶段还应每隔10天追施1次稀薄液体肥料。鲨鱼掌喜日光充足的环境，不宜过于荫蔽，否则植株容易徒长。 其喜温暖，不耐寒，在16℃～26℃的温度范围内生长良好。 冬春时节由于环境温度较低，植株生长十分缓慢，这是正常现象，不必着急。 越冬温度不宜低于5℃。在阳台栽培中，鲨鱼掌通常不易罹病，亦很少受到有害动物的侵袭， 每年春季应该为三年生以上的大株翻盆1次。

品种

• Gasteria acinacifolia 孔雀扇
• Gasteria armstrongii 卧牛锦
• Gasteria batesiana var. batesiana 春莺啭
• Gasteria batesiana var. dolomitica 春莺啭变种
• Gasteria baylissiana
• Gasteria bicolor var. bicolor 子宝
• Gasteria bicolor var. liliputana aka "Ox-Tongue" 小龟姬
• Gasteria brachyphylla var. bayeri 短叶臣象
• Gasteria brachyphylla var. brachyphylla
• Gasteria carinata var. carinata 暗闇牛
• Gasteria carinata var. glabra
• Gasteria carinata var. retusa
• Gasteria carinata var. thunbergii
• Gasteria carinata var. verrucosa
• Gasteria croucheri
• Gasteria disticha 青龙刀
• Gasteria dorineae
• Gasteria ellaphieae
• Gasteria excelsa
• Gasteria gracilis Bak. 虎之卷
• Gasteria gracilis Bak. 'Albovariegata' 矶松锦
• Gasteria glauca
• Gasteria glomerata
• Gasteria liliputana
• Gasteria maculata 墨鉾
• Gasteria nitida
• Gasteria obliqua
• Gasteria pendulifolia
• Gasteria pillansii var. ernesti-ruschii
• Gasteria pillansii var. pillansii 恐龙
• Gasteria polita
• Gasteria pulchra
• Gasteria rawlinsonii
• Gasteria tukhelensis
• Gasteria verrucosa
• Gasteria vlokii

ガステリア属 Gasteria はアロエに近い多肉植物。その姿と花の美しさから観賞用に栽培されるものを多く含む。

特徴[編集]

多くは小型の多年生草本で多肉植物^[1]。茎が長く伸びる種もある^[2]が、多くは無茎で、地上から葉を密生する。葉は多肉質で扁平なものが多く、舌状や剣状のものが多い。葉色は濃い緑だが縁やその表の面や裏面に白い筋斑や斑点、結節などを持つものが多い。多くは2列互生だが螺旋状のロゼットを形成するものもある。

花は株の中央から伸び出した花茎の上に総状か円錐状の花序を形成し、個々の花は俯いて咲く。花は筒状だが基部が丸く膨らむ。多くは蕾の時に赤くて先端が緑で、この緑の部分は開花すると黄色に変わる。開花しても花被が開くことはほとんどなく、先端が僅かに開く程度か、開かないものもあり、また一部では雄蘂が花被より先に抜き出る^[3]。

学名は胃を意味するgasterにより、これは花の基部が膨らんでいることからの命名である^[4]。

• G. rawlinsonii
  茎が伸びるタイプ

• G. excelsa
  ロゼットを形成するもの

• G. rawlinsonii
  花

種[編集]

代表的なものを挙げる。

• Gasteria
  • G. armstrongii：臥牛
  • G. batesiana：春鶯囀
  • G. bekeri：聖牛
  • G. carinata
  • G. dicta
  • G. gracilis：虎の巻
  • G. humilis
  • G. liliputana
  • G. marmorata
  • G. neliana
  • G. pillansii
  • G. stayneri
  • G. verrucosa

分布[編集]

南アフリカのケープ地方に分布^[5]。一部にナミビアまでの分布がある^[6]。

分類[編集]

当初はアロエ属に所属させており、後にハオルシア属と共に独立させた。アロエ科に含めた時期もある。種数は50種^[7]、80種^[8]との数字もあるが、近年は16種^[9]とも。

利用[編集]

多肉植物として観賞用に栽培される。特に本属は多肉植物として最初に植栽が始まったもの^[10]である由。「熱心な栽培家により育種がはかられている」ものもあって園芸品種の作出も行われている^[11]。

栽培はきわめて容易で「どんなことをしても枯れない」^[12]とか「粗放な管理にも耐える」^[13]などとさえ書かれている。

また本属と近縁属との間に人工交配も行われ、属間雑種も作出されている。以下のような例がある。ただし稔生はなく、それ以上の交配は出来ないとのこと^[14]。

• ×Gastrolea　ガストロレア：アロエ属との属間交配
• ×Gasterhaworthia　ガステルハオルシア：ハオルシア属との属間交配

出典[編集]

1. ^ 以下、主として浅山他(1977),p.242
2. ^ カーター(1997),p.281
3. ^ 園芸植物大事典(1994),p.469
4. ^ カーター(1997),p.281
5. ^ カーター(1997),p.281
6. ^ 園芸植物大事典(1994),p.469
7. ^ 浅山他(1977),p.242
8. ^ 園芸植物大事典(1994),p.469
9. ^ カーター(1997),p.281
10. ^ カーター(1997),p.281
11. ^ 園芸植物大事典(1994),p.469
12. ^ 松山監修(2010),p.30より、ただしその後に「と言っては大げさですが」と続く。
13. ^ 浅山他(1977),p.242
14. ^ 園芸植物大事典(1994),p.471

参考文献[編集]

• スーザン・カーター、「アロエ科」：『朝日百科 植物の世界 9』、(1997)、朝日新聞社：p.279-281.
• 松山美佐監修、『sol×solがおしえる 多肉植物育て方ノート』、(2010)、河出出版
• 『園芸植物大事典 2』、(1994)、小学館
• 浅山英一他、『原色図譜 園芸植物 温室編』、(1977)、平凡社