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Description

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A stocky, medium to large salamander. Terrestrial adults have a brownish black dorsum and bright red venter. The skin is grainy in appearance. Aquatic males (breeding season only) have a brownish dorsum with bright red venter, and a broad, dark stripe across vent. The skin is smooth or slimy (Stebbins 1972; Petranka 1998). Snout to vent length of adults 5.9 to 8.1 cm (14-19.5 cm total length. Larvae are pond-type with incompletely developed or non-existent balancers and even, dark pigmentation on the sides and dorsum. A moderately high tail fin extends forward but does not reach the shoulders (Stebbins 1985; Petranka 1998). Taricha rivularis may be distinguished from close relatives (T. granulosa and T. torosa) by relatively prominent eyes, brown iris, and bright red ventral coloration (Stebbins 1951; Petranka 1998).See another account at californiaherps.com (http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/t.rivularis.html).

References

  • Reilly, S.B., Portik, D.M., Koo, M.S., and Wake, D.B. (2014). ''Discovery of a New, Disjunct Population of a Narrowly Distributed Salamander (Taricha rivularis) in California Presents Conservation Challenges.'' Journal of Herpetology, 48(3), 371-379 .
  • Stebbins, R. C. (1972). Amphibians and Reptiles of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
  • Twitty, V. C. (1964). ''Taricha rivularis (Twitty). Red-bellied Newt.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 9.1-9.2.

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Distribution and Habitat

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The range of red-bellied newts covers northwest California, including Sonoma, Mendocino, and Humboldt Counties. The habitat is characterized by coastal redwood forests and cold, rocky, forest streams with moderate to fast current (Petranka 1998; Stebbins 1972).In 2014, several individuals were discovered in Santa Clara County, significantly south (ca. 130 km) from its previously known range (Reilly et al 2014). These adults were seen with egg masses so recruitment is likely. Reilly et al (2014) tried to determine the origin of this disjunct population by comparing a few molecular markers with populations from the north of San Francisco Bay. However due to the extremely low genetic diversity across its range it was inconclusive whether the population in Santa Clara County represents a previously unknown but natural range extension or an introduced population.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Taricha rivularis can be considered common. However, long-term population studies are lacking for this species (Petranka 1998). Based on low genetic diversity, limited geographic range and potential habitat, and high potential for habitat disturbance, Reilly et al (2014) recommends conservation protection for this species.
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Adults appear above ground after the first few rains during the autumn months and begin to orient towards breeding sites in late January, with peak migration in early March. Movements are concentrated in the five hours following sunset on warmer, humid nights with moderate or no rain. Breeding occurs in fast-moving streams, and does not take place in standing water like related species of Taricha. Animals show philopatry and return to the same (or nearby) sites to breed each year. Courtship includes a period of amplexus where the male grasps the female and rubs her head with his. Eventually, the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate and the female picks this up in her cloaca. Females deposit eggs in small, flattened masses, usually one layer thick. Masses contain 5-15 eggs, average 9. Egg deposition sites are in fast-flowing water on the undersides of stones or attached to rootlets. Eggs hatch after 20-30 days and larvae metamorphose after four months (by August). The juvenile stage lasts 5 years, during which time the animal is rarely seen above ground. Individual red-bellied newts may live as long as 15 years. See Petranka (1998) for references. Diet is likely composed of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates although this has been poorly studied (Petranka 1998). When attacked, T. rivularis assumes the characteristic "unken reflex" of all species of Taricha: the tail and head are raised to expose the bright red belly as a warning to predators (Brodie 1977). All Taricha produce the neurotoxin known as tetrodotoxin, which is toxic to their predators and humans (Brodie et al. 1974; Petranka 1998).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals. One specimen lived 9 years in captivity (Andrew Snider and J. Bowler 1992). Based on survival rates, it is speculated that these animals may live up to 20-30 years (http://amphibiaweb.org/).
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Red-bellied newt

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The red-bellied newt (Taricha rivularis) is a newt that is native to coastal woodlands in northern California and is terrestrial for most of its life.

Description

When full grown, the red-bellied newt measures between 2.75 to 3.5 in (70 to 89 mm) from its nose to its vent, and between 5.5 and 7.5 in (140 and 190 mm) from its nose to its tail. It has grainy skin, and is brownish-black on top with a tomato-red underbelly.[2] The male red-bellied newt often has a dark, broad coloring across the vent, while females do not.[3] Breeding males develop smooth skin and a flattened tail. The red-bellied newt can be distinguished from other coastal newts by its red belly and a lack of yellow in its eyes.

Distribution and habitat

The red-bellied newt is found in California along the coast from Bodega in Sonoma County, inland to Lower Lake, and north to Honeydew, Humboldt County.[4] It lives in coastal woodlands, especially in redwood forests.[2] There is a disjunct population 130 kilometres (81 mi) south of Sonoma County in the upper watershed of Stevens Creek in the Santa Cruz Mountains that is genetically identical to the Sonoma County population.[5][6]

Reproduction and ecology

Newts begin their lives as aquatic larvae similar to tadpoles, though elongated and with external gills. Once newt larvae mature into their adult form, which takes about four to six months, they will leave the water and live underground[7] until they are ready to breed, which is typically in four to six years.[8] Red-bellied newts can live for 20-30 years.[9]

After reaching reproductive maturity, male red-bellied newts start congregating at stream banks as early as January or February. One to three weeks later, the females join them and the newts mate.[2] Red-bellied newts lay their eggs in fast-flowing streams or rocky rivers. The females lay their eggs in about 12 streamlined clusters with six to 16 eggs each,[10] and the eggs are typically attached to the bottoms of rocks, or on branches and roots leaning into the stream.[11] When the adults leave the stream, instead of moving directly uphill, they move at an angle that leads them somewhat upstream.[12] The females, unlike the males, do not breed every year.[13]

Homing

Red-bellied newts have a remarkable homing ability. They make great efforts to always go back to the same spot on the stream. They find their way over several miles of rugged terrain to get back to the spot.[14] Likely, smell is responsible for the homing ability.[15]

Defense

Red-bellied newts have a brownish-black topside to avoid being noticed. When that fails, and they are seen and disturbed, they pull their heads and tails back to reveal their bright-red undersides.[2] This serves as a warning to potential predators, as red-bellied newts have enough of a neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, in their skin, eggs, and embryos to potentially kill an adult human,[16] or 1,200 to 2,500 mice.[17] Because red-bellied newts are so poisonous, they are nearly inedible and have no reported predators other than a few species of snake which are resistant to the toxin.[17][18] Like other newts, red-bellied newts have the ability to regenerate several body parts, including their limbs, eyes, hearts, intestines, upper and lower jaws, and damaged spinal cords.[19]

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). Taricha rivularis. In: IUCN 2022. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022.2.
  2. ^ a b c d Californiaherps.com Taricha rivularis – Red-bellied Newt. californiaherps.com
  3. ^ "Red-bellied Newt - Taricha rivularis". www.californiaherps.com. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  4. ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Amphibians and Reptiles of California; University of California Press, Berkeley, 1972 p. 52
  5. ^ Sean B. Reilly; Daniel M. Portik; Michelle S. Koo; David B. Wake (2014). "Discovery of a New, Disjunct Population of a Narrowly Distributed Salamander (Taricha rivularis) in California Presents Conservation Challenges". Journal of Herpetology. 48 (3): 371–379. doi:10.1670/13-066. S2CID 3957581. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  6. ^ Tony Iwane (January 3, 2021). "The Mysterious Red Belly. A visit with Stevens Creek's resident enigmas". Bay Nature. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  7. ^ "AmphibiaWeb - Taricha rivularis". amphibiaweb.org. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  8. ^ "Red-bellied Newt - Taricha rivularis". www.californiaherps.com. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  9. ^ "AmphibiaWeb - Taricha rivularis". amphibiaweb.org. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  10. ^ Red-bellied Newt (Taricha rivularis). enature.com
  11. ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Amphibians and Reptiles of California; University of California Press, Berkeley, 1972 p. 52
  12. ^ Twitty, V.; Grant, D. & Anderson, O. (1967). "Amphibian orientation: An unexpected observation". Science. 155 (3760): 352–3. Bibcode:1967Sci...155..352T. doi:10.1126/science.155.3760.352. PMID 17792064. S2CID 41486745.
  13. ^ Taricha (Gray, 1850) Western Newts, Pacific Newts. livingunderworld.com
  14. ^ Twitty, V.; Grand, D. & Anderson, O. (1964). "Long distance homing in the newt Taricha rivularis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 51 (1): 51–8. Bibcode:1964PNAS...51...51T. doi:10.1073/pnas.51.1.51. PMC 300603. PMID 16591135.
  15. ^ Grant, D.; Anderson, O. & Twitty, V. (1968). "Homing Orientation by Olfaction in Newts (Taricha rivularis)". Science. 160 (3834): 1354–6. Bibcode:1968Sci...160.1354G. doi:10.1126/science.160.3834.1354. PMID 5651897. S2CID 34974609.
  16. ^ Taricha (Gray, 1850) Western Newts, Pacific Newts. livingunderworld.com
  17. ^ a b "AmphibiaWeb - Taricha rivularis". amphibiaweb.org. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  18. ^ "Red-bellied Newt - Taricha rivularis". www.californiaherps.com. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  19. ^ Shannon Odelberg. Research. bioscience.utah.edu

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Red-bellied newt: Brief Summary

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The red-bellied newt (Taricha rivularis) is a newt that is native to coastal woodlands in northern California and is terrestrial for most of its life.

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Taricha rivularis ( Basque )

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Taricha rivularis Taricha generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Salamandridae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Taricha rivularis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Taricha rivularis Taricha generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Salamandridae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Taricha rivularis ( French )

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Taricha rivularis est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae[1].

Répartition

Taricha rivularis distribution.png

Cette espèce est endémique de Californie aux États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans les comtés de Del Norte, de Sonoma, de Mendocino, d'Humboldt et de Santa Clara[1].

Publication originale

  • Twitty, 1935 : Two new species of Triturus from California. Copeia, vol. 1935, p. 73-80.

Notes et références

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Taricha rivularis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Taricha rivularis est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae.

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Taricha rivularis ( Portuguese )

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Taricha rivularis é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Salamandridae. É endémico das florestas costeiras da Califórnia.

Referências

  • Hammerson, G. 2004. Taricha rivularis. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 13 de setembro de 2008.
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Taricha rivularis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Taricha rivularis é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Salamandridae. É endémico das florestas costeiras da Califórnia.

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Kalifornisk rödbukig vattensalamander ( Swedish )

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Kalifornisk rödbukig vattensalamander (Taricha rivularis) är en salamanderart av släktet Taricha som finns i Kalifornien i USA.

Utseende

Ryggsidan på den kaliforniska rödbukiga salamandern är brunsvart, medan buken, som det svenska namnet antyder, är klarröd. Huden är normalt torr och vårtig, men under parningstiden får hanen en slät och fuktig hud. Hans kloak sväller också, och fotsulorna utvecklar hornartade dynor. Ögat är helt mörkt, till skillnad från de övriga Taricha-arterna, som har delvis gula ögon. Salamandern är kraftigt byggd, och längden är mellan 14 och 19,5 cm.[2][3]

Utbredning

Arten finns endast längs en kortare kuststräcka i norra Kalifornien (från Humboldt County till Sonoma County).[1]

Vanor

Data om landfasen är vaga och delvis motsägelsefulla. Att arten finns i redwood-skogar tycks vara belagt, men inte hur vanlig den biotopen är bland de olika livsmiljöerna; den har även iakttagits i lövskogar. Det är nästan enbart könsmogna djur som har iakttagits; ungdjuren förmodas gömma sig i underjordiska utrymmen tills könsmognaden. Parningstiden tillbringas i klara bergsbäckar med stenig botten. Livslängden uppskattas till mellan 20 och 30 år.[4]

Föda och predatorer

Arten livnär sig främst av insekter, som fångas på land under natten och under fuktiga dagar. Under parningstiden förefaller inte arten inta någon föda. Larverna lever av olika, ryggradslösa smådjur. Precis som de övriga arterna av släktet innehåller salamandern neurotoxinet tetrodotoxin, och har därför få fiender; den enda egentliga predatorn är strumpebandssnokar, som förefaller vara immuna mot giftet.[4]

Fortplantning

Lek och larvutveckling är akvatisk. Likt många andra groddjur föredrar salamandrarna att leka i de vatten där de är kläckta, det vill säga i klara bergsbäckar med stenig botten. Vandringen dit börjar så tidigt som i början av januari, och ungefär en månad senare har hanarna börjat installera sig i lekvattnen. Honorna följer efter 1 till 3 veckor senare.[3] Under leken, som framför allt äger rum tidigt på varma, fuktiga nätter med litet eller inget regn, simmar hanen först till ett läge ovanför honan. Han stryker därefter sin haka mot honans nos och omfamnar henne med sina ben i en amplexus som åtföljs av att han avsätter en spermatofor på bottnen, som honan tar upp med sin kloak. Honan lägger mellan 5 och 15 ägg som hon placerar på undersidan av stenar över vattnet, eller fäster vid vattenväxter. Äggen kläcks efter 20 till 30 dagar och larverna förvandlas efter 4 månader.[2] Uppgifterna om när könsmognaden inträffar, varierar något, från mellan 4 och 6 års ålder till mellan 6 och 10 år.[4]

Status

Den kaliforniska rödbukiga salamandern är klassificerad som livskraftig ("LC") trots det begränsade utbredningsområdet. Detta till stor del beroende på att biotoperna i utbredningsområdet anses vara mycket lämpade för arten; inga egentliga hot har heller noterats.[1]

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Geoffrey Hammerson. 2004. Taricha rivularisIUCN:s rödlista (engelska). Läst 2009-09-22
  2. ^ [a b] Rachel L. Mueller & Meredith J. Mahoney, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley (1999-02-22; uppdaterad 2004-04-05). Taricha rivularis (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=rivularis&account=amphibiaweb. Läst 22 september 2009.
  3. ^ [a b] Taricha rivularis - Red-bellied Newt” (på engelska). CaliforniaHerps.com. http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/t.rivularis.html. Läst 22 september 2009.
  4. ^ [a b c] Sharyn B. Marks & Darrin Doyle, Humboldt State University (2009). Taricha rivularis (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=rivularis. Läst 22 september 2009.

Externa länkar

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Kalifornisk rödbukig vattensalamander: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Kalifornisk rödbukig vattensalamander (Taricha rivularis) är en salamanderart av släktet Taricha som finns i Kalifornien i USA.

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Краснобрюхий тритон ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Подотряд: Salamandroidea
Семейство: Саламандровые
Подсемейство: Pleurodelinae
Вид: Краснобрюхий тритон
Международное научное название

Taricha rivularis Twitty, 1935

Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 173621NCBI 36313EOL 1048040

Краснобрюхий тритон[1] (лат. Taricha rivularis) — вид амфибий из рода западноамериканских тритонов (лат. Taricha) отряда хвостатых земноводных.

Описание

Взрослые животные могут достигать 20 сантиметров в длину. Кожа зернистая, цвет спины тёмно-коричневый. Брюхо имеет томатно-красную окраску. Отличие от других тритонов этого же вида состоит в окраске брюха и отсутствии желтых пятен вокруг глаз. В брачный период кожа самцов становится более гладкой и у них появляется широкий хвост.

Ареал

Эндемик северо-запада Калифорнии (крайний запад США). Данный вид обитает в штате Калифорния — от окрестностей города Бодега (округ Сонома) на юге до окрестностей города Хонидью (округ Гумбольт) на севере. Животные встречаются в прибрежных, преимущественно секвойных лесах.

Токсичность

Подобно другим представителя рода кожа краснобрюхих тритонов содержит значительную дозу тетродотоксина, что делает его несъедобным для хищников.

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 33. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
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Краснобрюхий тритон: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Краснобрюхий тритон (лат. Taricha rivularis) — вид амфибий из рода западноамериканских тритонов (лат. Taricha) отряда хвостатых земноводных.

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