Associations
provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / parasite
subcortical pycnium of Cronartium ribicola parasitises stem of Pinus lambertiana
Remarks: season: 3-6
Comments
provided by eFloras
The largest species of the genus, Pinus lambertiana also has the longest seed cone in the genus. It is an important timber tree with harvest far exceeding regrowth. It is easily distinguished from P . monticola and P . strobus by its larger cones and thicker cone scales with larger seeds; it is somewhat less reliably distinguished by its leaves, which are slightly wider and more tapering-tipped and have some stomatal lines evident on the abaxial surfaces (the lines not evident in P . monticola and P . strobus ). A "sugary" resin high in cyclitols exudes from the sweet-scented fresh-cut wood.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees to 75m; trunk to 3.3m diam., massive, straight; crown narrowly conic, becoming rounded. Bark cinnamon- to gray-brown, deeply furrowed, plates long, scaly. Branches spreading, distal branches ascending; twigs gray-green to red-tan, aging gray, mostly puberulent. Buds cylindro-ovoid, red-brown, to 0.8cm, resinous. Leaves 5 per fascicle, spreading to ascending, persisting 2--4 years, 5--10cm ´ (0.9--)1--1.5(--2)mm, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, blue-green, abaxial surface with only a few lines evident, adaxial surfaces with evident white stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex acuminate; sheath (1--)1.5--2cm, shed early. Pollen cones ellipsoid-cylindric, to 15mm, yellow. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, often clustered, pendent, symmetric, cylindric before opening, lance-cylindric to ellipsoid-cylindric when open, 25--50cm, yellow-brown, stalks 6--15cm; apophyses somewhat thickened; umbo terminal, depressed, resinous, slightly excurved. Seeds obovoid, oblique apically; body 1--2cm, deep brown; wing broad, 2--3cm. 2 n =24.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
provided by eFloras
Montane dry to moist forests; 330--3200m; Calif., Nev., Oreg.; Mexico in n Baja California.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
duff,
fire severity,
fire suppression,
forest,
fuel,
fuel moisture,
litter,
prescribed fire,
severity,
tree,
wildfireThe Research Project Summary
Plant response to prescribed burning with varying season,
weather, and fuel moisture in mixed-conifer forests of California provides information
on prescribed fire and postfire response
of many plant community species including sugar pine.
Near the Plumas National Forest, prescribed fire in a mixed-conifer-California
black oak forest with a sugar pine component successfully reduced fuel load.
When a wildfire burned through the site previously burned under prescription,
fire severity and fire suppression costs were less compared to adjacent land
where fire had been excluded [
27]. For further information on this study, see the
Research Paper by Moghaddas [
27].
A fall prescribed fire in the Tharp Creek Watershed of Sequoia National Park
produced 17.2% and 11.7% average annual sugar pine mortality on 2 white fir-mixed
conifer sites monitored for 5 years after fire. Mortality was concentrated in the
subcanopy. The fire burned from 23 to 26 October 1990. Relative humidity during
the day was 21% to 30% and at night was 30% to 40%. Fuel moisture levels in the
litter and duff averaged 28%. For 100-hour and 1,000-hour fuels, moisture levels
were 14% and 64%, respectively. At the time of ignition, air temperatures were
50 to 61 °F (10-16 °C) and winds were calm. The fire was a combination of
backing and strip
headfires with flame lengths of 0.16 to 7.9 feet (0.05-2.4 m).
One-hour, 10-hour, and 100-hour fuels were reduced by 96%, 77%, and 60%, respectively.
Tree (≥4.6 feet (1.4 m)) mortality was evaluated before and after fire as
well as from an unburned reference site. Basal area (m²/ha) changes were also
monitored before and after the fire. Mean annual percent change in sugar pine basal
area increased by an average of 0.17% and 1.39% on the 2 burned sites before the fire
compared to the control site. From 1989 to 1994 (includes 1 year of prefire data),
sugar pine basal area was reduced 4.28% to 15.67% on the burned sites compared to
the control [
28]. For more information, see the entire
Research Paper by Mutch and
Parsons [
28].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
sugar pine
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverSugar pine is used for cover by wildlife. Early in sugar pine
development, large mammals use dense stands as hiding and thermal cover.
Mature trees are used by arboreal species such as birds, squirrels, and
other small mammals. Old-growth sugar pine is prime habitat for cavity
nesters such as woodpeckers and owls [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sugar pines may live 400 to 500 years and are second only to giant
sequoia (Sequoia gigantea) in total volume. A record sugar pine in
California measured 216 feet (66 m) tall and 122 inches (310 cm) in
d.b.h. Trees up to 250 feet (76 m) tall and 10 feet (3 m) in diameter
have been reported. Mature sugar pine cones are among the largest of
all conifers, averaging 12 inches (30 cm) in length, and can reach 22
inches (56 cm) long. Its needles are 3 inches (7.5 cm) long and have
five to a cluster. Sugar pines pyramidal crown has whorls of horizontal
branches with several conspicuously longer than others. Its sap
contains a sugary substance [
7,
16,
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sugar pine extends from the western slope of the Cascade Range in
north-central Oregon to the Sierra San Pedro Mártir in Baja California.
Its distribution is almost continuous through the Klamath and Siskiyou
mountains and on western slopes of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada.
Smaller and more disjunct populations are found in the Coast Range of
southern Oregon and California, Transverse and Peninsula ranges of
southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada crests.
Its southern extremity is an isolated population high on a plateau in
the Sierra San Pedro Mártir in Baja California, Mexico. Over 80 percent
of its distribution is in California [
16,
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fire regimeSugar pine is very resistant to low- to moderate-severity fires. It has
adapted a thick, fire-resistant bark and open canopy that retards aerial
fire spread. Young sugar pine seedlings prefer bare mineral seedbeds
[
2,
3].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Prescribed burning has been found to be an effective management
treatment that will destroy infected stands of sugar pine where dwarf
mistletoe and other diseases have rendered stands unmerchantable [
1].
Dead sugar pine is susceptible to blue stain fungus in the sapwood;
however, the heartwood is very durable. Salvagable trees may be found
up to 17 years after being killed by fire [
15].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
mesicSugar pine is found on a variety of sites from moist, steep, north- and
east-facing slopes, to more mesic, south-facing slopes. The fuels under
sugar pine are generally heavy with deep soils.
Climate: Temperature and precipitation vary widely throughout the range
of sugar pine. The general weather pattern consists of hot, dry
summers and cool, wet winters. Precipitation during July and August is
usually less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) per month and summertime relative
humidities are low. Most precipitation occurs between November and
April, mostly in the form of snow at middle elevations. Total
precipitation varies from 33 to 69 inches (83-173 cm) per year [
16].
Soils and topography: Soil parent material include rocks of volcanic,
granitic, and sedimentary origin. Soils formed from peridotite or
serpentinite typically support sugar pine stands of inferior growth and
quality. The most extensive soils supporting sugar pine are
well-drained, moderately to rapidly permeable, and slightly acidic to
neutral pH (7.0). Best development of sugar pine is on mesic soils with
sandy to clayey loam textures. Much of the terrain occupied by sugar
pine is steep and rugged. Sugar pines are equally distributed on all
aspects at lower elevations but grow best on warm exposures as elevation
increases. Optimum growth occurs on gentle terrain at middle elevations
[
16].
Elevation: Sugar pine ranges from near sea level in the Coast Range to
more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Transverse Range. Elevational
limits increase with decreasing latitude. Typical elevational ranges
are as follows [
16]:
Cascade Range: 1,100 to 5,400 feet (335-1,645 m)
Sierra Nevada: 2,000 to 7,500 feet (610-2,285 m)
Sierra San Pedro Mártir: 7,056 to 9,100 feet (2,150-2,775 m)
Transverse and Peninsular Ranges: 4,000 to 10,000 feet (1,220-3,000 m)
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
207 Red fir
211 White fir
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
249 Canyon live oak
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
forest,
shrub K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K034 Montane chaparral
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sugar pine is rated as intermediate in fire tolerance. Young sugar
pines are susceptible to low- to high-severity fires. Mature trees can
survive most fires, suffering only bole scorch. Sugar pine
susceptibility to secondary attack by insects and disease following fire
is rated as low [
3].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Birds and mammals use sugar pine as a source of food and shelter.
Douglas' squirrels and white-headed woodpeckers have been noted to
occupy sugar pine trees [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
forest,
mesic,
woodlandSugar pine usually occurs in mixed-conifer forest stands with a wide
variety of overstory associates including ponderosa and Jeffrey pine
(Pinus ponderosa and P. jeffreyi), California red fir (Abies magnifica),
white fir (A. concolor), noble fir (A. procera), and Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) [
4,
21]. In southern California, sugar pine is
characteristically found in vegetation types of the woodland and
timberland chaparral zones. Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) is
found with sugar pine on more mesic sites, while at higher elevations
sugar pine occurs with mountain whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus), Parry
manzanita (Arctostaphylos parryana var. pinctorum), and bush chinquapin
(Chrysolepsis sempervirens) [
14].
Publications listing sugar pine as a codominant species in plant
vegetation types (vts) or community types (cts) are listed as follows:
Area Classification Authority
---- -------------- ---------
s CA forest (vts) Horton 1960
s CA forest (cts) Thorne 1977
CA forest (cts) Thorne 1976
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coneSugar pine is planted on a vast scale in Oregon and California, and also
has been tried in several countries around the world. Large-scale
plantings, however, are few due to establishment difficulties and
restrictive site requirements for good growth [
21]. Sugar pine does not
self-prune; therefore, high-quality clear-lumber requires the pruning of
lower limbs. It is the most tolerant to oxidant air pollution among its
coniferous associates [
8,
16].
Disease: Sugar pine is highly susceptible to white pine blister rust
caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola. Among commercially important
North American white pines, sugar pine is the most susceptible to this
disease. Infected seedlings and young trees are inevitably killed by
cankers girdling the main stem. Incidence and intensity of infection on
sugar pine are highest in Oregon and northern California and become
progressively less to the south, as the climate becomes warmer and
drier. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium californicum) may seriously damage
infected trees, but spread is slow and can be controlled by sanitation
cutting [
13,
16,
21].
Insects: The most damaging insect threatening sugar pine is the
mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). During periods of
drought, other insects such as the red turpentine beetle (D. valens) and
California flathead borer (Melanophila californica) usually attack
unhealthy trees and those under moisture stress. The sugar pine cone
beetle (Conophthorus lambertianae) is extremely destructive to
developing second-year cones [
5,
16].
Animals: Small mammals such as pocket mice, jumping mice, chipmunks,
and ground squirrels forage on young seedlings, thus reducing
regeneration on disturbed sites [
3].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
CA NV OR MEXICO
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Native Americans used the pitch from sugar pine to repair canoes and to
fasten arrowheads and feathers to shafts [
2].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sugar pine is considered low in palatability to livestock and wildlife.
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Seasonal growth durations of sugar pine at various elevations in the Sierra
Nevada are as follows [
11]:
Height Radial
Growth* Growth
------ ------
Start (days)** 146 107
Start (date) May 26 April 17
Length (days) 51 129
Rapidity (days) 15 46
* An 8-year average.
** Number of days from January 1.
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seed off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
cone,
epigeal,
fresh,
litter,
monoecious,
seed,
stratificationSugar pine does not sprout, but young trees can be rooted from cuttings.
Its primary regeneration strategy is via seed [
3,
16].
Flowering and fruiting: Sugar pine is monoecious. Reproductive buds
are set in July and August, but are not discernible until late the next
spring. Time of pollination ranges from late May to early August,
depending on elevation. Female strobili are approximately 1 to 2 inches
(2.5-5.0 cm) long when pollinated and may double in size by the end of
the growing season. Fertilization occurs the following spring,
approximately 12 months after pollination. Dates of cone opening range
from mid-August at low elevations to early October at high elevations.
Sugar pine does not become a good cone producer until it has attained a
diameter of about 30 inches (75 cm) or is about 150 years old [
2,
16].
Seed production and dissemination: Mature trees produce large amounts
of seeds, averaging up to 150 seeds per cone. In good crop years, the
proportion of sound seeds is usually high (67 to 99 percent) but in
light crop years can fall as low as 28 percent. Seed shed may begin in
late August at low elevations and at higher elevations is usually
complete by the end of October. Seeds are large and heavy, averaging
2,100 seeds per pound (4,630/kg). Seeds are not dispersed great
distances by wind, and 80 percent fall within 100 feet (30 m) of the
source. Birds and small mammals aid in seed dissemination [
16].
Seedling development: Sugar pine seeds may lie dormant, but dormancy
can be broken by a 60 to 90 day stratification. Fresh seed may
germinate with a 90 percent success rate if adequately ripened, cleaned,
and stratified. Losses due to unprepared seedbeds, drought, insects,
and rodents may be high. Germination is epigeal. Seedlings rapidly
grow a deep taproot when seeds germinate on mineral soil. Seedlings
will germinate on both litter and bare mineral soil, but development is
slow under shade conditions. After 2 years, taproots range from 22 to
40 inches (56-102 cm) deep. Planting sugar pine has met with some
failure. A low drought tolerance may be the determining factor. Sowing
stratified seed in February or March extends the growing season and
produces healthy seedlings of plantable size in one season [
4,
16].
Growth and yield: Early growth of sugar pine is slow compared to
ponderosa pine but increases rapidly in the pole stage and continues
through maturity. On favorable sites, growth increments in basal area
of 2.5 percent or more can be sustained for up to 100 to 150 years. The
best growth can be found between 4,500 to 6,000 feet (1,370-1,830 m) in
the central Sierra Nevada, between the American and San Joaquin Rivers.
Sugar pine is semitolerant to shade and may exhibit poor growth if
seedlings are enclosed by brush. Sugar pine is a deep-rooted species
that is not susceptible to windthrow [
9,
16,
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
naturalSugar pine is primarily an early-seral to seral species. It is
rarely found in pure stands. When sugar pine is found to be the dominant
species in old-growth stands, it most often was dominant to begin with
or released by natural causes. White fir would usually be the climax
species in mixed conifer forest in the absence of any natural
disturbances. When disturbance does occur, it creates gaps in which
sugar pine is well adapted to grow [
3,
4,
16,
25].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of sugar pine is Pinus
lambertiana Dougl. [
24]. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties,
or forms.
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
High-grade sugar pine lumber is sought after for its dimensional
stability and workability. The wood is light and resists deformity. It
is easily milled and is favored for molding, window and door frames,
window sashes, doors, and other special products like piano keys and
organ pipes [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Habeck, R. J. 1992. Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
Sugar pine is a major timber species at middle elevations in the Klamath
and Siskiyou Mountains, Cascade, Sierra Nevada, Transverse, and Peninsula
Ranges. Rarely forming pure stands, it grows singly or in small groups of
trees. It is the main component in the forest cover type Sierra Nevada
Mixed Conifer (Society of American Foresters Type 243) (10) generally
comprising 5 to 25 percent of the stocking. It is a minor component in 10
other types:
207 Red Fir
211 White Fir
229 Pacific Douglas-Fir
231 Port-Orford-Cedar
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-Fir-Tanoak-Pacific Madrone
244 Pacific Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-Fir
246 California Black Oak
247 Jeffrey Pine
249 Canyon Live Oak
In the northern part of its range, sugar pine is commonly associated
with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa), grand fir (Abies grandis), incense-cedar (Calocedrus
decurrens), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana), tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), and Pacific
madrone (Arbutus menziesii). In the central part it is associated
with ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine (Pin us jeffreyi), white fir
(Abies concolor), incense-cedar, California red fir (A.
magnifica), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), and
California black oak (Quercus kelloggii). Farther south, the usual
associates are Jeffrey pine, ponderosa pine, Coulter pine (Pinus
coulteri), incense-cedar, white fir, and bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
macrocarpa). At upper elevations Jeffrey pine, western white pine (Pinus
monticola), California red fir, and lodgepole pine (P. contorta)
grow with sugar pine. In the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Jeffrey pine and
white fir are the main associates.
Common brush species beneath sugar pine include greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos
patula), deerbrush (Ceanothus integerrimus), snowbrush (C.
velutinus), mountain whitethorn (C. cordulatus), squawcarpet
(C. prostratus), bearclover (Chamaebatia foliolosa), bush
chinkapin (Castanopsis sempervirens), bitter cherry (Prunus
emarginata), salal (Gaultheria shallon), coast rhododendron
(Rhododendron californicum), and gooseberries and currants in the
genus Ribes (11). From a silvicultural standpoint, Ribes spp.
are especially important because they are alternate hosts to the white
pine blister rust fungus (Cronartium ribicola). At least 19
different species grow in the Mixed Conifer Type, of which the Sierra
gooseberry (Ribes roezlii) is most prevalent on more xeric, upland
sites, and the Sierra currant (R. nevadense) on more mesic sites
(35).
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Climate
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Temperature and precipitation vary widely throughout the range of sugar
pine. For equivalent latitudes, temperature decreases and precipitation
increases with elevation, and for equivalent elevations, temperature
increases and precipitation decreases from north to south. Patterns
unifying this variability are relatively warm, dry summers and cool, wet
winters. Precipitation during July and August is usually less than 25 mm
(1 in) per month, and summertime relative humidities are low. Although
water stored in snowpacks and soils delays the onset and shortens the
duration of summer drought, evaporative stress often becomes great enough
to arrest growth in the middle of the season (15). Most precipitation
occurs between November and April, as much as two-thirds of it in the form
of snow at middle and upper elevations (26). Within its natural range,
precipitation varies from about 840 to 1750 mm (33 to 69 in). Because
winter temperatures are relatively mild and seldom below freezing during
the day, considerable photosynthesis and assimilation are possible during
the dormant season, at least partially offsetting the effects of summer
drought (15).
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Damaging Agents
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The pathology of sugar pine is dominated by
white pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola, a disease serious
enough to severely limit natural regeneration in areas of high hazard, and
thereby alter successional trends. Among commercially important North
American white pines, sugar pine is the most susceptible. Infected
seedlings and young trees are inevitably killed by cankers girdling the
main stem.
Blister rust was introduced into western North America shortly after the
turn of the century at a single point on Vancouver Island and has since
spread eastward throughout the Inland Empire and south through the
Cascade, Klamath, North Coast, and Sierra Nevada Ranges. It has not yet
been found in the Transverse or Peninsular Ranges of southern California,
even though alternate host species are abundant there. Within the range of
sugar pine, conditions for infection are not nearly so uniform as for
western white pine in the Inland Empire. Incidence and intensity of
infection on sugar pine are highest in Oregon and northern California and
become progressively less to the south, as climate becomes warmer and
drier. Within any area, however, hazard varies widely and depends on local
site conditions. These are complex, but two of the most important factors
are the duration of moisture retention on foliage following rain, fog, or
dew, and the distribution and density of the alternate hosts, currant and
gooseberry bushes (Ribes spp.). Thus, cool north slopes
are more hazardous than warm south slopes, and relatively humid stream
bottoms and lakesides are more hazardous than upland sites. In the Cascade
Range and Sierra Nevada of northern California, infection averaged two to
three times higher near stream bottoms than on adjacent slopes (4).
Attempts to control blister rust by chemical therapy or eradicating
alternate hosts have been abandoned as impractical and ineffective. Except
on highly hazardous sites, sugar pine in natural stands can be effectively
managed by judiciously selecting leave trees with cankers relatively far
from the bole and by pruning cankers in the lower crown (4).
Plantations are a much more serious problem. The microenvironmental
changes on a site following clearcutting-including dew formation on
foliage and the rapid regeneration of alternate host Ribes spp.
greatly augment the probability of rust intensification and spread on
both hosts. Uniform age and stocking make sugar pine plantations
vulnerable to nearly total destruction for 20 years or longer. Genetically
resistant sugar pines in mixture with other conifers offer the most
promising solution.
Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium californicum) may seriously damage
infected trees by reducing growth in height, diameter, and crown size, and
predisposing weakened trees to attack by bark beetles. Extending
throughout the range of sugar pine, except for isolated stands in Nevada,
the south Coast Ranges of California, and Baja California, this mistletoe
was found in only 22 percent of the stands examined and on only 10 percent
of the trees in those stands. Spread is slow and can be controlled by
sanitation cutting (20,42).
A needle cast caused by Lophodermella arcuata is occasionally
and locally damaging. Root diseases caused by Armillaria mellea,
Heterobasidion annosum, and Verticicladiella wageneri are
capable of killing trees of all ages and sizes but, though widespread, are
usually at endemic levels. Several trunk and butt rots attack sugar pine
but are usually confined to mature and overmature trees (2,21).
Several root and damping-off pathogens cause severe damage to sugar pine
in nurseries, with annual losses up to 50 percent (45). In approximate
order of importance, these are Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina
phaseoli, and species of Pythium, Phytophthora, and Rhizoctonia.
In addition to causing direct losses in the nursery, these diseases
may reduce field survival of planted seedlings in more stressful
environments by causing stunting and chlorosis. Nursery fumigation
controls most of the organisms involved but is least effective on Fusarium.
A simple and promising alternative control method is early sowing of
stratified seed. Soil temperatures in late winter and early spring permit
seed germination and root development but are still cool enough to inhibit
fungal growth.
Sugar pine hosts many different insects, but the mountain pine beetle
(Dendroctonus ponderosae) is of overwhelming importance. This
insect can cause widespread mortality, often killing large groups of trees
(48). Several other bark-feeding insects contribute directly or indirectly
to mortality in sugar pines, particularly after periods of drought. Death
results from predisposing trees to mountain pine beetle. The red
turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) is usually restricted to
small areas near the root crown but during drought may extend two or more
meters up the bole, destroying the entire cambium. The California
flatheaded borer (Melanophila californica) usually attacks
decadent and unhealthy trees, but trees under heavy moisture stress are
also vulnerable. The California fivespined ips (Ips paraconfusus)
is only capable of penetrating thin bark in sugar pine. Small trees are
often killed, but large trees only top-killed (16).
The sugar pine cone beetle (Conophthorus lambertianae) can be
extremely destructive to developing second-year cones, destroying up to 75
percent of the crop in some years. Since stunted cones are apparent by
mid-June, the extent of the crop loss can be assessed well before cone
collection. The sugar pine scale (Matsucoccus paucicicatrices) occasionally
kills foliage and branches, predisposing trees to bark beetle attack. The
dead "flags" resulting from heavy attack mimic advanced symptoms
of white pine blister rust. Occasionally, the black pineleaf scale (Nuculaspis
californica) defoliates sugar pine at midcrown, weakening the tree.
These scale attacks are often associated with industrial air pollution or
heavy dust deposits on foliage (16).
Among its coniferous associates, sugar pine is the most tolerant to
oxidant air pollution (34), while intermediate in fire tolerance (39) and
frost tolerance (43,44). It is less tolerant of drought than most
companion species with which it has been critically compared, including
knobcone (Pinus attenuata) and Coulter pines (50,51), ponderosa
pine, Douglas-fir, incense-cedar, and grand fir (40).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Sugar pine is monoecious. Reproductive
buds are set in July and August but are not discernible until late in the
next spring. Time of pollination ranges from late May to early August,
depending on elevation, and to a lesser extent on latitude.
Female strobili are 2.5 to 5.0 cm (1 to 2 in) long at time of
pollination and double in size by the end of the growing season.
Fertilization of eggs by male gametes takes place late the following
spring, about 12 months after pollination. By this time, the seed is at
its final size with a fully developed coat. Conelet elongation continues
during the second season until maturation in late summer. Mature sugar
pine cones are among the largest of all conifers, averaging 30 cm (12 in)
and ranging up to 56 cm (22 in) long. Dates of cone opening range from
mid-August at low elevations to early October at high elevations
(12,19,32).
Cone production starts later and is less prolific in sugar pine than in
its associates. During a 16-year study in the central Sierra, fewer than 5
percent of sugar pines less than 20 cm (8 in) in d.b.h., and 50 percent
less than 31 cm (12 in) in d.b.h., produced cones. Of trees 51 cm (20 in)
or more, 80 percent produced cones, and dominant trees produced 98 percent
of the total. Intervals between heavy cone crops averaged 4 years and
ranged from 2 to 7 (12).
Loss of sugar pine cones is heavy; the probability of a pollinated
conelet developing to maturity is only 40 to 50 percent. Predation by the
sugar pine cone beetle (Conophthorus lambertianae) can cause up to
93 percent loss. Douglas squirrels and white-headed woodpeckers also take
a heavy toll (7,11,17).
Spontaneous abortion of first-year conelets is high. Observations of
control-pollinated trees in the Klamath Mountains showed that 19 percent
of female strobili were lost 5 to 12 weeks after bagging, with no obvious
signs of insect or pathogen-caused damage (41). The amount of abortion
varied from 15 to 85 percent among trees, for both bagged and unbagged
strobili. Since this pattern was consistent in successive years, a genetic
cause was suggested.
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Genetics
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Sugar pine is one of the more genetically variable members of the genus.
Average heterozygosity of specific genes coding for seed proteins
(isozymes) was 26 percent, a value near the upper range (0 to 36 percent)
of pines studied so far (6). How adaptive variation is distributed over
the range of environments encountered in over 14° of latitude and
2000 m (6,560 ft) of elevation is largely unknown, however, because of a
lack of field data from provenance or progeny tests.
In a 3-year nursery trial, pronounced differences in height and diameter
growth were found among seedlings of five seed sources sampled along an
elevational transect on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada (18). The
fastest growing seedlings were from the lower-middle elevation (1100 m or
3,595 ft) and were twice the height of those from the highest elevation
(2195 m or 7,200 ft). Except for the source from the lowest elevation (770
m or 2,525 ft), which ranked second, growth varied inversely with
elevation. Elevation of the seed source accounted for 52 percent of the
total variance among seedlings, and the component of variance for families
within stands was a substantial 16 percent. More comprehensive nursery
trials, of families from seed parents ranging from southern California to
southern Oregon, showed similar trends (27). Greatest growth was expressed
in seedlings from intermediate elevations in the central Sierra Nevada, a
result consistent with observations in natural stands. Thus, genetic
adaptation to climatic variables associated with elevation is clearly
evident in sugar pine, requiring a close match between seed source and
planting site in artificial regeneration. The degree of variability
expressed among progenies of different seed parents within seed collection
zones indicates that selection for rapid early growth should be effective.
Resistance to white pine blister rust is strongly inherited, and three
different kinds have been recognized (29). A rapid, hypersensitive
reaction to invading mycelium is conditioned by a dominant gene. This
gene, which occurs at variable but relatively low frequencies throughout
the range of sugar pine, is highly effective against most sources of
inoculum. A race of blister rust capable of overcoming this gene was
discovered in a plantation in the Klamath Mountains (30), but evidently
had not spread from this site 10 years after it was found (31). In certain
families, another kind of resistance is expressed by slower rates of
infection and mortality, fewer infections per tree, and by a higher rate
of abortion of incipient infections. This "slow rusting" is
apparently inherited quantitatively and, while less dramatic than single
gene resistance, may be more stable to variation in the pathogen in the
long term. Probably two or more generations of selection and breeding will
be necessary to accumulate enough genes in parental stock to make this
kind of resistance usable in commercial silviculture. A third kind of
resistance is age-dependent. In common garden tests, infection among
grafted clones from mature trees ranged from 0 to 100 percent, yet
offspring from the apparently resistant clones were fully susceptible.
Although not understood, the mechanisms and inheritance of mature tree
resistance are very strong and could play a significant role in
stabilizing resistance over a rotation. Since all three kinds of
resistance are inherited independently, there is a real promise for an
enduring and well-buffered genetic control of this most destructive
disease.
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Growth and Yield
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Veteran sugar pines often reach great size.
Large trees have commonly scaled 114 to 142 m³ (20,000 to 25,000 fbm,
Scribner log rule), with a record of 232 m³ (40,710 fbm). A "champion,"
located on the North Fork of the Stanislaus River in California, measured
65.8 m (216 ft) tall and 310 cm (122 in) in d.b.h., but trees up to 76 m
(250 ft) tall have been reported (11,36). These and previous champions of
this century are dwarfed by the first sugar pine measured by David Douglas
and described in his diary (37): "Three feet from the ground, 57 feet
9 inches in circumference; 134 feet from the ground, 17 feet 5 inches;
extreme length 215 feet."
Early growth of sugar pine is slow compared with ponderosa pine, but
growth rates accelerate in the pole stage and are sustained for longer
periods than those of common associates. Consequently, sugar pines are
usually the largest trees, except for giant sequoia, in mature and
old-growth stands. On better sites annual growth increments in basal area
of 2.5 percent and more can be sustained up to stem diameters of 76 to 127
cm (30 to 50 in) or for 100 to 150 years (11). Growth of sugar pine is
best between 1370 and 1830 m (4,500 and 6,000 ft) in the central Sierra
Nevada, between the American and San Joaquin Rivers.
In young mixed conifer stands, sugar pine often constitutes a relatively
small proportion of the total basal area but contributes
disproportionately to growth increment. On the El Dorado National Forest
in the western Sierra Nevada, in stands ranging in age from 50 to 247
years, the sugar pine component was only 6 to 7 percent (range: 3 to 14
percent) of the average basal area, but its average annual basal area
growth was 11.3 percent (range: 2 to 35 percent) of the stand total. A
similar relationship was found on the Plumas National Forest in the
northern Sierra Nevada: in stands from 58 to 95 years old, average basal
area of sugar pine was 7 percent (3 to 16), but 10-year growth was more
than 12 percent (6 to 19). Ten-year volume increment in mixed conifer
stands from 40 to 80 years old was greater for sugar pine than for
Douglas-fir, white fir, ponderosa pine, and incense-cedar in each of five
basal area categories (9). Mean increment for sugar pine was 4.1 percent,
compared to 3.1 percent for all others.
Yields of sugar pine are difficult to predict, because it grows in mixes
of varying proportion with other species. In the old-growth forest, the
board foot volume of sugar pine was 40 percent of total in stands
dominated by ponderosa pine and sugar pine. In exceptional cases on very
small areas, yields were 2688 m³/ha (192,000 fbm/acre) (11). Yield
tables for young growth are based on averages for all commercial conifers
and assume full stocking (8). The data base is limited, so the tables are
at best a rough guide. Realistically, yields may reach 644 m³/ha
(46,000 fbm/acre) in 120 years on medium sites, and Up to 1190 m³/ha
(85,000 fbm/acre) in 100 years on the best sites, with intensive
management (11).
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Reaction to Competition
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Sugar pine tolerates shade better than
ponderosa pine but is slightly less tolerant than incense-cedar and
Douglas-fir and much less so than white fir (14). A seral species, it
becomes less tolerant with age, and overtopped trees decline unless
released (11). Thus, dominant sugar pines in old-growth stands were
probably dominant from the start, or released by natural causes early in
life. White fir would usually be the climax species in mixed conifer
forests in the absence of any natural disturbance; however, fire, insects,
disease, and other agents are natural and pervasive features of these
forests. Such disturbances frequently cause gaps, in which the relatively
tolerant sugar pine is adapted to grow (14). For these reasons, sugar pine
is often adapted to regenerate in a shelterwood silvicultural system (33).
Competition from brush severely retards seedling establishment and
growth. Only 18 percent of seedlings starting under brush survived over a
period of 18 to 24 years, and after 10 years the tallest seedlings
measured were only 29 cm (11.4 in). Given an even start with brush,
however, seedlings can compete successfully (11).
Light shelterwoods can protect seedlings of sugar pine and white fir
against frost, which seldom affects ponderosa and Jeffrey pines, and
provide them with a competitive advantage because of their greater
tolerance to shade (13,43,44). On the other hand, young sugar pines
stagnate beneath an overstory and in competition with root systems of
established trees or brush. But because they respond well to release, the
basal area increment of sugar pines is often double that of companion
species after heavy thinnings (33). Thus, skill in the amount and timing
of overstory removal is a key factor in successful silvicultural
management of sugar pine.
Sugar pine does not self-prune early, even in dense stands, and
mechanical pruning is necessary to ensure clear lumber of high quality.
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Rooting Habit
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Sugar pine develops a deep taproot at an early
age.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Mature trees produce large
amounts of sound seeds. In a study of 210 trees in 13 stands in the
central and northern Sierra Nevada, the average number of sound seeds per
cone was 150, with individual trees ranging from 34 to 257. Higher numbers
of seeds per cone (209 to 219) have been reported, but whether the count
was based on sound or total seeds was not specified. In good crop years,
the proportion of sound seeds is usually high (67 to 99 percent) but in
light crop years can fall as low as 28 percent (7,12).
Cones are ripe and start to open when their color turns light brown and
specific gravity (fresh weight basis) drops to about 0.62. Seed shed may
begin in late August at low elevations and at higher elevations is usually
complete by the end of October (11).
Seeds are large and heavy, averaging 4,630 seeds per kilogram
(2,100/lb). Since their wings are relatively small for their size, seeds
are not often dispersed great distances by wind, and 80 percent fall
within 30 m (100 ft) of the parent tree. Birds and small mammals may be an
important secondary mechanism of dispersal, even though they consume most
of the seeds they cache. In good seed years, large amounts of seed fall,
with estimates ranging from 86,500 to more than 444,800/ha (35,000 to
180,000/acre) in central Sierra Nevada stands (11,32).
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Seedling Development
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Sugar pine seeds show dormancy, which can
be readily broken by stratification for 60 to 90 days or by removal of the
seed coat and inner papery membrane surrounding the seed. Germination of
fresh seed is uniformly rapid and high, exceeding 90 percent if adequately
ripened, cleaned, and stratified. Viability may decline rapidly with time
in storage at temperatures above freezing, but deep-frozen seed maintains
viability much longer (1,32,47).
On unprepared seed beds, seed-to-seedling ratios are high (244 to 483).
Soil scarification reduced the ratio to 70 in one case, and scarification
with rodent poisoning dropped it to 38 in another (12).
Seedling losses are continual and only 20 to 25 percent of the initial
germinants may survive as long as 10 years. Drought may kill up to half of
the first-year seedlings. Cutworms and rodents, which eat seeds still
attached to seedling cotyledons, also take their toll (11,12). Seedlings
infected by blister rust rarely survive more than a few years.
Germination is epigeal (32). Seedlings rapidly grow a deep taproot when
seeds germinate on bare mineral soil. In one comparison, taproots
penetrated to an average depth of 43 cm (17 in) on a bare sandy soil, but
only half as deep when the soil was overlain with duff (11). Lateral roots
develop near and parallel to the soil surface, often growing downward some
distance from the stem. In heavier, more shallow soils, laterals are often
larger than taproots. During the second season, laterals commonly
originate on the lower taproot and occupy a cone of soil which has its
base at the tip of the taproot. After 2 years on three different soil
types in Oregon, the taproots of natural sugar pine seedlings ranged from
56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 in), were significantly deeper than those of
Douglas-fir and grand fir, but shorter than those of ponderosa pine and
incense-cedar. Lengths of main lateral roots showed the same species
differences. Top-to-root ratios for sugar pine ranged from 0.17 to 0.28
(length) and from 1.33 to 1.60 (dry weight) (46).
Seasonal shoot growth starts later and terminates earlier in sugar pine
than in its usual conifer associates, except white fir. At middle
elevations in the central Sierra Nevada, shoot elongation begins in late
May, about 2 weeks after ponderosa pine and a month before white fir, and
lasts about 7 weeks. Radial growth begins about 6 weeks earlier than shoot
growth and extends throughout the summer (11).
Planting of sugar pine has not been so easy or successful as for some of
the yellow pines. Although reasons for the many recorded failures are
often complex, lower drought tolerance may be one of the factors. During
natural regeneration, the ability of sugar pine seedlings to avoid summer
drought by rapidly growing a deep taproot largely compensates for the
relative intolerance of tissues to moisture stress (38).
To survive the first summer after planting, seedlings must have the
capacity to regenerate vigorous new root systems. For other western
conifers, root growth capacity is conditioned by particular combinations
of nursery environment and time in cold storage after lifting; these
requirements are species and seed-source specific (22,24,38). Although
patterns of root growth capacity have not been worked out for sugar pine,
it is clear that amounts of root growth are substantially less for sugar
pine than for its associates (23).
Early top growth of sugar pine is not so rapid as that of western yellow
pines, and 1-year stock is too small for planting when seed is sown in
May, for years the tradition in California nurseries. Root diseases, to
which young sugar pines are unusually vulnerable, can compound the problem
by weakening seedlings that survive, thus reducing their chances of
establishment on the site. Sowing stratified seed in February or March
extended the growing season and produced healthy seedlings of plantable
size in one season (23). A more expensive alternative to bareroot stock
that holds some promise is containerized seedlings grown under accelerated
growth regimes (28).
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Soils and Topography
provided by Silvics of North America
Sugar pine grows naturally over a wide range of soil conditions
typically associated with conifer-hardwood forests. Soil parent materials
include rocks of volcanic, granitic, and sedimentary origin and their
metamorphic equivalents and are usually not of critical importance. Soils
formed on ultrabasic intrusive igneous rocks such as peridotite and
serpentinite, however, have low calcium-to-magnesium ratios and usually
support open conifer stands of inferior growth and quality. Nevertheless,
sugar pine is often the dominant conifer on the more mesic of these sites
(39,40).
Because site productivity is a function of several environmental
variables-edaphic, climatic, and biotic-it is difficult to relate parent
material groups or particular soil series with specific productivity
classes, especially when they span wide ranges of elevation and latitude.
Other factors being equal, the main edaphic influences on conifer growth
are soil depth and texture, permeability, chemical characteristics, and
drainage and runoff properties (5).
The most extensive soils supporting sugar pine are well drained,
moderately to rapidly permeable, and acid in reaction. Soils derived from
ultrabasic rocks are very slightly acid to neutral (pH 7.0). In general,
acidity increases with soil depth. Several edaphic properties are
influenced by the degree of soil profile development. Soil porosity,
permeability, and infiltration rate decrease with more developed profiles,
while water-holding capacity, rate of run-off, and vulnerability to
compaction increase.
Sugar pine reaches its best development and highest density on mesic
soils of medium textures (sandy loam to clay loams) but ranges into the
lower reaches of frigid soils when other climatic variables are suitable.
These soils are found most commonly in the order Ultisols and Alfisols.
The best stands in the Sierra Nevada grow on deep, sandy loam soils
developed from granitic rock. In the southern Cascade Range the best
stands are on deep clay loams developed on basalt and rhyolite. In the
Coast Range and Siskiyou Mountains in California and Oregon, the best
stands are on soils derived from sandstone and shale.
Much of the terrain occupied by sugar pine is steep and rugged. Sugar
pines are equally distributed on all aspects at lower elevations but grow
best on warm exposures (southern and western) as elevation increases.
Optimal growth occurs on gentle terrain at middle elevations.
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Special Uses
provided by Silvics of North America
Upper grades of old-growth sugar pine command premium prices for
specialty uses where high dimensional stability, workability, and affinity
for glue are essential. The wood is light (specific gravity, 0.34 ±
0.03) (3), resists shrinkage, warp, and twist, and is preferred for finely
carved pattern stock for machinery and foundry casting. Uniformly soft,
thin-celled spring and summer wood and straight grain account for the ease
with which it cuts parallel to or across the grain, and for its
satin-textured, lustrous finish when milled. Its easy working qualities
favor it for molding, window and door frames, window sashes, doors, and
other special products such as piano keys and organ pipes. Wood properties
of young growth are not so well known. Pruning would undoubtedly be
required to produce clear lumber during short rotations.
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Vegetative Reproduction
provided by Silvics of North America
Sugar pine does not sprout, but young
trees can be rooted from cuttings. The degree of success is apparently
under strong genetic control. In one trial the proportion of cuttings that
rooted from different ortets from 3 to 6 years old ranged from 0 to 100
percent (27). As for most conifers, rootability diminishes rapidly with
age of donor tree. Grafts, however, can be made from donors of all ages,
with success rates from 70 to 80 percent common. Problems of
incompatibility, frequent in some species such as Douglas-fir, are rare in
sugar pine.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Bohun B. Kinloch, Jr. and William H. Scheuner
Called "the most princely of the genus" by its discoverer,
David Douglas, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) is the tallest and
largest of all pines, commonly reaching heights of 53 to 61 m (175 to 200
ft) and d.b.h. of 91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 in). Old trees occasionally
exceed 500 years and, among associated species, are second only to giant
sequoia in volume. For products requiring large, clear pieces or high
dimensional stability, sugar pine's soft, even-grained, satin-textured
wood is unsurpassed in quality and value. The huge, asymmetrical branches
high in the crowns of veteran trees, bent at their tips with long,
pendulous cones, easily identify sugar pine, which "more than any
other tree gives beauty and distinction to the Sierran forest" (25).
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Distribution
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Sugar pine extends from the west slope of the Cascade Range in north
central Oregon to the Sierra San Pedro Martir in Baja California
(approximate latitude 30° 30' to 45° 10' N.). Its distribution
is almost continuous through the Klamath and Siskiyou Mountains and on
west slopes of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, but smaller and more
disjunct populations are found in the Coast Ranges of southern Oregon and
California, Transverse and Peninsula Ranges of southern California, and
east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada crests. Its southern extremity is an
isolated population high on a plateau in the Sierra San Pedro Martir in
Baja California. Over 80 percent of the growing stock is in California
(49) where the most extensive and dense populations are found in mixed
conifer forests on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada.
In elevation, sugar pine ranges from near sea level in the Coast Ranges
to more than 3000 m (10,000 ft) in the Transverse Range. Elevational
limits increase with decreasing latitude, with typical ranges as follows:
Cascade Range
335 to 1645 m (1,100 to 5,400 ft)
Sierra Nevada
610 to 2285 m (2,000 to 7,500 ft)
Transverse and Peninsula Ranges
1220 to 3000 m (4,000 to 10,000 ft)
Sierra San Pedro Martir
2150 to 2775 m (7,065 to 9,100 ft)
- The native range of sugar pine.
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Physical Description
provided by USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 5, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with missing or very weak prickle, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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- Stephen C. Meyers
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- Aaron Liston
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- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- compiler
- Damon Little
Pinus lambertiana
(
Asturian
)
provided by wikipedia AST
Pinus lambertiana, el Pinu d'azucre,[2] ye una especie arbórea de la familia de les pinacees.
Descripción y hábitat
Ye orixinaria de los montes d'Oregón y California al oeste de los Estaos Xuníos, y Baxa California nel noroeste de Méxicu; específicamente la Sierra Nevada, la Cordal de les Cascaes, la Cadena costera del Pacíficu, y la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir.
Descripción
Pinu d'azucre, coles sos llargues cañes.
Esti árbol ye'l más grande de les especies de pinu, crez comúnmente de 40 a 60 metros (130 a 200 pies) d'altor, escepcionalmente hasta 81 metros (265 pies) d'altor, y con un tueru del diámetru de 1.5 a 2.5 metros (5 a 8 pies), escepcionalmente 3.5 metros (11 pies).
Ye un miembru del grupu de pinu blancu, Pinos sub-xéneru Strobus, y al igual que tolos miembros d'esi grupu, les fueyes ('aguyes') tán en bultos de cinco, con una envoltura de fueya caduca. Son de 6 a 11 centímetros (2 a 4 pulgaes) de llargu. El Pinu d'Azucre caracterizar por tener piñes más llargues que cualesquier otra conífera, xeneralmente ye de 25 a 50 centímetros (10 a 20 pulgaes) de llargu, escepcionalmente hasta 66 centímetros (26 pulgaes) de llargu (anque les piñes del Pinu de Coulter son más sólides). Les granes son de 10 a 12 mm (0.4 a 0.5 pulgaes) de llargu, con una aleta de 2 a 3 centímetros (0.75 a 1.2 pulgaes) qu'ayuda a esvalixar el vientu.
Contaminación por Hongu
El Pinu d'Azucre foi severamente afeutáu pol Pinu Blanco Roa Vesicular (Cronartium ribicola), un fungu que foi por fuercia introducíu dende Europa en 1909. Una alta proporción del Pinu d'Azucre foi matada por rucar vesicular, sobremanera en partir norte del rangu de les especies qu'esperimentaron el moho por un llargu periodu de tiempu. El moho tamién destruyó munches games de los Pinos Blancos del Oeste y de los Pinos de Corteza Blanca.[3] El Serviciu Forestal de los Estaos Xuníos tien un programa pal desenvolvimientu de Pinos d'Azucre y Pino Blanco del Oeste resistentes al moho. Les plantes de pebidal d'estos árboles fueron introducíes nel mediu montés. La Fundación de Pinu d'Azucre na Cuenca del Llagu Tahoe foi esitosa n'atopar granes d'árboles de pinu d'azucre resistente y demostraron que ye importante pa los ciudadanos particulares ayudar al Serviciu Forestal de los Estaos Xuníos a restablecer estes especies.[4]
Folclor
Nel mitu de la creación de Ahumawi, Annikadel, el creador fai una de les 'Primer Persones' al refundiar intencionalmente una grana de Pinu d'Azucre nun llugar fayadizu pa la so crecedera. Unu de los descendientes d'esta descendencia ye l'home Piña-Pino d'Azucre, quien tien un fíu guapu llamáu Ahsoballache. Dempués que Ahsoballache cásase cola fía de To'kis, la muyer Esguil, el so güelu aportunaba que la nueva pareya tendría de tener un fíu. Con esti fin, el güelu ruempe una balanza de la piña del Pinu d'Azucre, y de callao ordena a Ahsoballache a somorguiase nel conteníu de la balanza del manantial y escondelo adientro nuna cesta cubierta. Ahsoballache realiza'l llabor esa nueche; al siguiente amanecer, el y la so esposa afayen al bebi Edechewe cerca de la so cama.
Taxonomía
Pinus lambertiana describióse por David Douglas y espublizóse en Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 500. 1827.[5]
- Etimoloxía
Pinus: nome xenéricu dadu en latin al pinu.[6]
lambertiana: epítetu dau n'honor del botánicu inglés Aylmer Bourke Lambert (1761-1842).
- Sinonimia
-
Pinus lambertiana var. martirensis Xibla
-
Pinus lambertiana var. minor Lemmon
-
Pinus lambertiana var. purpurea Lemmon
-
Strobus lambertiana (Douglas) Moldenke[7][8]
Ver tamién
Referencies
Bibliografía
- Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Farjon, A. K. & B. T. Styles. 1997. Pinus (Pinaceae). Fl. Neotrop. 75: 1–291.
- Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Killeen, T. J., Y. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guía Árb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, La Paz.
- Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Pinus lambertiana: Brief Summary
(
Asturian
)
provided by wikipedia AST
Pinus lambertiana Pinus lambertiana, el Pinu d'azucre, ye una especie arbórea de la familia de les pinacees.
Vista del árbol
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Lambert şamı
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Lambert şamı (lat. Pinus lambertiana) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Lambert şamı: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Lambert şamı (lat. Pinus lambertiana) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Borovice Lambertova
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Borovice Lambertova (Pinus lambertiana) je severoamerický druh pětijehličné borovice, která je největší borovicí vůbec. Dorůstá do výšky 40–60, výjimečně 80 metrů, průměr jejího kmene dosahuje 3–6 m a šišky jsou až 50 cm dlouhé. Ve střední Evropě roste velmi vzácně, většinou mladí jedinci, popř. roubovaná.
Synonyma
- Sugar Pine
- Big Pine
- Gigantic Pine
Vzhled
Jedna z největších borovic. Kůra mladých stromů je hladká, světlehnědá, na starých kmenech nepravidelně rozbrázděná. Jehlice po 5 ve svazku, 7–10 (14cm) dlouhé, tuhé, více než 1,5 mm široké, s průduchy na všech stranách. Při bázi jehlic je blanitá pochva až 2 cm dlouhá, která později (2.–3. rokem) opadává. Letorosty jsou silnější, měkce a řídce hnědě chlupaté. Pupeny malé, tupé, zasmolené. Šišky na 1 cm dlouhých stopkách, 30–50 cm dlouhé, 8–11 cm široké – největší ze všech jehličnanů. Semena jsou jedlá a nasládlá, 10 x 15 mm, černá, s krátkým tupým křídlem.
Výskyt
Roste převážně v horách na jihozápadě USA (Kalifornie, Oregon, Nevada, Mexiko). Špatně snáší naše klima a je velmi citlivá na rez vejmutovkovou (Cronartium ribicola).
V ČR: V arboretu Sofronka (Plzeň) rostl 20letý roubovanec tehdy nejstaršího stromu (z arboreta Kysihýbel u Bánské Štiavnice), ale v r. 2002 uhynul na rez vejmutovkovou. Předtím však byl přeroubován na Dendrologickou zahradu v Průhonicích. Na soukromé zahradě v Doubravčicích u Kostelce n. Č. l. dosáhl roubovanec výšky 10 m a byl nejvyšším jedincem tohoto druhu v ČR. Začátkem roku 2011 oba roubovanci podlehli napadení rzí vejmutovkou a jinými patogeny.[2]
Ekologie
Roste v horách od 1000 m n. m. a vystupuje až do nadmořské výšky 2700 m. Netvoří souvislé lesy, ale vyskytuje se roztroušeně jako příměs v porostech jiných jehličnatých druhů. Vyžaduje lehkou propustnou hlinitopísčitou půdu.
Využití
Je to jedna z pěti hospodářsky nejdůležitějších borovic USA, její červenohnědé dřevo je dobře zpracovatelné. Na poraněných místech vylučuje tzv. kalifornskou manu, obsahující sladký pinit (metylester d-inositu), který byl sbírán a používán jako sladidlo a lék proti kašli. (Odtud amer. název Sugar Pine = borovice sladká.)
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ BUSINSKÝ, Roman; VELEBIL, Jiří. Borovice v České republice: Výsledky dlouhodobého hodnocení rodu Pinus L. v kultuře v České republice. 1. vyd. Průhonice: Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, 2011. 180 s. ISBN 978-80-85116-90-8. S. 20.
Literatura
- BUSINSKÝ, R. 2004. Komentovaný světový klíč rodu Pinus L. – Závěrečná zpráva „Výzkum a hodnocení genofondu dřevin z aspektu sadovnického použití“, Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, Průhonice.
- NOVÁK, F.A. (1953): Borovice neboli sosna, Pinus Linné (zpracováno 1942). – In: Klika, J., Novák, F.A., Šiman, K. & Kavka, B., Jehličnaté: 129–258. ČSAV, Praha.
Externí odkazy
Rod borovice (Pinus) Podrod
Pinus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Podrod
Strobus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Borovice Lambertova: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Borovice Lambertova (Pinus lambertiana) je severoamerický druh pětijehličné borovice, která je největší borovicí vůbec. Dorůstá do výšky 40–60, výjimečně 80 metrů, průměr jejího kmene dosahuje 3–6 m a šišky jsou až 50 cm dlouhé. Ve střední Evropě roste velmi vzácně, většinou mladí jedinci, popř. roubovaná.
Zucker-Kiefer
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Zucker-Kiefer (Pinus lambertiana) ist ein Nadelbaum aus dem Westen Nordamerikas. Sie ist die größte aller Kiefern-Arten und bildet auch die längsten Zapfen der Gattung.[1] Ihren Namen hat sie von Sekrettropfen, die an Wundrändern auftreten und durch den hohen Gehalt an Inosit süß schmecken.[2]
Beschreibung
Die Zucker-Kiefer erreicht eine Höhe von 60 Metern, unter optimalen Bedingungen wurde eine maximale Höhe von 83 Metern bei einem Brusthöhendurchmesser von 3 Metern gemessen. Das Höchstalter beträgt etwa 600 Jahre. Sie hat einen geraden Stamm und eine schmal kegelförmige, offene Krone. Die Äste stehen waagrecht und sind weit abstehend bis leicht überhängend. Die Borke junger Bäume ist glatt und hellbraun, später wird sie dicker und gespalten. Junge Triebe sind dick und zeigen eine kurze, weiche, braune Behaarung. Die rotbraunen Knospen sind eiförmig bis zylindrisch, 3 bis 8 Millimeter lang, spitz und harzig und haben dicht anliegende Schuppen.
Die Nadeln sitzen in Fünfergruppen und werden 7 bis 10 Zentimeter lang und 1,5 bis 2 Millimeter breit. Sie sind dunkelgrün, steif, etwas gedreht und scharf zugespitzt und haben einen gesägten Rand. Innen haben sie bläulich-weiße Spaltöffnungslinien. Die Nadelscheiden sind 2 Zentimeter lang und hinfällig. Die Nadeln bleiben zwei bis drei Jahre am Baum.
Die männlichen Zapfen sind gelb, zylindrisch und werden 15 Millimeter lang. Die Samenzapfen reifen nach zwei Jahren.[1] Sie sind glänzend hellbraun und werden 30 bis 60 Zentimeter lang und 8 bis 11 Zentimeter, im offenen Zustand bis 25 Zentimeter breit. Sie sind zylindrisch, gestielt und hängend. Die Zapfenschuppen sind ledrig, breit keilförmig und haben eine konvexen Rücken und eine stumpfe und etwas zurückgebogene Spitze. Die Samen sind 1,5 Zentimeter lang und geflügelt.[3][4]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n=24.[1]
Verbreitung und Standortansprüche
Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
[5]
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Zucker-Kiefer erstreckt sich hauptsächlich über die niederschlagsreichen Westhänge der Küstengebirge und der Sierra Nevada in Kalifornien und Oregon.[3] Man findet sie auch im Westen von Nevada und im Norden der Baja California.[6]
Sie bevorzugt kühl-feuchte Wälder mit durchlässigen, frischen bis feuchten, sandigen und kiesigen, mäßig nährstoffreichen Böden. Sie wächst auf sauren bis neutralen Böden und meidet kalkhaltige Substrate. Man findet sie in Höhen zwischen 330 und 3.200 Metern.[1] Ihr Optimum findet sie auf tiefgründigen, sandigen Lehmen aus Granitverwitterung in Höhen zwischen 1.500 und 2.000 Metern. Sie ist frosthart und erträgt Temperaturen von −15 bis −12 °C. Sie gedeiht auf sonnigen bis lichtschattigen Standorten.[3][4]
Die Zucker-Kiefer wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als nicht gefährdet („Lower Risk/Least Concern“) geführt. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine neuerliche Überprüfung der Gefährdung nötig ist.[7]
Ökologie
Die Zucker-Kiefer tritt selten in Reinbeständen auf. Sie wächst zusammen mit dem Riesenmammutbaum (Sequoiadendron giganteum), der Sierra-Tanne (Abies concolor var. lowiana), der Weihrauchzeder (Calocedrus decurrens), der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) und der Gelb-Kiefer (Pinus ponderosa).[3]
Die Art wird stark durch den Strobenrost (Cronartium ribicola) geschädigt, der jedoch im südlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebiets möglicherweise aus klimatischen Ursachen nur selten auftritt. Die allgemeine Anfälligkeit gegenüber Rostpilzen und die zu geringe Frostbeständigkeit sind Gründe, warum sie in Mitteleuropa nicht gepflanzt wird.[3] Unter den Insekten verursacht der Bergkiefernkäfer (Dendroctonus ponderosae) den größten Schaden. Bei Trockenheit befallen auch andere Arten wie der Prachtkäfer Melanophila californica oder der Borkenkäfer Dendroctonus valens die Zucker-Kiefer. Die Zapfen werden durch den Käfer Conophthorus lambertianae geschädigt.[8]
Systematik
Die Zucker-Kiefer wird der Untersektion Strobus in der Sektion Quinquefoliae zugeordnet. Diese wird zur Untergattung Strobus in der Gattung Kiefern (Pinus) gezählt.[6] Sie kann mit der Westlichen Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus monticola) und mit Armands Kiefer (Pinus armandii) gekreuzt werden.[2]
Pinus lambertiana wurde 1827 durch den schottischen Botaniker David Douglas in den Transactions of the Linnean Society of London Band 15, Seite 500 erstbeschrieben.[9] Synonyme sind Picea lambertiana (Douglas) F.Sanders und Strobus lambertiana (Douglas) Moldenke.[9]
Verwendung
Das Holz der Zucker-Kiefer wird stark genutzt, wobei deutlich mehr Bäume abgeholzt werden als nachwachsen.[1] Das Holz kann leicht gespalten werden und wurde früher zur Herstellung von Schindeln verwendet.[2]
Nachweise
Literatur
-
Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 767.
- Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 364–365.
Einzelnachweise -
↑ a b c d e Pinus lambertiana. In: Flora of North America Vol. 2. www.eFloras.org, abgerufen am 30. Januar 2010 (englisch).
-
↑ a b c Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten, S. 365
-
↑ a b c d e Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten, S. 364
-
↑ a b Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze
-
↑ Elbert L. Little, Jr.: Pinus lambertiana. (pdf; 1,7 MB) In: Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, abgerufen am 30. Januar 2010 (englisch).
-
↑ a b Pinus lambertiana. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), abgerufen am 30. Januar 2010 (englisch).
-
↑ Pinus lambertiana in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 3. Jänner 2011.
-
↑ R. J. Habeck: Pinus lambertiana. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1992, abgerufen am 30. Januar 2010 (englisch).
-
↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Pinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 24. April 2019.
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Zucker-Kiefer: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Zucker-Kiefer (Pinus lambertiana) ist ein Nadelbaum aus dem Westen Nordamerikas. Sie ist die größte aller Kiefern-Arten und bildet auch die längsten Zapfen der Gattung. Ihren Namen hat sie von Sekrettropfen, die an Wundrändern auftreten und durch den hohen Gehalt an Inosit süß schmecken.
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Πεύκη η λαμπερτιανή
(
Greek, Modern (1453-)
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Η πεύκη η λαμπερτιανή (επιστημονική ονομασία Pinus lambertiana) είναι ένα από τα ψηλότερα και πιο ογκώδη πεύκα, με τους μεγαλύτερους κώνους από κάθε κωνοφόρο. Είναι γηγενής στα βουνά της ακτής του Ειρηνικού της Βόρειας Αμερικής, από το Όρεγκον και την Καλιφόρνια, μέχρι τη Μπάχα Καλιφόρνια.
Περιγραφή
Η πεύκη η λαμπερτιανή έχει οριζόντια κλαδιά που γέρνουν προς τα κάτω από το βάρος των κώνων.
Είναι μεγαλά δέντρα, τα μεγαλύτερα πεύκα, με σύνηθες ύψος 40 με 60 μέτρα, και συγκεκριμένες περιπτώσεις μέχρι τα 82 μέτρα. Ο κορμός τους είναι μεγάλος και ευθύς, με διάμετρο 1,5 μέχρι 2,5 μέτρα, ενώ έχουν καταγραφεί άτομα με διάμετρο κορμό ίση με 3,5 μέτρα. Οι βελόνες αναπτύσσονται σε δέσμες των πέντε με μια φυλλοβόλα θήκη. Έχουν μήκος 6-11 εκατοστά. Η λαμπερτιανή πεύκη είναι αξιοπρόσεκτη για το γεγονός ότι διαθέτει τους μεγαλύτερους κώνους από κάθε κωνοφόρο, με μήκος ως επί το πλείστον 25-50 εκατοστών, κατ 'εξαίρεση μέχρι 66 εκατοστά (αν και οι κώνοι του πεύκου του Coulter είναι πιο ογκώδεις). Οι σπόροι, ύστερα από δύο χρόνια ωρίμανσης, έχουν μήκος 10-12 mm, με ένα 2-3 εκατοστών φτερό που υποβοηθάει την εναέρια διασπορά.
Η κόμη του είναι στενά κωνική, γίνεται στρογγυλεμένη ή επίπεδη στη κορφή. Ο κορμός έχει το χρώμα καφέ σε γκρι-καφέ, βαθιά αυλάκια, μακρίες πλάκες και είναι φολιδωτός. Τα κλαδιά είναι μακριά, σχεδόν οριζόντια και φέρουν τους κώνους κοντά στα άκρα, ενώ οι κλαδίσκοι έχουν γκρι-πράσινο με κόκκινο-καστανό χρώμα, και γίνονται γκρι όσο μεγαλώνουν σε ηλικία.
Παραπομπές
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Πεύκη η λαμπερτιανή: Brief Summary
(
Greek, Modern (1453-)
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Η πεύκη η λαμπερτιανή (επιστημονική ονομασία Pinus lambertiana) είναι ένα από τα ψηλότερα και πιο ογκώδη πεύκα, με τους μεγαλύτερους κώνους από κάθε κωνοφόρο. Είναι γηγενής στα βουνά της ακτής του Ειρηνικού της Βόρειας Αμερικής, από το Όρεγκον και την Καλιφόρνια, μέχρι τη Μπάχα Καλιφόρνια.
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Pinus lambertiana
provided by wikipedia EN
Pinus lambertiana (commonly known as the sugar pine or sugar cone pine) is the tallest and most massive pine tree, and has the longest cones of any conifer. The species name lambertiana was given by the Scottish botanist David Douglas, who named the tree in honour of the English botanist, Aylmer Bourke Lambert. It is native to coastal and inland mountain areas along the Pacific coast of North America, as far north as Oregon and as far south as Baja California in Mexico.
Description
Growth
The sugar pine is the tallest and largest Pinus species, commonly growing to 40–60 meters (130–195 ft) tall, exceptionally to 82 m (269 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of 1.2–2.5 m (3 ft 11 in – 8 ft 2 in), exceptionally 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in).[2] The tallest recorded specimen is 83.45 m (273 ft 9 in) tall, is located in Yosemite National Park, and was discovered in 2015.[3] The second tallest recorded was "Yosemite Giant", an 82.05 m (269 ft 2 in) tall specimen in Yosemite National Park, which died from a bark beetle attack in 2007. The tallest known living specimens today grow in southern Oregon and Yosemite National Park: one in Umpqua National Forest is 77.7 m (254 ft 11 in) tall and another in Siskiyou National Forest is 77.2 m (253 ft 3 in) tall. Yosemite National Park also has the third tallest, measured to 80.5 m (264 ft 1 in) tall as of June 2013; the Rim Fire affected this specimen, but it survived.
The bark of Pinus lambertiana ranges from brown to purple in color and is 5–10 centimeters (2–4 in) thick.[2] The upper branches can reach out over 8 m (26 ft).[2] Like all members of the white pine group (Pinus subgenus Strobus), the leaves ("needles") grow in fascicles ("bundles") of five,[2] with a deciduous sheath. They are 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long.[4] Sugar pine is notable for having the longest cones of any conifer, mostly 10–50 cm (4–19+3⁄4 in) long,[2][5] exceptionally to 60 cm (23+1⁄2 in) long (although the cones of the Coulter pine are more massive); their unripe weight of 1–2 kilograms (2.2–4.4 lb) makes them perilous projectiles when chewed off by squirrels.[2] The seeds are 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) long, with a 2–3-centimeter (3⁄4–1+1⁄4-inch) long wing[5] that aids their dispersal by wind. Sugar pine never grows in pure stands, always in a mixed forest and is shade tolerant in youth.[6]
Distribution
The sugar pine occurs in the mountains of Oregon and California in the Western United States, and Baja California in northwestern Mexico; specifically the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Sierra San Pedro Martir. It is generally more abundant towards the south and can be found growing in elevations between 500 and 1,500 m (1,600 and 4,900 ft) above sea level.[2]
Genome
The massive 31 gigabase mega-genome of sugar pine has been sequenced in 2016 by the large PineRefSeq consortium.[7] This makes the genome one of the largest sequenced and assembled so far.[7]
The transposable elements that make up the megagenome are linked to the evolutionary change of the sugar pine. The sugar pine contains extended regions of non-coding DNA, most of which is derived from transposable elements. The genome of the sugar pine represents one extreme in all plants, with a stable diploid genome that is expanded by the proliferation of transposable elements, in contrast to the frequent polyploidization events in angiosperms.[8]
Embryonal growth
In late stage of embryonal development, the sugar pine embryo changes from a smooth and narrow paraboloid to a less symmetric structure. This configuration is caused by a transverse orientation of division planes in the upper portion of the embryo axis. The root initial zone is established, and the epicotyl develops as an anlage flanked by regions of that define the cotyledonary buttresses. At this stage, the embryo is composed of the suspensor, root initials and root cap region, hypocotyl-shoot axis, and the epicotyl. The upper (distal) portion of the embryo, which gives rise to the cotyledons and the epicotyl, is considered to be the shoot apex.[9]
Shoot apex
The apex has the following four zones:[10]
- The apical initials produce all cells of the shoot apex through cell division. It is located at the top of the meristem and the cells are larger in size compared to other cells on the surface layer.
- The central mother cell generates the rib meristem and the inner layers of the peripheral tissue zone through cell division. It presents a typical gymnosperm appearance and is characterized by cell expansion and unusual mitosis that occurs in the central region. The rate of mitosis increases on its outer edge.
- The peripheral tissue zone consists of two layers of cells that are characterized by dense cytoplasm and mitosis of high frequency.
- Lastly, the rib meristem is a regular arrangement of vertical files of cells which mature into the pith of the axis.
Etymology
Naturalist John Muir considered sugar pine to be the "king of the conifers". The common name comes from the sweet resin, which Native Americans used as a sweetener.[11] John Muir found it preferable to maple sugar.[12] It is also known as the great sugar pine. The scientific name was assigned by David Douglas, who was the first to describe it in 1826,[2] in honor of Aylmer Bourke Lambert.
Ecology
Wildlife
The large size and high nutritional value of the sugar pine seeds are appealing to many species. Yellow pine chipmunks (Neotamias amoenus) and Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) gather and hoard sugar pine seeds. Chipmunks gather wind-dispersed seeds from the ground and store them in large amounts. Jays collect seeds by pecking the cones with their beaks and catching the seeds as they fall out. Although wind is a main dispersion factor of sugar pine seeds, animals tend to collect and store them before the wind can blow them far.[13]
Black bears (Ursus americanus) rely on sugar pine seeds for their food source in the fall months within the Sierra Nevada. There is relationship between sugar pine seeds and oak acorns, as the bears will feed preferentially on those that are in a higher supply for that season. Both sugar pine and oak species are currently in decline, which can have a direct effect on black bear food sources within the Sierra Nevada.[14]
Threats
Sugar pine trees have been impacted by the invasive species of mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae) that are native to western North America. The beetles lay their eggs inside of the tree and inhibit the trees ability to defend itself against the invading species. The beetles also feed from the trees nutrients which slowly weakens the trees overall health, making the pines more susceptible to other threats like fires and fungal infections by white pine blister rust.[15] Blister rust can weaken the tree and enable further infestation by mountain pine beetles due to the lack of defense from the sugar pine.[16]
Sugar pine starting to succumb to white pine blister rust
The sugar pine has been severely affected by the white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola),[17] a fungus that was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1909. A high proportion of sugar pines have been killed by the blister rust, particularly in the northern part of the species' range that has experienced the rust for a longer period of time. The rust has also destroyed much of the Western white pine and whitebark pine throughout their ranges.[18] The U.S. Forest Service has a program (see link below) for developing rust-resistant sugar pine and western white pine. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild. The Sugar Pine Foundation in the Lake Tahoe Basin has been successful in finding resistant sugar pine seed trees and has demonstrated that it is important for the public to assist the U.S. Forest Service in restoring this species. However, blister rust is much less common in California, and sugar, Western white and whitebark pines still survive in great numbers there.[19]
The species is generally resistant to fire because of its thick bark and because it clears away competing species.[2] However, its mortality has been directly linked to dryer conditions and higher temperatures. Sugar pine trees grow in western North America, a region already impacted by climate change. Higher temperatures within a sugar pine forest can lower resin levels within the tree which will cause less protection against pathogens. At the same time the warmer winters make the survival of the pests and pathogens more likely. The weakened or dying trees then provide fuel to the forest fires, which may become more frequent and more intense, if the climate change results in warmer temperatures in summer, particularly if coupled with drier conditions and stronger winds.[20]
Protective efforts
Sugar pine trees are in a slow decline because of the several threats it faces: white pine blister rust, mountain pine beetles and climate change. Efforts to restore sugar pines and other white pine trees that have been impacted by invasive species, climate change and fires have been undertaken by governmental and non-governmental entities. One of the latter is a non-for-profit organization called Sugar Pine Foundation created in 2004 to plant sugar pine seeds in the Sierra Nevada along the border of California and Nevada.[19] They plant seedlings grown from seeds collected from blister rust resistant trees. In order to identify if the trees resistant to that pathogen, Sugar Pine Foundation tested over 500 sugar pine trees and have found 66 resistant trees.[19] The foundation is building a sugar pine population that is resistant to white pine rust because the fungus is a major threat and will continue to kill sugar pine trees at a very high rate.[21]
Uses
According to David Douglas, who was guided to the (exceptionally thick) tree specimen he was looking for by a Native American,[2] some tribes ate the sweetish seeds. These were eaten raw and roasted, and also used to make flour or pulverized into a spread.[2] Native Americans also ate the inner bark.[2] The sweet sap or pitch was consumed, in small quantities due to its laxative properties,[22] but could also be chewed as gum.[2] Its flavor is thought largely to be derived from the pinitol it contains.[2]
In the mid-19th century, the trees were used liberally as lumber during the California Gold Rush. In modern times they are used in much lower quantities, being spared for high-end products as with Western white pine.[2]
The odorless wood is also preferred for packing fruit, as well as storing drugs and other goods. Its straight grain also makes it a useful organ pipe material.[22]
Folklore
In the Achomawi creation myth, Annikadel, the creator, makes one of the 'First People' by intentionally dropping a sugar pine seed in a place where it can grow. One of the descendants in this ancestry is Sugarpine-Cone man, who has a handsome son named Ahsoballache.[23]
After Ahsoballache marries the daughter of To'kis the Chipmunk-woman, his grandfather insists that the new couple have a child. To this end, the grandfather breaks open a scale from a sugar pine cone, and secretly instructs Ahsoballache to immerse the scale's contents in spring water, then hide them inside a covered basket. Ahsoballache performs the tasks that night; at the next dawn, he and his wife discover the infant Edechewe near their bed.[23]
The Washo language has a word for sugar pine, simt'á:gɨm, and also a word for "sugar pine sugar", nanómba.
References
-
^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus lambertiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42374A2976106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42374A2976106.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
-
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 26, 30–35. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
-
^ "3 Sierra sugar pines added to list of 6 biggest in world". Associated Press. South Lake Tahoe, California. 31 Jan 2021. Retrieved 13 Feb 2023.
-
^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Pinus lambertiana". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
-
^ a b Kral, Robert (1993). "Pinus lambertiana". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus lambertiana". The Gymnosperm Database.
-
^ a b Stevens, K.A.; et al. (2016). "Sequence of the Sugar Pine Megagenome". Genetics. 204 (4): 1613–1626. doi:10.1534/genetics.116.193227. PMC 5161289. PMID 27794028.
-
^ Gonzalez-Ibeas, Daniel; et al. (2016). "Assessing the Gene Content of the Megagenome: Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana)". G3 (Bethesda). 6 (12): 3787–3802. doi:10.1534/g3.116.032805. PMC 5144951. PMID 27799338.
-
^ Berlyn, Graeme P (1967). "The Structure of Germination in Pinus Lambertiana Dougl". Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Bulletin Series. 77.
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^ Sacher, J.A. (1954). "Structure and Seasonal Activity of the Shoot Apices of Pinus Lambertiana and Pinus ponderosa". American Journal of Botany. 41 (9): 749–759. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1954.tb14406.x.
-
^ "Sugar pine". Oregonencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
-
^ Saunders, Charles Francis (1976). Edible and Useful Wild Plants of the United States and Canada. Courier Dover Publications. p. 219. ISBN 0-486-23310-3.
-
^ Thayer, T; Vander Wall, S (2005). "Interactions between steller's jays and yellow pine chipmunks over scatter-hoarded sugar pine seeds". Journal of Animal Ecology. 74 (2): 365–374. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00932.x. JSTOR 3505625.
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^ Mazur, R; Klimley, AP; Folger, K (2013). "Implications of the variable availability of seasonal foods on the home ranges of black bears, Ursus americanus, in the Sierra Nevada of California". Animal Biotelemetry. 1 (16): 16. doi:10.1186/2050-3385-1-16.
-
^ "Mountain pine beetle". Ontarios invading species awareness program. 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27.
-
^ Van Mantgem, PJ; Stephenson, NL; Keifer, M; Keeley, J (2004). "Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on the demography of sugar pine". Ecological Applications. 14 (5): 1590–1602. doi:10.1890/03-5109. JSTOR 4493673.
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^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
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^ Maloney, P; Duriscoe, D; Smith, D; Burton, D; Davis, D; Pickett, J; Cousineau, R; Dunlap, J. "White Pine Blister Rust on High Elevation White Pines in California" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-09. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
-
^ a b c "Sugar Pine Foundation". Sugarpinefoundation.org. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
-
^ Slack, A; Kane, J; Knapp, E; Sherriff, R (2017). "Contrasting impacts of climate and competition on large sugar pine growth and defense in a fire-excluded forest of the central sierra nevada". Forests. 8 (7): 244. doi:10.3390/f8070244.
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^ Maloney, PE; Vogler, DR; Eckert, AJ; Jensen, CE; Neale, DB (2011). "Population biology of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) with reference to historical disturbances in the Lake Tahoe Basin: Implications for restoration". Forest Ecology and Management. 262 (5): 770–779. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.011.
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^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 55.
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^ a b Woiche, Istet (1992). Merriam, Clinton Hart (ed.). Annikadel: The History of the Universe as Told by the Achumawi Indians of California. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-1283-6. OCLC 631716557.
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Pinus lambertiana: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Pinus lambertiana (commonly known as the sugar pine or sugar cone pine) is the tallest and most massive pine tree, and has the longest cones of any conifer. The species name lambertiana was given by the Scottish botanist David Douglas, who named the tree in honour of the English botanist, Aylmer Bourke Lambert. It is native to coastal and inland mountain areas along the Pacific coast of North America, as far north as Oregon and as far south as Baja California in Mexico.
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
Pinus lambertiana
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Pinus lambertiana, el pino de azúcar,[2] es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas.
Descripción y hábitat
Es originario de las montañas de Oregón y California al oeste de los Estados Unidos, y Baja California en el noroeste de México; específicamente la Sierra Nevada, la Cordillera de las Cascadas, la Cadena costera del Pacífico, y la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir.
Descripción
Piñas y agujas de Pino de Azúcar
Este árbol es el más grande de las especies de pino, crece comúnmente de 40 a 60 metros (130 a 200 pies) de altura, excepcionalmente hasta 81 metros (265 pies) de altura, y con un tronco del diámetro de 1.5 a 2.5 metros (5 a 8 pies), excepcionalmente 3.5 metros (11 pies).
Es un miembro del grupo de pino blanco, Pinus sub-género Strobus, y al igual que todos los miembros de ese grupo, las hojas ('agujas') están en bultos de cinco, con una envoltura de hoja caduca. Son de 6 a 11 centímetros (2 a 4 pulgadas) de largo. El pino de azúcar se caracteriza por tener piñas más largas que cualquiera otra conífera, generalmente es de 25 a 50 centímetros (10 a 20 pulgadas) de largo, excepcionalmente hasta 66 centímetros (26 pulgadas) de largo (aunque las piñas del pino de Coulter son más sólidas). Las semillas son de 10 a 12 mm (0.4 a 0.5 pulgadas) de largo, con una aleta de 2 a 3 centímetros (0.75 a 1.2 pulgadas) que ayuda a dispersar el viento.
Contaminación por hongos
El pino de azúcar ha sido severamente afectado por la roya vesicular del pino blanco (Cronartium ribicola), un hongo que fue accidentalmente introducido desde Europa en 1909. Una alta proporción del pino de azúcar fue atacado y muerto por la roya vesicular, sobre todo en la parte norte del rango de las especies que han experimentado el moho por un largo período de tiempo. El moho también ha destruido muchas gamas de los pinos blancos del oeste y de los pinos de corteza blanca.[3] El Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos tiene un programa para el desarrollo de pinos de azúcar y pinos blancos occidentales resistentes al moho. Las plantas de semillero de estos árboles han sido introducidas en el medio silvestre. La Fundación de Pino de Azúcar en la cuenca del lago Tahoe ha tenido éxito en encontrar semillas de árboles de pino de azúcar resistentes y han demostrado que es importante para los ciudadanos particulares ayudar al Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos a restablecer estas especies.[4]
Folclore
En el mito de la creación de Ahumawi, Annikadel, el creador hace una de los "Primeros Humanos" al arrojar intencionalmente una semilla de pino de azúcar en un lugar adecuado para su crecimiento. Uno de los descendientes es el hombre Piña-Pino de Azúcar, quien tiene un agraciado hijo llamado Ahsoballache. Después de que Ahsoballache se casara con la hija de To'kis, la mujer Ardilla, su abuelo insistió en que la nueva pareja debía tener un hijo. Con este fin, el abuelo rompe una escama de la piña del pino de azúcar, y en secreto ordena a Ahsoballache sumergirse en el manantial escondiendo su contenido adentro en una cesta cubierta. Ahsoballache realiza la labor esa noche; al siguiente amanecer, él y su esposa descubren al bebé Edechewe cerca de la cama.
Taxonomía
Pinus lambertiana fue descrito por David Douglas y publicado en Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 500. 1827.[5]
- Etimología
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[6]
lambertiana: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico inglés Aylmer Bourke Lambert (1761-1842).
- Sinonimia
-
Pinus lambertiana var. martirensis Silba
-
Pinus lambertiana var. minor Lemmon
-
Pinus lambertiana var. purpurea Lemmon
-
Strobus lambertiana (Douglas) Moldenke[7][8]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Farjon, A. K. & B. T. Styles. 1997. Pinus (Pinaceae). Fl. Neotrop. 75: 1–291.
- Farjon, A. K., J. A. Pérez de la Rosa & B. T. Styles. 1997. Field Guide Pines Mexico Central America 1–147. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Killeen, T. J., E. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guía Árb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, La Paz.
- Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Perry, J. P. 1991. Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Pinus lambertiana: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Pinus lambertiana, el pino de azúcar, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas.
Vista del árbol
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Suhkrumänd
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Suhkrumänd (Pinus lambertiana) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta kuulub viieokkaliste mändide rühma ja alamperekonda Strobus ning on oma nime (sugar pine) saanud tänu tüves sisalduvale magusale vaigule, mida indiaanlased kasutasid köha ravimiseks[3]. Eurooplastest avastas suhkrumänni esimesena šoti botaanik David Douglas (1799–1834) 1826. aastal Oregoni territooriumilt.[4]
Botaanilised tunnused
Suhkrumänd on kõrge ja pikaealine okaspuu, mille eluiga küündib 400–500 aastani[5]. Puu kasvab tavaliselt 30–50 m, harva kuni 75 m kõrguseks. Maksimaalne registreeritud kõrgus on 81,7 m, olles sellega männi perekonna kõige kõrgem esindaja.[6]
Võra on noorel puul kitsaskooniline, vananedes muutub ümaramaks või tipuosas laiuvaks. Tüvi on valdavalt massiivne ja sirge, läbimõõt 90–180, maksimaalselt 330 cm. Korp on pruuni kuni hallikaspruuni tooniga, sügavrõmeline.[6]
Juurestik on hästi arenenud ja plastiline. Peajuur kasvab kiiresti ning võib puu teisel eluaastal ulatuda kuni ühe meetri sügavusele.[7]
Pungad on silinderja-munaja kujuga, punakaspruunid, vaigused, kuni 8 mm pikkused. Noored võrsed on karvadega kaetud, helepruunid-punakad kuni hallikasrohelised, vananedes muutuvad halliks. Okkad on viiekaupa kimbus, 5–10 cm pikkused, painduvad, sirged või veidi kõverdunud, sinakasrohelised, terava tipuga, püsivad võrsetel 2–4 aastat.[6]
Isasõisikud on kollased, ellipsoidse-silindrilise kujuga, kuni 15 mm pikkused. Suhkrumänni käbid on okaspuude seas kõige suuremad, 25–50 cm pikkused, sümmeetrilised, silinderja kujuga, veidi kaardus, vaigused, läikivalt kollakaspruunid. Seemned on munaja kujuga, tumepruunid, kest on 1–2 cm pikkune, 2–3 cm pikkuse tiivakesega.[6]
Levikuala ja ökoloogia
Suhkrumänni levila asub Põhja-Ameerika lääneosas, ulatudes Oregonist kuni Mehhiko loodeosani, kus ta kasvab sõltuvalt laiuskraadist 300–3200 m kõrgusel üle merepinna.[6]
Kasvukohad
Suhkrumänni mets Californias
Suur osa suhkrumänni kasvukohtadest on järsud ja ebatasased mäenõlvad. Madalamatel kõrgustel on ta esindatud kõikidel nõlvadel, kuid kõrgemal eelistab soojemaid lõuna- ja läänepoolseid mäenõlvu. Optimaalne kasv on tagatud väiksemate kalletega ja keskmistel kõrgustel paiknevatel mäenõlvadel.[7] Suhkrumänd talub külmakraade kuni –18...–23 °C.[8]
Kliima
Levila temperatuur ja sademete hulk on otseses sõltuvuses piirkonna laiuskraadist ja kõrgusest merepinna suhtes. Samal laiuskraadil temperatuur langeb ja sademete hulk tõuseb suurematel kõrgustel, põhjast lõunasse aga temperatuur tõuseb ja sademete hulk väheneb. Areaali suved on soojad ja kuivad, talved pehmed ja sademeterohked (temperatuur langeb harva alla nulli). Juulis ja augustis sajab tavaliselt vähem kui 25 mm ja õhu suhteline niiskus on üsna väike. Suurem osa sademetest esineb novembrist aprillini, millest keskmistel ja suurematel kõrgustel moodustab valdava osa lumi. Aasta keskmine sademete hulk on vahemikus 840–1750 mm.[7]
Kasvupinnas
Suhkrumänd kasvab tavaliselt tüüpilistel okaspuu segametsade muldadel, mille lähtekivimiteks on vulkaanilised, sette- ja tardkivimid. Ta domineerib sageli levilas esinevatel parasniisketel muldadel, mis on moodustunud ultraaluselistest kivimitest nagu peridotiit ja serpentiniit, kuigi nende kivimite väikese kaltsiumi- ja magneesiumisisalduse tõttu on puud pigem kesise kasvuga. Suhkrumänni tavaliseks kasvupinnaseks on heade dreneerivate omadustega ja happelise reaktsiooniga mullad. Happeline reaktsioon suureneb tavaliselt sügavamatel muldadel. Ultraaluselistest kivimitest moodustunud mullad on neutraalsed või nõrgalt happelise reaktsiooniga. Kõige parema kvaliteediga suhkrumännikud kasvavad Sierra Nevada regioonis saviliivmuldadel, mille lähtekivimiks on graniit; Kaskaadide lõunaosas sügavatel liivsavimuldadel, mille lähtekivimiks on basalt ja rüoliit; rannikupiirkonnas ja Siskiyou mägedel Californias ja Oregonis liivakivist ja savikildast moodustunud muldadel.[7]
Suhkrumänni metsad
Suhkrumänd kasvab harva puhaspuistutes ning enamasti leidub teda üksikute gruppide või üksikpuudena okaspuu segametsade koosseisus. Levila põhjaosas kasvab ta peamiselt koos järgmiste puuliikidega: harilik ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii), hiigel-elupuu (Thuja plicata), hiigelnulg (Abies grandis), kalifornia ebaküpress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), kalifornia lõhnaseeder (Calocedrus decurrens), kollane mänd (Pinus ponderosa), läänetsuuga (Tsuga heterophylla) ja Menziesi maasikapuu (Arbutus menziesii).[7]
Levila keskosas esinevad koos suhkrumänniga järgmised puuliigid: hall nulg (Abies concolor), Jeffrey mänd (Pinus jeffreyi), kalifornia lõhnaseeder, kalifornia tamm (Quercus kelloggii), kollane mänd (Pinus ponderosa), tore nulg (Abies magnifica) ja mammutipuu (Sequoiadendron giganteum).[7]
Levila lõunaosas kasvavad koos suhkrumänniga järgmised puuliigid: Coulteri mänd (Pinus coulteri), hall nulg, Jeffrey mänd, kalifornia lõhnaseeder, kollane mänd ja suurekäbiline ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa).[7]
Suurematel kõrgustel on suhkrumänni kaaspuuliikideks Jeffrey mänd, keerdmänd (Pinus contorta), läänemänd (Pinus monticola) ja tore nulg.[7]
Paljunemine
Suhkrumänd on ühekojaline taim ja paljuneb seemnetega. Käbikandvus algab suhkrumännil hiljem, kui temaga koos kasvavatel mändidel ning ka käbide arv pole kuigi suur. Tolmlemine toimub mai lõpust kuni augusti alguseni, mis sõltub eelkõige kasvukoha kõrgusest. Seemnete koguhulgast valmib vaid 40–50% järgmise aasta augustist kuni oktoobri alguseni. Neid kahjustab ürask Conophthorus lambertianae, kes võib hävitada kuni 93% puu seemnetest. Veel valmimata seemnetest toituvad ka oravad ja linnud, näiteks Douglase orav (Tamiasciurus douglasii) ja valgepea-rähn (Picoides albolarvatus).[7]
Head seemneaastad korduvad kahe kuni seitsme aasta järel. Nendel aastatel on seemnete idanevus 67–93%, vaheaastatel aga võib langeda kuni 28%. Valminud seemned varisevad augusti lõpust kuni oktoobri lõpuni. Suhkrumänni seemned on üsna suured ja rasked, ühe seemne keskmine mass on 216 mg. Kuna seemne tiivake pole eriti suur, siis rasked seemned ei kandu tuulega kuigi kaugele, 80% neist langeb emapuust vaid kuni 30 m kaugusele. Peale tuule aitavad ka linnud ja väikeloomad kaasa seemnetele levitamisele, kuigi nad söövad enamuse neist ära.[7]
Esimesel kasvuaastal võib põua tõttu hukkuda kuni 50% seemikutest ning vaid 20–25% kasvama hakanud puudest elavad 10. eluaastani.[7]
Haigused ja kahjurid
Seenhaigused
Männi-koorepõletikuga nakatunud puu
Väga suurt kahju tekitab suhkrumändidele männi-koorepõletik, mida põhjustab seen Cronartium ribicola. See seenhaigus on kõige olulisem Põhja-Ameerika viieokkaliste mändide kahjustaja. Välikatsete käigus on 70,8 kuni 77,4% suhkrumändidest nakatunud koorepõletikku[9]. Nakatunud seemikud hukkuvad tavaliselt mõne aasta jooksul. Haiguse levik on kõige ulatuslikum Oregonis ja California põhjaosas ning väheneb järk-järgult lõuna suunas, kus valitseb seente levikut pidurdav kuivem kliima.[5]
Parasiittaimed
Parasiittaim Arceuthobium californicum võib oluliselt kahjustada nakatunud puid, kuid aeglaselt levivat kahjustajat saab edukalt sanitaarraietega kontrolli all hoida.[5] Parasiittaimed vähendavad puude vastupanuvõimet haigustele, tüve läbimõõtu, kasvukõrgust ja puidu kvaliteeti. Haigusest kurnatud puud langevad aga tihti üraskite ründe alla.[7]
Kahjurputukad
Mäestiku-männiürask (Dendroctonus ponderosae) on suhkrumänni kõige olulisem kahjurputukas. Nende putukate epideemilised rünnakud toimuvad periooditi ning põhjustavad suhkrumändide hukkumist suurte gruppide kaupa.[7]
Suhkrumänni käbisid kahjustav ürask Conophthorus lambertianae võib hävitada kuni 75% aastasest seemnesaagist.[5]
Kasutamine
Hariliku männi ja suhkrumänni käbi
Suhkrumänni puit on kõrgelt hinnatud heade omaduste tõttu. Ta on hästi töödeldav, kerge ja hea vastupanuvõimega deformatsioonidele. See on leidnud kasutust eelkõige akna- ja ukseraamide, simside, uste ja mitmete spetsiaalsete puittoodete (nt oreliviled ja klaveriklahvid) valmistamisel.[5]
Puidu füüsikalised ja mehaanilised omadused on toodud alljärgnevas tabelis:[10][11]
Omadus Väärtus Ühik
Tihedus, õhukuiv puit* 403 kg/m
3 Erikaal, õhukuiv puit* 0,36 –
Kõvadus ristikiudu, õhukuiv puit* 1700 N
Elastsusmoodul, värske puit / õhukuiv puit* 7100 / 8200 MPa
Paindetugevus, värske puit / õhukuiv puit* 34,0 / 57,0 MPa
Survetugevus, (õhukuiv puit*) pikikiudu / ristikiudu 30,8 / 3,40 MPa
Nihketugevus, õhukuiv puit* 7,8 MPa
Ruumala kahanemine kuivamisel, ahjukuiv puit** 7,9 %
* – niiskusesisaldus 12%; ** – niiskusesisaldus 0% Viited
-
↑ "Conifer database: Pinus lambertiana.". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 03.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Picea lambertiana. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2010.
-
↑ Eino Laas. "Okaspuud", Tartu: Atlex, 2004.
-
↑ Donald Culross Peattie. A Natural History of North American Trees, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007. ISBN 0618799044, ISBN 978-0618799046.
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 "Pinus lambertiana". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 03.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 "Pinus lambertiana". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 03.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 7,00 7,01 7,02 7,03 7,04 7,05 7,06 7,07 7,08 7,09 7,10 7,11 7,12 "Sugar Pine". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 03.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. Conifer Cold Hardiness, Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
-
↑ Sniezko, Richard A.; Samman, Safiya; Schlarbaum, Scott E.; Kriebel, Howard B.. "Breeding and Genetic Resources of Five-Needle Pines:Growth, Adaptability, and Pest Resistance". www.fs.fed.us, 2001. Medford, Oregon, USA. Failitüüp: PDF. Inglise.
-
↑ Samuel V. Glass, Samuel L. Zelinka. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 04: Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 26.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ David E. Kretschmann. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 05: Mechanical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 26.06.2010. Inglise.
Välislingid
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Suhkrumänd: Brief Summary
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Suhkrumänd (Pinus lambertiana) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta kuulub viieokkaliste mändide rühma ja alamperekonda Strobus ning on oma nime (sugar pine) saanud tänu tüves sisalduvale magusale vaigule, mida indiaanlased kasutasid köha ravimiseks. Eurooplastest avastas suhkrumänni esimesena šoti botaanik David Douglas (1799–1834) 1826. aastal Oregoni territooriumilt.
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Sokerimänty
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Sokerimänty (Pinus lambertiana) on mäntyjen sukuun kuuluva ainavihanta havupuu. Laji on saanut nimensä makeasta pihkastaan, joka sisältää paljon ksylitolia. Vanhin ajoitettu puu on noin 800-vuotias. Intiaanit käyttivät sokerimännyn pähkinöitä osana ravintoaan. Sokerimäntyä vaivaavista sienistä yleisin on Cronartium ribicola -sieni, joka on tuhonnut suuria määriä sokerimäntyjä.
Sokerimäntyä tavataan alkuperäisenä Yhdysvaltain länsiosissa Oregonin ja Kalifornian osavaltioissa sekä hyvin pienellä alueella Nevadassa, mutta myös Luoteis-Meksikossa Baja Californian osavaltiossa. Lajin alkuperäistä elinympäristöä ovat vuoristojen rinteet 300–3 200 metrin korkeudessa.
Kuvaus
Sokerimänty on mäntylajeista suurin. Sen normaali pituus on 40–60 metriä, mutta pisin mitattu sokerimänty Yosemiten kansallispuistossa on saavuttanut 81,7 metrin korkeuden. Rungon ympärysmitta on 1,5–2,5 m, parhaimmillaan yli 3,5 m.
Puun parhaita tuntomerkkejä ovat viisi 6–11 cm pitkää neulasta samassa kannassa ja suuret kävyt, jotka voivat kasvaa jopa 50–66 cm mittaisiksi.
Lähteet
-
↑ Pinus lambertiana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
Aiheesta muualla
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Sokerimänty: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Sokerimänty (Pinus lambertiana) on mäntyjen sukuun kuuluva ainavihanta havupuu. Laji on saanut nimensä makeasta pihkastaan, joka sisältää paljon ksylitolia. Vanhin ajoitettu puu on noin 800-vuotias. Intiaanit käyttivät sokerimännyn pähkinöitä osana ravintoaan. Sokerimäntyä vaivaavista sienistä yleisin on Cronartium ribicola -sieni, joka on tuhonnut suuria määriä sokerimäntyjä.
Sokerimäntyä tavataan alkuperäisenä Yhdysvaltain länsiosissa Oregonin ja Kalifornian osavaltioissa sekä hyvin pienellä alueella Nevadassa, mutta myös Luoteis-Meksikossa Baja Californian osavaltiossa. Lajin alkuperäistä elinympäristöä ovat vuoristojen rinteet 300–3 200 metrin korkeudessa.
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Pinus lambertiana
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Le Pin à sucre, Pinus lambertiana, est une espèce de pins, de la famille des Pinaceae, que l'on ne trouve que sur la côte ouest des États-Unis et du Mexique, dans les états d'Oregon, de Californie et de Basse-Californie, et notamment dans la Sierra Nevada, la chaîne des Cascades, les chaînes côtières du Pacifique et la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir.
Appellation
Le naturaliste John Muir considérait que le pin à sucre était le « roi des conifères ». Le nom vernaculaire vient de la résine douce, que Muir aurait trouvée meilleure que le sucre d'érable[1].
Dimensions
Cônes et aiguilles d'un pin à sucre.
Cet arbre est la plus grande espèce de pin, atteignant communément les 40-60 mètres de hauteur, exceptionnellement jusqu'à 81 m, avec un tronc dont le diamètre varie généralement entre 1,5 à 2,5 m, allant au maximum jusqu'à 3,5 m.
C'est un membre du groupe des pins blancs, c'est-à-dire du sous-genre Strobus du genre Pinus, et comme chez tous les arbres de ce groupe, les feuilles (ou aiguilles) sont regroupées cinq par cinq, avec une gaine caduque. Elles mesurent 6-11 cm de long. Ce pin a les plus longs cônes de tous les conifères, ceux du Pin à gros cônes étant simplement plus massifs. Ces cônes mesurent de 25 à 50 cm de long, atteignant exceptionnellement les 66 cm. Les graines mesurent entre 10 et 12 mm de long, avec des ailes de 2-3 cm de long, aidant à la dissémination.
Infections fongiques
Le Pin à sucre a été plusieurs fois infecté par la rouille vésiculeuse du pin blanc (Cronartium ribicola), un champignon accidentellement introduit depuis l'Europe en 1909. Une grande partie de ces pins a été tuée par cette rouille, particulièrement dans la partie septentrionale de la répartition qui a longtemps hébergé ce champignon.
L'infection a aussi touché d'autres espèces, détruisant Pins argentés et Pins à écorce blanche. Le Service des forêts des États-Unis a un programme visant à développer des Pins à sucre et de Pins argentés résistants à la rouille. Des graines de ces arbres ont été introduites dans la nature. L'initiative de la Sugar Pine Foundation dans le bassin du lac Tahoe a trouvé des graines de Pins à sucre résistantes et a démontré qu'il est important que les citoyens aident le Service des forêts des États-Unis pour la sauvegarde des espèces[2].
Voir aussi
Références taxinomiques
Source
-
(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
Notes et références
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Pinus lambertiana: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Le Pin à sucre, Pinus lambertiana, est une espèce de pins, de la famille des Pinaceae, que l'on ne trouve que sur la côte ouest des États-Unis et du Mexique, dans les états d'Oregon, de Californie et de Basse-Californie, et notamment dans la Sierra Nevada, la chaîne des Cascades, les chaînes côtières du Pacifique et la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir.
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Sykurfura
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Sykurfura (fræðiheiti Pinus lambertiana) er hávaxnasta og gildvaxnasta furutegundin, og hefur lengstan köngul allra barrtrjáa. Fræðiheitið lambertiana var gefið af Breska grasafræðingnum David Douglas, sem nefndi tegundina til heiðurs enska grasafræðingnum, Aylmer Bourke Lambert. Hún er ættuð frá fjöllum Kyrrahafsstrandar Norður-Ameríku, frá Oregon gegn um Kaliforníu til Baja California.
Tilvísanir
Viðbótarlesning
-
Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. bls. 99. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527. Snið:LCC, with illustrations by Carl Eytel - Kurut, Gary F. (2009), "Carl Eytel: Southern California Desert Artist", California State Library Foundation, Bulletin No. 95, pp. 17-20 retrieved November 13, 2011
- Muir, J. (1911). My First Summer in the Sierra.
- Kinloch Jr., Bohun B.; Scheuner, William H. (1990). "Pinus lambertiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. Conifers. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
- Habeck, R. J. (1992). "Pinus lambertiana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory – via https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/.
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Sykurfura: Brief Summary
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Sykurfura (fræðiheiti Pinus lambertiana) er hávaxnasta og gildvaxnasta furutegundin, og hefur lengstan köngul allra barrtrjáa. Fræðiheitið lambertiana var gefið af Breska grasafræðingnum David Douglas, sem nefndi tegundina til heiðurs enska grasafræðingnum, Aylmer Bourke Lambert. Hún er ættuð frá fjöllum Kyrrahafsstrandar Norður-Ameríku, frá Oregon gegn um Kaliforníu til Baja California.
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Saldžioji pušis
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Pinus lambertiana Sinonimai
-
Pinus lambertiana var. martirensis
Silba -
Pinus lambertiana var. minor
Lemmon -
Pinus lambertiana var. purpurea
Lemmon -
Strobus lambertiana (Douglas) Moldenke
Saldžioji arba lamberto pušis (lot. Pinus lambertiana, angl. Sugar pine, vok. Zucker-Kiefer) – pušinių šeimos (Pinaceae) visžalis spygliuotis bei vienanamis medis.
Vyriški kankorėžiai prieš apsidulkinimą
Tarp pušinių turi vienus masyviausių kankorėžių
Paplitimas ir augavietės
Paplitusi JAV vakaruose, o pagrindinis arealas vakariniame Oregone bei kalnuotose Kalifornijos vietovėse. Šiek tiek auga Nevados vakariniame pakraštyje bei Žemutinėje Kalifornijoje (Meksika).
Auga kalnuotose vietovėse 300-3200 m aukštyje, dažnai persimaišiusi su kitais spygliuočiais. Tinkamiausias jų geram vegetavimui gerai pralaidus, dirvožemis. Lamberto pušis anglų ir kitose kalbose vadinama „cukrine pušimi“, dėl kvapių ir saldžių sakų. XX a. daug šios pušies sengirių buvo iškirsta[1].
Požymiai
Jų kamienas status, laja siaurai kūgiška, vėliau tampa plokščiaviršūnė. Jauno medžio žievė plona ir pilkšvai žalia, vėliau sustorėja iki 7,5 cm, rausvai ruda su vertikaliai ir giliai sueižėjusiomis žievės dalelėmis. Spygliai 5-10 cm ilgio, 1-1,5 mm pločio, susitelkę po 5. Vyriški kankorėžiai iki 15 cm ilgio, geltoni. Moteriški Kankorėžiai cilindriški, gelsvai rudi, 25-46 cm ilgio, rečiau dar ilgesni (ilgiausi tarp visų pušinių), su 6-15 cm ilgio žvyneliais. Sėklos 10-20 mm ilgio, su 2-3 cm ilgio skristuku.
Matmenys
Greitai augantys medžiai. Tai pat aukščiausi pušų genties medžiai, nors panašaus aukščio užauga geltonosios pušies Pinus ponderosa subsp. benthamiana porūšis, taip pat vieni aukščiausių Šiaurės Amerikos medžių. Saldžiosios pušys paprastai užauga 40-60 m, nors rečiau, bet pasitaiko ir 75-82 m aukščio medžiai. Vienas tokių - 82,19 m aukščio (pagal R. van Pelt) medis 2010 metais nusibaigė ir šiuo metu aukščiausia laikoma 77,85 m aukščio medis. Kamieno skersmuo 90-180 cm, rečiau 150-250 cm, bet dabar žinomas augantis medis, turintis 352 cm skersmens kamieną.
Saldžioji pušis gerokai pralenkia visas pušų genties rūšis ir savo masyvumu. Vienos augančios išmatuotas tūris buvo 255 m³.Šio medžio kiti duomenys tokie: aukštis 62,8 m, kamieno skersmuo 3,34 m, auga Dorington'e (Kalifornija). Palyginimui antra pagal masyvumą gentyje geltonoji pušis su jos Pinus ponderosa subsp. benthamiana porūšiu yra 143,5 m³ tūrio, aukštis 72,2 m, kamieno skersmuo 253 cm. Matyt masyviausia istoriniais laikais augusi saldžioji pušis buvo pastebėta 1826 metais, apie tai bylojantys istoriniai dokumentai. 1 m aukštyje nuo žemės turėjusi 5,60 m kamieno skersmenį, 40,84 m aukštyje kamieno skersmuo siekė 1,69 m, o bendras medžio aukštis buvo 65,53 m. Ji buvo išmatuota botaniko David'o Douglas'o turėjusio gerą reputaciją, anuomet tyrinėjusio Šiaurės Amerikos vakarų dalies augaliją.
Amžius
Apie jų seniausius individus mažai informacijos arba ji neparemta šaltiniais. Vienas tokių, tai škotų kilmės amerikiečių gamtininkas John Muir yra teigęs esančias 800 metų, bet nepaliko daugiau jokių įrodymų. Taip pat (A.C.Carder, 1995. Forest giants of the world: past and present. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. 208 pp.) teigia apie 760 metų senumo medžius. Bet dabar vyrauja teiginiai, kad tai palyginus neilgai gyvenantys medžiai - 400-500, rečiau iki 600 metų.
Šaltiniai
Nuorodos
- Saldžiosios pušies mokslinis lotynų kalba pavadinimas ir sinonimai per (theplantlist.org), (ipni.org), (tropicos.org), (kew.org) svetaines Anglų k.
-
Pinus lambertiana (fs.fed.us), Anglų k.
-
Pinus lambertiana (conifers.org), Anglų k.
-
Pinus lambertiana (efloras.org), Anglų k.
-
Pinus lambertiana (pfaf.org), Anglų k.
-
Sugar pine (dendro.cnre.vt.edu), Anglų k.
-
Pinus lambertiana (plants.usda.gov), Anglų k.
-
Pinus lambertiana (iucnredlist.org), Anglų k.
Galerija
Vikiteka
Dendrologija Botanika · Augalija · Flora · Augalai · Sumedėjęs augalas · Liana · Puskrūmis · Krūmokšnis · Krūmas · Krūmedis · Medis · Vaismedis Iliustruotas Lietuvos augalų genčių vardynas · Lietuvos vietinės medžių ir krūmų rūšys · Lietuvos išskirtiniai medžiai · Lietuvos svetimžemė dendroflora · Pasaulio išskirtiniai medžiai
Miškas · Miško skliautas · Lietuvos miškai · Pasaulio miškai (šalys pagal miškų plotą) · Miškų nykimas (neteisėtas miško kirtimas)
Miškininkystė (ekologinė miškininkystė) · Miško atkūrimas · Įveisimas · Miškų ūkis · Miškų urėdija · Girininkija · Eiguva · Lietuvos miškų institutas
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Saldžioji pušis: Brief Summary
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Saldžioji arba lamberto pušis (lot. Pinus lambertiana, angl. Sugar pine, vok. Zucker-Kiefer) – pušinių šeimos (Pinaceae) visžalis spygliuotis bei vienanamis medis.
Vyriški kankorėžiai prieš apsidulkinimą
Kankorėžiai Tarp pušinių turi vienus masyviausių kankorėžių
Saldžioji pušis
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Suikerden
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De suikerden of reuzenden (Pinus lambertiana) is een groenblijvende conifeer uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). Het is de grootste en meest volumineuze boom uit het geslacht der dennen en hij heeft de langste kegels van alle coniferen. In het Engels heet de boom sugar pine of sugar cone pine. De suikerden dankt haar naam aan de zoete geur van haar suikerhoudende hars.
Voorkomen
De boom is inheems in de bergen langs de westkust van de Verenigde Staten (meer bepaald in de Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada en Coast Ranges van Oregon, Californië en Nevada) en de Mexicaanse deelstaat Baja California (in het Sierra de San Pedro Mártir-gebergte). In Europa is de boom alleen in arboreta te vinden.
Beschrijving
De suikerden lijkt het best op de weymouthden (Pinus strobus), maar met een nettere, donkerder kroon. De loten zijn groen, fijn en kort roodbruin behaard. Bij kneuzing geven de loten een sterke citroengeur af. De naalden staan in bundels van vijf en worden ongeveer 10 cm lang. De kegels zijn enorm: ze worden tot 45 cm lang. Suikerdennen in Europese arboreta vormen echter zelden of nooit kegels.
De Schots-Amerikaanse natuurvorser John Muir prees de sugar pine als "the noblest pine yet discovered, surpassing all others not merely in size but also in kingly beauty and majesty."[1]
Veel suikerdennen zijn aangetast door blaas- of zwartebessenroest (Cronartium ribicola), een schimmel van Europese oorsprong. Vooral in het noorden van het verspreidingsgebied heeft de schimmel veel suikerdennen geveld. Ook Pinus monticola en Pinus albicaulis lijden hieraan.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
-
↑ Muir, John (1997). The Mountains of California (1894). In: John Muir. Nature Writings. New York: Library of America. p. 409.
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Suikerden: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De suikerden of reuzenden (Pinus lambertiana) is een groenblijvende conifeer uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). Het is de grootste en meest volumineuze boom uit het geslacht der dennen en hij heeft de langste kegels van alle coniferen. In het Engels heet de boom sugar pine of sugar cone pine. De suikerden dankt haar naam aan de zoete geur van haar suikerhoudende hars.
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Sukkerfuru
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Sukkerfuru (Pinus lambertiana) er en art i furufamilien. Sukkerfurua vokser vilt i fjellområdene i vestlige Nord-Amerika. Den er den største furuarten og kan bli 75 m høy og ha en stammediameter på 330 cm.
Litteratur
Eksterne lenker
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Sukkerfuru: Brief Summary
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Sukkerfuru (Pinus lambertiana) er en art i furufamilien. Sukkerfurua vokser vilt i fjellområdene i vestlige Nord-Amerika. Den er den største furuarten og kan bli 75 m høy og ha en stammediameter på 330 cm.
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Sosna Lamberta
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sosna Lamberta, sosna cukrowa (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna Lamberta nazywana jest często cukrową (ang. sugar pine)[2], co zawdzięcza wydzielaniu słodkiej żywicy, która jest jadalna, choć szkodliwa w większych ilościach[3]. Gatunek ten jest charakterystyczny dla Oregonu i Kalifornii, sięgając do północno-zachodnich krańców Meksyku. Park Narodowy Yosemite jest ostatnią z jego większych ostoi. Sosna Lamberta znana jest z najdłuższych szyszek spośród iglastych – osiągają one do 66 cm długości i ważą do 2 kg. Jest też drugą co do wielkości sosną – jej największe okazy dorastają do 80 m wysokości i ok. 3 m średnicy pnia, wyższa jest tylko sosna żółta.
Rozmieszczenie geograficzne
Naturalny zasięg sosny Lamberta rozciąga się szerokim pasem wzdłuż pacyficznego wybrzeża Ameryki Północnej: od południowego Oregonu do południowej Kalifornii, zahaczając o skrajnie zachodnią Nevadę (basen jeziora Tahoe[4]) w południowo-zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych, po Kalifornię Dolną w północno-zachodnim Meksyku. Zasięg mieści się między szerokością geograficzną 30° 30' N a 45° 10' N. Sosna ta występuje głównie na terenach górskich. Jej zasięg jest niemal ciągły w górach Klamath i Siskiyou oraz na zachodnich zboczach Gór Kaskadowych i Sierra Nevada. Mniejsze i izolowane populacje rosną w Górach Nadbrzeżnych południowego Oregonu i Kalifornii, w górach Transverse i Peninsular Ranges w południowej Kalifornii oraz na wschód od Gór Kaskadowych i pasma Sierra Nevada. Południowy kraniec zasięgu stanowi odizolowana meksykańska populacja w paśmie Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (Kalifornia Dolna)[5][2][6]. Ponad 80% drzewostanów znajduje się na terenie Kalifornii, przy czym najrozleglejsze i najliczniejsze populacje rosną w mieszanych lasach iglastych na zachodnich zboczach gór Sierra Nevada[6].
Sosna Lamberta zazwyczaj występuje na wysokości 335–1645 m n.p.m. w Górach Kaskadowych, 610-2285 m w Sierra Nevada, 1220-3000 m w Transverse i Peninsular Ranges oraz 2150–2775 m w Sierra San Pedro Mártir[6]. Podawana jest z wysokości 330–3200 m n.p.m.[7]
Gatunek został introdukowany do Europy w XIX wieku (do Anglii w 1827[8], do Arboretum w Kórniku trafił w 1851[9]). Do połowy XX wieku okazałe drzewa tego gatunku rosły jeszcze w Anglii, jednak później poginęły, prawdopodobnie w każdym wypadku z powodu rdzy wejmutkowo-porzeczkowej[8].
Morfologia
Szyszki sosny cukrowej są najdłuższe spośród wszystkich iglastych. Na zdjęciu w porównaniu z szyszką
sosny zwyczajnej (
P. sylvestris)
- Pokrój
-
Korona drzewa jest wąsko stożkowata, z czasem na szczycie zaokrąglona lub płaska. Gałęzie rozpościerają się poziomo, na końcach zwisają pod ciężarem dużych szyszek.
-
Pień i pędy
- Jest to drugi co do wielkości przedstawiciel rodzaju Pinus, osiągający zazwyczaj 40–60 m wysokości, chociaż znane są okazy dorastające do ponad 80 m[10] (wyższa jest tylko sosna żółta). Średnica pnia wynosi ok. 1,5–2,5 m, czasem powyżej 3 m. Kora jest cynamonowo-brązowa do szaro-brązowej, głęboko bruzdowana, o długich, łuskowatych płytkach. Gałęzie są długie, niemal poziome[2]. Pędy cienkie, zielono-oliwkowe, krótko, ale gęsto czerwonobrązowo omszone[8].
- Liście
- Igły wyrastają po 5 na krótkopędach, są długości 5–10 cm, szerokości 1–1,5(2) mm[2], proste, lekko skręcone, zaostrzone, giętkie, niebieskozielone do ciemnozielonych[3], z wyraźnymi białymi rzędami aparatów szparkowych. Pochewka liściowa o rozmiarach (1)1,5–2 cm szybko opada. Na pędach igły skierowane są prosto ku ich szczytom. Pąki walcowate z długo wyciągniętymi wierzchołkami. Łuski jasnobrązowe z ciemnymi wierzchołkami[8].
- Szyszki
- Kwiatostany męskie są podłużnie cylindryczne, żółte, o długości do 15 mm. Szyszki żeńskie (nasienne) często rosną w grupach, są zwisające, symetryczne, cylindryczne przed otwarciem, później elipsoidalno-cylindryczne. Osiągają wagę do 2 kg, są błyszczące, a gdy dojrzeją, jasnobrązowe. Sosna Lamberta znana jest z najdłuższych szyszek spośród wszystkich roślin iglastych. Ich długość mieści się między 25 a 50 cm, przy czym zdarzają się także szyszki o długości do 66 cm. Nasiona są długości 1–2 cm, brązowe, opatrzone szerokim skrzydełkiem o długości 2–3 cm[2][10].
- Korzeń
- W młodym wieku wykształca się głęboki korzeń palowy.
- Gatunki podobne
-
Sosna meksykańska, ale ma dłuższe liście (10–18 cm). Od także pięcioigielnej wejmutki sosna Lamberta różni się wyraźnym, gęstym omszeniem pędów[8].
Biologia
Rozwój
Sosna Lamberta to gatunek jednopienny. Pąki reprodukcyjne zawiązują się w lipcu i sierpniu, ale pozostają w uśpieniu do następnej wiosny. Pylenie następuje od końca maja do początku sierpnia, w zależności od wysokości n.p.m. i, w mniejszym stopniu, szerokości geograficznej. Pyłek roznoszony jest przez wiatr (anemogamia). Szyszki żeńskie są długości 2,5–5 cm w momencie zapylenia, ale do końca sezonu podwajają długość. Do zapłodnienia dochodzi późną wiosną następnego roku (około 12 miesięcy po zapyleniu). Nasiona dojrzewają późnym latem. Dojrzałe szyszki stają się jasnobrązowe i otwierają się od połowy sierpnia na niższych stanowiskach do początku października na wyższych i opadają wkrótce po uwolnieniu nasion. Drzewo uzyskuje pełną zdolność produkcyjną po osiągnięciu około 75 cm średnicy pnia lub wieku około 150 lat[6][11].
Produkcja szyszek u sosny Lamberta rozpoczyna się później i jest mniej obfita niż u gatunków jej towarzyszących. Badania populacji ze środkowych gór Sierra Nevada wykazały, że szyszki wytwarza mniej niż 5% okazów o średnicy pnia poniżej 20 cm, 50% sosen o średnicy poniżej 31 cm oraz 80% o średnicy powyżej 51 cm. W pierwszym roku rozwoju szyszki często samoistnie opadają. Prawdopodobieństwo, że zapylona szyszka dojrzeje, kształtuje się na poziomie 40-50%. Podczas badań populacji z gór Klamath stwierdzono, że 19% szyszek opadało w 5-12 tygodni od zapylenia, pomimo że nie miały widocznych uszkodzeń spowodowanych przez patogeny. Liczba zrzucanych szyszek wahała się wśród badanych drzew od 15 do 85%[6].
Drzewa obradzają obficie przeważnie co 4 lata (od 2 do 7). Dorosłe drzewa wytwarzają dużą liczbę nasion, średnio 150 sztuk w szyszce, przy czym u poszczególnych drzew liczba ta waha się od 34 do 257 sztuk. W latach obfitych zdrowych nasion jest 67-99%, w pozostałych wartość ta może spaść do 28%. Nasiona są względnie duże i ciężkie, na jeden kilogram składa się średnio 4630 nasion. Skrzydełka mają niewielkie w stosunku do rozmiaru, więc opadają w większości (80%) w odległości do 30 m od drzewa[6].
Nasiona kiełkują epigeicznie i wykształcają 12–13 liścieni[12] oraz długi korzeń palowy. Siewki rosną szybko na dobrej glebie, na słabszym podłożu i w zacienieniu wzrost jest powolny. Po około dwóch latach korzeń sięga na głębokość 56-102 cm. Wczesny wzrost sosny Lamberta jest wolniejszy niż sosny żółtej, jednak później przyspiesza i utrzymuje się także po osiągnięciu przez drzewo dojrzałości. Najlepsze tempo wzrostu wykazują sosny Lamberta rosnące w górach Sierra Nevada, na wysokości 1370-1830 m n.p.m.[6][11]
Przyrost na grubość rozpoczyna się w połowie kwietnia i trwa do końca lata, zaś pod koniec maja pędy zaczynają rosnąć na długość, co trwa około 7 tygodni[6]. Igły pozostają na gałęziach przez 2–4 lata. Sosny Lamberta żyją 400–500 lat (i dłużej[6]) i rosnąc w tym czasie osiągają drugą po mamutowcu olbrzymim całkowitą objętość[11].
Anatomia
Drewno bielaste jest kremowobiałe do żółtawobiałego. Twardziel jest płowożółta lub jasnobrązowa, czasem o lekkim odcieniu czerwieni. Słoje roczne są wyraźnie widoczne, z jasnym drewnem wczesnym i wąskim paskiem ciemniejszego, gęstszego drewna późnego. Liczne przewody żywiczne znajdują się w środkowej i zewnętrznej części pierścieni[13].
Cechy fitochemiczne
Żywica ma słodki smak, ze względu na zawartość alkoholu cukrowego o nazwie pinitol (C7H14O6)[13].
Genetyka
Liczba chromosomów: 2n=24[7].
Jest to jeden z bardziej zmiennych genetycznie gatunków sosny. Populacje wykazują wyraźne adaptacje genetyczne do warunków klimatycznych panujących na danej wysokości nad poziomem morza[6].
Gatunek wykształcił trzy różne rodzaje dziedzicznej odporności na patogen powodujący najgroźniejszą dla niego chorobę – rdzę wejmutkowo-porzeczkową. Gwałtowna, nadwrażliwa reakcja na inwazję grzybni jest uwarunkowana przez jeden dominujący gen. Gen ten występuje z różną, ale stosunkowo niską częstością w granicach zasięgu występowania gatunku. Bardzo skutecznie przeciwdziała zarażeniu z większości źródeł. Na plantacji w górach Klamath została znaleziona rasa rdzy odporna na ten gen, ale w ciągu 10 lat od odkrycia nie rozprzestrzeniła się poza to stanowisko. U niektórych grup drzew zaobserwowano inną reakcję obronną, widoczną przez spowolnienie tempa infekcji i ograniczenie śmiertelności, mniejszą liczbę infekcji na drzewo oraz częstsze odrzucanie gałęzi będących w początkowym stadium zarażenia. Trzeci rodzaj odporności jest słabo poznany i zależny od wieku – drzewa dorosłe wykazują odporność na patogen, podczas gdy ich siewki pozostają podatne[6].
Sosna Lamberta nie krzyżuje się z innymi gatunkami sosen występujących w jej zasięgu. Nie zidentyfikowano żadnej naturalnej hybrydy[6]. Udało się natomiast uzyskać niewielką liczbę hybryd pierwszego pokolenia sztucznie z dwoma gatunkami azjatyckimi: sosną koreańską (Pinus koraiensis) oraz sosną Armanda (P. armandii). Gatunki te są ważne gospodarczo przez ich względną odporność na rdzę wejmutkowo-porzeczkową. W efekcie krzyżowania uzyskuje się jednak niewielką liczbę nasion, dopiero ponowne skrzyżowanie P. lambertiana x armandii z P. lambertiana daje obfite plony i drzewa o wyższej odporności na rdzę niż czystogatunkowe sosny Lamberta[6].
Ekologia
Las w górach Sierra Nevada w Kalifornii,
Sequoiadendron giganteum w centrum, sosna Lamberta po lewej
Siedlisko
Sosna Lamberta rośnie na wysokościach 300–3200 m n.p.m., zazwyczaj w górach, w mieszanych lasach iglastych. Rzadko tworzy jednolite drzewostany, przeważnie rośnie pojedynczo lub w małych grupach. Na północy zasięgu towarzyszą jej jedlica zielona (Pseudotsuga menziesii), sosna żółta (Pinus ponderosa), jodła olbrzymia (Abies grandis), cedrzyniec kalifornijski (Calocedrus decurrens), choina zachodnia (Tsuga heterophylla), żywotnik olbrzymi (Thuja plicata), cyprysik Lawsona (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Lithocarpus densiflorus i Arbutus menziesii. W centralnej części zasięgu występuje razem z sosną żółtą, sosną Jeffreya (Pinus jeffreyi), jodłą kalifornijską (Abies concolor), cedrzyńcem kalifornijskim, jodłą wspaniałą (Abies magnifica), mamutowcem olbrzymim (Sequoiadendron giganteum) i dębem Quercus kelloggii. Dalej na południe towarzyszą jej sosna Jeffreya, sosna żółta, sosna Coultera (Pinus coulteri), cedrzyniec kalifornijski, jodła kalifornijska i jedlica wielkoszyszkowa (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa)[6].
W południowej Kalifornii na niższych, bardziej wilgotnych stanowiskach towarzyszy jej dąb Quercus chrysolepis, podczas gdy na wyższych położeniach prusznik (Ceanothus cordulatus), mącznica (Arctostaphylos parryana var. pinctorum) oraz Chrysolepis sempervirens[11].
Występuje na obszarach o ciepłych, suchych latach i chłodnych, mokrych zimach. Poziom opadów atmosferycznych waha się od 83 do 173 cm rocznie, przy czym w lipcu i sierpniu wynosi zwykle poniżej 2,5 cm miesięcznie, a wilgotność względna latem jest niska. Większość opadów występuje między listopadem a kwietniem, głównie w postaci śniegu. Sosna Lamberta jest mało odporna na mrozy. Toleruje częściowe zacienienie. Najlepiej rośnie na glebach ilastych (od piaszczystego do gliniastego iłu). Na niższych wysokościach rośnie na każdym stanowisku, na wyższych preferuje stanowiska cieplejsze (południowe i zachodnie). Dzięki głębokiemu systemowi korzeniowemu nie jest podatna na wywroty powodowane przez silne wiatry[6][11].
Przystosowania do pożarów
Sosna Lamberta jest średnio odporna na pożary lasu. Młode drzewa przeżywają pożary od małej do średniej intensywności, jednak są wrażliwe na bardziej intensywny ogień. Starsze okazy przeżywają większość pożarów dzięki grubej korze i otwartej koronie, która spowalnia rozprzestrzenianie się ognia. Sosna ta uważana jest za mało podatną na ataki patogenów i szkodników następujące w efekcie osłabienia po pożarze[11].
Interakcje międzygatunkowe
Sosna Lamberta jest schronieniem i źródłem pożywienia dla szeregu ptaków i ssaków. Gęste zarośla młodych drzew służą większym ssakom jako schronienie i osłona termiczna. W starszych drzewach bytują małe ssaki, np. wiewiórki czikari (Tamiasciurus douglasii) oraz ptaki, np. dzięcioły białogłowe (Picoides albolarvatus) czy sowy. Uważana jest za mało smaczną dla zwierząt dzikich i gospodarskich. Mimo to małe ssaki żerują na młodych siewkach, ograniczając zdolność drzew do regeneracji. Żerowanie wiewiórek czikari i dzięciołów białogłowych na szyszkach może spowodować znaczne szkody w wytwarzanych nasionach[6][11].
Sukcesja
Sosna Lamberta jest gatunkiem seralnym, rzadko tworzącym jednogatunkowe stanowiska. Lepiej znosi zacienienie niż sosna żółta, trochę gorzej niż cedrzyńce i daglezje, dużo gorzej niż jodła kalifornijska. Z wiekiem staje się mniej tolerancyjna i, jeśli jest zdominowana przez inne drzewa, zanika, zaś w sprzyjających warunkach zajmuje pojawiające się prześwity. Dlatego spotykana jest jako gatunek dominujący tylko w biocenozach, w których działały czynniki eliminujące jodłę kalifornijską, będącą gatunkiem klimaksowym[6][11].
Rośliny pasożytnicze
Sosna Lamberta jest głównym gospodarzem pasożytniczej rośliny Arceuthobium californicum z rodziny jemiołowatych (Viscaceae)[2][14]. Jest to pasożyt pędowy, występujący w zachodniej części zasięgu tej sosny, od południowych Gór Kaskadowych przez Sierra Nevada do gór Cuyamaca w południowej Kalifornii. Pojawia się także na okazach rosnących w górach na północy Kalifornii (od hrabstwa Lake do granicy z Oregonem). Nie występuje tak obficie jak inne rośliny pasożytnicze z tej rodziny na innych sosnach, prawdopodobnie dlatego, że sosny Lamberta rzadko tworzą jednolite drzewostany, częściej występując w lasach mieszanych, co utrudnia rozprzestrzenianie się pasożyta w naturalnych warunkach. Zarażeniu ulega ok. 20% lasów, w których występuje sosna Lamberta. Zarażenie może prowadzić do dużych uszkodzeń drzewa, także przez zwiększenie podatności na inne infekcje na skutek osłabienia. Na starych okazach spotykane są wówczas duże i liczne skupiska pasożyta. Następuje spowolnienie tempa wzrostu, a osłabione drzewa są często atakowane przez szkodniki i obumierają[15].
Na sośnie Lamberta pasożytują także inni przedstawiciele rodzaju Arceuthobium. Jest gospodarzem pomocniczym A. monticola, infekują ją również, choć rzadko, Arceuthobium abietinum f. sp. concoloris oraz A. campylopodum. Jest z kolei odporna na infekcje A. cyanocarpum oraz A. siskiyouense, pomimo że występują w jej zasięgu[14].
Infekcje grzybowe
Sosna Lamberta jest bardzo podatna na rdzę wejmutkowo-porzeczkową, chorobę wywoływaną przez grzyb Cronartium ribicola, zawleczony w 1909 roku z Europy do Ameryki Północnej. Rdza zniszczyła populacje w północnej części zasięgu. Im dalej na południe, tym choroba występuje rzadziej. W środkowej i południowej Kalifornii lato jest zbyt suche, by choroba mogła się rozprzestrzeniać. Porażone siewki i małe drzewka giną w wyniku uszkodzeń powodowanych obwarem pędu głównego. Zarażone starsze drzewa stają się wrażliwsze na ataki innych patogenów[11].
Lokalnie igły są atakowane przez grzyb Lophodermella arcuata (Darker) Darker, zaś opieńka miodowa (Armillaria mellea) może wywołać opieńkową zgniliznę korzeni. Choroby korzeni powodowane przez korzeniowca sosnowego (Heterobasidion annosum) lub Ophiostoma wageneri mogą doprowadzić do śmierci drzew w każdym wieku i rozmiarze[6].
Systematyka i nomenklatura
Gatunek został odkryty po raz pierwszy 26 października 1826 r., a następnie opisany w 1827 r. przez szkockiego botanika Davida Douglasa[12] (1799–1834). Epitet gatunkowy lambertiana w nazwie naukowej został nadany przez odkrywcę na cześć jego przyjaciela, angielskiego botanika Aylmera B. Lamberta (1761–1842). Nazwa angielska Sugar Pine wzięła się od słodkiego smaku żywicy, porównywanego ze smakiem cukru klonowego[13][16].
Synonimy[17]: Pinus lambertiana var. martirensis Silba, P. lambertiana subsp. martirensis (Silba) Silba, P. lambertiana var. minor Lemmon, P. lambertiana var. purpurea Lemmon, Strobus lambertiana (Douglas) Moldenke.
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[10]:
Zagrożenia i ochrona
Sosna Lamberta w Parku Narodowym Sekwoi
Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia LC (least concern), co oznacza, że jest on gatunkiem najmniejszej troski. Część stanowisk sosny Lamberta znajduje się na obszarach chronionych, m.in. w Parku Narodowym Yosemite, czy w Parku Narodowym Sekwoi[18][5].
Zidentyfikowanym zagrożeniem dla gatunku jest podatność na rdzę wejmutkowo-porzeczkową, która ogranicza naturalne odnawianie na obszarach narażonych na zarażenie patogenem. Prowadzone są badania nad tą chorobą i jej monitoring. W celu ochrony sosny Lamberta prowadzi się także zabiegi hodowlane służące uzyskaniu i namnażaniu roślin genetycznie odpornych na tego grzyba[18][5].
Zastosowanie
Wycinka sosny Lamberta, Kalifornia, początek XX w.
- Surowiec drzewny
Sosna Lamberta jest głównym źródłem surowca drzewnego na średnich wysokościach, m.in. w górach Klamath i Siskiyou, Górach Kaskadowych, Sierra Nevada czy paśmie Transverse. Wysokiej jakości drewno stanowi poszukiwany surowiec budowlany ze względu na stabilność wymiarową i obrabialność. Drewno jest jasne i odporne na deformacje. Łatwo poddaje się frezowaniu i formowaniu. Jest cenione jako materiał do wyrobu m.in. elementów pianin i organów[6][11]. Brak smaku i zapachu czyni z niego idealny materiał na pojemniki na żywność czy leki. Wcześniej, głównie w okresie gorączki złota w górach Sierra Nevada, drewno wykorzystywano do produkcji wszelkich wyrobów drewnianych, budowy domów, stodół, kanałów i śluz wodnych, stempli kopalnianych czy zagród dla zwierząt gospodarskich. Później uznano takie wykorzystanie za marnotrawstwo, zważywszy na wysoką jakość surowca[13].
- Roślina jadalna
Słodka żywica, pojawiająca się w miejscu uszkodzenia kory, była chętnie jedzona przez rdzennych Amerykanów. Zasychając, żywica przybiera biały kolor. Można ją jednak spożywać tylko w niewielkich ilościach, ze względu na właściwości przeczyszczające[13][3]. Jako pożywienie służyły także nasiona. Szyszki zbierano w całości na początku jesieni, prażono na rozżarzonych węglach, a następnie rozcinano i wytrząsano z nich nasiona. Tak przesuszone nasiona były tłuczone na mąkę lub zjadane w całości[16].
- Inne zastosowanie
Rdzenni Amerykanie wykorzystywali smołę drzewną z sosny Lamberta do naprawiania canoe i mocowania grotów i piór do promieni strzał[11].
Uprawa
Uprawa sosny Lamberta jest trudniejsza niż niektórych innych sosen pięcioigielnych. Jako jedna z możliwych przyczyn podawana jest mniejsza tolerancja na suszę, która może spowodować obumarcie do połowy jednorocznych siewek. W warunkach naturalnych wrażliwość siewek na suszę jest do pewnego stopnia kompensowana przez szybko wykształcany, głęboki system korzeniowy. Sadzonki, aby przetrwać pierwsze lato po zasadzeniu, muszą posiadać zdolność intensywnej regeneracji systemu korzeniowego, która u sosny Lamberta jest znacznie mniejsza niż u gatunków naturalnie jej towarzyszących. Przez lata niepowodzenia w uprawie w szkółkach w Kalifornii były powodowane wysiewem nasion w maju, zbyt późnym dla tego gatunku, przez co jednoroczne siewki były za małe do rozsady. Wysiew nasion w lutym lub marcu, po uprzednim poddaniu ich stratyfikacji, daje odpowiednio długi sezon wegetacyjny aby jednoroczne siewki nadawały się do sadzenia[6].
Sosna Lamberta nie oczyszcza pnia samoczynnie, nawet rosnąc w dużym zwarciu, dlatego potrzebne są zabiegi mechaniczne aby uzyskać drewno wysokiej jakości[6].
Choroby
Istotnym zagrożeniem dla plantacji sosny Lamberta, większym niż na stanowiskach naturalnych, jest rdza wejmutkowo-porzeczkowa. Sosna ta jest najbardziej podatna spośród ważnych gospodarczo gatunków północnoamerykańskich sosen pięcioigielnych[11]. Rdza wejmutkowo-porzeczkowa była przyczyną obumarcia drzew tego gatunku uprawianych w Europie[8]. Oczyszczanie pni z gałęzi zmienia mikroklimat i przyspiesza rozwój porzeczek (Ribes) w podszycie, co znacznie podwyższa prawdopodobieństwo nasilenia i rozprzestrzenienia się choroby u obydwu gospodarzy. Jednakowy wiek drzew sprawia, że przez około 20 lat plantacje pozostają narażone na niemal całkowite zniszczenie. Za obiecujące rozwiązanie uważa się uprawę genetycznie odpornych na rdzę sosen Lamberta wraz z innymi drzewami iglastymi. Do patogenów powodujących duże straty w szkółkach (do 50% rocznie) należą również grzyby z gatunków Fusarium oxysporum i Macrophomina phaseolina oraz lęgniowce z rodzajów Pythium, Phytophthora i Rhizoctonia[6].
Szkodniki
Szkodnikiem sosny Lamberta jest chrząszcz Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (syn. Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins[19]) z rodziny ryjkowcowatych, żerujący także na innych amerykańskich gatunkach sosen. Atakuje szyszki nasienne w drugim roku ich rozwoju i może doprowadzić do utraty nasion na poziomie 93%[6]. Wiosną samica składa jaja w młodej szyszce. Larwy żerują wewnątrz szyszki, latem przeobrażają się do postaci dorosłej i wraz z szyszkami opadają na ziemię. Najczęściej zimują w obumarłej szyszce, z której wychodzą następnej wiosny[20].
Na sośnie Lamberta żeruje także inny przedstawiciel ryjkowcowatych, chrząszcz Dendroctonus ponderosae. Może doprowadzić do obumarcia dużych grup drzew. Szereg innych owadów żerujących na korze i drewnie (m.in. Dendroctonus valens, Melanophila californica, Ips paraconfusus) dodatkowo przyczynia się do śmierci tych sosen, szczególnie po okresach letniej suszy[6].
Przypisy
-
↑ P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE (ang.). W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
-
↑ a b c d e f Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus lambertiana [w:] The Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2009-07-26] (ang.).
-
↑ a b c J. Smeaton Chase: Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911, s. 12-14. OCLC 3477527. [dostęp 2013-10-14]. (ang.)
-
↑ Patricia E. Maloney (et al.). Population biology of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) with reference to historical disturbances in the Lake Tahoe Basin: Implications for restoration. „Fuel and Energy Abstracts”. 262(5), s. 770-779, 01 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.011 (ang.). [dostęp 2014-05-03].
-
↑ a b c A.A. Farjon A.A., Pinus lambertiana [w:] IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 [online] [dostęp 2013-10-08] (ang.).
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Bohun B. Kinloch, William Scheuner. Silvics of North America. 1. Conifers. Pinus lambertiana Dougl.. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, s. 742-762, 1990. Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala (red. techn.). Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2014-03-31].
-
↑ a b R. Kral. Pinus lambertiana. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2013-10-15].
-
↑ a b c d e f Alan F. Mitchell. Conifers in the British Isles. „Forestry Commission Booklet”. 33, s. 217, 1975.
-
↑ Włodzimierz Seneta: Drzewa i krzewy iglaste. T. II. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, s. 431. ISBN 83-01-05225-2.
-
↑ a b c Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus [w:] The Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2009-07-26] (ang.).
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l R. J. Habeck. Pinus lambertiana. „Fire Effects Information System”, 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (ang.). [dostęp 2014-01-24].
-
↑ a b „Transactions of the Linnean Society of London”. 15, s. 497-500, 1827 (ang.).
-
↑ a b c d e Bohun B. Kinloch. Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.). „FS-257. An American Wood”, 1984. USDA, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2014-05-03].
-
↑ a b F.G. Hawksworth, D. Wiens. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. „Agriculture Handbook”. 709, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-08-07].
-
↑ Robert V. Bega. Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers. „Agriculture Handbook”. 521, s. 134-135, 1979. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2014-09-04].
-
↑ a b Western Pine Association: Sugar Pine: A Genuine White Pine: Its Properties, Uses and Grades. Portland, Oregon: Western Pine Association, 1938. [dostęp 2014-05-03]. (ang.)
-
↑ Pinus lambertiana Douglas (ang.). W: The Plant List [on-line]. 2013. [dostęp 2014-05-03].
-
↑ a b Conifer Specialist Group (1998), Pinus lambertiana [w:] IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [online] [dostęp 2009-07-26] (ang.).
-
↑ Conophthorus lambertianae [w:] ITIS Report [online] [dostęp 2009-07-26] (ang.).
-
↑ Marion Page, Lori J. Nelson, Michael I. Haverty, Gary J. Blomquist. Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Eight Secies of North American Cone Beetles, Conophthorus Hopkins. „Journal of Chemical Ecology”. Vol. 16, No. 4, s. 1173-1198, 1990 (ang.). [dostęp 2014-09-06].
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Sosna Lamberta: Brief Summary
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Sosna Lamberta, sosna cukrowa (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna Lamberta nazywana jest często cukrową (ang. sugar pine), co zawdzięcza wydzielaniu słodkiej żywicy, która jest jadalna, choć szkodliwa w większych ilościach. Gatunek ten jest charakterystyczny dla Oregonu i Kalifornii, sięgając do północno-zachodnich krańców Meksyku. Park Narodowy Yosemite jest ostatnią z jego większych ostoi. Sosna Lamberta znana jest z najdłuższych szyszek spośród iglastych – osiągają one do 66 cm długości i ważą do 2 kg. Jest też drugą co do wielkości sosną – jej największe okazy dorastają do 80 m wysokości i ok. 3 m średnicy pnia, wyższa jest tylko sosna żółta.
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Pinus lambertiana
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Pinus lambertiana: Brief Summary
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Pinus lambertiana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
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Sockertall
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Sockertallen har långa, raka grenar som tyngs ned i topparna av dess kottar.
Sockertall (Pinus lambertiana) är ett barrträd i släktet tallar. Sockertallen är den massivaste och mest högväxta tallen (i tallsläktet), och har de längsta kottarna av alla barrväxter. Trädets naturliga utbredningsområde är bergen vid Nordamerikas stillahavskust, och sträcker sig från Oregon, genom Kalifornien i USA till Baja California i Mexiko.
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Sockertall: Brief Summary
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Sockertallen har långa, raka grenar som tyngs ned i topparna av dess kottar.
Sockertall (Pinus lambertiana) är ett barrträd i släktet tallar. Sockertallen är den massivaste och mest högväxta tallen (i tallsläktet), och har de längsta kottarna av alla barrväxter. Trädets naturliga utbredningsområde är bergen vid Nordamerikas stillahavskust, och sträcker sig från Oregon, genom Kalifornien i USA till Baja California i Mexiko.
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Pinus lambertiana
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Ukrainian
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provided by wikipedia UK
Поширення
Поширення: Мексика (Нижня Каліфорнія); США (Каліфорнія, Невада, Орегон). Живе зазвичай між 600 м і 2400 м над рівнем моря, але досягає 2,800-3,200 м на півдні свого ареалу. Зустрічається на різних гірських ґрунтах.
Опис
Щільність деревини: 0,34 гр/см3. Висота від 53 до 61 м, а діаметр на рівні грудей від 91 до 152 см. Старі дерева іноді перевищують вік 500 років. Має прямий стовбур і вузьку, конусоподібну, відкриту крону. Гілки розташовані горизонтально. Кора молодих дерев гладка і світло-коричнева. Кора дорослих дерев від коричного до сіро-коричневого кольору, глибоко борозенчаста, з довгими пластинами. Листя зібрані по 5 в пучку, 7-10 см в довжину. Вони темно-зелені, жорсткі. Голки залишаються два-три роки на дереві. Пилкові шишки жовті, циліндричні і 15 міліметрів в довжину. Насіннєві шишки блискучі, світло-коричневі й від 30 до 60 сантиметрів у довжину й 8-11 см шириною, коли відкриті до 25 сантиметрів. Насіння 1-2 см, темно-коричневе; крило широке, 2-3 см. Загальна назва походить від солодкої смоли.
Використання
Цей вид є одним з найбільш толерантних хвойних окислювачів (озонування) забрудненого повітря. Деревина широко використовується. Деревину можна легко розділити і раніше її використовували для виготовлення черепиці.
Загрози та охорона
Збудник Cronartium ribicola розглядається як загроза досить серйозна. Загрози в основному пов'язані з пожежами. Присутня в багатьох охоронних об'єктах, у тому числі кількох відомих національних парках.
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Thông Lamberta
(
Vietnamese
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provided by wikipedia VI
Thông Lamberta hay thông đường (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus lambertiana) là một loài thông có trong khu vực miền núi ở Oregon và California thuộc miền tây Hoa Kỳ và Baja California ở tây bắc México; đặc biệt là tại Sierra Nevada, dãy núi Cascade, dãy núi Coast và Sierra San Pedro Martir. Loài này được Douglas miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1827.[1]
Mô tả
Loài thông này là to lớn nhất trong các loài thông, nói chung cao tới 40–60 m (130–200 ft), có thể lên tới 81 m (265 ft), và đường kính thân cây 1,5-2,5 m (5–8 ft), đôi khi tới 3,5 m (11 ft).
Thông Lamberta có các cành thẳng và dài, trĩu xuống ở phần ngọn do các nón.
Là thành viên của nhóm thông trắng (phân chi Strobus) của chi Pinus nên giống như các thành viên khác của nhóm này, các lá kim của nó mọc thành chùm 5 lá với bao vỏ sớm rụng. Chúng dài 6–11 cm (2-4 inch). Thông Lamberta có các nón dài nhất trong số các loài cây lá kim, chủ yếu dài 25–50 cm (10–20 in), đôi khi tới 66 cm (26 inch), mặc dù các nón của thông Coulter trông to lớn hơn. Các hạt dài 10–12 mm (0,4-0,5 inch), với cánh dài 2–3 cm (0,75-1,2 inch) hỗ trợ sự phát tán bằng gió.
Thông Lamberta rất dễ bị nấm gỉ sét phồng rộp thông trắng (Cronartium ribicola) tấn công. Một tỷ lệ lớn thông Lamberta bị nấm gỉ sét này giết hại, cụ thể là trong khu vực phía bắc của phạm vi phân bố.[1] Cục Lâm nghiệp Hoa Kỳ có chương trình để phát triển các giống kháng nấm cho thông Lamberta và thông trắng miền tây. Các cây non của các giống này đã được đưa vào trồng trong tự nhiên. Sugar Pine Foundation (Quỹ Thông đường) tại lòng chảo hồ Tahoe đã thành công trong việc tìm kiếm thông đường kháng nấm và chứng minh rằng nó là quan trọng đối với các công dân trong việc hỗ trợ Cục Lâm nghiệp Hoa Kỳ để phục hồi loài này. [2]
Nhà tự nhiên học John Muir coi thông Lamberta là "vua của cây lá kim". Tên gọi thông đường có nguồn gốc từ nhựa mủ ngọt mà Muir cho là ưa thích hơn so với phong đường.[3]
Văn hóa dân gian
Trong hệ thống tín ngưỡng của người Achumawi thì Annikadel - đấng Tạo hóa - đã tạo ra một trong những 'Người đầu tiên' bằng cách cố tình để rơi hạt thông đường vào nơi thích hợp cho sự phát triển. Một trong những hậu duệ trong dòng họ này là Sugarpine-Cone Man (Người đàn ông Nón Thông đường), và ông có người con trai thông minh tên là Ahsoballache.
Sau khi Ahsoballache cưới con gái của To'kis là Chipmunk-Woman (người đàn bà Sóc chuột), ông nội của Ahsoballache đòi hỏi cặp vợ chồng này phải có con cái. Để đạt mục đích này, người ông bẻ một vảy bắc từ nón của thông đường và bí mật chỉ thị cho Ahsoballache ngâm những thứ chứa trong vảy bắc đó vào suối nước và giấu nó bên trong một cái rổ có nắp đậy. Ahsoballache thực hiện các công việc đó trong đêm; vào bình minh ngày hôm sau thì ông và vợ ông phát hiện ra một đứa trẻ mới đẻ tên là Edechewe (Người đàn ông đánh cá) gần giường của họ.
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Thông Lamberta: Brief Summary
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Vietnamese
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provided by wikipedia VI
Thông Lamberta hay thông đường (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus lambertiana) là một loài thông có trong khu vực miền núi ở Oregon và California thuộc miền tây Hoa Kỳ và Baja California ở tây bắc México; đặc biệt là tại Sierra Nevada, dãy núi Cascade, dãy núi Coast và Sierra San Pedro Martir. Loài này được Douglas miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1827.
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Сосна Ламберта
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Вид: Сосна Ламберта
Международное научное название
Pinus lambertiana Douglas
Ареал
Охранный статус Систематика
на ВикивидахИзображения
на Викискладе ITIS 183347NCBI 3343EOL 1014224IPNI 197001-2TPL kew-2561667 Сосна́ Ла́мберта[1] (лат. Pínus lambertiána) — вид вечнозелёных деревьев рода Сосна семейства Сосновые.
Распространение и экология
В естественных условиях растёт в западной части Северной Америки. Встречается в горных лесах вдоль горной цепи Сьерра-Невада в штатах Орегон, Невада, Калифорния и в северной части Мексики[2].
Ботаническое описание
Крупное дерево высотой до 70 м (в исключительных случаях до 81 м) и диаметром до 1,2—1,8 м.
У этой сосны серовато-зелёные закрученные хвоинки, 12 см длиной.
В смоле содержится большое количество сахара, из-за чего в США сосну Ламберта называют ещё Sugar Pine — Сосна сахарная.
Отличается гигантскими шишками, в среднем 25-50 см длиной (размер отдельных шишек может доходить и до 66 см). Семена имеют размер 10-12 мм (т.е. примерно такого же размера, как и у Сибирского кедра[источник не указан 1465 дней]), съедобны.
Название
Названа в честь английского ботаника Эйлмера Бурка Ламберта, исследователя и знатока видов рода Сосна.
Значение и применение
Древесина устойчива против гниения, имеет хорошие механические свойства.
Примечания
Сосна Ламберта: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Сосна́ Ла́мберта (лат. Pínus lambertiána) — вид вечнозелёных деревьев рода Сосна семейства Сосновые.
サトウマツ
(
Japanese
)
provided by wikipedia 日本語
サトウマツ: Brief Summary
(
Japanese
)
provided by wikipedia 日本語
長く真っ直ぐな枝を持ち、その先端は松毬の重みで垂れ下がる。
サトウマツ (砂糖松;Pinus lambertiana) はマツの一種である。マツ属としては世界で最も巨大で、松毬の長さも最長である。アメリカ西海岸、オレゴン州からバハカリフォルニアの山岳地帯に分布する。