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Columbia River Habitat ( англиски )

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The Columbia River Basin of western North America is an important habitat fo the 45 centimeter (cm) long benthopelagic Tui chub (Gila bicolor). The Columbia River is the largest North American watercourse by volume that discharges to the Pacific Ocean. With headwaters at Columbia Lake, in Canadian British Columbia, the course of the river has a length of approximately 2000 kilometers and a drainage basin that includes most of the land area of Washington, Oregon and Idaho as well as parts of four other U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The hydrology and aquatic habitat of the Columbia River basin has been adversely altered by numerous large dams. There are over 250 reservoirs and around 150 hydroelectric projects in the basin, including 18 mainstem dams on the Columbia and its main tributary, the Snake River. Water quality has deteriorated over the last century, due to agricultural runoff and logging practices, as well as water diversions that tend to concentrate pollutants in the reduced water volume. For example nitrate levels in the Columbia generally tripled in the period from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s, increasing from a typical level of one to three milligrams per liter. Considerable loading of herbicides and pesticides also has occurred over the last 70 years, chiefly due to agricultural land conversion and emphasis upon maximizing crop yields. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment and in fish tissue had become an issue in the latter half of the twentieth century; however, considerable progress has been made beginning in the 1980s with implementation of provisions of the U.S.Clean Water Act, involving attention to smelter and paper mill discharges along the Columbia. Another large benthopelagic fish in the Columbia is the northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) . Other large demersal vertebrate species occurring in the Columbia Basin are the 55 cm Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus); the 61 cm largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus); the 64 cm longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus catostomus); the 65 cm Utah sucker (Catostomus ardens); and the 76 cm Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata).
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C.Michael Hogan
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C.Michael Hogan. 2012. Columbia River. Eds. P.Saundry & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
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Diagnostic Description ( англиски )

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Siphateles bicolor can be distinguished by the following characters: lateral line with 41-64 scales; dorsal fin usually with 8 rays; anal fin with 7-8 rays; pharyngeal teeth 0,5-5,0; deep, compressed body; dorsal-fin origin over pelvic- fin origin; fairly deep caudal peduncle; small, rounded fins; small, terminal to slightly subterminal mouth; does not extend to eye; dusky olive to dark green above; brassy brown side, often mottled in adult; silver white to yellow below; clear to dusky olive fins; young with dusky stripe along side; large individuals may have yellow to copper fins with pink, red, or orange bases, red-orange lower side (Ref. 86798).
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Dorsal soft rays (total): 8; Analsoft rays: 7 - 8
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Biology ( англиски )

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Inhabits lakes and quiet, vegetated, mud or sand-bottomed pools of headwaters, creeks and small to large rivers (Ref. 86798).
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Tui chub ( англиски )

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The tui chub (Siphateles bicolor)[3] is a cyprinid fish native to western North America. Widespread in many areas, it is an important food source for other fish, including the cutthroat trout.

Range

The tui chub's range includes the Lahontan and Central system of the Great Basin, as well as the Owens and Mojave Rivers.[4] It is found in the Pit River and Goose Lake of the upper Central Valley, in the Klamath River system, and in the Columbia River drainage.

Description

The form and appearance of the tui chub is variable; many were originally described as different species by J. O. Snyder, but have since been reduced to subspecies. In general, the color is deep olive above and white below, with a smooth variation in shading along the sides, and a brassy reflection. Fins are olive and sometimes tinted with red. The pectoral fins are far forward and low on the body. Length has been recorded at up to 45 centimetres (18 in), but 25 centimetres (10 in) is more typical.

Habitat and behavior

Tui chubs are found in a variety of habitats, including anything from small streams to large lakes and reservoirs, and both high cold lakes, such as Lake Tahoe, and warmer desert streams.

They spawn between late April and early August, depending on temperatures. In Pyramid Lake the peak season is June; males move inshore first, then congregate around arriving females in shallow water, preferring areas of heavy vegetation. The female scatters her eggs randomly over a wide area, where they are then fertilized by several males. The hatchlings remain in the heavy vegetation for the remainder of the summer. In Lake Tahoe some chubs spawn around stream mouths in July.

Tui chub diet is varied; young fish eat mostly invertebrates, adding plant material and especially algae as they mature. Habits also vary by location and the fineness of the gill rakers, so for instance fine-rakered forms in Pyramid Lake feed more on plankton in open water than the coarse-rakered forms, which live near the bottom and eats more plants and algae. The largest individuals will eat other fish also. In Pyramid Lake the endangered Lahontan cutthroat trout feeds on the tui chub; the Lahontan cutthroat trout has been studied extensively due to water management decisions affecting the water quality of the Truckee River and Pyramid Lake.[5]

Subspecies

The exact number of subspecies is not known; Sigler & Sigler estimate as high as 16. Agreed subspecies include:

See also

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (2013). "Siphateles bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T62200A18229814. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T62200A18229814.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Synonyms of Siphateles bicolor (Girard, 1856)". Fishbase. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  3. ^ ITIS, 2006
  4. ^ FishBase, 2006
  5. ^ C.M. Hogan, 1987
  • C.M.Hogan, Marc Papineau et al., Development of a dynamic water quality simulation model for the Truckee River, Earth Metrics Inc., Environmental Protection Agency Technology Series Washington D.C. (1987)
  • William F. Sigler and John W. Sigler, Fishes of the Great Basin (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1987), pp. 166–170
  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Siphateles bicolor" in FishBase. March 2006 version.
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Tui chub: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The tui chub (Siphateles bicolor) is a cyprinid fish native to western North America. Widespread in many areas, it is an important food source for other fish, including the cutthroat trout.

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Dukolora gilo ( есперанто )

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La Dukolora gilo, Gila bicolor,[1] estas fiŝospecio de la familio de Ciprinedoj en la ordo de Ciprinoformaj indiĝena de okcidenta Nordameriko. Disvastigata en multaj areoj, ĝi estas grava manĝoresurso por aliaj fiŝoj, kiaj la Salmo de Clark.

Teritorio

La teritorio de la Dukolora gilo estas la Lago Lahontan kaj la centra sistemo de la Granda Baseno, same kiel la riveroj Owens kaj Mojave.[2] Ĝi troviĝas ankaŭ en la rivero Pit kaj en la Anserlago de supra Centra Valo, en la sistemo de la Rivero Klamath, kaj en la baseno de la rivero Kolumbio.

Priskribo

La formo kaj aspekto de la Dukolora gilo estas varia; multaj estis origine priskribitaj kiel diferencaj specioj fare de J. O. Snyder, sed ekde tiam ili estis klasitaj kiel subspecioj. Ĝenerale la koloro estas tre oliveca supre kaj blanka sube, kun milda variado laŭ nuancoj ĉe la flankoj, kaj metaleca brilo. La naĝiloj estas olivecaj kaj foje nuance al ruĝa. La longo estis registrita kiel de ĝis 45 cm, sed 25 cm estas pli tipa.

Notoj

  1. ITIS, 2006
  2. FishBase, 2006
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Dukolora gilo: Brief Summary ( есперанто )

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La Dukolora gilo, Gila bicolor, estas fiŝospecio de la familio de Ciprinedoj en la ordo de Ciprinoformaj indiĝena de okcidenta Nordameriko. Disvastigata en multaj areoj, ĝi estas grava manĝoresurso por aliaj fiŝoj, kiaj la Salmo de Clark.

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Gila bicolor ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Gila bicolor es una especie de peces de la familia de los Cyprinidae en el orden de los Cypriniformes.

Morfología

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 45 cm de longitud total.[1][2]

Hábitat

Es un pez de agua dulce.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentran en Norteamérica.

Referencias

  1. FishBase (en inglés)
  2. Page, L.M. y B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.

Bibliografía

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Gila bicolor: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Gila bicolor es una especie de peces de la familia de los Cyprinidae en el orden de los Cypriniformes.

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Gila bicolor ( баскиски )

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Gila bicolor Gila generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Cyprinidae familian.

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Erreferentziak

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Gila bicolor: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Gila bicolor Gila generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Cyprinidae familian.

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