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Comments ( англиски )

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Leaf shape is highly variable in Peltandra virginica, and different forms have been recognized taxonomically, both at the specific and infraspecific levels. Since Because leaf shape varies within populations and even within an individual clump of plants, P. virginica is treated here as a single taxon.

Populations of Peltandra virginica are most common along the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but its range appears to be actively expanding. Since 1978, the species was reported as new to the floras of Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and introduced populations may persist in Oregon and California. Fruits and seeds of P. virginica are a food for wildlife, especially waterfowl, and their use by migratory birds is an important factor in the spread of this species.

The flowers of Peltandra virginica are pollinated by a chloropid fly, Elachiptera formosa (Diptera: Chloropidae), which uses the inflorescence as a mating site and a larval food source. Eggs are deposited within the inflorescence, and the emerging larvae feed on the rotting male portion of the spadix. The fruits are primarily dispersed by water, although animals also play a role.

Peltandra virginica may have been an important food plant for eastern Native Americans, especially in the mid-Atlantic coastal region from Pennsylvania to Virginia, where the plants are now common and grow in large, dense populations. Historical accounts mention use of the rhizomes as well as the leaves, fruits, and seeds as food.

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Description ( англиски )

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Leaves: petiole green to purple-green, 38--98 cm; blade medium green, not glaucous or slightly glaucous abaxially, 9--57 ´ (2.5--)5--15(--31) cm, larger on average and more variable in shape than in Peltandra sagittifolia; lateral veins of 2 thicknesses. Inflorescences 7--25 cm; peduncle 20--56 cm; spathe tube green outside, paler green within, closed; 1.5--3.5(--5.2) ´ 0.7--1.9 cm; spathe blade green to green with white or yellow-green along margins, loosening only to slightly open to fully open at anthesis, (5.9--)8.5--21.4 ´ 0.5--2.3 cm, margins undulate; spadix tapering apically, more than 1/2 to almost as long as spathe. Flowers: pistillate flowers pale green to greenish white, ovaries 1-locular; ovules 1--4; staminate portion of spadix white, cream white, or pale yellow; sterile flowers between pistillate and staminate flowers; sterile tip 0.5--2 cm. Infructescences enclosed by spathe tube, rotting away to release fruits. Fruits pea green to mottled green or very dark purple-green, 10--18 ´ 6--16 mm. Seeds 1--2(--4), embedded in mucilage, 8--17 mm. 2n = 112.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
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Flowering/Fruiting ( англиски )

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Flowering spring--late summer, also fall and winter in the extreme southern areas of its range.
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Wetland habitats, including bogs, swamps, freshwater to low-salinity tidal marshes, and ditches, as well as along the edges of ponds, lakes, and rivers; 0--1200m.
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Synonym ( англиски )

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Arum virginicum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 966. 1753; Peltandra luteospadix Fernald; P. tharpii F. A. Barkley
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Peltandra virginica ( германски )

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Peltandra virginica, auch Grüner Pfeilaron[1] genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Peltandra innerhalb der Familie der Aronstabgewächse (Araceae). Sie ist in den Feuchtgebieten Nordamerikas sowie Kubas weitverbreitet.[2][3][1]

Beschreibung

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Habitus und Laubblätter
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Illustration aus Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, S. 559

Vegetative Merkmale

Peltandra virginica ist eine sommergrüne, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze. Sie bildet ein bei einem Durchmesser von bis zu 12 Zentimetern großes, senkrechtes Rhizom aus und die Exemplare stehen oft dicht zusammen.[4]

Die neuen Laubblätter werden vor der Blütezeit gebildet und stehen zu mehreren zusammen. Die relativ großen Laubblätter sind in den unterschiedlichen Populationen und sogar in einem Klon recht variabel in Form und Größe, dies reicht nicht aus um Subtaxa zu definieren.[5] Im Durchschnitt sind sie größer und in der Form variabler als bei Peltandra sagittifolia. Die aufrechten Laubblätter sind in Blattscheide, Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattscheide ist mindestens halb so lang wie der Blattstiel. Der grüne bis purpur-grüne Blattstiel ist mit einer Länge von 38 bis 98 Zentimetern mindestens so lang wie die Blattspreite.[5] Die mittel-grüne oder höchstens auf der Unterseite schwach bläulich-grüne Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 9 bis 57 Zentimetern sowie einer Breite von meist 5 bis 15 (2,5 bis 31) Zentimetern lanzettlich bis breit-eiförmig mit spießförmiger bis pfleiförmiger, selten herzförmiger Spreitenbasis und spitzem bis gerundetem oder stachelspitzigem oberen Ende. Die seitlichen Blattadern sind parallel und etwa doppelt so dick wie die Blattflächen.[5] Nach Blake 1912 befinden sich im unteren Bereich der Spreite auf jeder Seite sehr variable 2 bis 13 Zentimeter lange Blattlappen.[6]

Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit reicht in Nordamerika vom Frühling bis zum späten Sommer und liegt in den südlichsten Gebieten des Verbreitungsgebietes auch im Herbst sowie Winter. Peltandra virginica ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch).[5]

Der Blütenstandsschaft ist 20 bis 56 Zentimeter lang. Der Blütenstand hat mit Spatha sowie Kolben die typische Form der Araceae. Die geschlossene Spatharöhre umhüllt die Basis des Kolbens, ist außen grün und innen heller grün und 1,5 bis 3,5, selten bis zu 5,2 Zentimeter lang sowie 0,7 bis 1,9 Zentimeter breit. Der 5,9 bis meist 8,5 bis 21,4 Zentimeter lange sowie 0,5 bis 2,3 Zentimeter breite freie Bereich der Spatha ist grün sowie manchmal entlang der gewellten Ränder weiß oder gelb-grün und er ist während der Anthese nur kaum bis etwas oder bis zu vollständig offen. Der Kolben (Spadix) verjüngt sich im oberen Bereich und ist mehr als halb so lang bis fast gleich lang wie die Spatha. Die weiblichen Blüten sind hell-gründ bis grünlich-weiß mit einkammerigen Fruchtknoten, die jeweils ein bis vier Samenanlagen enthalten. Der untere Bereich des Kolbens mit männlichen Blüten ist weiß, cremeweiß bis hell-gelb. Die männlichen Blüten enthalten vier oder fünf verwachsene Staubblätter. Es gibt einen Bereich des Kolbens mit sterilen Blüten zwischen den weiblichen und männlichen Blüten between pistillate und einen sterilen 0,5 bis 2 Zentimeter langen Bereich am oberen Ende des Kolbens. Es sind keine Blütenhüllblätter vorhanden.[5]

Der Schaft des Fruchtstandes biegt sich nach unten. Der junge Fruchtstand bleibt von der Spatharöhre umhüllt; sie verrottet langsam und gibt die Früchte frei. Die reifen Beeren sind erbsen-grün bis gefleckt oder sehr dunkel purpur-grün. Die Früchte weisen eine Länge von 10 bis 18 Millimetern sowie einen Durchmesser von 6 bis 16 Millimetern und enthalten meist ein oder zwei, selten bis zu vier Samen. Die Samen weisen einen Durchmesser von 8 bis 17 Millimetern auf und sind in eine schleimige Fruchtpülpe eingebettet.[5]

Chromosomensatz

Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt x = 14; Peltandra virginica ist oktoploid und es wurde eine Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 112 ermittelt.[5]

Ökologie

Peltandra virginica ist proterogyn und zur Bestäubung auf Insekten angewiesen. Peltandra virginica und ihr Bestäuber, die Halmfliege Elachiptera formosa, stehen in mutualistischer Symbiose zueinander.[7]

Vorkommen und Gefährdung

Das weite Verbreitungsgebiet von Peltandra virginica reicht in Nordamerika vom östlichen Kanada bis zu den zentralen sowie östlichen USA.[8][3] Sie kommt auch in Kuba vor.[2][3] Es gibt Fundortangaben für die kanadischen Provinzen Quebec sowie Ontario und die US-Bundesstaaten Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia sowie den District of Columbia.[1][9]

Populationen von Peltandra virginica sind in Nordamerika entlang der atlantischen Küstenebene am häufigsten. Seit 1978 wurde eine Ausbreitung dieser Art in Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, West Virginia sowie Wisconsin verzeichnet. Als etablierter Neophyt gilt Peltandra virginica auch in den westlichen US-Bundesstaaten Oregon sowie Kalifornien.[5][8]

Peltandra virginica gedeiht in feuchtgen Habitaten, dies sind Sümpfe, Moore, süßwasser- bis Gezeiten-Marschgebiete mit schwacher Salinität, Wassergräben, Ränder von Teichen, Seen und Flüssen in Höhenlagen von 0 bis 1200 Metern.[5]

In der Roten Liste der gefährdeten Arten der IUCN wird 2015/2016 Peltandra virginica als „Least Concern“ = „nicht gefährdet“ im Gesamtverbreitungsgebiet bewertet, jedoch wird eingeschränkt, dass für Kanada von einer geringfügig größeren Gefährdung ausgegangen wird.[9]

Systematik und botanische Geschichte

Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte 1753 unter dem Namen (Basionym) Arum virginicum durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, S. 966. Die Neukombination zu Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott wurde 1832 in H. W. Schott und S. L. Endlicher: Meletemata Botanica, S. 19 veröffentlicht.[3] Weitere Synonyme für Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott sind: Calla virginica (L.) Michx., Caladium virginicum (L.) Hook., Lecontia virginica (L.) Torr., Rensselaeria virginica (L.) L.C.Beck, Alocasia virginica (L.) Raf., Arum walteri Elliott, Caladium undulatum Steud., Peltandra undulata Raf., Peltandra undulata Schott, Peltandra angustifolia Raf., Peltandra canadensis Raf., Peltandra hastata Raf., Peltandra heterophylla Raf., Peltandra latifolia Raf., Peltandra walteri (Elliott) Raf., Peltandra tharpii F.A.Barkley, Peltandra luteospadix Fernald, Peltandra virginica subsp. luteospadix (Fernald) W.H.Blackw. & K.P.Blackw., Peltandra virginica var. angustifolia (Raf.) Tidestr., Peltandra virginica var. heterophylla (Raf.) Tidestr., Peltandra virginica f. angustifolia (Raf.) S.F.Blake, Peltandra virginica f. brachyota S.F.Blake, Peltandra virginica f. hastifolia S.F.Blake, Peltandra virginica f. heterophylla (Raf.) S.F.Blake, Peltandra virginica f. latifolia (Raf.) S.F.Blake, Peltandra virginica f. rotundata S.F.Blake.[3] Es gibt keine Subtaxa. Die von S. F. Blake 1912[6] aufgestellten Formen erweisen sich alle als Synonyme.[5]

Während W. H. Blackwell und K. P. Blackwell 1974 nur eine Art Peltandra virginica mit zwei Unterarten in der Gattung Peltandra verzeichneten, werden in der Flora of North America 2000, zwei Arten geführt, aber keine Subtaxa.[5] Da die Blattform innerhalb der Art so stark variiert wurden einige Formen beschrieben, jedoch variiert die Blattform auch innerhalb einer Population und sogar in einem Bestand, der durch vegetative Vermehrung entstanden ist, deshalb eignet sich die Blattform nicht um Subtaxa zu definieren.[5]

Nutzung

Peltandra virginica wird als Zierpflanze verwendet.[1]

Das Rhizom von Peltandra virginica ist reich an Stärke, allerdings enthält es Oxalat und eine Protease, die zu einem scharfen Brennen beim Verzehr führt. Ostküsten-Indianer wie z. B. die North-Carolina-Algonkin aßen die Rhizome nach einer Behandlung, die experimentelle Archäologen versuchen nachzuvollziehen.[4]

Quellen

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Peltandra virginica im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2016. (deutschsprachiger Trivialname aus Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. Band 2. Arten und Sorten. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7.)
  2. a b P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, M. T. Strong: Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. In: Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, Volume 98, 2012, S. 62. PDF.
  3. a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Peltandra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 26. Dezember 2016.
  4. a b Timothy C. Messner, Bill Schindler: Plant processing strategies and their affect upon starch grain survival when rendering Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth, Araceae edible. In: Journal of Archaeological Science. Band 37, Nr. 2, Februar 2010, S. 328–336, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.044.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l Sue A. Thompson: Araceae.: Peltandra virginica, S. 135 - textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae, Oxford University Press, New York und Oxford, 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9.
  6. a b Sidney F. Blake: The Forms of Peltandra virginica. In: Rhodora. Band 14, Nr. 162, 1912, S. 102–106, JSTOR:23296629 (eingescannt).
  7. Joseph M. Patt, James C. French, Coby Schal, Joseph Lech, Thomas G. Hartman: The Pollination Biology of Tuckahoe, Peltandra virginica (Araceae). In: American Journal of Botany. Band 82, Nr. 10, 1995, S. 1230–1240, doi:10.2307/2446245 (ncsu.edu [PDF]).
  8. a b Verbreitung in Nordamerika bei J. T. Kartesz: The Biota of North America Program = BONAP, 2014. North American Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C.
  9. a b Peltandra virginica in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2016. Eingestellt von: K. Smith, 2015. Abgerufen am 30. Dezember 2016.

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Peltandra virginica: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Peltandra virginica, auch Grüner Pfeilaron genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Peltandra innerhalb der Familie der Aronstabgewächse (Araceae). Sie ist in den Feuchtgebieten Nordamerikas sowie Kubas weitverbreitet.

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Peltandra virginica ( англиски )

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Peltandra virginica is a plant of the arum family known as green arrow arum[3] and tuckahoe.[4] It is widely distributed in wetlands in the eastern United States, as well as in Quebec, Ontario, and Cuba.[2][5][6] It is common in central Florida including the Everglades[7] and along the Gulf Coast.[8] Its rhizomes are tolerant to low oxygen levels found in wetland soils.[9] It can be found elsewhere in North America as an introduced species and often an invasive plant.

P. virginica is a hydrophytic marshland aquatic plant pollinated by a chloropid fly through providing a brood site and releasing the pollen onto them. The primary dispersal mechanisms are via water and animals.[4][10]

Description

This is an emergent perennial herb growing from a large rhizome and producing many large leaves. An individual leaf may have a petiole nearly a meter long and a blade half a meter in length. The leaves are quite variable in shape and size, but they are often generally arrowhead-shaped.

The inflorescence bears male and female flowers, as well as sterile flowers. The flower varies from whitish to greenish to yellow. The fruit is a brown berry containing a few seeds within a clear gelatinous pulp. Large number of seeds can accumulate in the soil of wetlands.[5][11]

Peltandra virginica is a marshland aquatic plant, growing in North America bogs, ponds, and marshes. The roots and base grow into the submerged substrate, and the leaves and inflorescences project up and out of the water. The roots form a perennial rhizome. Various forms of leaf blades have been observed, both in larger ranges and smaller individual populations. Petioles range from green to green-purple to purple with a medium green blade petiole lengths between 38 and 98 centimeters and blade length being between 9 and 57 centimeters. Lateral veins also have variable thicknesses. Inflorescences are generally pale green to white, being lighter within the spathe. Lengths for the inflorescence range between 7 and 25 centimeters with the spadix being about half the size to the full length of the spathe with greenish to white flowers, producing fruits that rot within the closed spathe. Fruits are pea green to mottled green and purple and range from 6 to 16 millimeters. In most of its range, it blooms from spring to late summer and fall and in warmer regions, it will bloom into the winter. It generally thrives in low salinity environments.[12][4]

Taxonomy

Arrow arum, Peltandra virginica, is a member of the arum family, Araceae, and is known by the names tuckahoe, green arrow arum, and peltandre.[4][13] It was first identified as "tockowhough" by William Strachey, Secretary of the Colony of Virginia in 1611, in his book "The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia".[14] He describes its starchy root as a primary food source of the Powhatan Indians which they gathered from the marshes of Virginia. It was originally described as Arum virginicum by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and has also been placed in the genera Alocasia, Caladium, Calla, Lecontia, and Rensselaeria.[13] Other synonyms include Peltandra luteospadix and P. tharpii.[13]

In the eastern United States and Canada where Peltandra virginica resides, one other Peltandra species exists, P. sagittifolia.[15] P. virginica can be distinguished from the other extant taxon of Peltandra by the variation in leaf form, average greater size in non-reproductive structures, and the difference in color of the fruit. The fruit of P. sagittifolia is red with a white spathe, and the fruit of P. virginica are green to purple with a green to yellow green spathe.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Peltandra virginica is a native to North America; its range spans the entire eastern coast of the United States and goes as far west as Texas. It is also naturalized in areas of California up to Oregon and is present in eastern regions of Canada.[16][3] It mostly inhabits the wetlands and swamps, including marshes and bogs.[16][3]

Conservation

Based on the Red List of Threatened Species 2016, P. virginica is a taxon of Least Concern, this is because of its broad range in eastern and central North America.[10] In some areas within the range of P. virginica the populations are diminishing.[10] It has also been found in California.[13] While common in most of its range, P. virginica is listed as Endangered in Iowa.[3]

Pollination biology

In the pistillate stage the spadix of P. virginica is entirely covered by the spathe, not allowing insects to pollinate female flowers.[12] Pollination is achieved by the plant's utilizing brood-site-based pollination. The chloropid fly Elachiptera formosa forms a symbiotic relationship with the inflorescence.[12][4] The flies are attracted to the odor of the male flowers in an inflorescence's staminate stage where they feed on pollen and mate then find oviposition sites, followed by the development of the larvae and maturity of the flies.[12]

Ethnobotany

The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals, making it unpalatable. Indigenous peoples of the Americas used most parts of the plant for food, however, cooking it for hours first to make it safe to eat.[4][17]

Historical accounts suggest that Native Americans may have used Peltandra virginica as a food source. They may have eaten the seeds and fruits as well as the leaves and roots. The section of P. virginica's range where its populations are highest, from Pennsylvania to coastal Virginia, are where it was most likely used for food.[4] In other times and places, it has been used as an ornamental plant and to stabilize sediments in small bodies of water.[18]

Wildlife

Peltandra virginica is considered a low percentage of various animals' food sources. Peltandra virginica makes up 5-10% of the diet of small mammals that reside within its range and makes up 10-25% of the diet of water birds that share its range. Peltandra virginica makes up 5-10% of the diet of water birds that share its range.[3]

Toxicity

The non-reproductive structures of Peltandra virginica are known to contain calcium oxalate crystals, that can irritate the gastrointestinal system of animals and people and has been linked to the development of kidney stones.[18][19]

References

  1. ^ Smith, K. (2016). "Peltandra virginica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64319363A67730317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64319363A67730317.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ^ a b c d e "Plants Profile for Peltandra virginica (green arrow arum)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Peltandra virginica in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  5. ^ a b Whigham, Dennis F., Robert L. Simpson and Mary A. Leck. 1979. The Distribution of Seeds, Seedlings, and Established Plants of Arrow Arum (Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth) in a Freshwater Tidal Wetland Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 193-199
  6. ^ Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  7. ^ Loveless, C. M. 1959. A study of the vegetation in the Florida everglades. Ecology 40: 1–9.
  8. ^ Keddy, P. A., Campbell, D., McFalls T., Shaffer, G., Moreau, R., Dranguet, C., and Heleniak, R. (2007). The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1–35.
  9. ^ Laing, H. E. (1940). Respiration of the rhizomes of Nuphar advenum and other water plants. American Journal of Botany 27: 574–81.
  10. ^ a b c "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  11. ^ Leck, M. A. and Graveline, K. J. (1979). The seed bank of a freshwater tidal marsh. American Journal of Botany 66: 1006–15.
  12. ^ a b c d Patt, Joseph M.; French, James C.; Schal, Coby; Lech, Joseph; Hartman, Thomas G. (October 1995). "The pollination biology of tuckahoe, Peltandra virginica (Araceae)". American Journal of Botany. 82 (10): 1230–1240. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb12656.x. ISSN 0002-9122.
  13. ^ a b c d "!Peltandra virginica (L.) Raf. ex Schott & Endl". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  14. ^ The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia, W. Strachey,https://archive.org/details/historietravail00majogoog/page/n187/mode/1up?q=tockowhough&view=theater
  15. ^ "Search results — The Plant List". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  16. ^ a b "Peltandra virginica - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  17. ^ Plant of the Week
  18. ^ a b Moore, Kimberly. "Native Aquatic and Wetland Plants: Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginica" (PDF). University of Florida: IFAS Extension.
  19. ^ "Calcium Oxalate Stones". National Kidney Foundation. 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2018-11-28.

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Peltandra virginica: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Peltandra virginica is a plant of the arum family known as green arrow arum and tuckahoe. It is widely distributed in wetlands in the eastern United States, as well as in Quebec, Ontario, and Cuba. It is common in central Florida including the Everglades and along the Gulf Coast. Its rhizomes are tolerant to low oxygen levels found in wetland soils. It can be found elsewhere in North America as an introduced species and often an invasive plant.

P. virginica is a hydrophytic marshland aquatic plant pollinated by a chloropid fly through providing a brood site and releasing the pollen onto them. The primary dispersal mechanisms are via water and animals.

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Peltandra virginica ( виетнамски )

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Peltandra virginica là một loài thực vật thuộc họ Araceae, phân bố rộng rãi ở vùng đất ngập nước miền đông Hoa Kỳ, cũng như Quebec, Ontario, và Cuba.[1][2][3] Nó phổ biến ở Florida gồm vùng Everglades[4] và dọc Gulf Coast (duyên hải vịnh).[5] Thân rễ của nó có thể chịu được mức ôxy thấp trong đất ngập nước.[6] Loài này cũng hiện diễn ở những nơi khác tại Bắc Mỹ do du nhập hay xâm lấn.

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Whigham, Dennis F., Robert L. Simpson and Mary A. Leck. 1979. The Distribution of Seeds, Seedlings, and Established Plants of Arrow Arum (Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth) in a Freshwater Tidal Wetland Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 193-199
  3. ^ Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  4. ^ Loveless, C. M. 1959. A study of the vegetation in the Florida everglades. Ecology 40: 1–9.
  5. ^ Keddy, P. A., Campbell, D., McFalls T., Shaffer, G., Moreau, R., Dranguet, C., and Heleniak, R. (2007). The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1–35.
  6. ^ Laing, H. E. (1940). Respiration of the rhizomes of Nuphar advenum and other water plants. American Journal of Botany 27: 574–81.

Liên kết ngoài


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Peltandra virginica: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Peltandra virginica là một loài thực vật thuộc họ Araceae, phân bố rộng rãi ở vùng đất ngập nước miền đông Hoa Kỳ, cũng như Quebec, Ontario, và Cuba. Nó phổ biến ở Florida gồm vùng Everglades và dọc Gulf Coast (duyên hải vịnh). Thân rễ của nó có thể chịu được mức ôxy thấp trong đất ngập nước. Loài này cũng hiện diễn ở những nơi khác tại Bắc Mỹ do du nhập hay xâm lấn.

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