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Theridion ( englanti )

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Theridion is a genus of tangle-web spiders with a worldwide distribution.[6] Notable species are the Hawaiian happy face spider (T. grallator), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and T. nigroannulatum, one of few spider species that lives in social groups, attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team.

Identification

Spiders in this genus are about as long or longer then they are wide. Their chelicerae have two or less teeth on the front edge and none on the back edge. The front leg is the longest in both genders, but the next longest is the second leg in males and the fourth leg in females. The epigyne can vary, but the pedipalp has a median apophysis and a colulus is absent from both genders.[7] In several species, the males have mastidia (projections) on the chelicerae.[8]

Theridion has the anterior eye row slightly curved and with a gap between it and the posterior eye row. This distinguishes it from Enoplognatha, another theridiid genus in which the anterior eye row is almost straight and the gap between eye rows is very small.[8]

Ecology

Theridion build tangle webs, usually under leaves and among vegetation. At night, spiders hang upside-down in these webs. During the day, they hide close by their webs.[9]

Philodromus cespitum, a species of running crab spider, preys on Theridion spiders in European fruit orchards.[10]

Mating

Mating behaviour has been studied in several Theridion species. It involves pseudocopulation, numerous sperm inductions and copulatory sequences. The male approaches the female to mate, usually in the latter's retreat (a hood-shaped part of the web where the female lives in). Male Theridion perform contralateral insertions, inserting their left palp into the female's right introductory duct and vice versa for the right palp. Female Theridion are less aggressive after mating compared to other genera of theridiids.[11]

Species

There are almost 600 described species of Theridion.[6] However, the genus has traditionally been assigned species that lack a colulus and did not fit into other genera (wastebasket taxon).[9][12] New species continue to be described on a regular basis.[9][12]

References

  1. ^ "Theridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802)". World Spider Catalog. 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  2. ^ Levi, H. W. (1957). "The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 112: 1–124.
  3. ^ Levi, H. W. (1967d). The spider genus Billima Simon. Psyche, Cambridge 74: 340-341
  4. ^ Miller, J. A. (2007). "Review of erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149: 1–263. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00233.x.
  5. ^ Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127.
  6. ^ a b "NMBE - World Spider Catalog". wsc.nmbe.ch. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  7. ^ Levi, H. W. (1963). "American spiders of the genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 129.
  8. ^ a b "Genus Theridion". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  9. ^ a b c Bellvert, Adrià; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2021). "A happy family: systematic revision of the endemic Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) of the Hawaiian Islands". Invertebrate Systematics. doi:10.1071/IS20001. ISSN 1445-5226. S2CID 231938492.
  10. ^ Michalko, Radek; Dvoryankina, Viktoriya (1 June 2019). "Intraspecific phenotypic variation in functional traits of a generalist predator in an agricultural landscape". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 278: 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.018.
  11. ^ Knoflach, Barbara (1998). "Mating in Theridion varians Hahn and related species (Araneae: Theridiidae)". Journal of Natural History. 32 (4): 545–604. doi:10.1080/00222939800770301. ISSN 0022-2933.
  12. ^ a b Domènech, Marc; Crespo, Luís C.; Enguídanos, Alba; Arnedo, Miquel A. (2020-04-05). "Mitochondrial discordance in closely related Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae), with description of a new species of the T. melanurum group". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 96 (1): 159–173. doi:10.3897/zse.96.49946. ISSN 1860-0743. S2CID 218920405.

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Theridion: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Theridion is a genus of tangle-web spiders with a worldwide distribution. Notable species are the Hawaiian happy face spider (T. grallator), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and T. nigroannulatum, one of few spider species that lives in social groups, attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team.

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Theridion ( viro )

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Steatoda bipunctata
Taksonoomia Riik
Loomad Animalia Hõimkond
Lülijalgsed Arthropoda Klass
Ämblikulaadsed Arachnida Selts
Ämblikulised Araneae Sugukond
Keraämbliklased Theridiidae Perekond
Theridion

Theridion on perekond ämblikke keraämbliklaste seltsist.

Selle perekonna tuntuim esindaja on Theridion grallator (Simon, 1900). Tema näopiirkonna värvide muster meenutab naerunägu. Theridion grallator on vaid üks Havai 11 perekonna Theridion ämblikust.

Välislingid

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wikipedia ET

Theridion: Brief Summary ( viro )

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Theridion on perekond ämblikke keraämbliklaste seltsist.

Selle perekonna tuntuim esindaja on Theridion grallator (Simon, 1900). Tema näopiirkonna värvide muster meenutab naerunägu. Theridion grallator on vaid üks Havai 11 perekonna Theridion ämblikust.

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Theridion ( ranska )

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Theridion est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Theridiidae[1].

Distribution

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent sur presque toutes les terres émergées sauf aux pôles[1].

Description

Ce sont des araignées prédatrices qui ont pour proies de petits insectes comme les psylles et les diptères.

Liste des espèces

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 22.5, 28/09/2021)[2] :

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 20.5, 2020)[3] :

Publication originale

  • Walckenaer, 1805 : Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions. Paris, p. 1-88.

Notes et références

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Theridion: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Theridion est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Theridiidae.

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Theridion ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

Theridion is een geslacht van spinnen uit de familie kogelspinnen (Theridiidae). Het is een van de bekendste kogelspingeslachten in Nederland.

Europese soorten

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Theridion van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Theridion: Brief Summary ( flaami )

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Theridion is een geslacht van spinnen uit de familie kogelspinnen (Theridiidae). Het is een van de bekendste kogelspingeslachten in Nederland.

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Theridion ( romania )

tarjonnut wikipedia RO

Theridion este un gen de păianjeni din familia Theridiidae.[1]

Specii[1]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)

Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Theridion
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Theridion

Galerie

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Theridion: Brief Summary ( romania )

tarjonnut wikipedia RO

Theridion este un gen de păianjeni din familia Theridiidae.

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Theridion ( turkki )

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Türler

577 tür

Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Theridion ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Theridion ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.
 src=
Theridion mystaceum
 src=
Theridion pictum
 src=
Theridion varians
 src=
Theridion sisyphium

Theridion, Theridiidae familyasından 577 türü olan, dünya çapında yayılan bir örümcek cinsidir.

Teşhis anahtarı

Cins teşhis karakteri (Türkiye için) : Opisthosoma küre biçiminde ve üzeri desenli ya da desensizdir[1].

Yayılımı

Dünya çapında dağılım gösterir. Avrupa'da 36, Türkiye'de 9 türü bulunur.

Türleri

577 türü bulunur:[2]

Türkiye'deki durumu

Türkiye'de[3] 9 türü bulunur:

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Zafer Sancak, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi örümceklerinin (Araneae) sistematik ve faunistik açıdan incelenmesi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, Aralık 2007
  2. ^ Platnick, N. I. (2012) The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History
  3. ^ Abdullah Bayram, Kadir Boğaç Kunt, and Tarık Danışman (2012), The Checklist of the Spiders of Turkey. Version 2012.1. Online at http://www.spidersofturkey.com

Dış bağlantılar

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Theridion: Brief Summary ( turkki )

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 src= Theridion mystaceum  src= Theridion pictum  src= Theridion varians  src= Theridion sisyphium

Theridion, Theridiidae familyasından 577 türü olan, dünya çapında yayılan bir örümcek cinsidir.

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Theridion ( vietnam )

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Theridion là một chi nhện trong họ Theridiidae. Đây là một chi nhện phân bố ở Hà Lan.

Các loài

Chú thích

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Theridion
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Theridion: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Theridion là một chi nhện trong họ Theridiidae. Đây là một chi nhện phân bố ở Hà Lan.

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Theridion ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Подтип: Хелицеровые
Отряд: Пауки
Подотряд: Opisthothelae
Клада: Neocribellatae
Серия: Entelegynae
Надсемейство: Araneoidea
Семейство: Пауки-тенётники
Подсемейство: Theridiinae
Род: Theridion
Международное научное название

Theridion Walckenaer, 1805

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 849530NCBI 233487EOL 89137FW 57479

Theridion (лат.) — род пауков из семейства пауков-тенетников (Theridiinae). Представители распространены на всех континентах кроме Антарктиды[1]. В настоящее время к данному роду относят 564 вида[1].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Platnick, N. I. (2010). Перечень видов Theridiidae. The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History. (англ.) (Проверено 13 декабря 2010)
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Theridion: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию

Theridion (лат.) — род пауков из семейства пауков-тенетников (Theridiinae). Представители распространены на всех континентах кроме Антарктиды. В настоящее время к данному роду относят 564 вида.

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