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La família dels anostòmids (Anostomidae) és constituïda per peixos actinopterigis d'aigua dolça pertanyents a l'ordre dels caraciformes.[1]
Del grec ana (dalt) i stoma (boca), en referència a la posició en què tenen la boca.[2]
Els seus cossos, més o menys allargats i en forma de fus, fan entre 15-60 cm de llargària total (llevat del gènere Abramites, el qual té el dors força elevat). 1 única aleta dorsal, la qual presenta radis. Aleta anal curta i, normalment, amb menys de 10 radis ramificats. La boca (estreta, petita, no protràctil i molt distant del marge orbital anterior) està orientada en moltes espècies cap amunt. Ambdues mandíbules són curtes i proveïdes de sengles fileres de 6-8 dents. Os maxil·lar petit. Obertures branquials petites i amb les membranes fermament unides a l'istme. Línia lateral completa i estesa al llarg de la línia mitjana del cos.[3] Aleta adiposa sempre present.[1][4][5]
La majoria de les seues espècies mengen plantes, mentre que d'altres també s'alimenten de detritus i d'invertebrats.[1][3]
Es troba a Sud-amèrica: els hàbitats d'aigua dolça des del riu Atrato (Colòmbia)[6][7] fins al centre de l'Argentina,[8][9] incloent-hi el Perú,[10][11] l'Equador,[6][12] Trinitat i Tobago,[13][14] Veneçuela,[15][16] Guyana,[17][15][6][18] la Guaiana Francesa,[15][19] Surinam,[20][15][21] el Brasil,[17][22] Bolívia,[6][23] el Paraguai[17][24] i l'Uruguai,[25][17][26] i les conques dels rius Orinoco,[27] Amazones,[28] Araguaia,[29][17] Solimões, Xingu, Iguaçú,[30][31] Paranà,[32][31][33] São Francisco,[34] de la Plata, Uruguai,[35][36] Paraguai,[17][37] Negro,[17][38] Tocantins,[17] Napo, Tapajós i Marañón.[17][39][17][40][3] Algunes espècies han estat introduïdes fora de la seua àrea de distribució original (com ara, Leporinus fasciatus a Hawaii).[41]
En el seu medi natural, els peixos d'aquesta família romanen la major part del temps entre les roques o els arbres caiguts a l'aigua en un entorn adient a llur coloració. Algunes espècies neden en posició obliqua (amb el cap cap avall). Hom té poca informació sobre el comportament i ecologia de les diferents espècies,[4] tot i que algunes formen part del comerç de peixos d'aquari.[1] En general, són comestibles i algunes de les espècies més grosses són capturades com a aliment de forma regular.[3]
La família dels anostòmids (Anostomidae) és constituïda per peixos actinopterigis d'aigua dolça pertanyents a l'ordre dels caraciformes.
Die Engmaulsalmler (Anostomidae) leben in schnell fließenden Gewässern Südamerikas und des südlichen Mittelamerikas vor allem im Orinocogebiet und im Amazonasbecken bis nach Mato Grosso. Die Familie wurden nach der Gattung Anostomus benannt, die ein oberständiges Maul hat (Gr.: „ano“ = oben, „stoma“ = Maul).
Die Fische haben ein kleines Maul, das sie nicht vorstülpen können. Ihre Lippen sind wulstartig, die Maxillare kurz, die breiten, fein gezackten Zähne als Raspel- und Mahlzähne ausgebildet. Je Kiefer gibt es nur eine Zahnreihe. Ihr Körper ist stromlinienförmig und gestreckt, nur bei der Gattung Abramites recht hochrückig. Engmaulsalmler sind oft von heller Grundfarbe und haben ein Streifenmuster aus senkrechten oder waagrechten, dunklen Bändern. Die Tiere werden 8 bis 50 cm groß.
Engmaulsalmler sind friedliche Schwarmfische, die die Bodenregion stark bewachsener Gewässer bewohnen. Um zu ihren Laichgründen zu kommen unternehmen einige Arten ausgedehnte Wanderungen. Viele Arten schwimmen mit dem Kopf nach unten und werden deshalb in Aquarianerkreisen als „Kopfsteher“ bezeichnet.
Innerhalb der Salmlerartigen (Characiformes) bilden die Engmaulsalmler zusammen mit den ebenfalls südamerikanischen Kopfstehern (Chilodontidae), Breitlingssalmlern (Curimatidae) und Barbensalmlern (Prochilodontidae) eine Gruppe, die von einigen Wissenschaftlern als Überfamilie „Anostomoidea“ geführt wird. Die Engmaulsalmler stehen in einem Schwestergruppenverhältnis zu einer Klade der drei anderen Familien.[1]
Es gibt 13 Gattungen mit mehr als 130 Arten: [2]
Die Engmaulsalmler (Anostomidae) leben in schnell fließenden Gewässern Südamerikas und des südlichen Mittelamerikas vor allem im Orinocogebiet und im Amazonasbecken bis nach Mato Grosso. Die Familie wurden nach der Gattung Anostomus benannt, die ein oberständiges Maul hat (Gr.: „ano“ = oben, „stoma“ = Maul).
Кичине ооздуулар (лат. Anostomidae) — кичине ооздуу балыктардын бир тукуму, буларга (лат. Anostomus) — кичине ооздор уруусу кирет.
The Anostomidae are a family of ray-finned fishes that belong to the order Characiformes. Closely related to the Chilodontidae and formerly included with them, the Anostomidae contain about 150 described species. Commonly known as anostomids, they are found in freshwater habitats from the Río Atrato in northernmost South America to warm-temperate central Argentina; they are of Amazon origin, with few found west of the Andes (mainly in Colombia and Venezuela). Their scientific name approximately means "mouth on top", from Ancient Greek áno- (ἄνω) "up" (as an adverb) + stóma (στόμᾶ) "mouth", in reference to the arrangement of these fishes' mouth opening.[2]
Anostomids have elongated bodies ranging from 15 to 60 cm (5.9 to 23.6 in) in length; their shape varies between fusiform and deeper-bodied, but even the latter are only moderately laterally. They have elongated, tapering heads with rather long, straight snouts, and small apical to upturned mouths immediately at or near the snout tip. This family contains many headstanders, which habitually swim with their heads pointing from 45° up to 90° downwards; most feed on plants near the bottom, while others also eat detritus and invertebrates picked up from river- or lakebeds. Adults guard the eggs after spawning. Anostomidae are generally considered edible, and some of the larger species are caught for food on a regular basis, much like large Leuciscinae (which are superficially similar Cypriniformes) are in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.[3]
Their jaws are rather short, with the maxillary bone small and excluded from the mouth opening, while the ascending process of the premaxilla is triangular in overall shape and robustly developed. One row of six or eight curved teeth occur in each jaw, arranged by length in a step-like fashion, with the front teeth being the longest; the pharyngeal teeth are enlarged and have two or more cusps each.[3]
Anostomid gill openings are small, with the gill membranes firmly joined to the isthmus; the ligament between the interopercle and the mouth is elongated and the interopercle is clearly separated from the retroarticular. On the sides of the preopercle is a large, elongated protrusion, where the powerful jaw adductor muscles attach. The third epibranchial gill arch has a curved anterior process which extends medially over the dorsal surface of the fourth infrapharyngobranchial arch. The circumorbital bone series is complete and includes a supraorbital bone, and at least four, often more, of the forward ribs are united by two or more intercostal ligaments.[2]
The lateral line is complete, contains 33-44 perforated scales, and runs along the midline of the body. The dentary bears a short lateral-line canal ending at or shortly behind mid-length, and altogether the lateral-line canals of the head are divided into at least two ossified tubes. All anostomids have an adipose fin; their dorsal fin contains one and 11, the anal fin one and 9, and the pelvic fins one and 8-9 hard and soft rays, respectively.[2]
This family is in all probability monotypic as traditionally defined. Several attempts to delimit subfamilies have taken place, and several of the proposed groupings indeed correspond to clades within this family. Leporellus has long been recognized as the basal-most living anostomid genus, due to its many plesiomorphies shared with the Chilodontidae and its peculiar apomorphies, and separated as a monotypic subfamily by some. A large clade of "modern" genera was treated as Anostominae by some authors; others considered that subfamily more inclusive.[1]
But the latter view is incorrect, as it includes a large number of lineages that are really basal members of the family and should not be treated as a subfamily (except monotypic ones, but these are generally avoided). Also, the huge assemblage usually treated under Leporinus is not monophyletic and in need of thorough study, to see how it is best divided. Depending on the exact relationships of Anostomoides, a Leporinus sensu lato clade could warrant recognition as another subfamily. Finally, Rhytiodus and Schizodon would almost certainly qualify as another subfamily, even if only the Anostominae warrant recognition otherwise.[1]
The taxon Anostominae is also used to denote the entire family in outdated treatments, where the name "Anostomidae" is applied to the entire Anostomoidea (and sometimes even more distant relatives). In that respect, agreement is widespread today that the closest living relatives of the Anostomidae sensu stricto are the Chilodontidae headstanders, the toothless characins (Curimatidae) and the flannel-mouthed characins (Prochilodontidae).[1]
The origin of the Anostomidae can be quite confidently placed in the Paleogene, and somewhat less securely in late Paleogene, based on various evidence. For one, the biogeography of the family, with some very basal taxa found west of the Andes, indicates it was already well distinct when the northern part of that mountain range uplifted at the end of the Middle Miocene about 12 million years ago (Mya). Then, some scant but highly informative fossil evidence assigned to this family: a premaxillary tooth was found in the Colombian Villavieja Formation[4] and dated to the Laventan age about 13.5-11.5 Mya, while some pharyngeal teeth and other jaw parts found near Cuenca, Ecuador in the Cuenca basin (a structural basin[5]) are about 19 million years old. The fossil remains resemble Leporinus and were assigned to the living genus, but given its paraphyly and rather basal position, until more fossils are found the known remains can only be considered fairly basal Anostomidae, incertae sedis, but probably close to the Leporinus assemblage.[1]
Cyphocharax mosesi, a fossil toothless characin found in Brazil, lived at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary about 23 Mya. Thus, at that time, the Anostomoidea families must have already been well distinct. Given that the Characiformes originated slightly more than 115 Mya, the Anostomoidea probably diverged from their characiform relatives the Late Cretaceous and diversified thereafter; a Paleogene origin of the Anostomidae is thus most likely, with present-day subfamilies (whatever eventually will be accepted) having diverged by the start of the Neogene. Whether the family originated in Oligocene or already in the Eocene (or perhaps even in the Paleocene) cannot be said until more fossil material is recovered, either to answer this question directly or to provide calibration for molecular phylogenetic studies.[6]
The genera of Anostomidae are:[1]
Basal lineages
Schizodon clade
Anostominae sensu stricto
In Brazil, many species of Leporinus, Rhytiodus, and Schizodon are called aracu.[8]
The Anostomidae are a family of ray-finned fishes that belong to the order Characiformes. Closely related to the Chilodontidae and formerly included with them, the Anostomidae contain about 150 described species. Commonly known as anostomids, they are found in freshwater habitats from the Río Atrato in northernmost South America to warm-temperate central Argentina; they are of Amazon origin, with few found west of the Andes (mainly in Colombia and Venezuela). Their scientific name approximately means "mouth on top", from Ancient Greek áno- (ἄνω) "up" (as an adverb) + stóma (στόμᾶ) "mouth", in reference to the arrangement of these fishes' mouth opening.
Los Anostomidae son una familia de peces del orden Characiformes. Son endémicos del sur de Centroamérica a Sudamérica. Tienen cuerpos elongados y pequeños, bocas de apertura de arriba. Nadan manteniendo un ángulo de 45 con la cabeza apuntando hacia abajo.
Esta familia tiene 14 géneros y al menos 150 especies. Están estrechamente emparentados con los Chilodontidae.
Actualmente hay 15 géneros reconocidos en esta familia:[1][2]
Los Anostomidae son una familia de peces del orden Characiformes. Son endémicos del sur de Centroamérica a Sudamérica. Tienen cuerpos elongados y pequeños, bocas de apertura de arriba. Nadan manteniendo un ángulo de 45 con la cabeza apuntando hacia abajo.
Esta familia tiene 14 géneros y al menos 150 especies. Están estrechamente emparentados con los Chilodontidae.
Anostomidae arrain karaziformeen familia da, Hego Amerikako ur gezetan bizi dena.[1]
FishBaseren arabera, familiak egun 155 espezie ditu, 14 generotan banaturik:[2]
Leinu basalak
Schizodon kladoa
Anostominae sensu stricto
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Anostomidae arrain karaziformeen familia da, Hego Amerikako ur gezetan bizi dena.
Seisojatetrat eli vanhemmalta nimeltään seisojakalat (Anostomidae) on tetrakaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon lajeja tavataan makeista vesistä Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikasta. Eräitä heimon lajeja pidetään akvaariokaloina.
Seisojatetrojen heimoon kuuluu 12 sukua ja vähintään 137 lajia. Ruumiinrakenteeltaan heimon lajit ovat pitkänomaisia. Suu on pieni, ylä- ja alaleuassa on kummassakin kolme tai neljä hammasta. Selkä- ja peräevät ovat lyhyet ja pyrstöevä on haarautunut. Suomut ovat kookkaat. Monilla heimon kaloilla on rasvaevä. Kooltaan seisojatetralajit jäävät tyypillisesti noin 15 senttimetrin mittaisiksi, mutta suurimmat lajit voivat saavuttaa 40–80 senttimetrin pituuden. Väriltään ne ovat usein hopeanharmaita vaakaraidoin.[1][2][3][4]
Seisojatetralajeja tavataan makeista subtrooppisista ja trooppisista vesistä Keski-Amerikan eteläosista ja lähes koko Etelä-Amerikasta Andeja lukuun ottamatta. Ne elävät niin joissa, puroissa kuin järvissäkin. Heimon kalat ovat pääosin kasvinsyöjiä ja syövät leviä, vesikasveja, siemeniä ja kuollutta biologista ainesta. Ne voivat syödä myös vesihyönteisiä. Seisojatetrat uivat ja ruokailevat tyypillisesti pystyasennossa pää alaspäin.[1][2][3][4]
Seisojatetrat eli vanhemmalta nimeltään seisojakalat (Anostomidae) on tetrakaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon lajeja tavataan makeista vesistä Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikasta. Eräitä heimon lajeja pidetään akvaariokaloina.
Les Anostomidae (Anostomidés) sont une famille de poissons de l'ordre des Characiformes. On les trouve essentiellement en Amérique du Sud.
Selon ITIS (10 juillet 2014)[1] :
Selon Catalogue of Life (10 juillet 2014)[2] et FishBase (10 juillet 2014)[3] :
Selon World Register of Marine Species (10 juillet 2014)[4] :
Les Anostomidae (Anostomidés) sont une famille de poissons de l'ordre des Characiformes. On les trouve essentiellement en Amérique du Sud.
Američki haracini (lat. Anostomidae), porodica slatkovodnih južnoameričkih riba iz reda Characiformes.[1]
Obilježava ih to da imaju malena usta, maleni škržni otvor, a mnoge vrste plivaju u kosom položaju, glavom prema dolje. Hrane se bijnom hranom ili raspadnutom organskom tvari (detritofagi ili detritivore).
Naziv američki haracini primjenjuje se i na ribe porodice Characidae[2] koje pripadaju istom redu.
Američki haracini (lat. Anostomidae), porodica slatkovodnih južnoameričkih riba iz reda Characiformes.
Obilježava ih to da imaju malena usta, maleni škržni otvor, a mnoge vrste plivaju u kosom položaju, glavom prema dolje. Hrane se bijnom hranom ili raspadnutom organskom tvari (detritofagi ili detritivore).
Naziv američki haracini primjenjuje se i na ribe porodice Characidae koje pripadaju istom redu.
Gli Anostomidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei d'acqua dolce appartenenti all'ordine Characiformes endemica dell'America meridionale.
Questa famiglia è endemica delle regioni tropicali e subtropicali dell'America meridionale. Risultano quasi assenti solamente dalla parte del continente a ovest della Cordigliera delle Ande e dalla parte più meridionale di Cile e Argentina.
Questi pesci hanno un aspetto che va da molto affusolato ad alto. La maggior parte sono fusiformi e piuttosto slanciati. La bocca è piccola, in posizione superiore o terminale e le mascelle hanno uguale lunghezza. La pinna dorsale è breve ed è sempre seguita da una pinna adiposa. La pinna caudale è forcuta.
La colorazione è molto varia ma è in quasi tutte le specie caratterizzata da fasce, strisce, macchie scure su fondo più chiaro. In certe specie come Leporinus fasciatus la livrea può essere molto vivace.
Sono Characiformes tra i più grandi, alcune specie possono superare i 60 cm di lunghezza.
Molte specie hanno l'abitudine di nuotare in posizione obliqua, con la testa rivolta in basso.
Sono prevalentemente erbivori o detritivori.
Alcune specie hanno importanza locale per la pesca.
Gli Anostomus sono comuni ospiti degli acquari. I grossi Leporinus vengono ospitati solo negli acquari pubblici.
Gli Anostomidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei d'acqua dolce appartenenti all'ordine Characiformes endemica dell'America meridionale.
Mažažiotinės (Anostomidae) – characidų (Characiformes) būrio žuvų šeima. Kūnas pailgas, burna nusmailėjusi ir nukreipta į apačią. Nemažai rūšių auginama akvariumuose. Dydis 8-40 cm.
Gyvena greitai tekančiuose vandenyse Pietų Amerikoje ir Centrinės Amerikos pietuose.
Šeimoje 14 genčių, apie 140 rūšių.
Mažažiotinės (Anostomidae) – characidų (Characiformes) būrio žuvų šeima. Kūnas pailgas, burna nusmailėjusi ir nukreipta į apačią. Nemažai rūšių auginama akvariumuose. Dydis 8-40 cm.
Gyvena greitai tekančiuose vandenyse Pietų Amerikoje ir Centrinės Amerikos pietuose.
Šeimoje 14 genčių, apie 140 rūšių.
Kopstaanders (Anostomidae) zijn een familie van straalvinnige vissen uit de orde van Karperzalmachtigen (Characiformes).
Kopstaanders (Anostomidae) zijn een familie van straalvinnige vissen uit de orde van Karperzalmachtigen (Characiformes).
Bunntittere er en gruppe karpelaksfisker. De lever i ferskvann i Amerika. De fleste artene har avlange kropper og små munner. Bunntittere kan til tider stille seg i 45 til 90 graders vinkel. Gruppen er nært beslektet med Chilodontidae.
Denne iktyologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Bunntittere er en gruppe karpelaksfisker. De lever i ferskvann i Amerika. De fleste artene har avlange kropper og små munner. Bunntittere kan til tider stille seg i 45 til 90 graders vinkel. Gruppen er nært beslektet med Chilodontidae.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Ukośnikowate[2] (Anostomidae) – rodzina słodkowodnych ryb kąsaczokształtnych (Characiformes), uznawana za takson siostrzany dla Chilodontidae. Wiele gatunków jest znanych w akwarystyce.
Południowa część Ameryki Środkowej i Ameryka Południowa[3].
Ciało torpedowate, często wydłużone, nieznacznie bocznie spłaszczone. Mała głowa z otworem gębowym w położeniu końcowym lub górnym, u niektórych nieznacznie przesuniętym w dół, z mięsistymi wargami. U większości gatunków występują zęby. Mają płetwę tłuszczową. Wiele ukośnikowatych (Anostomus, Abramites), podobnie jak przedstawiciele Chilodontidae, utrzymuje charakterystyczną, ukośną pozycję ciała, z głową skierowaną w dół. Taka pozycja ułatwia im pobieranie pokarmu z kamieni, korzeni lub sterczących ku górze pędów roślin[2]. Pozostałe gatunki żerują przy dnie zbiornika.
Ukośnikowate osiągają długość od około 7 cm (Leporinus octomaculatus) do około 70 cm (Leporinus obtusidens). Większość jest roślinożerna lub detrytusożerna[3].
Rodzaje zaliczane do tej rodziny[4]:
Abramites — Anostomoides — Anostomus — Gnathodolus — Hypomasticus — Laemolyta — Leporellus — Leporinus — Petulanos — Pseudanos — Rhytiodus — Sartor — Schizodon — Synaptolaemus
Typem nomenklatorycznym jest Anostomus.
Ukośnikowate (Anostomidae) – rodzina słodkowodnych ryb kąsaczokształtnych (Characiformes), uznawana za takson siostrzany dla Chilodontidae. Wiele gatunków jest znanych w akwarystyce.
Anostomídeos (Anostomidae)[1] é uma família de peixes actinopterígeos pertencentes à ordem Characiformes.
Os gêneros:[2]
Anostominae sensu stricto
Algumas espécies são conhecidas como piabas.
Anostomídeos (Anostomidae) é uma família de peixes actinopterígeos pertencentes à ordem Characiformes.
Anostomidae[1] är en familj av fiskar som ingår i ordningen laxkarpar (Characiformes).[1] Enligt Catalogue of Life omfattar familjen Anostomidae 150 arter[1].
Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life[1]:
Characiformes Anostomidae
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Anostomidae.
Wikispecies har information om Anostomidae.
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上口脂鯉科，又稱小口脂鯉科，為輻鰭魚綱脂鯉目脂鯉亞目的其一科。
上口脂鯉科下分14個屬，如下：
아노스토무스과(Anostomidae)는 카라신목에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다.[2] 킬로돈과와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 이전에는 킬로돈과로 분류되었다. 140종 이상을 포함하고 있다. 흔히 아노스토무스류()로 알려져 있으며, 남아메리카 북단 아트라토 강에서부터 아르헨티나 중부의 따뜻한 온대 지역의 민물 서식지에서 발견된다. 아마존 우림의 토착종으로 일부는 안데스 서쪽 지역(주로 콜롬비아와 베네수엘라)에서도 발견된다.
학명은 고대 그리스어 "위"(up)를 의미하는 "아노"(áno-, ἄνω)와 "입"(mouth)을 의미하는 "스토마"(stóma, στόμᾶ)의 합성어에서 유래했다.[3]
아노스토무스과는 아래와 같이 구성되어 있다.[1]
다음은 올리베이라(Oliveira) 등의 연구에 기초한 카라신목의 계통 분류이다.[4]
카라신목 카라신아목브리콘과 (Bryconinae, Salmininae)
아노스토무스상과 키타리누스아목아노스토무스과(Anostomidae)는 카라신목에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다. 킬로돈과와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 이전에는 킬로돈과로 분류되었다. 140종 이상을 포함하고 있다. 흔히 아노스토무스류()로 알려져 있으며, 남아메리카 북단 아트라토 강에서부터 아르헨티나 중부의 따뜻한 온대 지역의 민물 서식지에서 발견된다. 아마존 우림의 토착종으로 일부는 안데스 서쪽 지역(주로 콜롬비아와 베네수엘라)에서도 발견된다.
학명은 고대 그리스어 "위"(up)를 의미하는 "아노"(áno-, ἄνω)와 "입"(mouth)을 의미하는 "스토마"(stóma, στόμᾶ)의 합성어에서 유래했다.
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