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Common Names ( englanti )

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pale wolfberry
desert thorn
boxthorn
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( englanti )

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More info for the term: cover

Dense thickets [43] of pale wolfberry probably provide cover for birds
and small mammals.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: caliche, fruit, shrub

Pale wolfberry is a spiny, densely branched shrub with stems 3.3 to 9.9
feet (1-3 m) tall. Branches may be spreading to erect. The axillary
flowers are bell-shaped and are borne singly or in clusters. The fruit
is a red juicy berry with 20 to 50 seeds [20,31,33,43,47]. Pale
wolfberry may form dense thickets [43].

The distribution of small and large roots of pale wolfberry on desert
pavement underlain by caliche at 20 to 40 inches (50-100 cm) [2] at Rock
Valley, Nevada follows (values are percent of total root system weight)
[44]:

Depth
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50+ cm
______________________________________________________________________
large 27.5 28.3 9.8 5.4 3.5 0
small 2.9 10.5 6.5 3.2 2.6 0

The exact sizes of large and small roots were not given.

The roots of wolfberry species are tough and fibrous. Root systems are
relatively extensive in comparison with aerial portions, often extending
25 to 30 feet (7.5-9.0 m) from the plant [42].

Phytomass measurements for new leaf, stem, flower, and fruit
productivity of pale wolfberry at Rock Valley, Nevada in wet and dry
years are available in the literature [5]. Estimated aboveground net
productivity values of pale wolfberry at the same site for the period
1971 to 1976 are also available [39].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( englanti )

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Pale wolfberry ranges from southern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada south to
California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas [23,33,43,47]. The
typical variety apparently has a more southerly distribution than L.
pallidum var. oligospermum, which is found in the Mohave Desert and the
northern Sonoran Desert in California [20,31,33,43]. Pale wolfberry is
also found in Mexico in Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis
Potosi [43].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fire severity, root crown, severity, shrubs

Many perennial desert shrubs are not well adapted to fire [12], but some
exhibit fire adaptive traits [27]. These traits are generally only
weakly developed [35].

Since pale wolfberry sprouts from the root crown following damage [43],
it probably sprouts after fire [27]. However, it may take many years
for desert shrubs to regain their former densities on burned sites [35].
The sprouting ability of pale wolfberry is most likely dependent on fire
severity. Dense clumps of brush containing pale wolfberry may be
somewhat impervious to fire, as are clumps containing Berlandier
wolfberry (L. berlandieri) [10].

Wolfberry species seedling establishment was noted after a fire at a
Sonoran Desert site. The seeds may have survived fire in the soil or on
burned plants, or may have been dispersed from adjacent unburned areas
[35].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: cover, shrubs

Fires are not prevalent in many desert communities due wide spacing
between shrubs and sparse ground cover [12,21]. Unusually heavy winter
rains, however, may produce a cover of annual species dense enough to
carry a fire when cured [21]. Many perennial desert shrubs are poorly
adapted to fire [12]. Wolfberries in particular may be susceptible to
repeated burning [27]. Postfire colonization by desert shrubs is very
slow initially and may take hundreds of years [12,35]. Rogers and
Steele [35] suggested a conservative approach when using fire to manage
desert regions.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( englanti )

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
lisenssi
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bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( englanti )

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More info for the term: caliche

Pale wolfberry is found on plains and flats, along washes and arroyos,
on dry rocky hills, mesas, and bajadas, and on rocky slopes and canyons
of hills and mountains [18,19,29,23,31,33,46]. It is tolerant of saline
soils [45].

In the Mohave Desert at Rock Valley, Nevada, pale wolfberry occurs in
desert scrub vegetation on sites at 3,300 feet (1,000 m) elevation with
soils derived from calcareous alluvium. The soil surface is
well-developed desert pavement underlain by a caliche layer that
prevents root penetration [2,3,40].

Pale wolfberry mostly occurs at the following elevations:

feet meters
_____________________________________________________________________
Arizona 3,500-7,000 1,060-2,120 [23]
California below 2,500 below 757 [31]
below 3,960 below 1,200 [20]
Colorado 5,000-7,000 1,500-2,120 [18]
Texas 3,000-7,000 900-2,120 [43]
Trans-Pecos, TX 400-5,200 120-1,575 [33]
Utah 3,300-6,170 1,000-1,870 [47]
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

68 Mesquite
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
235 Cottonwood - willow
239 Pinyon - juniper
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( englanti )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: cactus, shrub, woodland

K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K027 Mesquite bosque
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( englanti )

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Severe fires may kill pale wolfberry, but low- to moderate-severity fires
probably only consume its aerial portions.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( englanti )

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Pale wolfberry fruits are consumed by birds and some rodents [24,26,33],
and its foliage may be browsed by livestock [23,24,33,42,43]. It is
little used by big game, however [26].

Pale wolfberry is an important postnesting food for phainopepla in the
Colorado River Valley. The spring phainopepla diet consists mainly
of pale wolfberry fruits and insects [4].

Shrub-grasslands, in which pale wolfberry occurs, are preferred habitat
of coyotes at the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site in southeastern Colorado
[16].

Woodrats in the Mohave Desert of California select pale wolfberry
foliage significantly (p less than .001) more often than creosotebush (Larrea
tridentata) foliage [30].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: codominant, shrub

Pale wolfberry is characteristic of Mohave Desert vegetation and, in
addition to species already mentioned, is associated in that region with
winterfat (Ceratoides lanata), range ratany (Krameria parvifolia),
ephedra (Ephedra spp.), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), Schockley
goldenhead (Acamptopappus schockleyi), Fremont dalea (Dalea fremontii),
spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), prickly pear (Opuntia spp.), and
yucca (Yucca spp.) [1,5,8,29,40,44].

Pale wolfberry is also found throughout the Sonoran and Chihuahuan
deserts and is associated with species including ocotillo (Fouquieria
splendens), ironwood (Olneya tesota), saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea),
false-mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla), feather dalea (Dalea formosa),
brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), leatherstem (Jatropha dioica), yucca,
agave (Agave spp.), prickly pear and cholla (Opuntia spp.), and catclaw
(Acacia spp.) [9,19,32].

Pale wolfberry sometimes occurs in riparian woodlands such as those in
the Rincon Mountains of Arizona. In these habitats it is associated
with species such as sycamore (Platanus wrightii), willow (Salix spp.),
Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii),
alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Arizona white oak (Quercus
arizonica), and velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) [7].

Pale wolfberry is not listed as a dominant or codominant shrub species
in available publications.
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( englanti )

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More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( englanti )

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Mineral composition values of pale wolfberry collected in May in the
northern Mohave Desert are available [45].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( englanti )

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AZ CA CO NV NM TX UT MEXICO
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( englanti )

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Historically, Native Americans have eaten pale wolfberry berries and
have used the plant for a wide variety of medicinal purposes [23,33,43].

Pale wolfberry is grown as an ornamental [33,43].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( englanti )

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More info for the term: fruit

Pale wolfberry flowers from February to May or June throughout its
range [23,31,33,43]. In the Mohave Desert pale wolfberry is one of the
first plants to break dormancy, and does so when night temperatures are
around freezing and maximum air temperatures average 60 degrees
Fahrenheit (15 deg C) [1,3,38]. It is also one of the first species to
shed its leaves when air and soil temperatures increase above 86 degrees
Fahrenheit (30 deg C). Pale wolfberry may produce leaf and flower buds
after summer and fall rains [1,3]. The following dates were recorded
for phenological development of pale wolfberry at Rock Valley, Nevada,
over an 8-year period [38]:

Year first leaf first flower first fruit
___________________________________________________________________
1968 Feb. 2 Mar. 3 April 4
1969 Feb. 14 April 2 April 18
1970 Feb. 16 April 13 April 20
1971 Jan. 25 Mar. 12 none
1972 Feb. 18 Mar. 7 Mar. 15
1973 Feb. 20 Mar. 13 Mar. 22
1974 Feb. 4 Mar. 26 April 2
1975 Jan. 24 Mar. 18 April 2
1976 Mar. 4 April 2 April 16
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, fire severity, severity, shrub, tree, wildfire

Specific information on the response of pale wolfberry to fire is not
available in the literature. In general, wolfberry species sprouted
rapidly after controlled June fires in Sonoran Desert scrub vegetation
near Phoenix, Arizona. The well developed wolfberry root systems
escaped damage from the fire, allowing them to capitalize on increased
water and nitrogen availability in the postfire environment.
Wolfberries had established their former density and cover by 35
postfire months. Wolfberry plants had similarresponses in both open
shrub and tree microhabitats [27].

Wolfberry species sprouted and seedlings established within 3 years
following a June wildfire in a Sonoran desert scrub community near
Phoenix, Arizona. No information was given on fire severity or
intensity [35].

Berlandier wolfberry, a related species, was reduced by prescribed
fires in southern Texas [10,11,17], but the effects were short-lived and
canopy diameter had recovered to prefire levels by the end of the first
growing season following the fire [17].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, root crown, secondary colonizer, seed, shrub

Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed


FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in
which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( englanti )

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More info for the terms: layering, seed, stratification

Pale wolfberry regenerates from cuttings, root suckering, and layering. It
also sprouts from the base when damaged [42,43].

Pale wolfberry seeds are probably dispersed by birds and other animals,
like those of other wolfberry species [28].

Three pale wolfberry seedlings established at a Rock Valley, Nevada, site
in 1972, but none survived to the following year [2].

Good seed crops are produced by wolfberry species almost every year.
After extraction, seeds should be dried and stored in sealed containers
at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 deg C), or stratified in moist sand.
Stratified seeds of other wolfberry species maintain good viability for
6 months. Dormancy in wolfberry seeds is variable. Some wolfberry
species seeds germinate well without pretreatment, while germination of
others is improved by stratification. Seeds can be sown in the fall as
soon as the fruits ripen, or stratified seed can be sown in the spring
and covered lightly with about 0.25-inch (0.64-cm) of soil.
Two-year-old seedlings may be outplanted [36].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( englanti )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( englanti )

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Little information is available on the successional status of pale
wolfberry. It occurs in mid-seral and late seral communities of the
upper Rio Puerco watershed in New Mexico that are dominated by oneseed
juniper (Juniperus monosperma), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae),
or alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) [14].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( englanti )

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The currently accepted scientific name of pale wolfberry is Lycium
pallidum Miers. (Solanaceae) [23,31,33,43,47]. A typical variety and L.
p. var. oligospermum C. L. Hitch. are recognized [20,31,33,43].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( englanti )

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More info for the term: shrubs

Specific information regarding the use of pale wolfberry for
rehabilitating disturbed sites is not available in the literature.
Wolfberries (Lycium spp.), however, have been used to rehabilitate
abandoned farmland in the Sonoran Desert lowlands and disturbed sites
near Red Rock, Arizona. The sites were restored by establishing berms
on the contour and then seeding with wolfberry and other desert shrubs
[22].
lisenssi
cc-publicdomain
bibliografinen lainaus
Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Lycium pallidum ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Lycium pallidum ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Bocksdorne (Lycium) in der Familie der Nachtschattengewächse (Solanaceae). Der Schwärmer Sagenosoma elsa ernährt sich vermutlich monophag von den Pflanzen.[1]

Beschreibung

Lycium pallidum ist ein 1 bis 2 m hoch werdender, dicht und verworren verzweigter Strauch, der mit Stacheln bewehrt ist. Die Laubblätter sind bereift, drüsig behaart und werden 10 bis 15 mm lang und 3 bis 15 mm breit.

Die Blüten sind zwittrig und fünfzählig. Der Kelch ist becherförmig bis glockenförmig und bläulich bereift. Die Kelchröhre wird 5 bis 8 mm lang, die Kelchzipfel sind in etwa genauso lang wie oder länger als die Kelchröhre. Die Krone ist lanzettlich bis eiförmig oder elliptisch geformt und weiß bis lavendel-purpurn gefärbt, meist jedoch grünlich mit violetten Adern. Die Kronröhre erreicht eine Länge von 12 bis 25 mm, die Länge der Kronlappen entspricht 1/5 bis 1/3 der Länge der Kronröhre. Die Staubfäden sind bis fast an den Rand der Kronröhre dicht behaart.

Die Frucht ist eine rote oder rötlich-blaue, eiförmige Beere, die einen Durchmesser von 10 mm oder weniger erreicht. Sie enthält vier bis 50 Samen.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[2]

Vorkommen

Die Art ist in Nordamerika verbreitet und kommt dort in den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí und wahrscheinlich im nördlichen und östlichen Chihuahua, sowie in den US-amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Arizona, Kalifornien, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico und Texas vor.

Systematik

Innere Systematik

Innerhalb der Art werden zwei Varietäten unterschieden:

  • Lycium pallidum var. pallidum
  • Lycium pallidum var. oligospermum C.L.Hitchc.

Äußere Systematik

Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen platzieren die Art zusammen mit Lycium cooperi, Lycium macrodon, Lycium puberulum und Lycium shockleyi in eine Klade, die innerhalb der Gattung Lycium als Schwesterklade zur eigenständig geführten Gattung Grabowskia steht.[3][4]

Nachweise

Einzelnachweise

  1. James P. Tuttle: The Hawkmoths of North America, A Natural History Study of the Sphingidae of the United States and Canada The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC 2007, ISBN 978-0-9796633-0-7.
  2. Lycium pallidum bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  3. Rachel A. Levin und Jill S. Miller: Relationships within Tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae): Paraphyly of Lycium and multiple Origins of Gender Dimorphism. In: American Journal of Botany, Band 92, Nummer 12, 2005. S. 2044–2053.
  4. Rachel A. Levin et al.: Evolutionary Relationships in Tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae). In: D.M. Spooner, L. Bohs, J. Giovannoni, R.G. Olmstead und D. Shibata (Hrsg.): Solanaceae VI: Genomics meets biodiversity. Proceedings of the Sixth International Solanaceae Conference, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 745, Juni 2007. ISBN 978-90-6605-427-1

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Lycium pallidum: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Lycium pallidum ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Bocksdorne (Lycium) in der Familie der Nachtschattengewächse (Solanaceae). Der Schwärmer Sagenosoma elsa ernährt sich vermutlich monophag von den Pflanzen.

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Lycium pallidum ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

Lycium pallidum is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names pale wolfberry and pale desert-thorn. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. In Mexico it can be found in Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosi. In the United States it occurs from California to Texas and as far north as Utah and Colorado.[1]

Description

This shrub grows 1–3 metres (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall. It is a dense tangle of spiny spreading or erect branches. It can form bushy thickets.[1] The leaves are pale, giving the plant its name.[2] The flowers are solitary or borne in pairs. They are funnel-shaped and "creamy-yellow to yellowish-green" or "greenish cream, sometimes tinged with purple".[2] They are fragrant and pollinated by insects.[2] The fruit is a juicy, oval-shaped, shiny red berry containing up to 50 seeds. The plant reproduces by seed and it can also spread via cuttings, and by suckering and layering.[1]

Ecology and habitat

This plant grows in many types of desert habitat. It occurs in pinyon-juniper woodland, sagebrush, shrubsteppe, savanna, and other ecosystems. It can grow in high-salinity soils. It is characteristic of the flora of the Mojave Desert, and it also occurs in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. In the Mojave Desert it grows alongside plants such as winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), Pima rhatany (Krameria erecta), spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa), Shockley goldenhead (Acamptopappus shockleyi), Frémont's dalea (Psorothamnus fremontii), spiny menodora (Menodora spinescens), and species of ephedra, prickly pear, and yucca. In Arizona it grows in riparian habitat with sycamore (Platanus wrightii), willows (Salix spp.), Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), and velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina).[1] This plant is common around Anasazi ruins; they may have simply collected it and dropped the seeds, but it is possible they cultivated it.[2]

Many types of animals consume the fruits. Phainopepla especially favor it. Woodrats like the foliage.[1]

Uses

Native Americans utilized the plant for a number of medicinal and other purposes.[3] The Navajo used it for toothache. They considered it a sacred plant and sacrificed it to the gods. Several groups used the fruit for food by eating it fresh, cooked, or dried, eating it mixed with clay, boiling it into a syrup, and making it into beverages.[3] Among the Zuni people, the berries are eaten raw when perfectly ripe or boiled and sometimes sweetened.[4] The ground leaves, twigs, and flowers were given to warriors for protection during war.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Matthews, Robin F. 1994. Lycium pallidum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  2. ^ a b c d Lycium pallidum. International Institute of Tropical Forestry.
  3. ^ a b Lycium pallidum. University of Michigan Ethnobotany.
  4. ^ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p.68)
  5. ^ Stevenson, p.94

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Lycium pallidum: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Lycium pallidum is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common names pale wolfberry and pale desert-thorn. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. In Mexico it can be found in Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosi. In the United States it occurs from California to Texas and as far north as Utah and Colorado.

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Lycium pallidum ( ranska )

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Lycium pallidum est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Solanaceae.

Description

Lycium pallidum est un arbuste atteint 1 à 3 mètres de hauteur. C'est un enchevêtrement dense de branches épineuses étalées ou dressées. Il peut former des fourrés touffus. Les feuilles sont pâles. La plante est caduque[1].

Les fleurs sont solitaires ou portées par paires. Ils sont en forme d'entonnoir et jaune crème à vert jaunâtre ou crème verdâtre, parfois teintés de pourpre. Elles sont parfumées et pollinisées par des insectes. La floraison a lieu de février à août[1].

Le fruit est une baie rouge juteuse, de forme ovale et brillante contenant jusqu'à 50 graines. La plante se reproduit par graines et peut également se propager par bouturage et par drageon et marcottage.

Répartition

Lycium pallidum est présent au sud-ouest des États-Unis et du nord au centre du Mexique. Aux États-Unis, on le trouve de la Californie au Texas et jusqu'au nord de l'Utah et du Colorado. Au Mexique, on le trouve dans les États du Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas et San Luis Potosí.

Cette plante pousse dans de nombreux types d'habitats désertiques. Elle se rencontre dans les forêts de pins et de genévriers, d'armoise, la steppe de buisson, la savane et d'autres écosystèmes. Elle peut pousser dans des sols à haute salinité. Elle est caractéristique de la flore du désert des Mojaves et se rencontre également dans les déserts de Sonora et de Chihuahua.

Écologie

Dans le désert des Mojaves, Lycium pallidum pousse souvent avec Krascheninnikovia lanata, Krameria erecta, Grayia spinosa, Acamptopappus shockleyi, Psorothamnus fremontii, Menodora spinescens, Lycium andersonii et des espèces d’Ephedra, Opuntia et Yucca. En Arizona, elle pousse près des rivières en compagnie de Platanus wrightii, de saules, de Juglans major, de Populus fremontii, de Juniperus deppeana, de Quercus arizonica et de Fraxinus velutina.

De nombreux types d'animaux consomment les fruits, notamment le Phénopèple luisant. Les Neotoma mangent le feuillage.

Elle est une plante hôte des chenilles de Sagenosoma.

Usage

Cette plante est commune autour des ruines des Anasazis ; ils l'ont peut-être simplement ramassé et laissé tomber les graines, mais il est possible qu'ils l'aient cultivé.

Les Amérindiens utilisent la plante à des fins médicinales. Les Navajos l'utilisent pour les maux de dents. Ils la considèrent comme une plante sacrée et l'ont sacrifiée aux dieux. On mange le fruit frais, cuit ou séché, en le mangeant mélangé à de l'argile, en le faisant bouillir dans un sirop et en le transformant en boissons. Chez les Zuñis, les baies sont mangées crues lorsqu'elles sont parfaitement mûres ou bouillies et parfois sucrées. Les feuilles moulues, les brindilles et les fleurs étaient données aux guerriers pour leur protection pendant la guerre.

Références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a et b « Lycium pallidum », sur floralia-nature.com (consulté le 22 mai 2020)

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Lycium pallidum: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Lycium pallidum est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Solanaceae.

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Lycium pallidum ( vietnam )

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Lycium pallidum là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cà. Loài này được Miers mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1854.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Lycium pallidum. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Lycium pallidum: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Lycium pallidum là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cà. Loài này được Miers mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1854.

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