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Parabuthus ( saksa )

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Die Gattung Parabuthus umfasst 33 Skorpionarten, die vorwiegend in Afrika beheimatet sind.[1] Die meisten Vertreter bevorzugen trockene Lebensräume, wie Wüsten und Steppen, mit starken Temperaturschwankungen zwischen Tag und Nacht.

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Tiere ist Afrika, südlich der Sahara und die südwestliche arabische Halbinsel, am Roten Meer entlang von Jeddah bis zum Jemen. Die Verbreitung in Zentral- und Westafrika ist nicht eindeutig geklärt.

Phylogenetik

Das folgende Kladogramm stellt die Beziehungen zwischen 27 verschiedenen Parabuthus-Arten anhand der Analysen von Prendini & Esposito (2010) dar.[2] Neuere Arten wurde nicht in die Untersuchungen mit einbezogen, so dass ihre Stellung in diesem System unklar ist (bezieht sich auf Parabuthus cimrmani, Parabuthus eritreaensis, Parabuthus truculentus und Parabuthus zavattarii).


Grosphus madagascariensis



Uroplectes triangulifer





P. brevimanus




P. distridor


P. kuanyamarum




P. glabrimanus



P. gracilis



P. nanus


P. setiventer









P. granulatus


P. kalaharicus




P. namibensis



P. laevifrons


P. stridulus








P. liosoma



P. heterurus



P. granimanus


P. hunteri







P. capensis



P. muelleri



P. calvus


P. pallidus


P. planicauda


Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3



P. mossambicensis



P. kraepelini




P. raudus


P. schlechteri




P. transvaalicus


P. villosus










Arten und Unterarten

Einzelnachweise

  1. Unbekannter Autor: Parabuthus sp. Bearbeitungsstand: 16. Oktober 2004 (Abgerufen: 20. Mai 2006)
  2. Lorenzo Prendini, Lauren A. Esposito: A reanalysis of Parabuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) phylogeny with descriptions of two new Parabuthus species endemic to the Central Namib gravel plains, Namibia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159, 2010, S. 673–710
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Parabuthus: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Die Gattung Parabuthus umfasst 33 Skorpionarten, die vorwiegend in Afrika beheimatet sind. Die meisten Vertreter bevorzugen trockene Lebensräume, wie Wüsten und Steppen, mit starken Temperaturschwankungen zwischen Tag und Nacht.

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Parabuthus ( englanti )

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Parabuthus, commonly known as the thick-tailed scorpion, is a genus of large and highly venomous Afrotropical scorpions, that show a preference for areas of low rainfall.[1][3] Their stings are medically important and human fatalities have been recorded.[4]

Characteristics

They have thick and strong tails, with typically a rough surface to the first (proximal) and sometimes second segment, that is used to produce a warning[2] sound when rubbed against the sting (save P. distridor).[1][3] Their thick tails are also employed in excavating their shallow burrows, as several are adapted to sandy environments.[2] Some flatter-bodied species, however, take refuge in rock crevasses.[3]

Due to their stings' quick-acting venom, they rely to lesser extent on their slender pinchers (chelae) to hold onto prey.[2] Three species, P. schlechteri, P. transvaalicus, and P. villosus are thought to be able to spray venom from their tails. These three are also the largest buthids in the world,[2] reaching lengths up to 140 mm and masses up to 14 g.[1]

Other consistent features include a dorsal head covering (carapace) that lacks granular ridges (carinae), while the tail's upper coverings (tergites) have only one inconspicuous middle (median) ridge.[1] The pectine teeth nearest the body in females are enlarged and dilated (P. granulatus and P. kalaharicus excepting), and the lower tarsi (third distal segment) of the front four legs are equipped with bristle combs.[n 1] The ventrosubmedian ridges in the fourth tail segment disappear away from the body, and the ventrolateral ridges of the fifth segment include distinctly spined or lobed processes near their distal ends.[1]

Diversity

Most of the species, some 20[1] of the total of 28, are endemic to southern Africa,[2] but they range through eastern Africa to the Arabian Peninsula.[2]

Selected species

Phylogenetics

Its nearest relations are the Afrotropical buthid genera Grosphus and Uroplectes, which lack the distinct stridulatory surfaces.[1] The following cladogram illustrates relationships among 20 Parabuthus and these outlying genera, according to an analysis done by Lorenzo Prendini et al. 2003. Some recently described species (P. cimrmani, P. eritreaensis, P. truculentus and P. zavattarii) were not considered in the investigation, so that their positions within this system remain unresolved.

Grosphus madagascariensis

Uroplectes triangulifer

P. brevimanus

P. distridor

P. kuanyamarum

P. gracilis

P. nanus

P. granulatus

P. kalaharicus

P. namibensis

P. laevifrons

P. stridulus

P. liosoma

P. heterurus

P. granimanus

P. hunteri

P. capensis

P. muelleri

P. calvus

P. pallidus

P. planicauda

P. mossambicensis

P. kraepelini

P. raudus

P. schlechteri

P. transvaalicus

P. villosus

Notes

  1. ^ Also referred to as macrosetal combs or "sand combs".

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prendini, Lorenzo (2004). "The systematics of southern African Parabuthus" (PDF). The Journal of Arachnology. 32: 109–186. doi:10.1636/h03-17. S2CID 86647224. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Norman Larsen. "Parabuthus (burrowing thick-tailed scorpions)". biodiversityexplorer. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  3. ^ a b c Jonathan Leeming (2003). "Southern African species". Scorpions of Southern Africa. Struik. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-1-86872-804-6.
  4. ^ Larsen, Norman. Biodiversity Explorer, IZIKO. Scorpion stings and venoms [1]
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Parabuthus: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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Parabuthus, commonly known as the thick-tailed scorpion, is a genus of large and highly venomous Afrotropical scorpions, that show a preference for areas of low rainfall. Their stings are medically important and human fatalities have been recorded.

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Parabuthus ( kastilia )

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Parabuthus es un género de escorpiones afrotropicales altamente venenosos que muestran preferencia por las áreas lluviosas.[1][2]​ Su picadura es de importancia médica y se ha registrado una alta cifra de muertes en humanos.[3]

Características

Tienen colas gruesas y fuertes, típicamente con una superficie rugosa en el primer segmento (proximal) y en el segundo que se utiliza para producir un sonido de advertencia cuándo se frota contra el aguijón (salvo P. distridor).[4][1][2]​ Sus gruesas colas también se emplean para excavar sus madrigueras poco profundas, ya que varias están adaptados a entornos arenosos. Sin embargo algunas especies, de cuerpo más plano se refugian en las grietas de las rocas.

Debido al veneno de acción rápida de sus picaduras, dependen en menor medida de sus delgadas pinzas (quelas) para agarrar a sus presa.[4]​ Tres especies, P. schlechteri, P. transvaalicus, y P. villosus se cree que pueden rociar veneno de sus colas. Estos tres son también los Buthidae más grandes del mundo. Alcanzando longitudes de hasta 140 mm y masas de hasta 14 g.[1]

Otras características consistentes incluyen una cubierta dorsal de cabeza (caparazón) que carece de crestas grandulares (carinas), mientras que las coberturas superiores de la cola (tergitas) tienen sólo una mediana discreta.[1]​ Los dientes de pectina más cercanos al cuerpo en las hembras están agrandados y dilatados excepto (P. granulatus Y P. kalaharicus), y tarso inferior (tercer segmento distal) de las cuatro patas delanteras está equipado con peines de cerdas.[n 1]​ Las crestas ventrosubmedianas en el cuarto segmento de cola desaparecen del cuerpo, y las crestas ventrolaterales del quinto segmento incluyen claramente procesos claramente espinosos o lobulados cerca de sus extremos distales.

Especies seleccionadas

  • Parabuthus brevimanus
  • Parabuthus capensis
  • Parabuthus granulatus
  • Parabuthus laevipes
  • Parabuthus liosoma
  • Parabuthus mossambicensis
  • Parabuthus namibensis
  • Parabuthus raudus
  • Parabuthus schlechteri
  • Parabuthus stridulus
  • Parabuthus transvaalicus
  • Parabuthus villosus

Filogenética

Sus parientes cercanos son los géneros de bútidos afrotropicales Grosphus Y Uroplectes que carecen de superficies estriduladoras.[1]​ El siguiente cladograma illustra las relaciones entre 20 Parabuthus y estos géneros periféricos, según un análisis realizado por Lorenzo Prendini et al. 2003. Algunas especies descritas recientemente (P. cimrmani, P. eritreaensis, P. truculentus Y P. zavattarii) no fueron consideradas en la investigación, por lo que sus posiciones dentro de este sistema siguen sin resolverse.

Grosphus madagascariensis

     

Uroplectes triangulifer

         

P. brevimanus

       

P. distridor

   

P. kuanyamarum

       

P. gracilis

   

P. nanus

             

P. granulatus

   

P. kalaharicus

       

P. namibensis

     

P. laevifrons

   

P. stridulus

               

P. liosoma

     

P. heterurus

     

P. granimanus

   

P. hunteri

             

P. capensis

     

P. muelleri

     

P. calvus

   

P. pallidus

   

P. planicauda

           

P. mossambicensis

     

P. kraepelini

       

P. raudus

   

P. schlechteri

       

P. transvaalicus

   

P. villosus

                 

Notas

  1. Also referred to as macrosetal combs or "sand combs".

Referencias

  1. a b c d e f g Prendini, Lorenzo (2004). «The systematics of southern African Parabuthus». The Journal of Arachnology 32: 109-186. doi:10.1636/h03-17. Consultado el 7 de octubre de 2012.
  2. a b Jonathan Leeming (2003). «Southern African species». Scorpions of Southern Africa. Struik. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-1-86872-804-6.
  3. Larsen, Norman. Biodiversity Explorer, IZIKO. Scorpion stings and venoms
  4. a b Norman Larsen. «Parabuthus (burrowing thick-tailed scorpions)». biodiversityexplorer. Consultado el 3 de octubre de 2012.
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Parabuthus: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Parabuthus es un género de escorpiones afrotropicales altamente venenosos que muestran preferencia por las áreas lluviosas.​​ Su picadura es de importancia médica y se ha registrado una alta cifra de muertes en humanos.​

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Parabuthus ( ranska )

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Parabuthus est un genre de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

Distribution

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Afrique australe, en Afrique de l'Est et en Arabie[1].

Description

Les espèces du genre Parabuthus mesurent entre 40 et 140 mm selon les espèces[2],[3].

Venin

Le venin des scorpions de ce genre est considéré comme potentiellement mortel pour l'homme[3].

Liste des espèces

Selon The Scorpion Files (09/02/2021)[4] :

Publication originale

  • Pocock, 1890 : « A revision of the genera of Scorpions of the family Buthidae with descriptions of some South-African species. » Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 10, p. 114–141 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. Fet, Sissom, Lowe & Braunwalder, 2000 : Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998). New York Entomological Society, p. 1-690.
  2. Genre Parabuthus sur www.biodiversityexplorer.org
  3. a et b Prendini, 2004 : « The systematics of the southern african Parabuthus Pocock (Scorpiones, Buthidae): revisions to the taxonomy and key to the species. » The Journal of Arachnology, vol. 32, no 1, p. 109-187 (texte intégral).
  4. The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
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Parabuthus: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Parabuthus est un genre de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

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Parabuthus ( portugali )

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Parabuthus é um gênero de escorpiões, da família Buthidae.

Espécies

P. brevimanus (Thorell, 1876) P. calvus Purcell, 1898 P. capensis (Ehrenberg, 1831) P. cimrmani Kovarik, 2004 P. distridor Lamoral, 1980 P. eritreaensis Kovarik, 2003 P. gracilis Lamoral, 1979 P. granimanus Pocock, 1895 P. granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831) P. heterurus Pocock, 1899 P. hunteri Pocock, 1895 P. kalaharicus Lamoral, 1977 P. kraepelini Werner, 1902 P. kuanyamarum Monrad, 1937 P. laevifrons (Simon, 1888) P. liosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828) P. maximus Werner, 1913 P. mossambicensis (Peters, 1861) P. muelleri Prendini, 2000 P. namibensis Lamoral, 1979 P. nanus Lamoral, 1979 P. pallidus Pocock, 1895 P. planicauda (Pocock, 1889) P. raudus (Simon, 1888) P. schlechteri Purcell, 1899 P. stridulus Hewitt, 1913 P. transvaalicus Purcell, 1899 P. villosus (Peters, 1862)

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Parabuthus: Brief Summary ( portugali )

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Parabuthus é um gênero de escorpiões, da família Buthidae.

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Parabuthus ( vietnam )

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Parabuthus là một chi bọ cạp có độc tố cao trong họ Buthidae[1][2][3] Chúng có thân chắc nịch và một cái đuôi mạnh mẽ[4] cú chích của nó truyền độc tố rất nhanh để giữ lấy con mồi[4]

Các loài

Phát sinh loài


Grosphus madagascariensis




Uroplectes triangulifer






P. brevimanus





P. distridor



P. kuanyamarum





P. gracilis



P. nanus








P. granulatus



P. kalaharicus





P. namibensis




P. laevifrons



P. stridulus









P. liosoma




P. heterurus




P. granimanus



P. hunteri








P. capensis




P. muelleri




P. calvus



P. pallidus



P. planicauda







P. mossambicensis




P. kraepelini





P. raudus



P. schlechteri





P. transvaalicus



P. villosus










Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Prendini, Lorenzo (2004). “The systematics of southern African Parabuthus” (PDF). The Journal of Arachnology 32: 109–186. doi:10.1636/h03-17. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 10 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Jonathan Leeming (2003). “Southern African species”. Scorpions of Southern Africa. Struik. tr. 49–50. ISBN 978-1-86872-804-6.
  3. ^ Larsen, Norman. Biodiversity Explorer, IZIKO. Scorpion stings and venoms [1]
  4. ^ a ă Norman Larsen. “Parabuthus (burrowing thick-tailed scorpions)”. biodiversityexplorer. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

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Parabuthus: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

tarjonnut wikipedia VI

Parabuthus là một chi bọ cạp có độc tố cao trong họ Buthidae Chúng có thân chắc nịch và một cái đuôi mạnh mẽ cú chích của nó truyền độc tố rất nhanh để giữ lấy con mồi

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