Comments
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Quercus stellata is often identified by its commonly cross-shaped leaf form, particularly in the eastern part of its range. All individuals and populations do not express this characteristic, however. Moreover, Q . stellata has broad overlap with Q . margaretta and even with some forms of the blackjack oak, Q . marilandica , one of its most common associates. The thick yellowish twigs with indument of stellate hairs and the dense harsh stellate hairs on the abaxial leaf surface are better diagnostic characteristics when variation includes leaf forms that are not obviously cruciform.
Native Americans used Quercus stellata medicinally for indigestion, chronic dysentery, mouth sores, chapped skin, hoarseness, and milky urine, as an antiseptic, and as a wash for fever and chills (D. E. Moerman 1986).
Putative hybrids are known with Quercus marilandica , Q . alba , and various other white oaks. Quercus stellata is also one of the few oaks that appears to produce hybrids with species in the live oak group, although obvious intermediates are rarely encountered. Nothospecies names based on putative hybrids involving Q . stellata include: Q . × stelloides E. J. Palmer (= Q . prinoides × Q . stellata ), Q . × mahloni E. J. Palmer (as Q . sinuata var. breviloba × Q . stellata ), Q . × pseudomargaretta Trelease (= Q . margaretta × Q . stellata ), Q . × sterretti Trelease (= Q . lyrata × Q . stellata ), Q . × macnabiana Sudworth (= Q . sinuata × Q . stellata ), Q . × guadalupensis Sargent (= Q . sinuata × Q . stellata ), Q . × fernowi Trelease (= Q . alba × Q . stellata ), and Q . × bernardensis W. Wolf (= Q . montana × Q . stellata ).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 20(-30) m. Bark light gray, scaly. Twigs yellowish or grayish, (2-)3-5 mm diam., densely stellate-pubescent. Buds reddish brown, ovoid, to 4 mm, apex obtuse or acute, sparsely pubescent. Leaves: petiole 3-15(-30) mm. Leaf blade obovate to narrowly obovate, elliptic or obtriangular, 40-150(-200) × 20-100(-120) mm, rather stiff and hard, base rounded-attenuate to cordate, sometimes cuneate, margins shallowly to deeply lobed, lobes rounded or spatulate, usually distal 2 lobes divergent at right angles to midrib in cruciform pattern, secondary veins 3-5 on each side, apex broadly rounded; surfaces abaxially yellowish green, with crowded yellowish glandular hairs and scattered minute, 6-8-rayed, appressed or semi-appressed stellate hairs, not velvety to touch, adaxially dark or yellowish green, dull or glossy, sparsely stellate, often somewhat sandpapery with harsh hairs. Acorns 1-3, subsessile or on peduncle to 6(-40) mm; cup deeply saucer-shaped, proximally rounded or constricted, 7-12(-18) mm deep × (7-)10-15(-25) mm wide, enclosing 1/4-2/3 nut, scales tightly appressed, finely grayish pubescent; nut light brown, ovoid or globose, 10-20 × 8-12(-20) mm, glabrous or finely puberulent. Cotyledons distinct.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Flowering spring.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Usually on xeric sites, dry gravelly and sandy ridges and uplands, dry clays, prairies and limestone hills, woodlands and deciduous forests; 0-750m.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Quercus minor (Marshall) Sargent; Q. obtusiloba Michaux
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Brief Summary
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut EOL authors
Quercus stellata is an oak in the white oak group. It is a small tree, typically 10–15 m tall and 30–60 cm trunk diameter, though occasional specimens reach 30 m tall and 140 cm diameter. It is native to the eastern United States, from Connecticut in the northeast, to central Texas in the southwest. It is one of the most common oaks in the southern part of the eastern prairies, such as in the Cross Timbers. Quercus stellata is often identified by its commonly cross-shaped leaf form, particularly in the eastern part of its range. All individuals and populations do not express this characteristic, however. Moreover, Q . stellata has broad overlap with Q . margaretta and even with some forms of the blackjack oak, Q . marilandica, one of its most common associates. The thick yellowish twigs with indument of stellate hairs and the dense harsh stellate hairs on the abaxial leaf surface are better diagnostic characteristics when variation includes leaf forms that are not obviously cruciform.
Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
fuel,
surface firePost oak in a savanna is more likely to be killed by surface fires than
post oak in a forest because of the grass fuel load in the savanna. In a
March surface fire in a central Oklahoma savanna, most post oaks smaller
than 1.6 inches (4 cm) in d.b.h. were top-killed and some trees up to
3.5 inches (9 cm) in d.b.h. were top-killed or severely damaged. In the
adjacent post oak-blackjack oak forest, however, few woody stems larger
than 1 inch (2.5 cm) were top-killed [
24].
In a post oak-eastern redcedar community, post oak is likely to be
killed by fire because the eastern redcedar is highly flammable and
fires tend to be hot. In a severe fire in a post oak-eastern redcedar
community in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma, 92 percent of all trees
(post oak, blackjack oak, and eastern redcedar) greater than 3 inches
(7.6 cm) in d.b.h. were top-killed and only 13.5 percent of the post
oaks and blackjack oaks sprouted. In the adjacent post oak-blackjack
oak forest, only 66 percent of trees greater than 3 inches (7.6 cm) were
top-killed by the fire and 70 percent sprouted [
40].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
post oak
Delta post oak
iron oak
cross oak
dwarf post oak
runner oak
scrubby post oak
Boynton post oak
Drummond post oak
bottomland post oak
bottom-land post oak
Mississippi Valley oak
yellow oak
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treePost oak is a long-lived, native, deciduous tree with a crown of
horizontal branches. The varieties are distinguished by leaf shape,
acorn size, growth form, and site preferences. The typical variety
usually grows 50 to 60 feet (15.2-18.3 m) in height and 12 to 24 inches
(30-61 cm) in d.b.h. It rarely exceeds 100 feet (30.5 m) in height and
48 inches (122 cm) in d.b.h. [
47]. In the drier areas of its range
(Texas), post oak is typically only 30 to 40 feet (9-12 m) tall and 15
to 18 inches (38-46 cm) in d.b.h. Post oak is slow growing and lives
300 to 400 years [
24,
47]. Seedlings have especially thick taproots.
Most roots develop above underlying clay horizons [
47].
Delta post oak is generally larger than the typical variety, growing to
about 100 feet (30 m) in height [
13,
46].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treePost oak is widespread in the eastern and central United States from
southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, southern Connecticut, and
extreme southeastern New York; south to central Florida; and west to
southeastern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central Texas. In the
Midwest, it grows as far north as southeastern Iowa, central Illinois,
and southern Indiana. It is an abundant tree in coastal plains and the
Piedmont and extends into the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains
[
47].
Delta post oak occurs in bottomlands in eastern Texas and in the
Mississippi River valley in western Mississippi, southeastern Arkansas,
and Louisiana [
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
forest,
fuel,
fuel moisture,
litter,
root collar,
surface fire,
tree,
xericPost oak is moderately resistant to fire [
5]. It is less tolerant than
blackjack oak, about as tolerant as black oak [
5,
21], and slightly more
tolerant than southern red oak [
3]. The basal bark on mature trees is
medium thick, and stands of post oak are moderately open [
5]. Smaller
trees are easily killed by fire, but sprout vigorously from the root
collar [
55].
If fire is frequent in pine-oak-hickory associations, post oak is an
important constituent because fire provides an opportunity for invasion
by this more fire-resistant oak. If fire is infrequent or absent, post
oak also is absent [
28].
In xeric sandhill communities of post oak, blackjack oak, and bluejack
oak, grass and other fuels are rare and fires are only occasional. When
fires do reach these communities, some mature trees may be killed, but
they sprout and the community is maintained [
54].
In a study investigating the temperature of a surface fire as it moved
from the surrounding grasslands to the area beneath a single post oak,
the temperature increased sharply from the canopy edge to the midcanopy
position because the increase in fuel load was not accompanied by a
concomitant increase in fuel moisture percentage. The temperature then
decreased from the midcanopy to the base of the tree, despite continued
increase in fuel load and a slight decrease in fuel moisture. This
decline in temperature was presumably caused by the bole of the tree,
which stopped the leading edge of the fire [
16].
Under historic FIRE REGIMES, a savanna is maintained because after a hot
surface fire grass grows back faster than the woody sprouts. In the
absence of fire, the woody canopy spreads and the grass dies back. If
fire returns, post oaks are likely to survive because the reduction in
grass fuel results in a much cooler fire. In a fire in central
Oklahoma, all savanna litter burned whereas only 45 percent of the
litter in the adjacent forest burned [
24].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire suppression,
forest,
fuel,
prescribed fire,
treeMany present-day post oak-blackjack oak stands were former savannas. In
the Wichita Forest Reserve in Oklahoma, the average age of stands
coincides with the advent of fire suppression in the reserve [
10].
Forests may not revert back to savannas with prescribed burning because
post oak-blackjack oak forests are resistant to effects of fire once the
canopy closes and the grass fuel load is reduced [
24]. Fire, in
conjunction with herbicides, may be effective at eliminating post oak
[
48].
Prescribed fires are used to maintain grasslands. Repeat summer fires
are effective at controlling woody species because they are hotter than
winter fires, and belowground carbohydrate reserves are lowest in the
summer [
18]. Post oak growing within a pine forest can also be
controlled with prescribed fire [
3,
53].
Equations for the estimation of fire-caused mortality have been
developed for post oak. In order to predict mortality, a manager needs
to know the tree d.b.h, the height of bark blackening, the width of bark
blackening 1 foot above the ground, and the season of fire. The
equations should only be applied to trees between 3 and 16 inches
(7.6-40.6 cm) in d.b.h. [
31].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
mesic,
serpentine soilsPost oak occurs primarily on dry uplands with southerly or westerly
exposures [
47] but may occur on terraces of smaller streams in
well-drained soil [
23]. Post oak is common to about 2,950 feet (900 m)
in elevation throughout its range and rare to about 4,920 feet (1,500 m)
in the southern Appalachian Mountains [
13,
47].
The soils are usually shallow, well-drained, coarse-textured, and
deficient in nutrients and organic matter. It commonly grows in
serpentine soils [
56,
58]. Post oak is often restricted to sites where a
heavy clay subsurface layer is within 1 foot (0.3 m) of the surface or
bedrock is within 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9 m) of the surface [
25]. It may
grow in shallow sand overlying beds of clay or gravel, but the typical
variety of post oak appears to be restricted from deep sands [
35]. Post
oak grows on drier clayhills that formerly supported longleaf pine
(Pinus palustris) [
36].
Post oak occurs on sites too dry for white oak and southern red oak (Q.
falcata) [
38], but on slightly more mesic sites than blackjack oak [
11]
or eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) [
17]. Generally, excessive
soil moisture and inundation cause high mortality or severe stress to
post oak [
6]; however, it dominates some flatwoods in southern Indiana
that are moist in the winter [
9].
Delta post oak occurs in rich, moist bottomlands, usually on the highest
first bottom ridges and terraces. Soils are fine, sandy loam [
13,
47].
In addition to those species mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence,
less common overstory associates of post oak include hickories (Carya
spp.), southern red oak, scarlet oak, bluejack oak, live oak, shingle
oak (Q. imbricaria), chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii), bluejack oak,
Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), sourwood
(Oxydendrum arboreum), red maple (Acer rubrum), winged elm (Ulmus
alata), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and dogwood (Cornus spp.) [
47].
Overstory associates of Delta post oak include green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), white ash (F. americana), white oak, water oak,
blackgum, sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), American elm (Ulmus
americana), winged elm, American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana),
American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), black willow (Salix nigra),
and hickories [
46,
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp40 Post oak - blackjack oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
46 Eastern redcedar
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
68 Mesquite
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
72 Southern scrub oak
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
110 Black oak
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES39 Prairie
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K089 Black Belt
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K115 Sand pine scrub
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
low-severity fire,
top-killIn general, small post oaks are top-killed by low-severity fire, and
more severe fires top-kill larger trees and may kill rootstocks as well.
Growing-season fires tend to be more detrimental to post oak than
dormant-season fires. In Texas, a winter head fire top-killed 20 percent
of a post oak and southern red oak understory; a late winter fire
top-killed just over 40 percent; a spring fire top-killed just under 40
percent; and a late summer fire top-killed 55 percent. Winter fires
killed on average less than 2 percent of rootstocks; summer fires killed
on average less than 10 percent. The top-kill was substantially greater
for oaks between 0.6 and 2.5 inches (1.5-6.4 cm) in diameter than those
between 2.6 and 4.5 inches (6.5-11.4 cm) in diameter. Diameter was
measured 6 inches (15.2 cm) above the ground line [
15].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverPost oak provides cover and habitat for birds and mammals. Cavities
provide nest and den sites, and leaves are used for nest construction.
The acorns are an important food source for wildlife including
white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and squirrels and other rodents [
47].
The tannin in leaves, buds, and acorns is toxic to sheep, cattle, and
goats [
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
forest,
natural,
treePost oak occurs as a dominant tree in savannas and in forests adjacent
to grasslands. It forms pure stands or mixed stands with blackjack oak
(Quercus marilandica) in the prairie transition area of central Oklahoma
and Texas, where the eastern deciduous forests grade into the drier
western grasslands [
43,
47].
The following published classifications list post oak as a dominant or
codominant species:
Forest vegetation of the lower Alabama Piedmont [
22]
The natural communities of South Carolina [
37]
Forest vegetation of the Big thicket, southeast Texas [
33]
Eastern Deciduous Forest [
52]
Old-growth forests within the Piedmont of South Carolina [
25]
The natural forests of Maryland: an explanation of the vegetation map of
Maryland [
56]
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
hardwoodPost oak is susceptible to most insects and diseases that attack eastern
oak species. Chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) attacks
post oak throughout most of its range [
47].
Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), which has defoliated and killed
northeastern oak species, showed 17 percent survival in feeding trials
using post oak. This exotic moth has been spreading southward from New
England and, if not contained, could become a problem for post oak
[
34].
Hardwood competition in pine plantations and hardwood expansion into
grasslands are often controlled with herbicides. Tebuthiuron and
triclopyr are extremely effective on post oak in grasslands of the Cross
Timbers area of Oklahoma [
48].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Post oak acorns contain 5.2 percent crude fat, 37.9 percent total
carbohydrates, 3.8 percent total protein, 0.08 percent phosphorus, 0.25
percent calcium, and 0.06 percent magnesium [
2].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IA IL IN KS
KY LA MA MD MS MO NC NJ NY OH
OK PA RI SC TN TX VA WV
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treePost oak is used as a shade tree and its bark is used for decorative and
protective mulch in landscaping [
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Among 12 southeastern oak species, post oak ranked third in preference
to the fox squirrel [
39]. Acorns of white oak group species are
generally more palatable than black oak group acorns [
45].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Post oak flowers from March to June depending on elevation and latitude.
Flowers appear at the same time as leaves. Acorns mature in one growing
season and drop soon after ripening from September through November.
Acorns exhibit no dormancy and germinate soon after dropping [
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
density,
fire frequency,
forest,
frequency,
hardwood,
root crownIf top-killed by fire, post oak up to 10 inches (25 cm) in d.b.h. sprout
vigorously from the root crown [
47].
Because of sprouting, fire tends to increase the number of understory
post oak stems. Eight annual winter fires in Tennessee resulted in
2,000 stems per acre (4,940/ha) compared to 1,220 stems per acre
(3,010/ha) in the unburned control [
49]. If the high fire frequency
continues, however, the stem density may decrease as root systems are
killed. In a study on the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina,
43 years of periodic winter and summer low-severity fires and annual
winter and summer low-severity fires reduced the number of hardwood
stems (including post oak) between 1 and 5 inches (2.6-12.5) in d.b.h.
However, the number of stems less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in d.b.h.
increased slightly under all treatments except annual summer fires.
Root systems were weakened and eventually killed by annual burning
during the growing season [
53].
Fire wounds on surviving trees allow entry of fungi which can cause
heart rot decay [
50].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hypogeal,
litter,
monoecious,
root crown,
seed,
treeSexual: Post oak is monoecious. Seed production begins when the tree
is about 25 years old. Good crops occur at 2- to 3-year intervals.
Post oak does not produce as many acorns as white oak, blackjack oak,
black oak (Quercus velutina), or scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) [
47].
Acorns germinate in autumn soon after falling. Germination is hypogeal.
The ideal seedbed is moist soil covered with 1 inch (2.5 cm) or more of
leaf litter. Height and diameter growth are slow; 10 year d.b.h. growth
generally averages less than 2 inches (5 cm). Post oak usually grows
more slowly than any associated trees except blackjack oak [
47].
Average annual height growth of seedlings in Missouri during a 6 year
period was 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) [
29].
Seedlings are resistant to drought but not to flooding [
47]. Post oak
seedlings were more drought tolerant than white oak, black oak, or
northern red oak (Q. rubra), primarily because of greater drought
tolerance of leaf and root cells [
57].
Vegetative: Trees up to 10 inches (25 cm) in d.b.h. sprout prolifically
from the root crown after being top-killed. Post oak tends to have
fewer sprouts per clump than black, chestnut, white, or scarlet oaks
[
47]. Post oak sprouts grow faster than seedlings [
29]. In the Cross
Timbers area of Oklahoma, post oak often occurs in small clusters of two
to six trees. These clusters may represent a single individual because
the species occasionally reproduces vegetatively from roots, especially
under moisture stress [
8].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
14 Great Plains
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
association,
climax,
codominant,
competition,
forest,
xericPost oak is intolerant of shade and competition. Because of slow growth
it is often overtopped by other species, including most oaks. It
persists and becomes dominant on poor sites because of its drought
resistance [
47]. Delta post oak is moderately intolerant of shade [
41].
Post oak is common in the understory of pine (Pinus spp.)-hardwood
forests. In the absence of fire, post oak may become dominant depending
on site conditions and competition from associated species [
19]. In an
upland longleaf pine forest in the west Gulf Coastal Plain, post oak,
along with blackjack oak, bluejack oak, and black hickory (Carya
texana), became codominant and eventually replaced longleaf pine [
4].
Post oak will expand into adjacent prairies in the absence of fire [
47].
The post oak-blackjack oak association may be an edaphic climax on dry
sites [
14].
Some of the most xeric sites of the South Carolina Piedmont are occupied
by old-growth communities of post oak, black oak, and Blue Ridge blueberry
(Vaccinium vacillans). Although the community appears to be in steady
state, it may evolve into a hickory-dominated community in the absence
of fire [
25].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Quercus boyntonii Beadle
Quercus mississippiensis Ashe
Quercus similis Ashe
Quercus drummondii Liebm.
Quercus stellata var. boyntonii (Beadle) Sarg.
Quercus stellata var. mississippiensis (Ashe) Little
Quercus stellata var. similis (Ashe) Sudw.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of post oak is Quercus stellata
Wangenh. [
30,
47]. Post oak has been placed within the subgenus
Lepidobalanus, or white oak group [
59].
The following varieties are recognized [
30]:
Quercus stellata var. paludosa Sarg., Delta post oak
Quercus stellata var. stellata, post oak
Identification of post oak is difficult because of its many growth
forms. At times, local populations have been given species or varietal
status. A rhizomatous dwarf post oak that grows near Lufkin, Texas, is
called Boynton post oak (Q. boyntonii). Drummond post oak, which grows
in deep sands of Texas, is thought to be a hybrid between post oak and
sand post oak (Q. margaretta) [
46]. It has also been considered a species (Q.
drummondii) by some authors [
13,
46].
Post oak hybridizes with the following species [
30]:
x Q. alba (white oak): Q. X fernowii Trel.
x Q. bicolor (swamp white oak): Q. X substellata Trel.
x Q. durandii (Durand oak): Q. X macnabiana Sudw.
x Q. havardii (Havard oak)
x Q. lyrata (overcup oak): Q. X sterrettii Trel.
x Q. macrocarpa (bur oak): Q. X guadalupensis Sarg.
x Q. minima (dwarf live oak): Q. X neo-tharpii A. Camus
x Q. mohriana (Mohr oak)
x Q. prinoides (dwarf chinkapin oak): Q. X stelloides Palmer
x Q. prinus (chestnut oak): Q. X bernardiensis W. Wolf
x Q. virginiana (live oak): Q. X harbisonii Sarg.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Post oak is planted for soil stabilization on dry, sloping, stony sites,
which are unsuitable for other species [
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
naturalPost oak is not a preferred timber species [
44]. It is difficult to
grade because of insect damage, and natural pruning and growth are slow
[
41]. The wood is very durable and classified as moderately to very
resistant to decay. It is used for railroad ties, mine timbers,
flooring, siding, lathing, planks, construction timbers, and fence posts
(hence its name) [
47]. Wood of Delta post oak is of better quality than
that of the typical variety, but it has a distinct yellow-tan cast which
requires separate handling as veneer. Otherwise, Delta post oak wood
has broad utility [
41].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus stellata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
In the Northern Forest Region, post oak is found in the forest
cover type White Pine-Chestnut Oak (Society of American Foresters
Type 51) (4). On dry ridges and upper slopes its other associates
are scarlet, white, and black oaks (Quercus coccinea, Q.
alba, and Q. uelutina), hickories (Carya spp.),
and pines (Pinus spp.).
In the Central Forest Region, post oak is most abundant in Post
Oak-Blackjack Oak (Type 40). It extends over a wide area from
eastern Kansas south to Texas and east to the Atlantic Coastal
Plain. On heavier, clay soils a post oak variant of this type is
found, and in the Texas "Cross Timbers" area and in
Oklahoma, a post oak savanna. Along with other oaks, post oak is
a common associate in several other cover types: Bear Oak (Type
43), Chestnut Oak (Type 44), White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak
(Type 52), White Oak (Type 53), Black Oak (Type 110), Pitch Pine
(Type 45), and Eastern Redcedar (Type 46).
In the Southern Forest Region, sand post oak is a chief hardwood
component of Sand Pine (Type 69). Sand post oak and post oak grow
on drier sites of Longleaf Pine (Type 70) and in Southern Scrub
Oak (Type 72). Post oak is a common associate in Longleaf
Pine-Slash Pine (Type 83), Shortleaf Pine (Type 75), Virginia
Pine (Type 79), Loblolly Pine (Type 81), and Loblolly
Pine-Shortleaf Pine (Type 80), and on better drained sites of
Slash Pine (Type 84). In the oak-pine types post oak is a common
associate in Shortleaf Pine-Oak (Type 76), Virginia Pine-Oak
(Type 78), and the Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82); sand oak is
an important component of Longleaf Pine-Scrub Oak (Type 71).
Delta post oak is found in Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type
91). In Mesquite (Type 68) of east central Texas, post oak
appears in mixture with mesquite (Prosopis spp.).
The most common hardwoods associated with typical post oak are
blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica), black oak, and the
hickories. Less common associates include southern red oak (Q.
falcata), white oak, scarlet oak, chestnut oak (Q.
prinus), shingle oak (Q. imbricaria), live oak
(Q. uirginiana), chinkapin oak (Q.
muehlenbergii), bluejack oak (Q. incana), Shumard oak
(Q. shumardii), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica),
sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), red maple (Acer
rubrum), winged elm (Ulmus alata), hackberry (Celtis
occidentalis), chinkapin (Castanea spp.), and dogwood
(Cornus spp.). Coniferous associates are eastern redcedar
(Juniperus virginiana), shortleaf pine (Pinus
echinata), Virginia pine (P. virginiana), pitch pine
(P. rigida), loblolly pine (P. taeda), and
occasionally longleaf and slash pines (P. palustris and P
elliottii). At higher elevations eastern white pine (P.
strobus) and hemlock (Tsuga spp.) are
sometimes associates.
Delta post oak is commonly associated with cherrybark oak (Quercus
falcata var. pagodifolia), water oak (Q. nigra),
willow oak (Q. phellos), swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii),
white oak, sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), blackgum,
American elm (Ulmus americana), winged elm, white ash
(Fraxinus americana), hickories, and loblolly pine.
In the South, where post oak is a major component in many stands,
the following small trees are common associates: shining sumac
(Rhus copallina), smooth sumac (R. glabra), gum
bumelia (Bumelia lanuginosa), hawthorns (Crataegus
spp.), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), possumhaw (J.
decidua), redbud (Cercis canadensis), and rusty
blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The range of post oak reaches from the humid East to semiarid
portions of Oklahoma and Texas. Within this region, average
annual precipitation varies from more than 1520 mm (60 in) in
west Florida and parts of Louisiana to less than 560 mm (22 in)
in central Texas. Annual snowfall varies from 760 cm (30 in) in
southeastern Iowa to a trace in Florida (15).
Mean annual temperatures vary from 10' C (50' F) in southern New
England and southeastern Iowa to 22' C (72' F) in central
Florida. January temperatures average from -6' C (22' F) in
southeastern Iowa to 17' C (62' F) in Florida; in July they range
from 23' C (73' F) in southern New England to 290 C (85' F) in
Texas. Temperature extremes of -11' C (12' F) in Kansas,
Oklahoma, and Texas and -400 C (-40' F) in central Missouri have
been recorded.
From northwest to southeast the average frost-free period
increases from 165 to 300 days, 60 to 90 percent, respectively,
of the annual precipitation occurring during this period.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak is susceptible to most insects,
diseases, and pollutants that present a threat to other oaks.
Regeneration efforts are hampered by acorns being destroyed by
weevils. Insect defoliators, leafrollers, tent caterpillars,
Gypsy moth, sawfly, leaf miners, and skeletonizers may cause
growth losses, and when repeated, may cause mortality (14). The
foliage also is susceptible to at tacks by aphids, lace bugs,
various scales, gall wasps, and mites. The trunk, twigs, and
roots may be damaged by carpenterworms, borers, beetles, twig
pruners, white grubs, and cicadas (locusts). Some of these cause
defects that render the wood unfit for many commercial purposes
(1).
Chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) causes
many defects as well as mortality to post oak throughout its
range (8). The tree also is subject to oak wilt (Ceratocystis
fagacearum), a vascular disease prevalent mostly north of the
35th parallel, but not to the same degree as on red oaks.
Soil-inhabiting fungi may cause heavy seedling mortality by
damping off. Powdery mildews stunt and deform nursery seedlings.
Many fungi produce spots, blotches, blisters, and blights on the
foliage. They rarely cause real damage but are unsightly.
Decay fungi cause cankers, rots, and discoloration of the upper
and lower stem, as well as of the roots. The Texas root rot (Phymatotrichum
ormnivorum) attacks mainly oaks planted on old farm fields or
in subdivisions (14).
Several species of mistletoe are often found on branches and
trunks of post oak. Infected branches may be stunted and
eventually die. Trees usually are not killed.
Nonpoint source pollutants near large cities cause twigs of many
oaks to die back, or kill the trees. The specific diagnosis is
usually difficult. Sulfur dioxide, fluoride, ammonia, and some
herbicides have been identified as probable agents.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak is monoecious; staminate
and pistillate flowers are on the same tree in separate catkins
(aments). Flowers appear at the same time as the leaves.
Flowering usually begins in March in the South and extends
through May further north. Staminate flowers are borne in pendant
catkins 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long. The calyx is yellow,
pubescent, and five-lobed; the lobes are acute and laciniately
segmented, with four to six stamens and pubescent anthers.
Pistillate catkins are short-stalked or sessile and
inconspicuous; the scales of the involucre are broadly ovate and
hairy with red, short, enlarged stigmas (18).
The acorns mature in one growing season and drop soon after
ripening, from September through November. Late freezes after the
start of flowering and leafing may cause seed crop failures. The
acorns are sessile or short-stalked, borne solitary, in pairs, or
clustered; acorns are oval or ovoid-oblong, broad at the base, 13
to 19 mm (0.5 to 0.75 in) long, striate, set in a cup one-third
to one-half its length. The cup is bowl-shaped, pale, and often
pubescent within. Externally it is hoary-tomentose. The scales of
the cup are reddish brown, rounded or acute at the apex, and
closely appressed (18).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Genetics
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The great variation in post oak and its tendency to hybridize
creates a number of varieties and hybrids. The following hybrids
with Quercus stellata have been recognized (10): Q.
alba (Q. x fernowii Ti-el.); Q. bicolor (Q. x substellata
Trel.); Q. durandii (Q. x macnabiana Sudw.); Q.
havardii (unnamed); Q. lyrata (Q. x sterrettii
Trel.); Q. macrocarpa (Q. x guadalupensis Sarg.);
Q. minima (Q. x neo-tharpii A. Camus); Q. mohriana
(unnamed); Q. prinoides (Q. x stelloides Palmer);
Q. prinus (Q. x bernardiensis W. Wolf); Q. virginiana
(Q. x harbisonii Sarg.).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Growth and Yield
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
In the Southeast, mature post oaks are
from 15.2 to 18.3 m (50 to 60 ft) tall and from 30 to 61 cm (12
to 24 in) in d.b.h. Maximum height rarely exceeds 30 m (100 ft),
and diameters exceeding 122 cm (48 in) are uncommon. In the
extreme western part of its range, mature trees are seldom larger
than 9 to 12 in (30 to 40 ft) tall and 38 to 46 cm (15 to 18 in)
in d.b.h. Height and diameter growth for post oak are usually
slower than for any of the associated trees except blackjack oak
' Ten-year diameter growth generally averages less than 5 cm (2
in), and in central Oklahoma it may be only 13 mm (0.5 in).
Diameter growth of individual post oaks averaging 17 cm (6.7 in)
in d.b.h. was stimulated when most of the stand was removed to
favor forage production in Robertson County, TX (12). Post oak
stands were thinned from an average of 14.9 m²/ha (65 ft²
/acre) basal area to 8.9, 6.0, and 3.0 m²/ha (39, 26, and 13
ft² /acre). In the two ensuing growing seasons, average
annual diameter growth for the heaviest thinning was twice that
of the uncut check plots (3.6 mm. compared to 1.8 mm, excluding
bark, or 0.14 in compared to 0.07 in).
Average post oak stands in east Texas contain a volume of about
47.2 m³/ha (7.5 cords or 675 ft³/acre). In an Oklahoma
woodland, typical of the dry upland post oak type, post oaks 30
cm (12 in) in d.b.h. and larger made up 64 percent of the
sawtimber volume (Doyle rule) in a stand averaging nearly 28.0 m³/ha
(2,000 fbm/acre). The average post oak contained 0.4 m' (70 fbm).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Reaction to Competition
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak is intolerant of
competition and is classed as intolerant of shade. Because of its
slow height growth it often is overtopped by other trees,
including most other oaks. On poor sites, however, post oak tends
to persist and become dominant because it is more drought
resistant than many of its associates (12).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Rooting Habit
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak seedlings have especially thick
taproots, usually exceeding the shoot diameter; but overall root
development is less than that of northern red (Quercus
rubra), scarlet, white, and blackjack oak (12). Although post
oak seedlings do become established on sites having a tight clay
subsoil, their growth is slow and most roots develop above the
underlying clay (3). Post oak seedlings were found to be the most
drought resistant of four Missouri oaks, primarily because of the
greater drought tolerance of their leaf and root cells (13). In
Alabama, post oak was the least tolerant of flooding of all
species tested (6).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
In common with many
other oaks, post oak begins to bear acorns when it is about 25
years old. Good acorn crops are produced at 2- to 3-year
intervals; although at several locations in Missouri over a
6-year period, post oak consistently averaged only 200 seeds per
tree per year while white, blackjack, black, and scarlet oaks of
the same size on the same site bore from 500 to 2,400 acorns per
tree. Isolated trees in open fields in east Texas consistently
produced well. Elsewhere in Texas, trees less than 15 cm (6 in)
in d.b.h. had no acorns (12).
The number of post oak acorns per kilogram averages 838 (380/lb)
but may range from 441 to 1,340 (200 to 608/lb) (17).
In a sampling of post oak acorn yields from 736 trees for 18 years
(1950-67) in western Louisiana and eastern Texas, the average
number of fresh acorns per kilogram was 476 (216/lb) with 39
percent moisture content (5). Mast yield increased linearly with
increasing bole size. Expected acorn yield was 1.6 kg (3.6 lb)
from trees 30.5 cm (12 in) in d.b.h., and 3.6 kg (8.0 lb) from
trees 50.8 cm (20 in) in d.b.h. The percentage of acorn-producing
trees also increased with increasing d.b.h. from 42 percent on
15.2 cm (6 in) trees to 76 percent on 55.9 cm (22 in) trees.
Expected acorn yield rose from 0.9 kg (2 lb) on trees with a 3.0
ni (10 ft) crown diameter to 5.5 kg (12.1 lb) on trees with a 6.1
m (20 ft) crown diameter. Average acorn yield per tree over the
18-year observation period varied from a low 0.03 kg (0.07 lb) in
1962 to a high 4.4 kg (9.7 lb) in 1965.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Seedling Development
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak acorns germinate in the
autumn soon after dropping. They do not exhibit dormancy.
Germination is hypogeal. The best seedbed is a moist soil covered
with 2.5 cm (I in) or more of leaf litter.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Soils and Topography
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak grows on a variety of sites and soils. Its range
coincides mostly with that of the Utisols but also includes some
Alfisols in the western portion of its distribution. Typically,
it grows on dry sites. Rocky outcrops, ridges, and upper slopes
with southerly or westerly exposures are common.
Soils are generally well drained, sandy, coarse textured,
deficient in nutrients, and low in organic matter. The surface
soil is generally thin but post oak, and especially the scrubby
sand post oak, grows on deep sandy, gravelly soils.
Delta post oak grows in fine sandy loam soils on the highest
first-bottom ridges in terraces. There is seldom standing water,
but the site may be wet due to slow drainage.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Special Uses
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oak is a valuable contributor to wildlife food and cover.
Acorns provide high energy food during fall and winter and are
considered important in the diet of wild turkey, white-tailed
deer, squirrels, and many other rodents. When acorns are
available animals fatten quickly, go through the winter in good
condition, and are most likely to produce healthy young (7).
Leaves are used for nest building by birds, squirrels, and
raccoons (11). Cavities provide nests and dens for various birds
and mammals.
Considered a beautiful shade tree for parks, post oak is often
used in urban forestry. It is also planted for soil stabilization
on dry, sloping, stony sites where few other trees will grow. It
develops an attractive crown with strong horizontal branches.
Large trees are difficult to transplant and do not tolerate
compaction or removal of soil in developments (19).
The wood of post oak, commercially called white oak, is classified
as moderately to very resistant to decay (16). It is used for
railroad ties, lathing, siding, planks, construction timbers,
mine timbers, trim molding, stair risers and treads, flooring
(its highest volume finished products), fenceposts, pulp, veneer,
particle boards, and fuel. The bark provides tannin, decorative
and protective mulch in landscaping, and fuel.
The tannin in oak leaves, buds, and acorns is toxic to cattle,
sheep, and goats. Oak poisoning is a problem in the Southwest
where annual livestock losses costing more than $10 million have
been estimated. Poisoning occurs more frequently in drought years
when other forage is in short supply. The most dangerous season
is during the sprouting of new foliage, a period of about 4 weeks
in March and April (9).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Vegetative Reproduction
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Post oaks up to 25 cm (10 in) in
d.b.h. sprout prolifically after being cut or burned. Along the
southwestern margins of its range, post oak spreads rapidly into
former grasslands after periodic prairie fires were stopped, and
much of this extension appears to be of sprout origin. In one
study in which potted seedlings were deprived of moisture until
the aboveground parts died, two to three times as many post oaks
sprouted after normal moisture was restored than did white,
blackjack, northern red, or scarlet oaks (12).
In a comparison of the sprouting habits of five oaks, post oak had
more one-stem clumps and fewer sprouts per clump on the average
than did black oak, chestnut oak, white oak, or scarlet oak. This
characteristic would be important in culture by coppice except
that post oak grows more slowly than the others.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Distribution
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The range of post oak extends from southeastern Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, southern Connecticut and extreme southeastern New
York (including Long Island); west to southeastern Pennsylvania
and West Virginia, central Ohio, southern Indiana, central
Illinois, southeastern Iowa and Missouri; south to eastern
Kansas, western Oklahoma, northwestern and central Texas; and
east to central Florida (10).
It is a large and abundant tree in the southern Coastal Plain, the
Piedmont, and the lower slopes of the Appalachians. It is common
in the southwest and grows in pure stands in the prairie
transition region of central Oklahoma and Texas known as the "Cross
Timbers" (2).
Sand post oak (Quercus stellata var. margaretta
(Ashe) Sarg.) ranges from southeastern Virginia, west to Missouri
and eastern Oklahoma, south to central Texas, and east to central
Florida. Delta post oak (Q. stellata var. paludosa
Sarg.) is found in bottom lands of the Mississippi River in
western Mississippi, southeast Arkansas, and Louisiana, and west
to east Texas (10).
-The native range of post oak.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Brief Summary
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Fagaceae -- Beech family
John J. Stransky
Post oak (Quercus stellata), sometimes called iron oak, is
a medium-sized tree abundant throughout the Southeastern and
South Central United States where it forms pure stands in the
prairie transition area. This slow-growing oak typically occupies
rocky or sandy ridges and dry woodlands with a variety of soils
and is considered drought resistant. The wood is very durable in
contact with soil and used widely for fenceposts, hence, the
name. Due to varying leaf shapes and acorn sizes, several
varieties of post oak have been recognized-sand post oak (Q.
stellata var. margaretta (Ashe) Sarg.), and Delta
post oak (Quercus stellata var. paludosa Sarg.)
are included here.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-nc
- tekijänoikeus
- USDA, Forest Service
Quercus stellata
(
azeri
)
tarjonnut wikipedia AZ
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
azeri
)
tarjonnut wikipedia AZ
Quercus stellata (lat. Quercus stellata) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Quercus stellata
(
valencia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia CA
Quercus stellata és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies i està dins de la secció dels roures blancs, del gènere Quercus.
Distribució
És una espècie nativa de l'est dels Estats Units, des de Massachusetts al nord-est, i passant per l'oest i sud d'Iowa, el sud-oest i el centre de Texas, fins al sud-est i nord de Florida. És un dels roures més comuns de la regió meridional de les praderies de l'est nord-americà.
Descripció
És un petit arbre, que fa entre 10 a 15 m d'alt i el tronc fa entre 30 a 60 cm de diàmetre, encara que ocasionalment poden trobar-se exemplars de 30 m d'alt i 1,4 m de diàmetre. Les fulles d'aquesta espècie tenen una forma molt distintiva, amb tres lòbuls perpendiculars terminals, molt semblants a una Creu de Malta. Les fulles són estireganyosos per l'anvers i tomentoses, cobertes de petits borrissols densos, pel revers. Les glans fan entre 1,5 i 2 cm de llarg i maduren a començaments de l'estiu.
Aquest arbre tendeix a ser més petit que la majoria dels membres del seu gènere, amb branques més baixes i disperses, que reflecteixen la seva tendència a créixer en llocs oberts de terres pobres. Així, la seva fusta es considera de valor relativament baix i s'usa com a llenya. Tanmateix, com en els altres roures blancs, la seva fusta és dura, densa i resistent a la podridura i per això també serveix per fer pals per a tanques; d'allà prové el seu nom vulgar.
-
Quercus alba var. minor Marshall, Arbust. Amer.: 120 (1785)
-
Quercus villosa Walter, Fl. Carol.: 235 (1788).
-
Quercus lobulata Sol. ex Sm. in C.abbot, Insects Georgia 1: 93 (1797)
-
Quercus obtusiloba Michx., Hist. Chênes Amér.: 1 (1801)
-
Quercus fusca Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 19 (1838)
-
Quercus gonoloba Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 25 (1838)
-
Quercus heteroloba Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 25 (1838)
-
Quercus floridana Shuttlew. exA.dc. in A.p.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 22 (1864)
-
Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg., Gard. & Forest 2: 471 (1889).[1]
Referències
Enllaços externs
En altres projectes de
Wikimedia:
Commons 
Viquiespècies
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
valencia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia CA
Quercus stellata és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies i està dins de la secció dels roures blancs, del gènere Quercus.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Dub hvězdovitý
(
Tšekki
)
tarjonnut wikipedia CZ
Dub hvězdovitý (Quercus stellata) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky okolo 20 metrů. Pochází z jihovýchodu USA a v Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parková a sbírková dřevina. Je nápadný tvarem listů, které mají laloky ve tvaru kříže.
Popis
Dub hvězdovitý je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky 20, výjimečně až 30 metrů. Koruna je široce rozložitá, v horní části nepravidelně protáhle polokulovitá. Borka je šupinovitá, světle šedá. Letorosty jsou oranžové až červenohnědé, 3 až 5 mm tlusté, hustě hvězdovitě chlupaté. Koncové pupeny jsou červenohnědé, vejcovité, až 4 mm dlouhé, řídce chlupaté. Listy jsou obvejčité až úzce obvejčité, eliptické nebo trojúhelníkovité, tuhé, kožovité, s 4 až 15 cm dlouhou a 2 až 10 cm širokou čepelí, na bázi zaokrouhlené až srdčité, řidčeji klínovité, na vrcholu zaokrouhlené, na okraji mělce až hluboce laločnaté. Prostřední 2 laloky jsou největší a v nápadně pravém úhlu ke hlavní žilce. Žilnatina je tvořena 3 až 5 páry postranních žilek. Listy jsou na líci matné až lesklé, tmavě nebo nažloutle zelené, řídce hvězdovitě chlupaté a často na omak drsné, na rubu žlutavě zelené s nahloučenými žlutavými žláznatými chlupy a roztroušenými drobnými hvězdovitými chlupy. Řapíky jsou 3 až 15, výjimečně až 30 mm dlouhé. Žaludy jsou po 1 až 3, přisedlé nebo krátce stopkaté, světle hnědé, vejcovité až kulovité, 10 až 20 mm dlouhé a 8 až 12 mm široké, do 1/4 až 2/3 kryté hluboce miskovitou jemně šedavě chlupatou číškou.[2][3][4]
Rozšíření
Dub hvězdovitý se vyskytuje ve východních a jihovýchodních oblastech USA. Roste zejména v opadavých listnatých lesích na suchých stanovištích, na písčitých nebo jílovitých svazích a hřbetech, na prériích a ve vápencových horách v nadmořských výškách do 750 metrů.
Stromy zejména ve východní části areálu mají listy nápadně křížového tvaru, podle nichž je možné tento dub snadno identifikovat. V některých oblastech však vytváří přechodné formy morfologicky se překrývající s dubem marylandským (Quercus marilandica) a s dubem Quercus margaretta. V oblastech společného výskytu se kříží s jinými duby ze sekce Quercus, zejména s dubem marylandským (Quercus marilandica), dubem bílým (Q. alba), dubem lyrovitým (Q. lyrata), dubem křovitým (Q. prinoides) a s druhy Q. margaretta, Q. sinuata a Q. montana.[2]
Význam
Severoameričtí indiáni používali dub hvězdovitý podobně jako i jiné duby při ošetřování chronické úplavice, aftů, chrapotu, jako antiseptikum a na umývání při horečkách a nachlazení.[2] V Česku je dub hvězdovitý zřídka pěstován jako parková a sbírková dřevina. Je uváděn z Dendrologické zahrady v Průhonicích a ze sbírek Pražské botanické zahrady v Tróji.[5] Byl zaveden do Evropy v roce 1819.[4]
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ a b c Flora of North America: Quercus stellata [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ Dendrologie online: Quercus stellata [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ a b Oaks of the World: Quercus stellata [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ Florius - katalog botanických zahrad [online]. Dostupné online.
Externí odkazy
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia autoři a editory
Dub hvězdovitý: Brief Summary
(
Tšekki
)
tarjonnut wikipedia CZ
Dub hvězdovitý (Quercus stellata) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky okolo 20 metrů. Pochází z jihovýchodu USA a v Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parková a sbírková dřevina. Je nápadný tvarem listů, které mají laloky ve tvaru kříže.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia autoři a editory
Quercus stellata
(
saksa
)
tarjonnut wikipedia DE
Quercus stellata ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie kommt in den östlichen bis zentralen USA vor. Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind post oak, iron oak (selten auch Pfahl-Eiche genannt).
Beschreibung
In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch folgende wichtige Informationen:
die meisten Merkmale sind nur marginal oder gar nicht beschrieben
Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie
recherchierst und
Quercus stellata kann an den gerundeten kreuzartig geformten Blattspreiten und der haarigen Unterseite der Blätter erkannt werden.
Vegetative Merkmale
Quercus stellata ist ein relativ kleiner Baum, normalerweise mit Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 15 Metern und Stammdurchmessern von 30 bis 60 Zentimetern; einzelne Exemplare können auch 30 Meter hoch sein und erreichen einen Stammdurchmesser von 140 Zentimetern.
Die Laubblätter haben eine markante Form: drei senkrecht zueinander angeordnete Lappen, die einem Malteserkreuz sehr ähnlich sehen. Sie sind ledrig und unterseits dicht mit kurzen Haaren bedeckt. Das Verzweigungsmuster gibt den Bäumen oft ein zerzaustes Aussehen.
Generative Merkmale
Die Eicheln sind 1,5 bis 2 Zentimeter lang und reifen im ersten Sommer nach der Befruchtung.[2]
Ökologie
Aufgrund ihrer dicken Rinde kann Quercus stellata Waldbrände überleben. Für die Dendrochronologie ist sie sehr hilfreich. Eine Untersuchung an 36 Bäumen in Illinois erbrachte einen Datensatz von Jahresringen, der 226 Jahre umfasst und zeigt, dass Quercus stellata für über 100 Jahre eine Waldbrand-Häufigkeit von 1,44 Bränden pro Jahr überstehen kann.[3]
![src=]()
Naturliches Verbreitungsgebiet von
Quercus stellata
Vorkommen und Gefährdung
Quercus stellata kommt in den Vereinigten Staaten von Massachusetts im Nordosten bis nach Texas im Südwesten vor; im Südosten reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet bis nach Florida, im Nordwesten bis Iowa.[4]
Quercus stellata wächst typischerweise am Waldrand auf trockenen, sandigen, nährstoffarmen Böden.[4]
Quercus stellata ist ein langsam wachsende Baum, der auf trockenen, nährstoffarmen Böden vorkommt und widerstandsfähig gegen Fäule, Feuer und Trockenheit ist.
Quercus stellata ist in den östlichen und zentralen Vereinigten Staaten beheimatet; sie kommt in allen Bundesstaaten an der Küste von Massachusetts im Nordosten bis nach Texas im Südwesten vor und ist im Inland bis nach Nebraska anzutreffen.[5]
Von der IUCN wird Quercus stellata als „Least Concern“ = „nicht gefährdet“ eingestuft.[6]
Systematik
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Quercus stellata erfolgte 1787 durch Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim in Beschreibung einiger Nordamericanischen Holz-und Buscharten, 78, Tafel 6, Figur 15.[7][8] Das Artepitheton stellata bedeutet „Stern“;[9] es wurde verwendet, weil die Trichome am Blattgrund sternförmig sind[2].
Mehrere Varietäten von Quercus stellata wurden durch den amerikanischen Botaniker Charles Sprague Sargent beschrieben. Als laut United States Forest Service 1990 häufigste Varietät galt Quercus stellata var. paludosa Sarg.[10] (englisch delta post oak), die wohl ein Synonym von Quercus similis Ashe ist. Nach Flora of North Amerika 1998 führt keine Subtaxa mehr auf.[2][8]
Synonyme für Quercus stellata Wangenh. sind: Quercus alba var. minor Marshall, Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg., Quercus villosa Walter, Quercus lobulata Sol. ex Sm., Quercus obtusiloba Michx., Quercus fusca Raf., Quercus gonoloba Raf., Quercus heteroloba Raf., Quercus floridana Shuttlew. ex A.DC., Quercus stellata var. anomala Sarg., Quercus stellata var. floridana A.DC., Quercus stellata var. palmeri Sarg., Quercus stellata var. parviloba Sarg., Quercus stellata var. rufescens Sarg.[8]
Die Quercus stellata gehört zu den Weiß-Eichen (Sektion Quercus) aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae).
Hybride
Zwischen den zahlreichen Weiß-Eichen-Arten kann es zu Naturhybriden kommen, so dass Hybride mit vielen verschiedenen Arten als Eltern entstehen können.
In der Flora of North America North of Mexico sind 1997 die in der Tabelle zusammengefassten Hybride aufgeführt.[2]
Ähnlichkeit mit Quercus alba
Sowohl Quercus stellata als auch die Amerikanische Weiß-Eiche (Quercus alba) sind der Sektion Quercus zugeordnet, die Arten als Weiß-Eichen zusammenfasst.[11] Innerhalb dieser Sektion wird Quercus stellata als Schwestertaxon von Quercus alba angesehen.[12] Quercus stellata wird als „Weiß-Eiche“ (englisch white oak) vermarktet. Ein Unterschied zwischen den beiden Arten besteht in der behaarten Unterseite der Blätter von Quercus stellata, wogegen die Unterseite bei Quercus alba beim Austrieb kahl ist.[4]
Nutzung
Wegen ihres Vorkommens an trockenen Standorten, ihrer attraktiven Baumkrone und der streng horizontalen Äste wird Quercus stellata im Grünraum von Siedlungen genutzt.[10]
Sie ist widerstandsfähig gegen Zersetzung, so dass sie als Bahnschwelle, Holzfassade, Beplankung, Bauholz, Tritt- und Setzstufe, Bodenbelag, Holzstoff, Furnier, Spanplatte, Treibstoff und Zaun (der englische Trivialname „post oak“ bezieht sich darauf) Verwendung findet. Sie findet auch in der Wildfütterung für Hirsche, Truthühner, Hörnchen und andere Nagetiere Verwendung, ist jedoch aufgrund des Tannin-Gehalts der Nussfrüchte für das Vieh giftig.[10]
Quellen
Literatur
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ François André Michaux (Autor), Pierre-Joseph Redouté (Illustrator), Renard (Graveur): L. Haussmann (Hrsg.): Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérés principalement sous les rapports de leur usages dans les arts et de leur introduction dans le commerce 1812-13.
-
↑ a b c d Kevin C. Nixon: Fagaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 3 – Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York und Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6. Quercus stellata – textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk.
-
↑ William E. McClain, Terry L. Esker, Bob R. Edgin, Greg Spyreas, John E. Ebinger: Fire History of a Post Oak (Quercus stellata Wang.) Woodland in Hamilton County, Illinois. In: Castanea. 75, Nr. 4, 1. Dezember 2010, , S. 461–474. doi:10.2179/09-007.1.
-
↑ a b c John D. Stein, Denise Binion, R. E. Acciavatti: Field guide to native oak species of eastern North America 2003.
-
↑ Quercus stellata, 2014 county distribution map. Biota of North America Program. Abgerufen am 22. Mai 2019.
-
↑ Quercus stellata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2019-3. Eingestellt von: L. Kenny, K. Wenzell, 2015. Abgerufen am 1. Januar 2020.
-
↑ Quercus stellata bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2019.
-
↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Quercus stellata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2019.
-
↑ Kevin D. Mahoney: Latin Definition for: stellatus, stellata, stellatum (ID: 35675) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict. In: latin-dictionary.net. Abgerufen am 16. November 2016.
-
↑ a b c John J. Stransky: Quercus stellata Wangenh. - post oak. In: Silvics of North America, Band 2 1990.
-
↑ K. C. Nixon: Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names. In: annales des sciences forestières. 50, Nr. Supplement, 1. Januar 1993, , S. 25s–34s. doi:10.1051/forest:19930701.
-
↑ A. T. Whittemore, B. A. Schaal: Interspecific gene flow in sympatric oaks. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 88, Nr. 6, 15. März 1991, , S. 2540–2544. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2540.
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
saksa
)
tarjonnut wikipedia DE
Quercus stellata ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie kommt in den östlichen bis zentralen USA vor. Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind post oak, iron oak (selten auch Pfahl-Eiche genannt).
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Quercus stellata
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Quercus stellata, the post oak or iron oak, is a North American species of oak in the white oak section. It is a slow-growing oak that lives in dry areas on the edges of fields, tops of ridges also grows in poor soils, and is resistant to rot, fire, and drought. Interbreeding occurs among white oaks, thus many hybrid species combinations occur.
The species is native to the eastern and central United States, and found along the east coast from Massachusetts to Florida, and as far inland as Nebraska.[3] It is identifiable by the rounded cross-like shape formed by the leaf lobes and hairy underside of the leaves.
Description
Post oak is a relatively small tree, typically 10–15 metres (33–49 feet) tall and trunk 30–60 centimetres (12–24 inches) in diameter, though occasional specimens reach 30 m (98 ft) tall and 140 cm (55 in) in diameter. The leaves have a very distinctive shape, with three perpendicular terminal lobes, shaped much like a Maltese cross. They are leathery, and tomentose (densely short-hairy) beneath. The branching pattern of this tree often gives it a rugged appearance. The acorns are 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long, and are mature in their first summer.[5]
Similar species
Both Quercus stellata and Q. alba are in a section of Quercus called the white oaks.[6] In the white oak section, Q. stellata is a sister taxon with Q. alba.[7] Q. stellata is sold and distributed as white oak. One identifiable difference between the two trees is that Q. stellata is 'hairy' on the underside of the leaf.[8]
Taxonomy
The specific epithet stellata is Latin for "star";[9] it is named this because the trichome hairs on the bottom of the leaves are stellate[5] or star-shaped. Several variants of Q. stellata were named by American botanist Charles Sprague Sargent. The variety most recognised by the United States Forest Service is Q. stellata var. paludosa Sarg (delta post oak).[10]
Varieties
Varieties include:[11]
- var. margarettiae (Ashe) Sarg.
- var. paludosa Sarg.
- var. boyntonii (Beadle) Sarg.
- var. anomala Sarg.
- var. attenuata Sarg.
- var. araniosa Sarg.
- var. palmeri Sarg.
- var. parviloba Sarg.
- var. rufescens Sarg.
Hybrids
Distribution and habitat
Q. stellata is found in the Southeastern United States both inland and along the coast, then in a narrow range along the coastal plain from Maryland to coastal Massachusetts, then westward to Texas, and inland to Iowa. In Texas, the Post Oak Savannah extends down to, and ends in, far northwestern Atascosa county where a fairly dense population exists. Normally found at the edge of a forest, it typically grows in dry, sandy areas, deficient of nutrients.[8]
Ecology
Q. stellata has the ability to survive fires by having thicker bark. It is useful for fire surveys where the tree rings are used to get a fire history of an area. A tree ring survey of 36 trees in Illinois provided a 226-year tree ring record that indicated that many Q. stellata persisted through annual fire return intervals of 1.44 fires/year for over 100 years.[12]
It is used for food for deer, turkeys, squirrels, and other rodents, but because the nuts contain tannin, it is toxic to cattle.[10]
Uses
Because of its ability to grow in dry sites, attractive crown, and strong horizontal branches, it is used in urban forestry. It is resistant to decay, so it is used for railroad ties, siding, planks, construction timbers, stair risers and treads, flooring, pulp, veneer, particle board, fuel, and its namesake fence posts.[10] It is one of the most common types of wood used for Central Texas barbecue.
References
-
^ Kenny, L.; Wenzell , K. (2015). "Quercus stellata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194236A2305500. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194236A2305500.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ "Quercus stellata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ "Quercus stellata". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ illustration from Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérés principalement sous les rapports de leur usages dans les arts et de leur introduction dans le commerce ... Par F.s André-Michaux. Paris, L. Haussmann,1812-13. François André Michaux (book author), Pierre-Joseph Redouté (illustrator), Renard (engraver)
-
^ a b c Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus stellata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ Nixon, KC (1993-01-01). "Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Forestières. 50 (Supplement): 25s–34s. doi:10.1051/forest:19930701. ISSN 0003-4312.
-
^ Whittemore, A. T.; Schaal, B. A. (1991-03-15). "Interspecific gene flow in sympatric oaks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 88 (6): 2540–2544. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.2540W. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2540. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 51268. PMID 11607170.
-
^ a b Stein, John D., Denise Binion, and R. E. Acciavatti. "Field guide to native oak species of eastern North America." (2003): 96-97.
-
^ Mahoney, Kevin D. "Latin Definition for: stellatus, stellata, stellatum (ID: 35675) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict". latin-dictionary.net. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
-
^ a b c Stransky, John J. "Quercus stellata Wangenh.--post oak." Silvics of North America 2 (1990): 738–743.
-
^ "Tropicos - quercus stellata Search". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
-
^ McClain, William E.; Esker, Terry L.; Edgin, Bob R.; Spyreas, Greg; Ebinger, John E. (2010-12-01). "Fire History of a Post Oak (Quercus stellata Wang.) Woodland in Hamilton County, Illinois". Castanea. 75 (4): 461–474. doi:10.2179/09-007.1. ISSN 0008-7475. S2CID 86503496. ProQuest 854839641.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Quercus stellata, the post oak or iron oak, is a North American species of oak in the white oak section. It is a slow-growing oak that lives in dry areas on the edges of fields, tops of ridges also grows in poor soils, and is resistant to rot, fire, and drought. Interbreeding occurs among white oaks, thus many hybrid species combinations occur.
The species is native to the eastern and central United States, and found along the east coast from Massachusetts to Florida, and as far inland as Nebraska. It is identifiable by the rounded cross-like shape formed by the leaf lobes and hairy underside of the leaves.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Quercus stellata
(
kastilia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia ES
Quercus stellata Wangenh. roble de los postes, también llamado roble colorado o roble encino, es un árbol del género Quercus, al que pertenecen la mayoría de las especies denominadas "roble". Es originario de Norteamérica. Está clasificada en la Sección Quercus, que son los robles blancos de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. Tienen los estilos cortos; las bellotas maduran en 6 meses y tienen un sabor dulce y ligeramente amargo, el interior de la bellota tiene pelo. Las hojas carecen de una mayoría de cerdas en sus lóbulos, que suelen ser redondeados.
Descripción
Es un árbol pequeño, típicamente de 10 a 15 m de alto y tronco de 30 a 60 cm de diámetro, aunque ocasionalmente pueden encontrarse ejemplares de 30 m de alto y 1,4 m de diámetro.
Las hojas de esta especie tiene una forma muy distintiva, con tres lóbulos perpendiculares terminales, muy semejantes a una Cruz de Malta. Las hojas son correosas por el haz y tomentosas, cubiertas de pequeños vellos densos, por el envés. Las bellotas miden entre 1,5 y 2 cm de largo y maduran a principios del verano.
Este árbol tiende a ser más pequeño que la mayoría de los miembros de su género, con ramas más bajas y dispersas, que reflejan su tendencia a crecer en sitios abiertos de suelos pobres. Así, su madera se considera de valor relativamente bajo y se usa como leña. Sin embargo, como en otros robles blancos, su madera es dura, densa y resistente a la podredumbre y por eso también sirve para hacer postes para cercas; de allí proviene su nombre vulgar.
Distribución y hábitat
Es una especie nativa del este de Estados Unidos, desde Massachusetts en el noreste, y pasando por el oeste y sur de Iowa, el sudoeste y el centro de Texas, hasta el sudeste y norte de Florida. Es uno de los robles más comunes de la región meridional de las Praderas del este estadounidense.
Taxonomía
Quercus stellata fue descrita por Friedrich von Wangenheim y publicado en Beschreibung einiger Nordamericanischen Holz-und Buscharten 78, pl. 6, f. 15. 1787.[1]
- Etimología
Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.
stellata: epíteto latín que significa "estrellada.[2]
- Sinonimia
-
Quercus alba var. minor Marshall, Arbust. Amer.: 120 (1785).
-
Quercus villosa Walter, Fl. Carol.: 235 (1788).
-
Quercus lobulata Sol. ex Sm. in C.Abbot, Insects Georgia 1: 93 (1797).
-
Quercus obtusiloba Michx., Hist. Chênes Amér.: 1 (1801).
-
Quercus fusca Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 19 (1838).
-
Quercus gonoloba Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 25 (1838).
-
Quercus heteroloba Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 25 (1838).
-
Quercus floridana Shuttlew. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 22 (1864).
-
Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg., Gard. & Forest 2: 471 (1889).[3]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
kastilia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia ES
Quercus stellata Wangenh. roble de los postes, también llamado roble colorado o roble encino, es un árbol del género Quercus, al que pertenecen la mayoría de las especies denominadas "roble". Es originario de Norteamérica. Está clasificada en la Sección Quercus, que son los robles blancos de Europa, Asia y América del Norte. Tienen los estilos cortos; las bellotas maduran en 6 meses y tienen un sabor dulce y ligeramente amargo, el interior de la bellota tiene pelo. Las hojas carecen de una mayoría de cerdas en sus lóbulos, que suelen ser redondeados.
![src=]()
Ilustración
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Quercus stellata
(
ranska
)
tarjonnut wikipedia FR
Le chêne étoilé ou chêne à étoile (Quercus stellata) est un chêne du groupe des chênes blancs. C'est un petit arbre, mesurant généralement 10 à 15 m de hauteur avec un tronc de 30 à 60 cm de diamètre, pourtant certains spécimens atteignent 30 m de haut avec un diamètre de 140 cm. Il est originaire de l'est des États-Unis, dans le Massachusetts au nord-est, à l'ouest et dans le sud de l'Iowa, dans le sud-est jusqu'au centre du Texas, et du sud-est au nord-est de la Floride. C'est un des chênes les plus communs de la partie Sud des prairies de l'est dans les grandes plaines.
Les feuilles ont une forme très caractéristique, avec trois lobes terminaux perpendiculaires, profilé comme une croix de Malte. Elles sont coriaces, et le dessous est tomenteux. Le motif que forment les branches de cet arbre lui donne une allure rugueuse. Les glands mesurent 1,5 à 2 cm en longueur, et murissent durant leur premier été.
Son nom en anglais Post oak fait référence à l'utilisation de son bois pour les postes de défense. Son bois, comme celui des autres chênes blancs, est dure et résistant aux insectes xylophages et aux champignons. Cet arbre a tendance à être plus petit que les autres espèces du groupe, avec un ramage diffus, reflétant en grande partie sa tendance à croitre dans des milieux ouverts et pauvres, donc son bois est relativement peu prisé en tant que bois de coupe.
Le chêne étoilé se rencontre aussi dans le Sud de l'Ontario.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Zvaigžņu ozols
(
Latvia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia LV
Zvaigžņu ozols (latīņu: Quercus stellata) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks. Šis ozols savvaļā aug ASV austrumdaļā. Izplatības areāls atrodas robežās starp Masačūsetsu, Aiovas dienviddaļu, Teksasas vidieni un Floridas ziemeļdaļu. Koks ir neliels, parasti 10–15 m garš. Dažreiz sasniedz pat 30 m augstumu. Lapas ādainas, apakšpusē ar sīkiem matiņiem. Lapām ir īpatna forma, līdzīga Maltas krustam. Zīles 1,5–2 cm garas, nogatavojas vienā sezonā.
Zvaigžņu ozolu koksne ir cieta, izturīga pret puvi, tomēr zāģmateriāli iznāk zemākas kvalitātes, jo šiem ozoliem zari veidojas zemu uz stumbra.
Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt:
Zvaigžņu ozols
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia autori un redaktori
Quercus stellata
(
puola
)
tarjonnut wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Quercus stellata Wangenh. – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w środkowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych[3][4].
Rozmieszczenie geograficzne
Rośnie naturalnie w środkowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych[3][4]. Został zarejestrowany w Alabamie, Arkansas, Connecticut, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Iowa, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Luizjanie, Massachusetts, Marylandzie, Missisipi, Karolinie Północnej, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Oklahomie, Pensylwanii, Rhode Island, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Teksasie, Wirginii oraz Wirginii Zachodniej[5]. Porasta między innymi stoki gór Ouachita[6].
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Zrzucające liście drzewo dorastające do 20 m wysokości. Kora ma szarą barwę, łuszczy się[4].
- Liście
- Blaszka liściowa jest skórzasta i ma kształt od odwrotnie jajowatego do eliptycznego lub odwrotnie trójkątnego. Mierzy 15–20 cm długości oraz 2–10 cm szerokości, jest klapowana na brzegu, ma klinową lub sercowatą nasadę i ostry wierzchołek. Ogonek liściowy jest nagi i ma 3–15 mm długości[4].
- Owoce
- Orzechy zwane żołędziami o kształcie od jajowatego do kulistego, dorastają do 10–20 mm długości i 8–12 mm średnicy. Osadzone są pojedynczo w miseczkach w kształcie kubka, które mierzą 7–12 mm długości i 10–15 mm średnicy. Orzechy otulone są miseczkami w 25–65% ich długości[4].
Biologia i ekologia
Rośnie w lasach zrzucających liście, na łąkach oraz skalistych stokach. Występuje na wysokości do 800 m n.p.m.[4]
Zastosowanie
Niektóre plemiona Indian stosowały ten gatunek w medycynie tradycyjnej[4].
Przypisy
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
puola
)
tarjonnut wikipedia POL
Quercus stellata Wangenh. – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w środkowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Quercus stellata
(
vietnam
)
tarjonnut wikipedia VI
Quercus stellata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Wangenh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1787.[1]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Tham khảo
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Quercus stellata: Brief Summary
(
vietnam
)
tarjonnut wikipedia VI
Quercus stellata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Wangenh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1787.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Дуб звёздчатый
(
venäjä
)
tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Дуб звёздчатый
Международное научное название
Quercus stellata Wangenh.
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 19422NCBI 102699EOL 1151267IPNI 216416-2TPL kew-175243 Дуб звёздчатый (лат. Quercus stellata) — дерево семейства бу́ковых (Fagaceae). Данный вид входит в секцию белых дубов.
В естественных условиях дерево произрастает на запада США: от штата Массачусетс на северо-востоке до юга Айовы на западе и на юго-западе от центрального Техаса до северных районов Флориды на юго-востоке. Это один из наиболее распространённых видов дубов в восточной части прерий.
Это небольшое дерево высотой 10—15 метров и толшиной ствола 30—60 см. В редких случаях достигает высоты в 30 метров и 140 см в диаметре.
Листья имеют отличную от других видов форму; листовая пластинка перпендикулярна разделена на три доли, как если бы это был Мальтийский крест. Сверху листья кожистые, а снизу покрыты густым пушком. Жёлуди длиной 1,5-2 см.
Примечания
Это заготовка статьи по ботанике. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. 
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Дуб звёздчатый: Brief Summary
(
venäjä
)
tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Дуб звёздчатый (лат. Quercus stellata) — дерево семейства бу́ковых (Fagaceae). Данный вид входит в секцию белых дубов.
В естественных условиях дерево произрастает на запада США: от штата Массачусетс на северо-востоке до юга Айовы на западе и на юго-западе от центрального Техаса до северных районов Флориды на юго-востоке. Это один из наиболее распространённых видов дубов в восточной части прерий.
Это небольшое дерево высотой 10—15 метров и толшиной ствола 30—60 см. В редких случаях достигает высоты в 30 метров и 140 см в диаметре.
Листья имеют отличную от других видов форму; листовая пластинка перпендикулярна разделена на три доли, как если бы это был Мальтийский крест. Сверху листья кожистые, а снизу покрыты густым пушком. Жёлуди длиной 1,5-2 см.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. grisea• Q. oblongifolia• Q. acerifolia• Q. acuta• Q. acutissima• Q. afares• Q. agrifolia• Q. alba• Q. albocinta• Q. aliena• Q. alnifolia• Q. arizonica• Q. arkansana• Q. aucheri• Q. austrina• Q. basaseachicensis• Q. benthamii• Q. berberidifolia• Q. bicolor• Q. boyntonii• Q. brandegeei• Q. brenesii• Q. breviloba• Q. buckleyi• Q. bumelioides• Q. calliprinos• Q. canariensis• Q. castaneifolia• Q. cedrosensis• Q. cerrioides• Q. cerris• Q. chapmanii• Q. chrysolepis• Q. coahuilensis• Q. coccifera• Q. coccinea• Q. convallata• Q. conzattii• Q. copeyensis• Q. cornelius-mulleri• Q. corrugata• Q. costaricensis• Q. cubana• Q. deliquescens• Q. dentata• Q. depressa• Q. depressipes• Q. devia• Q. diversifolia• Q. douglasii• Q. dumosa• Q. durata• Q. ellipsoidalis• Q. emoryi• Q. engelmannii• Q. excelsa• Q. faginea• Q. falcata• Q. flagellifera• Q. frainetto• Q. fulva• Q. fusiformis• Q. galeanensis• Q. gambelii• Q. garryana• Q. georgiana• Q. germana• Q. glauca• Q. glaucoides• Q. graciliformis• Q. gravesii• Q. gulielmitreleasei• Q. havardii• Q. hemisphaerica• Q. hintonii• Q. hintoniorum• Q. humboldtii• Q. hypoxantha• Q. iberica• Q. ilex• Q. ilicifolia• Q. imbricaria• Q. invaginata• Q. john-tuckeri• Q. kelloggii• Q. laceyi• Q. laevis• Q. lamellosa• Q. laurifolia• Q. libani• Q. liebmannii• Q. lobata• Q. lusitanica• Q. lyrata• Q. macdonaldii• Q. macdougallii• Q. macranthera• Q. macrocarpa• Q. macrolepis• Q. marilandica• Q. martinezii• Q. michauxii• Q. miquihuanensis• Q. mohriana• Q. mongolica• Q. muehlenbergii• Q. myrsinifolia• Q. nigra• Q. oglethorpensis• Q. oleoides• Q. pacifica• Q. pagoda• Q. palmeri• Q. palustris• Q. peninsularis• Q. perpallida• Q. petraea• Q. phellos• Q. planipocula• Q. polymorpha• Q. pontica• Q. praeco• Q. praineana• Q. prinoides• Q. prinus• Q. pubescens• Q. pungens• Q. purulhana• Q. rapurahuensis• Q. robur• Q. robusta• Q. rubra• Q. rugosa• Q. rysophylla• Q. sadleriana• Q. sebifera• Q. shumardii• Q. skinneri• Q. skutchii• Q. stellata• Q. suber• Q. subspathulata• Q. tardifolia• Q. texana• Q. tomentella• Q. tonduzii• Q. toumeyi• Q. trojana• Q. turbinella• Q. undata• Q. uxoris• Q. vacciniifolia• Q. variabilis• Q. velutina• Q. vincentensis• Q. wislizeni• Q. xalapensis• Q. zempoaltepecana• Q. × alvordiana 
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. 
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu dub hvězdovitý ve Wikimedia Commons
Это заготовка статьи по ботанике. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. .jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
