Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf

எருமைப் புல்லின் (ஆங்கிலம்:Buffalo grass) தாவரவியல் பெயர் 'பிரக்கையிரியா மியூட்டிகா' (இலத்தீன்:Brachiaria mutica) மற்றொரு பெயர், நீர்ப்புல் என்பதாகும். இப்புல்லினம், பல பருவப்பயிர் ஆகும். இது பள்ளத்தாக்குக்களில் உள்ள சதுப்பு நிலங்களில் இயல்பாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. இது காட்டுவகைப் புல் இனமாகும். ஒரு மீட்டர் வரை வளரும் தன்மை கொண்டது.^[2] இந்தப்புல் இருபாலினத் தன்மையை உடையதாகும். இதன் தாயகம் பண்டைய ஆப்பிரிக்க கண்டமெனக் கண்டறிந்துள்ளனர். இதன் பேரினமானது, நூற்றுக்கும் மேற்பட்ட சிற்றினங்களைக்^[3][4] கொண்டு, பெரிய புல் பேரினமாக விளங்குகிறது.

தமிழகப் பயன்பாடு

கொஞ்சகாலமாகத் தீவனப்பயிராக, தமிழ்நாட்டில் பயிர் செய்கின்றனர். கோயம்புத்தூர், கோவில்பட்டி வேளாண்பண்ணை, இறைவைப் புன்செய்களில் பயிர் செய்து பார்த்ததில், எருமைப்புல் சமவெளிகளிலும் செழிப்பாக வளருமென்பது கண்டறியப்பட்டது. ஆண்டுக்கு 8-10 முறை அறுவடைச் செய்யலாம். மொத்தத்தில் ஏக்கர் ஒன்றுக்கு, 80,000 இராத்தல் வரை புல் மகசூல் கிடைக்கிறது. புல்லில் புரதச்சத்தும் மிகுந்து காணப்படுகிறது. மாடுகள், இப்புல்லை விருப்பத்துடன் விரும்பி உண்கின்றன. கெனியா, நேப்பியர் புல்களின் தாவரத்தண்டுகளைக் கழிப்பது போல், இந்நீர்ப்புல்லைக் கழிப்பதில்லை. ஏனெனில், இத்தண்டு குறைவாகவும், மெல்லியதாகவும் இருப்பதே, இதற்குக் காரணமெனக் கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளது.இலைகள் மிகுந்து காணப்படுகின்றன. காலையில் எருமைப்புல்லின் மேலிருக்கும் பனித்துளிகள் காய்ந்தபின் அறுத்தால்தான், மாடுகள் தின்கின்றன என்பதை, நினைவில் நிறுத்திக் கொள்ளவேண்டிய குறிப்பாகும்.

ஊடகங்கள்

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• கொலம்பியாவில் பயிரிடல்

மேற்கோள்கள்

Brachiaria mutica (Urochloa mutica) is a species of grass known by the common names para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius signal grass, pasto pare, malojilla, gramalote, parana, Carib grass, and Scotch grass.^[2][3] Despite its common name California grass,^[2] it does not occur in California;^[4] it is native to northern and central Africa and parts of the Middle East, where it is cultivated for fodder.^[3] It was introduced elsewhere and it is now cultivated throughout tropical regions of the world for this purpose.^[2]

Description

Para grass is a vigorous, semi-prostrate perennial grass with creeping stolons which can grow up to 5 metres (16 ft) long. The stems have hairy nodes and leaf sheaths and the leaf blades are up to 2 centimetres (0.8 in) wide and 30 centimetres (12 in) long. It roots at the nodes and detached pieces of the plant will easily take root in moist ground. The flower-head is a loose panicle up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long with spreading branches. The paired spikelets are arranged in uneven rows and are elliptical and 2.5 to 5 millimetres (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The rachis is tinged with purple. Although many flower-heads grow, only a few viable seeds are produced, and propagation is usually by vegetative means.^[1][3][5][6] Para grass can be distinguished from the closely related tanner grass (Brachiaria arrecta) by its paired spikelets, tanner grass having single spikelets.^[7]

Distribution and habitat

Para grass is native to northern and central Africa and parts of the Middle East.^[1] It was introduced into Central America but has largely been superseded there by other species of Brachiaria. It was also introduced into the humid, tropical parts of Australia around 1880 and has become widely naturalised in Queensland. By a few decades later it had become naturalised in much of southern Asia and on many Pacific islands, but is confined to its preferred habitat of poorly drained, swampy land. Along with tanner grass, it is planted as a fodder grass in seasonally flooded or swampy habitats, and in ponds in pastures, but it can block irrigation ditches and drains.^[7] When used as forage for cattle it is usually controlled by the action of the animals, so it does not become too weedy. When it grows in other habitats, however, it can become noxious. It is aggressive and can form dense stands. It may also have allelopathic effects on other plants, preventing their growth.^[8]

This species may have been introduced to the Americas on slave ships, on which it was used for bedding. It was in South America by the early 1800s and Mexico by 1872. It was introduced to Florida by the late 1870s to be used as fodder. It has since escaped cultivation in many areas and it now grows as a widespread weed. It is sensitive to frost so it generally does not persist outside warm regions.^[2]

Uses

Para grass is mainly cultivated to feed livestock as it makes a high quality forage for ruminant animals.^[9]

Invasive species

The plant is an invasive species in many Pacific Islands and Pacific Rim countries.^[10]

Australia

The plant has invaded the northern and north-western areas of Australia has the potential to spread further inland.^[11] It is present in Kakadu National Park. In Australia, this grass forms vast stands, destroying waterfowl nesting habitat and displacing native plants.^[12][13]

United States

In Florida this grass grows in various wetland habitat types, such as marshes and floodplains, as well as disturbed areas such as roadsides. In Hawaii this grass is widespread, especially in freshwater wetlands and in red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) stands. It is thought to be a cause of the decline of the rare Hawaiian endemic Boyd's maiden fern (Thelypteris boydiae).^[2]

In Media

The plant's California Grass name is mentioned in the Beatles song "Get Back" as the plant the protagonist Jojo is looking for, which can also be interpreted as a reference to cannabis.

References

Brachiaria mutica é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é (Forssk.) Stapf, tendo sido publicada em Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 526. 1919.^[1]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente no Arquipélago dos Açores e no Arquipélago da Madeira.

Em termos de naturalidade é introduzida nas duas regiões atrás indicadas.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

Bibliografia

• Brachiaria mutica - Checklist da Flora de Portugal (Continental, Açores e Madeira) - Sociedade Lusitana de Fitossociologia
• Checklist da Flora do Arquipélago da Madeira (Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas e Selvagens) - Grupo de Botânica da Madeira
• Brachiaria mutica - Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores
• Brachiaria mutica - The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (consultado em 8 de novembro de 2014).
• Brachiaria mutica - International Plant Names Index
• Castroviejo, S. (coord. gen.). 1986-2012. Flora iberica 1-8, 10-15, 17-18, 21. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.

Cỏ lông tay (danh pháp hai phần: Brachiaria mutica) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (Forssk.) Stapf mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1919.^[1]

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Brachiaria mutica tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Brachiaria mutica tại Wikispecies

巴拉草（学名：Brachiaria mutica）为禾本科臂形草属下的一个种。

参考文献

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