Allium tricoccum Aiton

Allium tricoccum (lat. Allium tricoccum) - soğankimilər fəsiləsinin soğan cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

Allium tricoccum ist eine dem Bärlauch ähnliche Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Lauch (Allium) innerhalb der Familie der Amaryllisgewächse (Amaryllidaceae).

Die essbare, nach Knoblauch riechende Pflanze ist im östlichen Nordamerika heimisch und dort werden die englischen Trivialnamen ramp^[1] oder wild leek verwendet. Sie ist traditioneller Bestandteil der Küche in Teilen der USA und von Kanada.^[2]

Beschreibung

Allium tricoccum wächst als ausdauernde, krautige Pflanze. Als Speicher- und Überdauerungsorgane dienen zwei bis sechs, etwa 1,5 bis 6 Zentimeter lange und 1,5 bis 3 Zentimeter breite kegel- bis eiförmige Zwiebeln. Zusätzlich werden gewöhnlich kurze Rhizome gebildet. Die äußeren bräunlich bis gräulichen Zwiebelschichten bestehen aus feinfasrigen Zellen und umschließen eine oder mehrere Zwiebeln. Die Zellen der inneren weißen Zwiebelschicht sind unregelmäßig angeordnet und besitzen eine angedeutete netzartige Struktur.^[3][1]

Die kurzlebigen, zwei bis drei grundständigen Laubblätter sind schmal gestielt. Sie entwickeln eine Länge von (15–) 20–30 (–40) Zentimeter, ihre Breite misst 1,5 bis 9 Zentimeter. Die glatte, ganzrandige Spreite ist elliptisch bis lanzettlich ausgestaltet. Nach oben hin verschmälert sie sich.^[3][1]

Pro Pflanze bilden sich an einem bleibenden, aufrecht und etwas gewunden wachsenden, 15 bis 40 Zentimeter langen und 2–4 Millimeter breiten Blütenstandsstiel (6–) 30–50 kleine glockige weißliche oder gelbliche Blüten. Sie stehen in einer verkehrt-kegelförmigen bis halbkugelförmigen Dolde zusammen. Brutzwiebeln sind nicht vorhanden. Die bleibenden Hochblätter des Blütenstandes sind als Spatha ausgebildet. Sie sind zwei- bis dreifach geadert, lanzettlich bis lanzen- eiförmig gestaltet und in etwa gleich groß. Sie besitzen eine spitze Spitze. Ein Schnabel wird nicht entwickelt.

Fruchtstand mit freiliegenden Samen

Die 10 bis 20 Millimeter lang gestielten Blüten werden etwa 4 bis 7 Millimeter groß. Die sechs ganzrandigen, länglichen bis eiförmigen, geraden Blütenhüllblätter der Blüte stehen in zwei Kreisen und sind gleich gestaltet. Sie weisen eine abgestumpfte Spitze auf. Die in zwei Kreisen à drei angeordneten fertilen Staubblätter werden etwa so lang wie die Blütenhüllblätter. Sie besitzen weiße bis hellgelbe Staubbeutel, die weißen Pollen freisetzen. Der oberständige Fruchtknoten besteht aus drei miteinander verwachsenen Fruchtblättern. Der linealische Griffel ist kürzer als die Staubblätter, er ragt nicht aus der Blüte heraus. Ihn schließt eine kopfige, ungelappte und kaum verdickte Narbe ab.^[1]

Als Frucht bildet sich eine dreifächrige Kapsel. Jedes Fach enthält einen glatten, runden, schwarzen Samen mit einem Durchmesser von 2,5 Millimeter.^[3]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 16.^[4]

Lebensweise und Ökologie

Allium tricoccum-Bestand

Die Laubblätter von Allium tricoccum entwickeln sich bereits ab Einsetzen der Schneeschmelze und verwelken nach dem Laubaustrieb. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt bildet sich der Blütenstandsstiel. Zur Blütezeit im Juli sind gewöhnlich keine Laubblätter mehr vorhanden. Die Fruchtreife setzt Anfang September ein. Die Samen keimen erst im Herbst des nächsten Jahres nach ihrer Ausstreuung. Das erste Blatt, von der Größe eines Grashalms, entwickelt sich im Frühjahr des folgenden Jahres. Zwischen Keimung und erster Blüte können sechs bis zehn Jahre vergehen.^[3][5]

Allium tricoccum tritt an seinen Wuchsorten in großen Beständen auf. Auffallend ist der intensive Knoblauchgeruch, der im Umkreis der Kolonie wahrnehmbar ist.^[5]

Allium tricoccum wird von Insekten bestäubt. Die Ausbreitung erfolgt durch Schwerkraft und über Tiere. Große Pflanzenexemplare können sich vegetativ mittels Teilung der Zwiebeln vermehren.^[3]

Belege

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Dale W. McNeal Jr., T. D. Jacobsen: Allium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5, Allium tricoccum, S. 234 (englisch, online).
2. ↑ Cultivation of Ramps. North Carolina State University. Archiviert vom Original am 26. März 2014. Abgerufen am 19. Februar 2014.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Developpement durable, Environnement, Faune et Parcs Québec: Allium tricoccum
4. ↑ Tropicos. [1]
5. ↑ ^{a b} Repertoire Quebec Nature: Allium tricoccum

Weblinks

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Allium tricoccum (commonly known as ramp, ramps, ramson, wild leek, wood leek, or wild garlic)^[2][3] is a North American species of wild onion or garlic widespread across eastern Canada and the eastern United States.^[1] Many of the common English names for this plant are also used for other Allium species, particularly the similar Allium ursinum, which is native to Europe and Asia.

Description

Allium tricoccum is a perennial growing from an ovoid-conical shaped bulb that is 2–6 cm long.^[4] Plants typically produce a cluster of 2–6 bulbs that give rise to broad,^[5] flat, smooth, light green leaves, that are 20–30 cm long including the narrow petioles,^[4] often with deep purple or burgundy tints on the lower stems. The bulbs are white and surrounded by brownish to grayish sheathing. Each cluster of bulbs gives rise to one flowering stem.^[5] The flowers are arranged into an umbel that has an erect scape that is typically 10–40 cm long.^[6] The inflorescence has two ovate bracts that enclose the flowers before they open and fall away at anthesis.^[4] The flowering stem is persistent after fruiting. The flowering most commonly occurs after the leaves have died back, unlike the similar Allium ursinum, in which leaves and flowers can be seen at the same time. Ramps grow in close groups strongly rooted just beneath the surface of the soil.^[7] Flowering occurs in June or July into August. The flowers have white, cream or yellowish tepals which are 4–7mm long.^[5] The stamens are about as tall as the tepals and the filaments of the stamens have widened bases and are inserted on the corolla. After flowering and fertilization green fruits are produced that are three-lobed and open by way of three valves.^[4] The seeds are round, black, and shiny.^[5][8]

Taxonomy

Allium tricoccum was first named as such in 1789 by the Scottish botanist William Aiton, in Hortus Kewensis, a catalog of plants cultivated in London's Kew botanic garden. The species had been introduced to Britain in 1770. The specific epithet tricoccum refers to the possession of three seeds.^[9]

Varieties

As of November 2018, Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts two varieties:^[10]

• Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum
• Allium tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes—narrow-leaf ramps,^[11] white ramps,^[11] Chicago leek,^[12] Burdick's leek^[13]

This treatment is followed by other sources,^[14][5][15] although the two taxa are frequently treated as two species, Allium tricoccum and Allium burdickii.^{[11][12][13][16][17]} A. tricoccum var. burdickii was first described by Clarence Robert Hanes in 1953; the epithet burdickii is in honor of Justin Herbert Burdick (1851–1939), a Midwestern physician and manufacturer who pointed out differences between what were then regarded as different "races" in letters to Asa Gray.^[18][12] The variety was raised to a full species by Almut Gitter Jones in 1979.^[19]

The two varieties are distinguished by several features.^[5][11] A. tricoccum var. tricoccum is generally larger than A. tricoccum var. burdickii: the bulbs are larger, the leaves are usually 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) wide rather than 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) wide and the umbels typically have 30–50 flowers rather than 12–18. Additionally, the leaf stalks (petioles) and leaf sheaths are usually red or purplish in var. tricoccum and white in var. burdickii. The leaves of var. burdickii also have less distinct stalks than those of var. tricoccum.^[5][11][12]

• 

  var. tricoccum

• 

  var. burdickii

Habitat

Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum is found in woods with rich soils with moist ground in depressions, and along streamside bluffs, and on colluvial slopes.^[20] Allium tricoccum var. burdickii is found growing in dry soils of upland woods.^[21]

Conservation

In Canada, ramps are considered rare delicacies. Since the growth of ramps is not as widespread there as in Appalachia and because of human activity, ramps are a threatened species in Quebec. Allium tricoccum is a protected species under Quebec legislation. A person may have ramps in his or her possession outside the plant's natural environment, or may harvest it for the purposes of personal consumption in an annual quantity not exceeding 50 bulbs or 50 plants, provided those activities do not take place in a park within the jurisdiction of the National Parks Act. The protected status also prohibits any commercial transactions of ramps; this prevents restaurants from serving ramps as is done in the United States. Failure to comply with these laws is punishable by a fine.^[22] However, the law does not always stop poachers, who find a ready market across the border in Ontario (especially in the Ottawa area), where ramps may be legally harvested and sold.^[23]

Ramps are considered a species of "special concern" for conservation in Maine, Rhode Island, and commercially exploited in Tennessee.^[24]

Common name

According to West Virginia University botanist Earl L. Core, the widespread use in southern Appalachia of the term "ramps" (as opposed to "wild leek" which is used in some other parts of the United States) derives from Old English:

The name ramps (usually plural) is one of the many dialectical variants of the English word ramson, a common name of the European bear leek (Allium ursinum), a broad-leaved species of garlic much cultivated and eaten in salads, a plant related to our American species. The Anglo-Saxon ancestor of ramson was hramsa, and ramson was the Old English plural, the –n being retained as in oxen, children, etc. The word is cognate with rams, in German, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, and with the Greek kromuon, garlic [...]. Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary (1904) lists as variants rame, ramp, ramps, rams, ramsden, ramsey, ramsh, ramsies, ramsy, rommy, and roms, mostly from northern England and Scotland.^[3]

Culinary uses and festivals

Bunch of ramps

Advertisement at Mason-Dixon Ramp Fest in Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, in 2010.

Allium tricoccum is popular in the cuisines of the rural uplands of its native region. Both the white lower leaf stalks and the broad green leaves are edible. It is regarded as an early spring vegetable with a strong garlic-like odor and a pronounced onion flavor.^[25] Ramps also have a growing popularity in restaurants throughout North America.^[26][27][28]

The plant's flavor, a combination of onions and strong garlic,^[29][30][31] is adaptable to numerous cooking styles. In central Appalachia, ramps are most commonly fried with potatoes in bacon fat or scrambled with eggs and served with bacon, pinto beans and cornbread. Ramps can also be pickled or used in soups and other foods in place of onions and garlic.^[32]

• The community of Richwood, West Virginia, holds the annual "Feast of the Ramson" in April. Sponsored by the National Ramp Association, the "Ramp Feed" (as it is locally known) brings thousands of ramp aficionados from considerable distances to sample foods featuring the plant. During the ramp season (late winter through early spring), restaurants in the town serve a wide variety of foods containing ramps.^[33]
• The city of Elkins, West Virginia, hosts the "Ramps and Rails Festival" during the last weekend in April of each year. This festival features a cook-off and ramp-eating contests, and is attended by several hundred people each year.^[34]
• The town of Cosby, Tennessee, bordering Great Smoky Mountains National Park, has held the largest and one of the oldest ramp festivals in the United States, the "Cosby Ramp Festival," on the first weekend in May since 1954. The festival has played host to as many as 30,000 visitors in years past, has been attended by ex-President Harry Truman, and has featured such notable musical acts as Tennessee Ernie Ford, Eddy Arnold, Roy Acuff, Bill Monroe, Minnie Pearl, and Brenda Lee. Besides the food, heritage music, dancing, and adulation of the ramp, each year a young woman is crowned "Maid of Ramps".^[35]
• The community of Flag Pond, Tennessee, hosts its annual Ramp Festival on the second Saturday each May. The festival features a wide variety of ramp-inspired foods, and includes music from an assortment of Appalachian groups. Hundreds of people attend the festival each year.^[36]
• The community of Whitetop, Virginia, holds its annual ramp festival the third weekend in May. It is sponsored by the Mount Rogers volunteer fire department and features local music from Wayne Henderson and other bands, along with a barbecued chicken feast complete with fried potatoes and ramps and local green beans. A ramp-eating contest is held for children and adults.^[37]
• An annual ramp convention in Haywood County, North Carolina, has drawn as many as 4,000 participants a year since its inception circa 1925.^[38]
• The community of Huntington, West Virginia, holds an annual ramp festival referred to as Stink Fest. It is hosted by The Wild Ramp, an indoor farmers market.^[39][40]
• The Mason-Dixon park in Greene County, Pennsylvania holds an annual ramp festival at the Mason-Dixon Park towards the end of April. There are various ramp delicacies, as well as music, crafts, vendors, and more.
• The Mason-Dixon Historical Park in Core, West Virginia offers a Ramp Dinner and Wildflower Walk each spring.

History and folklore

Chicago received its name from a dense growth of ramps near Lake Michigan in Illinois Country observed in the 17th century. The Chicago River was referred to by the plant's indigenous name, according to explorer Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, and by his comrade, the naturalist and diarist Henri Joutel.^[25] The plant, called shikaakwa (chicagou) in the Miami-Illinois language spoken by the local indigenous Miami people, was once thought to be Allium cernuum, the nodding wild onion, but research in the early 1990s showed the correct plant was the ramp.^{[25][41][42][43]}

The ramp has strong associations with the folklore of the central Appalachian Mountains. Fascination and humor have fixated on the plant's extreme pungency. Jim Comstock, editor and co-owner of the Richwood News Leader, introduced ramp juice into the printer's ink of one issue as a practical joke,^[44] invoking the ire of the U.S. Postmaster General.^[45]

The inhabitants of Appalachia have long celebrated spring with the arrival of the ramp, believing it to be a tonic capable of warding off many winter ailments. Indeed, ramp's vitamin and mineral content did bolster the health of people who went without many green vegetables during the winter.^[46]

Native American ethnobotany

Ramps at Whitefish Island, Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways

Cuisine

The Menominee,^[47] Cherokee,^[48][49][50] Iroquois,^[51] Potawatomi^[52] and Ojibwa^[52] all consume the plant in their traditional cuisines.

Medicinal use

The Cherokee also eat the plant as a spring tonic, for colds and for croup. They also use the warm juice for earaches.^[49] The Ojibwa use a decoction as a quick-acting emetic.^[53] The Iroquois also use a decoction of the root to treat worms in children, and they also use the decoction as a spring tonic to "clean you out".^[54] Some Native Americans also used juice from the crushed bulbs to treat insect stings.^[55]

See also

• Allium cepa, a type of onion also known as calçot
• Allium ursinum, also known as ramson
• Allium ochotense, also known as Siberian onion, is widely used in many Asian cuisines
• Campanula rapunculus, also known as rampion bellflower

References

Allium tricoccum, los puerros silvestres, también conocidos como rampas, es un miembro de la familia de la cebolla (Amaryllidaceae). La raíz blanca y las amplias hojas verdes son comestibles. Se encuentran de Estados Unidos en el estado de Carolina del Sur a Canadá y es especialmente popular en el estado de los EE. UU. de Virginia Occidental cuando emergen en la primavera.

Bulbo.

Usos culinarios

En la región central de los Apalaches, se consumen con patatas fritas en grasa o tocino con huevo revuelto y servido con tocino, frijoles pintos, y maíz. Sin embargo, son bastante adaptables y también pueden ser utilizados en sopas, cremas, salsas de tomate, guacamole y otros alimentos, sustituyendo a la cebolla o el ajo.

Taxonomía

Allium tricoccum fue descrita por William Aiton y publicado en Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue... 1: 428. 1789.^[1]​^[2]​^[3]​

Etimología

Allium: nombre genérico muy antiguo. Las plantas de este género eran conocidas tanto por los romanos como por los griegos. Sin embargo, parece que el término tiene un origen celta y significa "quemar", en referencia al fuerte olor acre de la planta.^[4]​ Uno de los primeros en utilizar este nombre para fines botánicos fue el naturalista francés Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708).

tricoccum: epíteto latino que significa "con tres semillas".^[5]​

Sinonimia

• Aglitheis tricoccum (Sol.) Raf.
• Ophioscorodon tricoccon (Sol.) Wallr.
• Validallium tricoccum (Sol.) Small^[6]​

Véase también

• Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
• Historia de la Botánica
• Características de las amarilidáceas

L'oignon sauvage (Allium tricoccum), appelé aussi ail trilobé, ail des bois (ne pas confondre avec Allium ursinum espèce proche qui ne pousse qu'en Eurasie et porte le même nom vernaculaire) ou poireau sauvage, est une plante nord-américaine de la famille des Amaryllidaceae.

Description

L'ail des bois est une plante herbacée vivace, issue d'un bulbe tuniqué, ovoïde-conique, de 2 à 6 cm de longueur. La plante a entre 1 et 3 feuilles elliptiques, pétiolées, basilaires, semblables à celles du muguet, mesurant de 10 à 30 cm de longueur et de 2 à 6 cm de largeur. La plante a entre 3 et 25 fleurs qui sont petites, blanchâtres, formant une ombelle hémisphérique au sommet d’une hampe dressée de 15 à 40 cm de hauteur. Son fruit consiste en une capsule à 3 loges, chacune contenant une grosse graine sphérique noire et lisse, de 2,5 mm de diamètre. La plante est reconnaissable à son odeur et à son goût d’ail^[2]. Au Canada, l'ail des bois est réputé être un délice, mais il se fait de plus en plus rare.

Répartition géographique

L'ail des bois est une plante qui est présente au Canada et aux États-Unis.

• Canada : sud du Manitoba, de l'Ontario et du Québec, atteignant le nord-ouest de la Nouvelle-Écosse et le Nouveau-Brunswick.
• Québec : Outaouais, Laurentides, Lanaudière, Montérégie, région de Montréal, Estrie, Mauricie, Centre-du-Québec, région de la Capitale-Nationale et Chaudière-Appalaches.
• États-Unis : des montagnes du nord de la Géorgie et de l’Alabama jusqu’aux États du Dakota (v. aires de répartition selon la variété plus loin pour plus de détails).

Habitat

C'est une plante de sous-bois, éphémère printanière, en feuille environ cinq semaines par an (adaptation à la vie en sous-bois ombreux). Elle est présente dans les forêts dominées par l’érable à sucre, dans les mi-versants, les bas de pente et en bordure des cours d'eau, sur des sols bien ou modérément bien drainés, riches en éléments minéraux. L'ail des bois est fréquemment associé au frêne d'Amérique, à l'érythrone d'Amérique et au trille dressé^[2]. Il est aussi associé à la sanguinaire du Canada, au trille blanc, au gingembre sauvage, au caulophylle faux-pigamon, à l'uvulaire grande-fleur, à la dicentre à capuchon jaune (espèce de Dicentra), au caryer et au chêne rouge d'Amérique ^[3].

• Allium tricoccum à Stouffville près de Toronto.

• Fleur d'Alluim tricoccum sauvage dans le Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historic Park, Montgomery county Maryland, USA

• Fleur d'Alluim tricoccum.

Variétés

L'ail des bois se trouve en deux variétés : Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum et Allium tricoccum var. burdickii^[4].

Var. tricoccum

Aire de répartition

La variété tricoccum est présente au Canada et aux États-Unis^[5].

• Canada : Nouveau-Brunswick, Nouvelle-Écosse, Ontario, Québec.
• États-Unis : Alabama, Caroline du Nord, Caroline du Sud, Connecticut, Dakota du Nord, Dakota du Sud, Delaware, District de Columbia, Géorgie, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvanie, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginie, Virginie-Occidentale, Wisconsin.

Var. burdickii

Aire de répartition

Ail burdickii.

La variété burdickii est présente au Canada et aux États-Unis^[6].

• Canada : Ontario, Québec.
• États-Unis : Alabama, Caroline du Nord, Dakota du Nord, Dakota du Sud, Géorgie, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvanie, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginie, Virginie-Occidentale, Wisconsin.

L'Allium tricoccum var. burdickii semble rare dans la partie orientale de son aire de répartition et dans la région du plateau Ozark.

Sauvegarde de l'espèce

Plutôt que de récolter les bulbes, ce qui contribue à la régression, l'appauvrissement génétique et la disparition locale de l'espèce, il est possible de ne collecter qu'une feuille par bulbe. Un programme, SEM’AIL, a été mis en place par le Biodôme de Montréal visant, de 2000 à 2010, dans les cinq régions du sud du Québec, à encourager le semis de graines d'ail des bois, dans les érablières et autres boisés, ainsi que quelques transplantations de bulbes pour conforter ou restaurer des populations dans leurs zones d'écopotentialité, là où elles ont récemment disparu ou régressé^[7].

Il ne faut pas cueillir les plus gros plants car ils assurent la reproduction par leur fleur, les graines et/ou la division de leur bulbe.

Au Québec, en plus du fait que l'ail des bois n'est pas aussi commun qu'en Virginie, la sur-récolte, ainsi que le développement urbain et agricole, ont nécessité que le gouvernement du Québec le désigne « espèce vulnérable ».

À l'exception de sa culture hors de son habitat naturel, seule une récolte minimale pour usage personnel est permise, soit un maximum de 50 bulbes/plants, n'excédant pas 200 g de ces parties, et ce à l'extérieur de tout habitat désigné parc selon la Loi sur les parcs L.R.Q. c. P-9^[8]. La désignation « espèce vulnérable » proscrit tout commerce de l'ail des bois, ce qui interdit, du fait, aux restaurants d'en servir (tel qu'en Virginie). Quiconque contrevient à cette loi est passible d'une amende. La plus grande entrave à l'efficacité de cette loi est que les cueilleurs contrevenants peuvent tout de même trouver un marché où vendre leur produit en Ontario (surtout près d'Ottawa), où aucune loi ne limite ni la récolte ni le commerce de l'ail des bois^[9].

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Allium tricoccum adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Amaryllidaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Asparagales. Spesies Allium tricoccum sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus bawang Allium.^[1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh Aiton.

Referensi

Allium tricoccum^[2] er Norður-Amerísk lauktegund útbreidd um austur Kanada og austur Bandaríkin.^[1]

Lýsing

Allium tricoccum er fjölæringur með breiðum, sléttum grænum blöðum, oft með djúpfjólubláum blæ neðarlega á stönglunum, og lítt þroskaðan lauk. Allir hlutar blaðsins eru ætir. Blómstönglarnir koma eftir að blöðin hafa visnað, ólíkt hinum áþekka Allium ursinum, sem er með blöð og blóm á sama tíma. Hann vex í hnaus með ræturnar rétt undir jarðvegsyfirborðinu.^[3]

Flokkun

Allium tricoccum var fyrst nefndur svo 1789 af skoska grasafræðingnum William Aiton, í Hortus Kewensis, bæklingi yfir plöntur ræktaðar í Grasagarðinum í Kew í London. Tegundin hafði verið flutt til Bretlands 1770. Seinna fræðiheitið tricoccum vísar til að hann hefur allt að þrjú fræ á hverjum blómlegg.^[4]

Afbrigði

Síðan maí 2014, hefur World Checklist of Selected Plant Families viðurkennt tvö afbrigði:^[5]

• Allium tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes
• Allium tricoccum var. tricoccum

Þessari flokkun er fylgt af öðrum heimildum (t.d. Flora of North America),^[6] þó að þessi tvö afbrigði eru stundum talin tvær tegundir, Allium tricoccum og Allium burdickii.^[7] A. tricoccum var. burdickii var fyrst lýst af Clarence Robert Hanes 1953; nafnið burdickii err til heiðurs J.H. Burdick sem benti á mun á því sem var áðr talin mismunandi "races" í bréfum til Asa Gray.^[8] Afbrigðið var skráð sem eigin tegund af Almut Gutter Jones 1979.

Afbrigðin eru aðgreind á nokkrum einkennum.^[6] A. tricoccum var. tricoccum er almennt stærri en A. tricoccum var. burdickii: laukarnir eru stærri, blöðin eru 5 – 9 sm breið fremur en 2 – 4 sm breið og blómskipunin yfirleitt með 30–50 blóm fremur en 12–18. Að auki eru blaðstilkarnir og blómstilkarnir yfirleitt purpuralitir á var. tricoccum og hvítir hjá var. burdickii. Blöðin á var. burdickii eru einnig með minna greinilega blaðstilka en var. tricoccum.

Allium tricoccum í náttúrulegu umhverfi sínu, skógarbotni.

Þjóðháttagrasafræði

Wild leeks, Whitefish Island, Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways

Saga og þjóðhættir

Chicago fékk nafn sitt vegna þéttra breiða af tegundinni nálægt Lake Michigan í Illinois Country sem voru enn á 17du öld. Chicago River var nefnd eftir innfæddu nafni tegundarinnar, samkvæmt landkönnuðinum Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, og af félaga hans, náttúrufræðingnum og dagbókahöfundinum Henri Joutel.^[9] Tegundin shikaakwa (chicagou) á máli innfæddra ættbálka, var eitt sinn talin vera Allium cernuum, en rannsóknir um 1990 sýndu fram á að Allium tricoccum væri rétta tegundin.^[9][10]

Til matar

Menominee,^[11] Cherokee,^[12][13][14] Iroquois,^[15] Potawatomi^[16] og Ojibwa^[16] neyta allir jurtarinnar í hefðbundnum mat sínum.

Til lækninga

Cherokee nota hana einnig sem vor-tónik, gegn kvefi og hálsbólgu (croup). Þeir nota einnig hetan safann gegn eyrnabólguT.^[13] The Ojibwa use a decoction as a quick-acting emetic.^[17] Iroquois nota einng seyði af rótinni til að meðhöndla orma í börnum, og nota hana einnig sem vor-tónik til að "hreinsa sig út".^[18]

Í Appalachia hefur hann löngum verið fagnað að vori, og verið talinn bót margra vetrarkvilla. Í reynd hefur vítamín og steinefnainnihald hans bætt heilsu fólksins sem var almennt án grænmetis yfir veturinn.^[19]

Er tegundin staðbundið vinsæl meðal Kanadamanna og hefur uppskera hennar valdið mikilli fækkun hennar svo að víða eru miklar hömlur á hve mikið má taka og hvar.^[20][21][22]

Sjá einnig

• Allium victorialis
• Allium ursinum
• Campanula rapunculus

Tilvísanir

Viðbótarlesning

• Core, Earl Lemley (1945). "Ramps". Castanea 10:110-112.
• Davies, D. (1992). Alliums: The Ornamental Onions. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-241-2.
• Facemire, Glen. (2009). Having your ramps and eating them too. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing. ISBN 978-0-87012-783-0.
• Woodward, P. (1996). Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums. South Melbourne: Hyland House. ISBN 1-875657-62-2.

Ytri tenglar

• Wild Leeks – April's Wild Food of the Month! Forager Press. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.

Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist

Allium tricoccum

Wikilífverur eru með efni sem tengist

Allium tricoccum

Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.

Allium tricoccum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Amaryllidaceae. Loài này được Sol. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1789.^[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Allium tricoccum tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Allium tricoccum tại Wikispecies
• Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Allium tricoccum”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013.

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