Leucoraja erinacea és una espècie de peix de la família dels raids i de l'ordre dels raïformes.[5]
Morfologia
Reproducció
És ovípar[7] i les femelles ponen entre 10 i 35 càpsules d'ous a l'any, les quals presenten com unes banyes a la closca.[9]
Depredadors
Als Estats Units és depredat pel tauró gris (Carcharhinus plumbeus).[10][11]
Hàbitat
És un peix marí, de clima temperat (49°N-33°N, 78°W-59°W) i demersal que viu entre 0–329 m de fondària.[7][12]
Distribució geogràfica
Es troba a l'Oceà Atlàntic occidental: des del sud del Golf de Sant Llorenç i Nova Escòcia (el Canadà) fins a Carolina del Nord (els Estats Units).[7][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Costums
És bentònic.[21]
Observacions
És inofensiu per als humans.[7]
Referències
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↑ Malm A. W., 1877. Göteborgs och Bohusläns fauna, Ryggradsdjuren. Göteborg. Göteborgs Bohusläns Fauna . 1-674.
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↑ BioLib (anglès)
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↑ Mitchill, S. L., 1825. The hedgehog-ray -- a species of fish taken occasionally near New-York, in the Atlantic Ocean, and now, as is believed, for the first time described. American Journal of Science and Arts v. 9: 290-293.
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↑ «Leucoraja erinacea». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
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↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
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↑ Bratton, B.O. i L.J. Ayres, 1987. Observations on the electric organ discharge of two skate species (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) and its relationship to behavior. Environ. Biol. Fish. 220:241-254.
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↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 FishBase (anglès)
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↑ Richard, S., D. Merriman i L. Calhoun, 1963. The biology of the little skate Raja erinacea Mitchill. Bull. Bingham Ocean Coll. 18(3):5-67.
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↑ Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
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↑ Stillwell, C.E. i N.E. Kohler, 1993. Food habits of the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus off the U.S. northeast coast, with estimates of daily ration. Fish. Bull. 91:138-150.
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↑ FishBase (anglès)
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↑ Scott, W.B. i M.G. Scott, 1988. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219: 731 p.
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↑ Bigelow, H.B. i W.C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 53:1-577.
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↑ Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels i M.D. Grosslein, 2000. Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138 p.
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↑ Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
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↑ Funicelli, N.A., 1972. Egg cases of cartilaginous fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Long Island University. 57 p. M.S. thesis.
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↑ Hacunda, J.S., 1981. Trophic relationships among demersal fishes in a coastal area of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 79(4):775-788.
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↑ Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong i J.A. Musick, 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington DC i Londres. 324 p.
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↑ Robins, C.R. i G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 354 p.
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↑ Waring, G.T., 1984. Age, growth, and mortality of the little skate off the northeast coast of the United States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113(3):314-321.
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↑ Scott, W.B. i M.G. Scott, 1988.
Bibliografia
- Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
- Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
- Breder, C.M. i J.T. Nichols, 1937. The eggs of Raja eglanteria Bosc, with a key to the shells of New York species. Copeia (3):181-184.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. A W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, Estats Units.
- Dulvy, N.K. i J.D. Reynolds, 1997. Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 264:1309-1315.
- Erzini, K., 1991. A compilation of data on variability in length-age in marine fishes. Fisheries Stock Assessment, Title XII, Collaborative Research Support Program, University of Rhode Island. Working paper 77, 36p.
- Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
- Frisk, M.G., T.J. Miller i M.J. Fogarty, 2002. The population dynamics of little skate Leucoraja erinacea, winter skate Leucoraja ocellata, and barndoor skate Dipturus laevis: predicting exploitation limits using matrix analyses. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59:576-586.
- Fritzsch, B. i P. Moller, 1995. A history of electroreception. p. 39-55. A: P. Moller (ed.) Electric fishes: history and behavior. Fish and Fisheries Series 17. Chapman & Hall, Londres.
- Hinegardner, R.T., 1976. The cellular DNA content of sharks, rays, and some other fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55B:367-370.
- Kotlyar, A.N., 1984. Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscou. 288 p.
- McEachran, J.D. i K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia (2):271-290.
- Møller, P.R., 1995. Electric fishes: history and behavior. Chapman & Hall, Londres. 584 p.
- Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
- Pauly, D., 1978. A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200.
- Richard, S., D. Merriman i L. Calhoun, 1963. The biology of the little skate Raja erinacea Mitchill. Bull. Bingham Ocean Coll. 18(3):5-67.
- Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
- Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
- Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
- Sanches, J.G., 1989. Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. Núm. 14. 322 p.
- Vladykov, V.D., 1936. Capsules d'oeufs de raies de l'atlantique canadien au genre Raja. Le Naturaliste Canadien 63(8+9):211-231.
- Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan
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