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Bacillus cereus ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El bacillus cereus és un eubacteri grampositiu i beta hemolític que es pot trobar fàcilment al menjar i causa una intoxicació alimentària. És un bacteri que pot aguantar diferents condicions ambientals, és aeròbic però com d'altres membre de la família de les bacil·làcies pot crear endòspores per protegir-se.

El Bacillus cereus és el causant malalties transmeses pels aliments com la intoxicació emètica (amb vòmits) causada per la ingestió de la toxina cereulida. Hi ha altres Bacillus spp., B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, que han estat identificats més rarament com a agents de malalties de transmissió alimentària caracteritzades per diarrees i/o vòmits. Bacillus cereus és ubiqüitari i amb un nombre baix d'espores, insuficients per provocar una intoxicació alimentària però es poden trobar en un ample ventall de productes alimentaris. Les espores poden germinar i multiplicar-se en aliments humits d'acidesa baixa, de 4-5 °C a 55 °C. No obstant això, hi ha soques capaces de multiplicar-se per sota dels 7 °C, i d'altres que poden multiplicar-se per sobre del 45 °C, però no són gaire freqüents. El B. cereus emètic és aparentment incapaç de créixer i produir toxina cereulida per sota 10 °C, o en absència d'oxigen. Altres Bacillus spp. implicats en casos d'infeccions tòxiques alimentàries han estat també causa freqüent del deteriorament dels aliments. Pràcticament qualsevol tipus de menjar pot estar implicat amb infeccions tòxiques per B. cereus. Nogensmenys, la majoria de brots notificats han estat relacionats amb el consum de menjars tractats per la calor i, sovint, han tingut lloc en restaurants i establiments de càtering. Amb freqüència se sospita que la causa són deficiències de refrigeració. Els menjars cuinats amb pasta o arròs han estat els principals -però no els únics- implicats en les intoxicacions emètiques.

Referències

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El bacillus cereus és un eubacteri grampositiu i beta hemolític que es pot trobar fàcilment al menjar i causa una intoxicació alimentària. És un bacteri que pot aguantar diferents condicions ambientals, és aeròbic però com d'altres membre de la família de les bacil·làcies pot crear endòspores per protegir-se.

El Bacillus cereus és el causant malalties transmeses pels aliments com la intoxicació emètica (amb vòmits) causada per la ingestió de la toxina cereulida. Hi ha altres Bacillus spp., B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, que han estat identificats més rarament com a agents de malalties de transmissió alimentària caracteritzades per diarrees i/o vòmits. Bacillus cereus és ubiqüitari i amb un nombre baix d'espores, insuficients per provocar una intoxicació alimentària però es poden trobar en un ample ventall de productes alimentaris. Les espores poden germinar i multiplicar-se en aliments humits d'acidesa baixa, de 4-5 °C a 55 °C. No obstant això, hi ha soques capaces de multiplicar-se per sota dels 7 °C, i d'altres que poden multiplicar-se per sobre del 45 °C, però no són gaire freqüents. El B. cereus emètic és aparentment incapaç de créixer i produir toxina cereulida per sota 10 °C, o en absència d'oxigen. Altres Bacillus spp. implicats en casos d'infeccions tòxiques alimentàries han estat també causa freqüent del deteriorament dels aliments. Pràcticament qualsevol tipus de menjar pot estar implicat amb infeccions tòxiques per B. cereus. Nogensmenys, la majoria de brots notificats han estat relacionats amb el consum de menjars tractats per la calor i, sovint, han tingut lloc en restaurants i establiments de càtering. Amb freqüència se sospita que la causa són deficiències de refrigeració. Els menjars cuinats amb pasta o arròs han estat els principals -però no els únics- implicats en les intoxicacions emètiques.

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Bacillus cereus ( Çekçe )

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Bacillus cereus je endemická, fakultativně anaerobní grampozitivní, beta-hemolytická bakterie z čeledi Bacillaceae.

Otrava jídlem

Bacillus cereus je častý kontaminant potravin a může způsobovat otravu jídlem. Vyskytuje se zejména na rýži či v těstovinách. V případě, že se nakažené potraviny nedostatečně tepelně opracují (méně nebo rovno 100°C)[1], začnou spóry bakterií důsledkem tepelného šoku klíčit. Pokud se tyto potraviny nechají delší dobu při pokojové teplotě, může nastat vegetativní růst bakteríí, a ten pak vede k produkci emetického toxinu.[2]

Otrava se projevuje nevolností, zvracením a průjmy. [3]

Symbióza

B. cereus soupeří s dalšími mikroorganismy, jako Salmonella či Campylobacter, takže jejich přítomnost redukuje. Některé neškodné kmeny b.cereus jsou proto používány jako probiotika pro zvířata. Zlepšuje růst zvířat a bezpečnost masa při požití.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Bacillus cereus na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Characteristics of microbial pathogens. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1996. Dostupné online. ISBN 0-412-47350-X. S. 24.
  2. Uchovávání vařené rýže po delší dobu může vést k otravě z potravin
  3. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus infections. Microbes Infect. 2000, roč. 2, čís. 2, s. 189–98.
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Bacillus cereus je endemická, fakultativně anaerobní grampozitivní, beta-hemolytická bakterie z čeledi Bacillaceae.

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Bacillus cereus ( Danca )

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Der findes flere typer Bacillus, hvor især Bacillus cereus er årsag til fødevareforgiftning. Bacillus cereus vokser indenfor temperaturområdet 7-48 grader, men kan indimellem også vokse ved 5-7 grader, særligt i mejeriprodukter.

Bacillus cereus findes naturligt i jordbunden, hvorfra den kan sprede sig til vegetabilske fødevarer. Samtidig kan bakterien danne sporer, som tåler fuldstændig udtørring. Af samme grund kan man finde bakterien i tørre produkter som korn, mel og krydderier.

Denne artikel stammer oprindelig fra Lexopen. Hvis den oprindelige kildetekst er blevet erstattet af en anden tekst, bedes skabelonen venligst fjernet.

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Bacillus cereus ( Almanca )

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Zeitraffer Video des Wachstums von Bacillus cereus
 src=
B. cereus mit Hämolyse auf Blutagar
 src=
B. cereus auf Blut- und Bicarbonatagar
 src=
Gramfärbung von B. cereus
 src=
elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme von B. cereus Zellen

Bacillus cereus ist ein bewegliches, grampositives, stäbchenförmiges, katalasepositives, sporenbildendes, fakultativ anaerobes Bakterium der Gattung Bacillus.

Es kommt natürlich im normalen Erdboden in einer Konzentration von bis zu einer Million pro Gramm vor und zählt damit zu den häufigsten kultivierbaren Bodenbakterien. Er bildet zusammen mit anderen Arten (z. B. Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis und Bacillus cytotoxicus) die Bacillus cereus-Gruppe, deren Mitglieder genetisch nahe verwandt sind und sich ein Kerngenom von etwa 3100 Genen teilen. Historisch dienen die Krankheiten, die durch sie ausgelöst werden, als Unterscheidungsmerkmal. Als genetisches Unterscheidungsmerkmal dient der Satz von 400 bis 800 individuellen Genen (akzessorisches Genom, bei Bacillus cereus etwa 420 Gene) der jeweiligen Art.[1]

Eigenschaften

Bacillus cereus wächst je nach Stamm im Temperaturbereich von 4 °C bis 55 °C (die meisten im Bereich von 10 °C bis 50 °C[2]), mit einem Optimum von 28–35 °C.[3]

Bacillus cereus ist säureempfindlich. pH-Bereich: Minimum 4,8; Optimum 6,5–7,5; Maximum 9,3.

Die Sporen sind nicht hitzeempfindlich, es erfolgt keine Abtötung durch die Pasteurisierung.

Ein Anteil von 80 % aller Fettsäureketten des Bakteriums ist verzweigt.[4]

Bedeutung für den Menschen

Bacillus cereus ist ein Lebensmittel vergiftendes Bakterium, das besonders im Reis auftritt. Bacillus cereus-Sporen, die im rohen Reis vorkommen, überleben das Kochen und vermehren sich, wenn der Reis unterhalb von 65 °C warmgehalten oder aufgewärmt wird. Durch Warmhalten oberhalb dieser Temperatur wird die Ausbreitung des Bakteriums verhindert, was sich Reiskocher mit ihrer Warmhaltefunktion zunutze machen. Es kann jedoch auch über Staub- und Erdpartikel in die Nahrung (Gewürze, Trockenpilze, Milch) gelangen.

Bacillus cereus bildet bei Keimzahlen von über 100.000/g Lebensmittel zwei für Lebensmittelvergiftungen verantwortliche Toxine, wobei auch Vergiftungsfälle bekannt sind, bei denen die Konzentration deutlich darunter bis herunter zu 6.000/g lag.[3] Das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) empfiehlt der behördlichen Lebensmittelüberwachung eine Schnellwarnung im RASFF bei über 105 KbE/g während der Haltbarkeitsfrist.[5] Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM) stellt in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Beuth Verlag Richt- und Warnwerte für ausgewählte Risikolebensmittel bereit.[6] Die Lobbyorganisation Bund für Lebensmittelrecht und Lebensmittelkunde (BLL) kritisiert die Hilfsnorm, da auch das biologische Pflanzenschutzmittel Bacillus thuringiensis bei den Richt- und Warnwerten für Mischsalate mit erfasst wird, und argumentiert, dass hierdurch eine Wettbewerbsverzerrung entsteht.[7] Die EFSA empfiehlt zur abschließenden Risikobewertung die Anwendung der Ganzgenomsequenzierung.[3]

Unterschieden werden zwei verschiedene Toxintypen.

  • Erbrechens-Toxin (emetisches Toxin, Cereulid): Die Aufnahme des toxinhaltigen Lebensmittels führt nach 0,5 bis 6 Stunden zu Übelkeit und Erbrechen, seltener zu Bauchkrämpfen und Durchfällen. Das Toxin ist unempfindlich gegenüber Hitze und Säure.
  • Ein Diarrhoe-Toxin verursacht 8 bis 16 Stunden nach Aufnahme des Toxins wässrige Durchfälle, die nach 12 bis 24 Stunden wieder abklingen. Das Toxin ist hitze- und säureempfindlich.

Bacillus cereus führt in pasteurisierten, nicht fermentierten Milcherzeugnissen zu Bitterkeit und zur Süßgerinnung (Gerinnung durch eiweißabbauende Enzyme und nicht durch Säurebildung). Wegen der in diesem Fall durch diesen Keim mittels Lecithinasewirkung verursachten Geschmacksveränderungen ist die Gefahr einer Intoxikation nicht sehr groß.[8]

Da Bacillus cereus in Milchprodukten bei einer Temperatur im Kühlschrank ab 10 °C (einige Stämme ab 4 °C) wächst, wurde die Deklaration der Haltbarkeit bei Frischmilch von "bei +10 °C mindestens haltbar bis:" durch "bei +8 °C mindestens haltbar bis:" geändert. Die EFSA verlangt in der gesamten Kühlkette Temperaturen von ≤ 7 °C (besser noch ≤ 4 °C) einzuhalten.[3]

Neuartige Formen von Milzbrand

Bereits 2004 wurde B. cereus als Erreger milzbrand-ähnlicher Erkrankungen beim Menschen identifiziert.[9]

2016 wurde die Varietät B. cereus biovar anthracis vom Robert Koch-Institut als Ursache für neuartige Milzbrand-Erkrankungen und -Todesfälle in Afrika ausgemacht. Bis dahin waren verschiedene Säugetierarten betroffen, neben Elefanten und Ziegen sind insbesondere Menschenaffen (Schimpansen und Gorillas) betroffen.[10][11]

2017 fand man heraus, dass diese Varietät von B. cereus gegenüber der gewöhnlichen Form zwei zusätzliche Plasmide (DNA-Ringe) besitzt. Die beiden Plasmide enthalten alle wesentlichen Gene, die B. anthracis, den klassischen Milzbranderreger, zur tödlichen Gefahr machen. Inzwischen waren auch Erkrankungen bei Waldantilopen und beim Stachelschwein festgestellt worden. Bislang sind noch keine Erkrankungen beim Menschen registriert und es ist nicht bekannt, ob auch der Mensch an dieser Form von Milzbrand erkranken kann. Es wird aber befürchtet, dass der Erreger lokale Populationen des Westlichen Schimpansen (Pan troglodytes verus, eine Unterart des Gemeinen Schimpansen) dezimieren oder gar auslöschen könnte.[12][13]

Die neue Milzbrand-Variante hat den Namen Regenwald-Milzbrand (engl. 'rainforest anthrax') erhalten.[12]

Diagnostik

Mittels kultureller Verfahren ist nur eine Bestimmung sogenannter präsumtiver Bacillus cereus möglich. Mittels MALDI-TOF MS kann die Bacillus cereus Gruppe bestätigt werden. Nur Bacillus cytotoxicus kann bei Vorlage eines geeigneten Datenbankeintrages sicher differenziert werden. Die NHE und HBL-Toxine sind immungängig und können mittels GLISA nachgewiesen werden. Zudem ist eine PCR der nhe/hbl-Gene möglich. Für Cereulid produzierende B. cereus kann auf einer ces-Gen PCR zurückgegriffen werden. Das hitzestabile und womöglich nach einer Entkeimung immer noch vorhandene emetische Toxin Cereulid ist mittels LC/MS im Lebensmittel nachweisbar.[6] Biomarker Cereulid bildender Bacillus cereus lassen sich zudem mittels MALDI-TOF MS nachweisen.[14]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 4/2008, S. 14–16, Riesiges Genreservoir eines Krankheitserregers.
  2. Bacillus cereus. In: bund.de. www.bfr.bund.de, abgerufen am 15. Februar 2017.
  3. a b c d EFSA: Risiken für die öffentliche Gesundheit durch Bacillus cereus-Gruppe, 20. Juli 2016
  4. T. Kaneda: Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. In: Microbiol. Rev. 55(2); June 1991: S. 288–302 PMID 1886522 (freier Volltextzugang).
  5. BfR-Kriterienkatalog für Meldungen nach der Allgemeinen Verwaltungsvorschrift: Schnellwarnsystem für Lebensmittel und Futtermittel (AVV SWS) Information Nr. 043/2008 des BfR vom 20. November 2008
  6. a b Burkhard Schütze: Bacillus cereus im Visier: Bacillus cereus im Lebensmittel - eine differenzierte Risikobetrachtung ist heutzutage möglich! Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, Mai 2017, Volltext bei Researchgate
  7. Sieglinde Stähle: Stellungnahme DGHM-Richt- und Warnwerte „Mischsalate“, Bund für Lebensmittelrecht und Lebensmittelkunde, Berlin, Januar 2015
  8. Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Milk on the Domestic Market. In: Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. Band 65, Nr. 4, 1. Dezember 2015, doi:10.1515/pjfns-2015-0008.
  9. A. R. Hoffmaster, J. Ravel u. a.: Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101, 2004, S. 8449, doi:10.1073/pnas.0402414101.
  10. Kym S. Antonation, Kim Grützmacher u. a.: Bacillus cereus Biovar Anthracis Causing Anthrax in Sub-Saharan Africa—Chromosomal Monophyly and Broad Geographic Distribution. In: PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10, 2016, S. e0004923, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004923.
  11. S. Gerhard: Neuer Milzbranderreger infiziert Tiere in Afrika, in: Zeit online vom 8. September 2016
  12. a b Constanze Hoffmann, Fee Zimmermann u. a.: Persistent anthrax as a major driver of wildlife mortality in a tropical rainforest. In: Nature. 548, 2017, S. 82–86, doi:10.1038/nature23309.
  13. K. Kupferschmidt: Neuer Milzbrand-Erreger tötet Menschenaffen, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ.de) vom 3. August 2017.
  14. Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Richard Dietrich, Erwin Märtlbauer, Manfred Gareis: Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS. In: Food Microbiology. Band 82, S. 75–81, doi:10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.012 (raps-stiftung.de [PDF]).
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Zeitraffer Video des Wachstums von Bacillus cereus  src= B. cereus mit Hämolyse auf Blutagar  src= B. cereus auf Blut- und Bicarbonatagar  src= Gramfärbung von B. cereus  src= elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme von B. cereus Zellen

Bacillus cereus ist ein bewegliches, grampositives, stäbchenförmiges, katalasepositives, sporenbildendes, fakultativ anaerobes Bakterium der Gattung Bacillus.

Es kommt natürlich im normalen Erdboden in einer Konzentration von bis zu einer Million pro Gramm vor und zählt damit zu den häufigsten kultivierbaren Bodenbakterien. Er bildet zusammen mit anderen Arten (z. B. Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis und Bacillus cytotoxicus) die Bacillus cereus-Gruppe, deren Mitglieder genetisch nahe verwandt sind und sich ein Kerngenom von etwa 3100 Genen teilen. Historisch dienen die Krankheiten, die durch sie ausgelöst werden, als Unterscheidungsmerkmal. Als genetisches Unterscheidungsmerkmal dient der Satz von 400 bis 800 individuellen Genen (akzessorisches Genom, bei Bacillus cereus etwa 420 Gene) der jeweiligen Art.

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Bacillus cereus ( İngilizce )

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Electron micrograph of Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in soil, food, and marine sponges.[1] The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness due to their spore-forming nature, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals, and even exhibit mutualism with certain plants.[2][3][4] B. cereus bacteria may be anaerobes or facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. They have a wide range of virulence factors, including phospholipase C, cereulide, sphingomyelinase, metalloproteases, and cytotoxin K, many of which are regulated via quorum sensing.[5][6] B. cereus strains exhibit flagellar motility.[7]

The Bacillus cereus group comprises seven closely related species: B. cereus sensu stricto (referred to herein as B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, and B. cytotoxicus;[8] or as six species in a Bacillus cereus sensu lato: B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis.[9] A phylogenomic analysis combined with average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis revealed that the B. anthracis species also includes strains annotated as B. cereus and B. thuringiensis.[10]

History

Colonies of B. cereus were originally isolated from a gelatine plate left exposed to the air in a cow shed in 1887.[11] In the 2010s, examination of warning letters issued by the US Food and Drug Administration issued to pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities addressing facility microbial contamination revealed that the most common contaminant was B. cereus.[12]

Several new enzymes have been discovered in B. cereus, such as AlkC and AlkD, both of which are involved in DNA repair.[13]

Microbiology

Bacillus cereus endospore stain

B. cereus is a rod-shaped bacterium with a Gram-positive cell envelope. Depending on the strain, it may be anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Most strains are mesophilic, having an optimal temperature between 25 °C and 37 °C, and neutralophilic, preferring neutral pH, but some have been found to grow in environments with much more extreme conditions.[14]

These bacteria are both spore-forming and biofilm-forming, presenting a large challenge to the food industry due to their contamination capability. Biofilms of B. cereus most commonly form on air-liquid interfaces or on hard surfaces such as glass. B. cereus display flagellar motility, which has been shown to aid in biofilm formation via an increased ability to reach surfaces suitable for biofilm formation, to spread the biofilm over a larger surface area, and to recruit planktonic, or single, free-living bacteria.[7] Biofilm formation may also occur while in spore form due to varying adhesion ability of spores.[15]

Their flagella are peritrichous, meaning there are many flagella located all around the cell body that can bundle together at a single location on the cell to propel it. This flagellar property also allows the cell to change directions of movement depending on where on the cell the flagellum filaments come together to generate movement.[15][16]

Some studies and observations have shown that silica particles the size of a few nanometers have been deposited in a spore coat layer in the extracytoplasmic region of the Bacillus cereus spore. The layer was first discovered by the use of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), however the images taken did not have resolution high enough to determine the precise location of the silica. Some investigators hypothesize that the layer helps different spores from sticking together. It has also been shown to provide some resistance to acidic environments. The silica coat is related to the permeability of the cell's inner membrane. Strong mineral acids are able to break down spore permeability barriers and kill the spore. However, when the spore has a silica coating, it may reduce the permeability of the membrane and provide resistance to many acids.[17]

Metabolism

Bacillus cereus has mechanisms for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, making it a facultative anaerobe.[18] Its aerobic pathway consists of three terminal oxidases: cytochrome aa3, cytochrome caa3, and cytochrome bd, the use of each dependent on the amount of oxygen present in the environment.[19] The B. cereus genome encodes genes for metabolic enzymes including NADH dehydrogenases, succinate dehydrogenase, complex III, and cytochrome c oxidase, as well as others. Bacillus cereus can metabolize several different compounds to create energy, including carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, and amino acids.[18]

The Embden-Meyerhof pathway is the predominant pathway used by Bacillus cereus to catabolize glucose at every stage of the cell's development, according to estimates of a radiorespirometric method of glucose catabolism. This is true at times of germinative phases, as well as sporogenic phases. At the filamentous, granular, forespore, and transitional stages, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway was responsible for the catabolism of 98% of the cell's glucose. The remainder of the glucose was catabolized by the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway.[20]

Analysis of the core genome of B. cereus reveals a limited presence of enzymes meant for breakdown of polysaccharides and a prevalence of proteases and amino acid degradation and transport pathways, indicating that their preferred diet consists of proteins and their breakdown products.[21]

An isolate of a bacterium found to produce PHBs was identified as B. cereus through analysis of 16S rRNA sequences as well as similarity of morphological and biochemical characteristics. PHBs may be produced when there is excess carbon or limited essential nutrients present in the environment, and they are later broken down by the microbe as a fuel source under starvation conditions. This indicates the potential role of B. cereus in producing biodegradable plastic substitutes. PHB production was highest when provided with glucose as a carbon source.[22]

Genomics

The genome of B. cereus has been characterized and shown to contain over 5 million bp of DNA. Out of these, more than 5500 protein-encoding genes have been identified, of which the top categories of genes with known functions include: metabolic processes, processing of proteins, virulence factors, response to stress, and defense mechanisms. Many of the genes categorized as virulence factors, stress responses, and defense mechanisms encode factors in antibiotic resistance.[6] There are approximately 600 genes which are common in 99% of the taxa of B. cereus sensu lato, which constitutes around 1% of all genes in the pan-genome. Due to the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, the pan-genome of B. cereus is continually expanding.[23] The GC content of its DNA across all strains is approximately 35%.[24]

Following exposure to non-lethal acid shock at pH 5.4-5.5, the arginine deiminase gene in B. cereus, arcA, shows substantial up-regulation. This gene is part of the arcABC operon which is induced by low-pH environments in Listeria monocytogenes, and is associated with growth and survival in acidic environments. This suggests that this gene is also important for survival of B. cereus in acidic environments.[25]

The activation of virulence factors has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated via quorum-sensing in B. cereus. The activation of many virulence factors secreted is dependent on the activity of the Phospholipase C regulator (PlcR), a transcriptional regulator which is most active at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. A small peptide called PapR acts as the effector in the quorum-sensing pathway, and when reimported into the cell, it interacts with PlcR to activate transcription of these virulence genes.[6] When point mutations were introduced into the plcR gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, it was observed that the mutated bacteria lost their hemolytic and phospholipase activity.[26]

The flagella of B. cereus are encoded by 2 to 5 fla genes, depending on the strain.[7]

Identification

For the isolation and enumeration of B. cereus, there are two standardized methods by International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 7932 and ISO 21871. Because of B. cereus' ability to produce lecithinase and its inability to ferment mannitol, there are some proper selective media for its isolation and identification such as mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (MYP) and polymyxin-pyruvate-egg yolk-mannitol-bromothymol blue agar (PEMBA). B. cereus colonies on MYP have a violet-red background and are surrounded by a zone of egg-yolk precipitate.[27]

Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify B. cereus from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[28]

The Central Public Health Laboratory in the United Kingdom tests for motility, hemolysis, rhizoid growth, susceptibility to γ-phage, and fermentation of ammonium salt-based glucose but no mannitol, arabinose, or xylose.[27]

Growth

The optimal growth temperature range for B. cereus is 30-40 °C.[29] At 30 °C (86 °F), a population of B. cereus can double in as little as 20 minutes or as long as 3 hours, depending on the food product.[30]

Ecology

Like most Bacilli, the most common ecosystem of Bacillus cereus is the soil. In concert with Arbuscular mycorrhiza (and Rhizobium leguminosarum in clover), they can up-regulate plant growth in heavy metal soils by decreasing heavy metal concentrations via bioaccumulation and biotransformation in addition to increasing phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium uptake in certain plants.[4] B. cereus was also shown to aid in survival of earthworms in heavy metal soils resulting from the use of metal-based fungicides, showing increases in biomass, reproduction and reproductive viability, and a decrease in metal content of tissues in those inoculated with the bacterium.[31] These results suggest strong possibilities for its application in ecological bioremediation. Evidence of bioremediation potential by Bacillus cereus was also found in the aquatic ecosystem, where organic nitrogen and phosphorus wastes polluting a eutrophic lake were broken down in the presence of B. cereus.[29]

In a study measuring the ability of B. cereus to degrade keratin in chicken feathers, bacteria were found to sufficiently biodegrade keratin via hydrolytic mechanisms. These results indicate its potential to degrade keratinous waste from the poultry industry for potential recycling of the byproducts.[32]

B. cereus competes with Gram-negative bacteria species such as Salmonella and Campylobacter in the gut; its presence reduces the number of Gram-negative bacteria, specifically via antibiotic activity via enzymes such as cereins that impede their quorum sensing ability and exhibit bactericidal activity.[33][34] In food animals such as chickens,[35] rabbits[36] and pigs,[37] some harmless strains of B. cereus are used as a probiotic feed additive to reduce Salmonella in the animals' intestines and cecum. This improves the animals' growth, as well as food safety for humans who eat them. In addition, B. cereus create and release enzymes that aid in the digestion of materials that are typically difficult to digest, such as woody plant matter, in the guts of other organisms.[33]

The strain B. cereus B25 is a biofungicide.[38] A study by Figueroa-López et al. showed that the presence of this strain reduced Fusarium verticillioides growth.[38] B25 shows promise for reduction of mycotoxin concentrations in grains.[38]

Pathogenesis

B. cereus is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2–5%), causing severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.[39] Bacillus foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when infected food is not, or is inadequately, cooked.[40] Cooking temperatures less than or equal to 100 °C (212 °F) allow some B. cereus spores to survive.[41] This problem is compounded when food is then improperly refrigerated, allowing the endospores to germinate.[42] Cooked foods not meant for either immediate consumption or rapid cooling and refrigeration should be kept at temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) or above 50 °C (122 °F).[41] Germination and growth generally occur between 10 °C and 50 °C,[41] though some strains can grow at low temperatures,[43] and Bacillus cytotoxicus strains have been shown to grow at temperatures up to 52 °C (126 °F).[44] Bacterial growth results in production of enterotoxins, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids (pH levels between 2 and 11);[45] ingestion leads to two types of illness: diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome.[46] The enterotoxins produced by B. cereus have beta-hemolytic activity.[14]

  • The diarrheal type is associated with a wide range of foods, has an 8-to-16-hour incubation time, and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the 'long-incubation' form of B. cereus food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens.[45] Enterotoxin can be inactivated after heating at 56 °C (133 °F) for 5 minutes, but whether its presence in food causes the symptom is unclear, since it degrades in stomach enzymes; its subsequent production by surviving B. cereus spores within the small intestine may be the cause of illness.[47]
  • The 'emetic' form commonly results from rice which is cooked at a time and temperature insufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. The remaining spores can produce a toxin, cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1–5 hours after consumption. Distinguishing from other short-term bacterial foodborne intoxications, such as by Staphylococcus aureus, can be difficult.[45] Emetic toxin can withstand 121 °C (250 °F) for 90 minutes.[47]

The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins: hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), and cytotoxin K (CytK).[48] The nhe/hbl/cytK genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by PlcR. These genes occur in the taxonomically related B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis, as well. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting digestion by host endogenous enzymes. The Hbl and Nhe toxins are pore-forming toxins closely related to ClyA of E. coli. The proteins exhibit a conformation known as a "beta-barrel" that can insert into cellular membranes due to a hydrophobic exterior, thus creating pores with hydrophilic interiors. The effect is loss of cellular membrane potential and eventually cell death.

Previously, it was thought that the timing of the toxin production was responsible for the two different courses of disease, but it has since been found that the emetic syndrome is caused by the toxin cereulide, which is found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of B. cereus. Cereulide is a cyclic polypeptide containing three repeats of four amino acids: D-oxy-LeuD-AlaL-oxy-ValL-Val (similar to valinomycin produced by Streptomyces griseus) produced by nonribosomal peptide synthesis. Cereulide is believed to bind to 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) serotonin receptors, activating them and leading to increased afferent vagus nerve stimulation.[49] It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on multiple plasmids: pCERE01[50] or pBCE4810.[51] Plasmid pBCE4810 shares homology with the B. anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the anthrax toxin. Periodontal isolates of B. cereus also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteogenic amino acids, cereulide is resistant to heat, proteolysis, and acid conditions.[52]

B. cereus is also known to cause difficult-to-eradicate chronic skin infections, though less aggressive than necrotizing fasciitis. B. cereus can also cause keratitis.[53]

While often associated with gastrointestinal illness, B. cereus is also associated with illnesses such as fulminant bacterial infection, central nervous system involvement, respiratory tract infection, and endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis is the most common form of extra-gastrointestinal pathogenesis, which is an infection of the eye that may cause permanent vision loss. Infections typically cause a corneal ring abscess, followed by other symptoms such as pain, proptosis, and retinal hemorrhage.[54] While different from B. anthracis, B. cereus contains some toxin genes originally found in B. anthracis that are attributed to anthrax-like respiratory tract infections.[55]

A case study was published in 2019 of a catheter-related bloodstream infection of B. cereus in a 91-year-old male previously being treated with hemodialysis via PermCath for end-stage renal disease. He presented with chills, tachypnea, and high-grade fever, his white blood cell count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly elevated, and CT imaging revealed a thoracic aortic aneurysm. He was successfully treated for the aneurysm with intravenous vancomycin, oral fluoroquinolones, and PermCath removal.[56] Another case study of B. cereus infection was published in 2021 of a 30 year old woman with lupus who was diagnosed with infective endocarditis after receiving a catheter. The blood samples were positive for B. cereus and the patient was subsequently treated with vancomycin. PCR was also used to verify toxins that the isolate produces.[57]

Diagnosis

In case of foodborne illness, the diagnosis of B. cereus can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 100,000 B. cereus organisms per gram from epidemiologically-implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting.[58]

Prognosis

Most emetic patients recover within 6 to 24 hours,[46] but in some cases, the toxin can be fatal via fulminant hepatic failure.[59][60][61][62][63] In 2014, 23 newborns in the UK receiving total parenteral nutrition contaminated with B. cereus developed sepsis, with three of the infants later dying as a result of infection.[64][65]

Prevention

While B. cereus vegetative cells are killed during normal cooking, spores are more resistant. Viable spores in food can become vegetative cells in the intestines and produce a range of diarrheal enterotoxins, so elimination of spores is desirable. In wet heat (poaching, simmering, boiling, braising, stewing, pot roasting, steaming), spores require more than 5 minutes at 121 °C (250 °F) at the coldest spot to be destroyed. In dry heat (grilling, broiling, baking, roasting, searing, sautéing), 120 °C (248 °F) for 1 hour kills all spores on the exposed surface.[66] This process of eliminating spores is very important, as spores of B. cereus are particularly resistant, even after pasteurization or exposure to gamma rays.[24]

B. cereus and other members of Bacillus are not easily killed by alcohol; they have been known to colonize distilled liquors and alcohol-soaked swabs and pads in numbers sufficient to cause infection.[67][68]

A study of an isolate of Bacillus cereus that was isolated from the stomach of a sheep was shown to be able to break down β-cypermethrin, or β-CY, which has been known to be an antimicrobial agent. This strain, known as GW-01, can break down β-CY at a significant rate when the bacterial cells are in high concentrations relative to the antimicrobial agent. It has also been noted that the ability to break down β-CY is inducible. However, as the concentration of β-CY increases, the rate of β-CY degradation decreases. This suggests that the agent also functions as a toxin against the GW-01 strain. This is significant as it shows that in the right concentrations, β-CY can be used as an antimicrobial agent against Bacillus cereus.[69]

Diseases in aquatic animals

Bacillus cereus groups, notably B. cereus (Bc) and B. thuringiensis (Bt), are also pathogenic to multiple aquatic organisms including Chinese softshell turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis ), causing infection characterized by gross lesions such as hepatic congestion and enlarged spleen, which causes high mortality.[70]

Bacteriophages

Bacteria of the B. cereus group are infected by bacteriophages belonging to the family Tectiviridae. This family includes tailless phages that have a lipid membrane or vesicle beneath the icosahedral protein shell and that are formed of approximately equal amounts of virus-encoded proteins and lipids derived from the host cell's plasma membrane. Upon infection, the lipid membrane becomes a tail-like structure used in genome delivery. The genome is composed of about 15-kilobase, linear, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with long, inverted terminal-repeat sequences (100 base pairs). GIL01, Bam35, GIL16, AP50, and Wip1 are examples of temperate tectiviruses infecting the B. cereus group.[71]

See also

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  62. ^ Shiota M, Saitou K, Mizumoto H, Matsusaka M, Agata N, Nakayama M, et al. (April 2010). "Rapid detoxification of cereulide in Bacillus cereus food poisoning". Pediatrics. 125 (4): e951–e955. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2319. PMID 20194285. S2CID 19744459.
  63. ^ Naranjo M, Denayer S, Botteldoorn N, Delbrassinne L, Veys J, Waegenaere J, et al. (December 2011). "Sudden death of a young adult associated with Bacillus cereus food poisoning". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (12): 4379–4381. doi:10.1128/JCM.05129-11. PMC 3232990. PMID 22012017.
  64. ^ "Medical safety alert: Lipid Phase only of Parenteral Nutrition – potential contamination with Bacillus cereus". UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 4 June 2014.
  65. ^ Cooper C (1 July 2014). "Third baby dies from contaminated 'Total Parenteral Nutrition' drip feed". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019.
  66. ^ Soni A, Oey I, Silcock P, Bremer P (November 2016). "Bacillus Spores in the Food Industry: A Review on Resistance and Response to Novel Inactivation Technologies". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 15 (6): 1139–1148. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12231. PMID 33401831.
  67. ^ "Notes from the Field: Contamination of alcohol prep pads with Bacillus cereus group and Bacillus species — Colorado, 2010". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Atlanta, Geogia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018.
  68. ^ Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Yang PC, Pan HL, Ho SW, Luh KT (July 1999). "Nosocomial pseudoepidemic caused by Bacillus cereus traced to contaminated ethyl alcohol from a liquor factory". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 37 (7): 2280–2284. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.7.2280-2284.1999. PMC 85137. PMID 10364598.
  69. ^ Zhao, Jiayuan; Jiang, Yangdan; Gong, Lanmin; Chen, Xiaofeng; Xie, Qingling; Jin, Yan; Du, Juan; Wang, Shufang; Liu, Gang (15 February 2022). "Mechanism of β-cypermethrin metabolism by Bacillus cereus GW-01". Chemical Engineering Journal. 430: 132961. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.132961. ISSN 1385-8947. S2CID 239126417.
  70. ^ Cheng LW, Rao S, Poudyal S, Wang PC, Chen SC (October 2021). "Genotype and virulence gene analyses of Bacillus cereus group clinical isolates from the Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) in Taiwan". Journal of Fish Diseases. 44 (10): 1515–1529. doi:10.1111/jfd.13473. PMID 34125451. S2CID 235426384.
  71. ^ Gillis A, Mahillon J (July 2014). "Prevalence, genetic diversity, and host range of tectiviruses among members of the Bacillus cereus group". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (14): 4138–4152. Bibcode:2014ApEnM..80.4138G. doi:10.1128/AEM.00912-14. PMC 4068676. PMID 24795369.

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Electron micrograph of Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in soil, food, and marine sponges. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness due to their spore-forming nature, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals, and even exhibit mutualism with certain plants. B. cereus bacteria may be anaerobes or facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. They have a wide range of virulence factors, including phospholipase C, cereulide, sphingomyelinase, metalloproteases, and cytotoxin K, many of which are regulated via quorum sensing. B. cereus strains exhibit flagellar motility.

The Bacillus cereus group comprises seven closely related species: B. cereus sensu stricto (referred to herein as B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, and B. cytotoxicus; or as six species in a Bacillus cereus sensu lato: B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis. A phylogenomic analysis combined with average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis revealed that the B. anthracis species also includes strains annotated as B. cereus and B. thuringiensis.

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Bacillus cereus ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Bacillus cereus es una bacteria que causa envenenamiento por consumo.[1]

Características generales

Se trata de un bacilo gram positivo, esporulado, anaerobio facultativo y móvil. La espora es ovoidea, central y no deformante.[2]Hidroliza la lecitina de la yema del huevo y no fermenta el manitol.[3]​ La temperatura óptima es de 30 a 37 °C, su temperatura de crecimiento es de 5 a 55 °C y su temperatura de germinación, de 5 a 8 °C.[4]​ Su pH óptimo, 4,5 a 9,3, Aw 0,95 y su concentración de sal, 7,5 %. Produce dos tipos de toxiinfecciones alimentarias: la forma diarreica y la forma emética.[5]

Reproducción

A 30 grados Celsius (86,0 °F), una población de B. cereus puede doblar en tan poco tiempo como 20 min o hasta 3 h, dependiendo por el producto alimenticio.[6]

Grupo de Bacillus cereus

Comprende siete especies estrechamente relacionadas:[7]

Ecología

B. cereus compite con microorganismos tales como Salmonella y Campylobacter, en el tracto gastrointestinal, por lo que su presencia reduce el número de esos microorganismos. En animales de granja, tales como gallinas,[9]conejos[10]​ y porcinos,[11]​ algunas cepas inofensivas de B. cereus se usan como probióticos aditivos para reducir a Salmonella en intestinos y el ciego. Esto mejora el crecimiento de los animales, así como la seguridad de los alimentos para los humanos que los comen. Ellos parasitan a las larvas de carpocapsa Cydia pomonella.

Sintomatología

Forma diarreica

Periodo de incubación de 8 a 16 h, causa diarrea y dolor abdominal.[12]​ El proceso dura 24 horas. Los principales alimentos en donde se puede encontrar son carnes y productos derivados del pollo, arroz, sopas deshidratadas, embutidos, especias, en los productos derivados de la vainilla, cereales, harinas, clara de huevo deshidratada, y cooler de durazno y piña.

Forma emética

Periodo de incubación de 1 a 5 horas, produce vómitos y náuseas, el proceso dura 24 horas. Y usualmente puede causar infecciones y muchos sarpullidos en el cuello.

Poder patógeno

Produce dos tipos de enterotoxina: toxinas termoestables y termolábiles lo que permite el crecimiento a temperaturas extremas y las variaciones de las mismas sin ocasionar desnaturalización de la bacteria.

Forma diarreica

Es producida por la toxina diarreogénica o termolábil, que es liberada en la fase logarítmica de crecimiento. Se obtiene principalmente por el consumo de verduras y carnes contaminadas y embutidos contaminados.

Forma emética

Es producida por la toxina cereulida o termoestable, es sintetizada en la fase estacionaria de crecimiento. Se obtiene principalmente por el consumo de arroz contaminado.

Control

Calentar los alimentos a una temperatura que inhiba la toxina, almacenarlos a bajas temperaturas para evitar el desarrollo de la bacteria. Enemas de retención y laxantes para desalojar la toxina del intestino.

Aunque el calentar los alimentos no es una forma eficaz de prevención pues el género Bacillus esporula, y al estar en estado de espora es resistente a las temperaturas altas. Las esporas resisten de 5 a 10 min a una temperatura de 100 ºC.

Referencias

  1. Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th edición). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  2. Frankland, G. C.; Frankland, P. F. (1 de enero de 1887). «Studies on Some New Micro-Organisms Obtained from Air». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 178: 257-287. doi:10.1098/rstb.1887.0011.
  3. Dimitris Charalampopoulos; Robert A. Rastall (12 de agosto de 2009). Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 627-. ISBN 978-0-387-79057-2.
  4. Christopher A. Sanford; Elaine C. Jong (5 de agosto de 2008). The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual (en inglés). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 469-. ISBN 1-4377-1069-7.
  5. Asaeda, Glenn; Caicedo, Gilbert; Swanson, Christopher (diciembre de 2005). «Fried Rice Syndrome». Journal of Emergency Medical Services 30 (12): 30-32. PMID 16373130. doi:10.1016/s0197-2510(05)70258-8.
  6. Mikkola, Raimo. Food and Indoor Air Isolated Bacillus Non-Protein Toxins: Structures, Physico-Chemical Properties and Mechanisms of Effects on Eukaryotic Cells. p. 12. Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2015.
  7. Sandle, Tim (28 de noviembre de 2014). «The Risk of Bacillus cereus to Pharmaceutical Manufacturing». American Pharmaceutical Review (Paper) 17 (6): 56. Consultado el 22 de noviembre de 2017.
  8. Guinebretière, Marie-Hélène; Auger, Sandrine; Galleron, Nathalie; Contzen, Matthias; De Sarrau, Benoit; De Buyser, Marie-Laure; Lamberet, Gilles; Fagerlund, Annette et al. (2013). «Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning». International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63 (1): 31-40. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
  9. Vilà, B.; Fontgibell, A.; Badiola, I.; Esteve-Garcia, E. et al. (2009). «Reduction of Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis colonization and invasion by Bacillus cereus var. toyoi inclusion in poultry feeds». Poultry Science (HighWire Press) 88 (55): 975-9. PMID 19359685. doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00483.
  10. Bories, Georges; Brantom, Paul; de Barberà, Joaquim Brufau et al. (9 de diciembre de 2008). «Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) as feed additive for rabbit breeding does». EFSA Journal. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (European Food Safety Authority) 2009 (1): 913. ISSN 1831-4732. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.913. EFSA-Q-2008-287. Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2009.
  11. Bories, Georges; Brantom, Paul; de Barberà, Joaquim Brufau et al. (16 de marzo de 2007). «Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003». EFSA Journal. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (European Food Safety Authority) 2007 (3): 458. ISSN 1831-4732. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.458. EFSA-Q-2006-037. Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2009.
  12. Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Associated with Fried Rice at Two Child Day Care Centers from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 de marzo de 1994 / v. 43 / Nº. 10 U.S.

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Bacillus cereus es una bacteria que causa envenenamiento por consumo.​

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Bacillus cereus ( Baskça )

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Bacillus cereus Bacillus generoko bakterioa da, janari-intoxikazioak eragin ahal dituena.

Ezaugarriak

Bacillus cereus bakterio Gram positiboa da, anaerobio fakultatiboa. Mugikorra da eta Bacillus guztien antzera endosporak sortzeko gaitasuna du. Endosporak erresistentzia handiko egiturak dira, bakterioa bizirik eta sor egoeran mantentzen dutenak ingurugiroko baldintzak oso gogorrak eta aurkakoak izan arren. Bacillus cereus-en kasuan endosporak zelularen erdialdean sortzen dira eta ez dute zelula desitxuratzen.

Odol-agarrean hazten denean bakterio honek beta-hemolisia eragiten du (eritrozitoen hemolisia burutzen du).

Patogenia

Bacillus cereusek garrantzi handia dauka elikagaien mikrobiologian, janari-intoxikazioak eragiten dituelako. Horretarako, baina, kopuru handietan egon behar du elikagaietan.

Endosporak sortzen dituenez, bakterioak bizirik iraun dezake sukaldean elikagaiak ondo kozinatzen ez baldin badira (janariak 100 °C-tik behera egosten badira, elikagaietan dauden esporak ez dira deuseztatzen). Gaizki kozinatu ondoren janariak ez badira hozkailuan sartzen, eta inguruko tenperaturan uzten badira, esporak hozitu eta bakterio berriak agertuko dira, janari-intoxikazioa sortuko dutenak.

Bacillus cereusek bi exotoxina (enterotoxinak) ekoizten ditu: bata termoegonkorra da, bestea termolabila. Bakterioak sortzen dituen intoxikazioak gastroenteritis arina eragiten du: tripako mina, beherakoak, goragaleak eta okak dira intoxikazio horren sintoma nagusiak.

Toxina termolabila sortzen duenean, bakterioak gastroenteritis diarreikoa eragiten du, beherakoak izanik sintoma nagusia. Toxina termoegonkorra sortzen badu, gastroenteritis emetikoa agertzen da, gehienbat okak eragiten dituena [1]

Kasu bietan intoxikazioa ez da larria, eta berez sendatzen da 2-3 egunetan.

Erreferentziak

  1. Ingraham, J; Ingraham, C: Introducción a la Microbiologia, vol. 2: 567
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Bacillus cereus Bacillus generoko bakterioa da, janari-intoxikazioak eragin ahal dituena.

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Bacillus cereus ( Fince )

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Bacillus cereus on grampositiivinen bakteeri. Se on betahemolyyttinen sauvamainen bakteeri, joka saattaa aiheuttaa ruokamyrkytyksiä. Vaarattomia B. cereus -kantoja voidaan kuitenkin hyödyntää esimerkiksi probiootteina. [1]

Bacillus cereus -bakteerit muodostavat itiöitä, ja ne ovat yleisiä maaperän, vesistöjen, kasvien, ilman ja pölyn mikrobeja. Bakteeri on yleinen ihmisen ja eläinten suolistossa. Pieniä bakteeripitoisuuksia tavataan elintarvikkeissa, kuten viljassa, riisissä, lihassa, kasviksissa ja maidossa. B. cereus kykenee kasvamaan sekä hapellisessa että hapettomassa ympäristössä. Itiöt kestävät korkeita lämpötiloja, kuivuutta ja ravinnon puutetta. Elintarvikkeisiin joutuneet itiöt kestävät kuumennuksen ja pystyvät lisääntymään ruoassa jäähtymisen aikana.[2]

 src=
Bacillus cereuksen muodostamia pesäkkeitä veriagarilla

B. cereus tunnistettiin ruokamyrkytysten aiheuttajaksi vuonna 1955. Bakteeri aiheuttaa kahdentyyppisiä ruokamyrkytyksiä, oksentelua aiheuttavaa ja ripulia aiheuttavaa muotoa. Yleensä molemmissa muodoissa oireet loppuvat vuorokauden kuluttua niiden alkamisesta, harvoissa tapauksissa ne jatkuvat pitempään. Oksenteluna ilmenevä ruokamyrkytys aiheutuu kereulidista, joka on kuumennusta kestävä bakteeritoksiini. Tämä toksiini tunnetaan myös kosteusvaurioiden yhteydestä. Ripulia aiheuttaa taas enterotoksiineina tunnetut proteiinimyrkyt, joita tunnetaan B. cereuksella kolme kappaletta.[3]

Bacillus cereus on eräs tärkeimmistä vakavia silmätulehduksia aiheuttavista bakteereista ja se aiheuttaa yleisesti myös haavainfektioita. Bacillus cereus tuottaa tehokasta beetalaktamaasia ja on sen vuoksi vastustuskykyinen kaikille penisilliineille ja kefalosporiineille. Useimmat Bacillus cereus -kannat ovat herkkiä muun muassa kloramfenikolille, aminoglykosideille, erytromysiinille, klindamysiinille ja tetrasykliinille. Imipeneemi ja vankomysiini ovat myös tehokkaita.

Joidenkin tuotantoeläinten, kuten kanojen[4] ja sikojen[5] rehussa käytetään vaarattomia B. cereus -kantoja (probiootit). Probiootin teho perustuu siihen, että B. cereus kilpailee suolistossa muiden mikrobien, kuten salmonellan ja kampylobakteerien kanssa. Tällä tavoin B. cereus voi vähentää näiden mikrobien määrää, mikä parantaa eläinten kasvua ja niistä saatavien elintarvikkeiden turvallisuutta.

Lähteet

  1. Ryan KJ; Ray CG (toim.) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th, McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  2. Ruokamyrkytyksiä aiheuttavia bakteereja Eviran kotisivut
  3. Textbook of bacteriology, verkkosivu
  4. Vilà, B; A. Fontgibell, I. Badiola, E. Esteve-Garcia, G. Jiménez, M. Castillo and J. Brufau (2009). "Reduction of Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis colonization and invasion by Bacillus cereus var. toyoi inclusion in poultry feeds". Poultry Science 88 (55): 975–9. HighWire Press. doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00483. Viitattu 28.11.2009.
  5. "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003" . European Food Safety Authority (2006). Viitattu 28.11.2009.

Aiheesta muualla

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı

Bacillus cereus on grampositiivinen bakteeri. Se on betahemolyyttinen sauvamainen bakteeri, joka saattaa aiheuttaa ruokamyrkytyksiä. Vaarattomia B. cereus -kantoja voidaan kuitenkin hyödyntää esimerkiksi probiootteina.

Bacillus cereus -bakteerit muodostavat itiöitä, ja ne ovat yleisiä maaperän, vesistöjen, kasvien, ilman ja pölyn mikrobeja. Bakteeri on yleinen ihmisen ja eläinten suolistossa. Pieniä bakteeripitoisuuksia tavataan elintarvikkeissa, kuten viljassa, riisissä, lihassa, kasviksissa ja maidossa. B. cereus kykenee kasvamaan sekä hapellisessa että hapettomassa ympäristössä. Itiöt kestävät korkeita lämpötiloja, kuivuutta ja ravinnon puutetta. Elintarvikkeisiin joutuneet itiöt kestävät kuumennuksen ja pystyvät lisääntymään ruoassa jäähtymisen aikana.

 src= Bacillus cereuksen muodostamia pesäkkeitä veriagarilla

B. cereus tunnistettiin ruokamyrkytysten aiheuttajaksi vuonna 1955. Bakteeri aiheuttaa kahdentyyppisiä ruokamyrkytyksiä, oksentelua aiheuttavaa ja ripulia aiheuttavaa muotoa. Yleensä molemmissa muodoissa oireet loppuvat vuorokauden kuluttua niiden alkamisesta, harvoissa tapauksissa ne jatkuvat pitempään. Oksenteluna ilmenevä ruokamyrkytys aiheutuu kereulidista, joka on kuumennusta kestävä bakteeritoksiini. Tämä toksiini tunnetaan myös kosteusvaurioiden yhteydestä. Ripulia aiheuttaa taas enterotoksiineina tunnetut proteiinimyrkyt, joita tunnetaan B. cereuksella kolme kappaletta.

Bacillus cereus on eräs tärkeimmistä vakavia silmätulehduksia aiheuttavista bakteereista ja se aiheuttaa yleisesti myös haavainfektioita. Bacillus cereus tuottaa tehokasta beetalaktamaasia ja on sen vuoksi vastustuskykyinen kaikille penisilliineille ja kefalosporiineille. Useimmat Bacillus cereus -kannat ovat herkkiä muun muassa kloramfenikolille, aminoglykosideille, erytromysiinille, klindamysiinille ja tetrasykliinille. Imipeneemi ja vankomysiini ovat myös tehokkaita.

Joidenkin tuotantoeläinten, kuten kanojen ja sikojen rehussa käytetään vaarattomia B. cereus -kantoja (probiootit). Probiootin teho perustuu siihen, että B. cereus kilpailee suolistossa muiden mikrobien, kuten salmonellan ja kampylobakteerien kanssa. Tällä tavoin B. cereus voi vähentää näiden mikrobien määrää, mikä parantaa eläinten kasvua ja niistä saatavien elintarvikkeiden turvallisuutta.

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Bacillus cereus ( Fransızca )

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Bacillus cereus est une bactérie appartenant au genre Bacillus.

Biologie

 src=
Bacillus cereus colorée (Gram +).

La morphologie du germe correspond à un grand bacille en forme de bâtonnet de 1 μm de large pour 3 à 4 μm de long, sporulé, mobile grâce à une ciliature péritriche, d'une longueur supérieure à 3 µm et d'un diamètre moyen de 1,4 µm et de type respiratoire aéro-anaérobie[1], présentant une positivité à la coloration de Gram, et synthétisant deux types de toxines : une toxine thermostable et une toxine thermolabile.

Santé

Le germe Bacillus cereus, retrouvé de manière ubiquitaire dans le sol, est fréquemment responsable d'intoxications alimentaires, et ce dans le monde entier mais plus particulièrement en Europe. Il s'agit très souvent de l'ingestion d'aliments non réfrigérés après cuisson et après une première consommation (riz cuit par exemple). Le nombre de germes suffisant pour entraîner une intoxication est de un million.

 src=
Bacillus cereus sur une gélose pour dénombrement (sang de mouton).

L'intoxication alimentaire à Bacillus cereus revêt deux formes :

  • la forme émétique, accompagnée de nausées et de vomissements (durée d'incubation : 1 à 5 heures) ;
  • la forme diarrhéique, accompagnée de douleurs abdominales et d'une diarrhée (durée d'incubation : 6 à 24 heures).

Dans les deux cas, il s'agit d'une infection opportuniste bénigne à résolution spontanée, le plus souvent dans les 24 heures. Cependant, si l'intoxication survient chez un sujet immunodéprimé, il peut y avoir dissémination bactérienne avec un tableau de méningite, endocardite

Biominéralisation

Parmi les « bactéries cimentières » Bacillus cereus synthétise de la calcite, un ciment qui peut colmater certains substrats naturels dont en eau douce[2], mais qui a aussi joué un rôle protecteur minéral de certaines surfaces ornées dans les grottes préhistoriques par exemple, phénomène étudié par le Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques[3][réf. à confirmer],[4],[5].

Voir aussi

Notes et références

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Bacillus cereus est une bactérie appartenant au genre Bacillus.

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Bacillus cereus ( Galiçyaca )

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Bacillus cereus é unha especie de bacterias grampositivas e beta hemolíticas con forma de bacilo, que vive nos solos e tamén é un patóxeno endémico. Algunhas cepas son patóxenas para os humanos e causan enfermidades alimentarias, mentres que outras poden ser beneficiosas como probióticos para os animais.[1] É o causante da "síndrome do arroz fritido"[2], xa que as intoxicacións por esta bacteria se contraían clasicamente ao comer pratos de arroz fritido que se tiveran durante horas á temperatura moderada dunha habitación (por exemplo ao preparar un buffet).[3] B. cereus é un organismo anaerobio facultativo, e como outros membros do xénero Bacillus pode producir endósporas de resistencia. Os seus factores de virulencia son a cereolisina e a fosfolipase C.

Simbiose

B. cereus compite no tracto intestinal con outros microorganismos como Salmonella e Campylobacter, polo que a súa presenza reduce o número destes organismos. En animais que se consomen como alimentos como os pitos,[4] coellos[5] e porcos,[6] úsanse algunhas cepas inofensivas de B. cereus como aditivo probiótico para reducir a presenza de Salmonella no intestino. Isto mellora o crecemento dos animais e a seguridade alimentaria para os humanos que consomen a súa carne.

Patoxénese

B. cereus é responsable dunha pequena parte das intoxicacións alimentarias (2–5%), que causan náuseas graves, vómitos e diarrea.[7] As enfermidades alimentarias causadas por Bacillus prodúcense debido á supervivencia das endósporas da bacteria cando o alimento non foi correctamente cociñado.[8] As temperaturas de cocción menores ou iguais a 100 °C permiten que sobrevivan algunhas esporas de B. cereus.[9] Este problema agrávase cando o alimento é despois indebidamente refrixeradao, o que fai que as endósporas poidan xerminar.[10] Os alimentos cociñados que non están pensados para un consumo inmediato ou un rápido arrefriamento e refrixeración deberían manterse a temperaturas por riba dos 60 °C.[9] A xerminación e crecemento ocorre xeralmente entre os 10 e os 50 °C,[9] aínda que algunhas cepas son psicrotróficas (sobreviven a temperaturas frías).[11] O crecemento bacteriano orixina a produción de enterotoxinas, unha das cales é moi resistente á calor e a pHs entre 2 e 11.[12] A súa inxestión orixina dous tipos de doenzas: síndromes diarreicas e eméticas (vómitos).[13]

  • O tipo diarreico está asociado co consumo dunha ampla gama de alimentos, ten un período de incubación de 8 a 16,5 horas e está asociado coa diarrea e dor gastrointestinal. Tamén se coñece como a forma de intoxicación alimentaria de longa incubación de B. cereus, que pode ser difícil de distinguir da intoxicación causada por Clostridium perfringens.[12]
  • A forma emética é causada xeralmente polo consumo de arroz que non foi cociñado durante o tempo e á temperatura suficientes para matar todas as esporas presentes, e despois inadecuadamente refrixerado. Pode producir a toxina, cereulide, que non é desactivada por un posterior requentamento do alimento. Esta forma orixina náuseas e vómitos de 1 a 5 horas despois do consumo do alimento. Pode ser difícil de distinguir doutras intoxicacións alimentarias bacterianas de curto termo como as producidas por Staphylococcus aureus.[12]

As síndromes diarreicas observadas en pacientes pénsase que se deben ás tres toxinas hemolisina BL Hbl, enterotoxina non hemolítica Nhe e citotoxina K CytK.[14] Os xenes nhe/hbl/cytK están localizados no cromosoma da bacteria. A transcrición destes xenes está controlada por PlcR. Estes xenes están presentes tamén nos organismos taxonomicamente emparentados B. thuringensis e B. anthracis. Estas enterotoxinas prodúcense no intestino delgado do hóspede, e impiden a dixestión polos encimas endóxenos do hóspede. As toxinas Hbl e Nhe son toxinas formadoras de poros que están moi relacionadas coa toxina ClyA de Escherichia coli. As proteínas presentan unha conformación en "barril beta" que se pode inserir nas membranas celulares debido ao seu exterior hidrofóbico, e crea poros cunha parte interna hidrofílica. O efecto é a perda de potencial de membrana celular e finalmente a morte celular. A CytK é unha proteína formadora de poros máis relacionada con outras hemolisinas.

Críase anteriormente que o momento da produción da toxina podería ser a explicación dos dous posibles cursos da enfermidade, pero en realidade a síndrome emética é causada por unha toxina chamada cereulide, que se encontra só nas cepas eméticas e non é parte da dotación normal de toxinas de B. cereus. O cereulide é un polipéptido cíclico que contén 3 repeticións de 4 aminoácidos: D-Oxy-Le—D-Ala—L-Oxy-Val—L-Va (similar á valinomicina de Streptomyces griseus) producida por síntese de péptidos non ribosómicos. O cereulide crese que se une a receptores de serotonina 5-hidroxitriptamina 3 (5-HT3), activándoos e facendo que se incremente a estimulación nerviosa vagal aferente.[15] Dous grupos independentes descubriron que está codificado en múltiples plásmidos: pCERE01[16] ou pBCE4810.[17] O plásmido pBCE4810 comparte homoloxía co plásmido de virulencia pXO1 de Bacillus anthracis, que codifica a toxina do ántrax. Illados periodontais de B. cereus tamén posúen plásmidos de tipo pXO1. Como a maioría dos péptidos cíclicos que conteñen aminoácidos non proteinoxénicos, o cereulide é resistente á calor, proteólise e condicións ácidas.[18]

B. cereus causa infeccións crónicas da pel que son difíciles de erradicar pero menos agresivas que a fascite necrotizante. B. cereus pode producir tamén queratite.[19]

Diagnose

En caso de enfermidades de orixe alimentaria, a diagnose de B. cereus pode confirmarse polo illamento de máis de 105 células de B. cereus por gramo da comida implicada epidemioloxicamente no caso, pero esa proba normalmente non se fai porque a enfermidade é relativamente inofensiva e xeralmente de curta duración (autolimitada).[20]

Prognose

As enfermidades de orixe alimentaria causadas por B. cereus está xeralmente autolimitada.[20] A maioría dos pacientes eméticos (con vómitos) recupéranse nun período de 6 a 24 horas,[13] pero nalgúns casos a toxina pode ser mortal.[21][22][23][24][25]

Notas

  1. Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  2. O arroz fritido ou arroz fritido tres delicias é un prato de orixe chinés, que se pode encontrar hoxe en case todo o mundo, feito con arroz ao vapor pasado por un wok, xeralmente mesturado con outros ingredientes como ovos, vexetais, e carne, segundo a receita e a variedade.
  3. Asaeda, Glenn; Caicedow, Gilbert; Swanson, Christopher (2005-12). "Fried Rice Syndrome". JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 30 (12): 30–32. doi:10.1016/S0197-2510(05)70258-8.[Ligazón morta]
  4. Vilà, B; A. Fontgibell, I. Badiola, E. Esteve-Garcia, G. Jiménez, M. Castillo and J. Brufau (2009). "Reduction of Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis colonization and invasion by Bacillus cereus var. toyoi inclusion in poultry feeds". Poultry Science (HighWire Press) 88 (55): 975–9. PMID 19359685. doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00483. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 29 de abril de 2009. Consultado o 14 May 2009.
  5. Bories, Georges; Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Sven Lindgren, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester (9 December 2008). "Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) as feed additive for rabbit breeding does - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed" (PDF). European Food Safety Authority. EFSA-Q-2008-287. Consultado o 14 May 2009.
  6. "Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin® (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003". EFSA Journal (en inglés) 5 (3): 458. 2007. ISSN 1831-4732. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.458.
  7. Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M (2000). "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus infections". Microbes Infect 2 (2): 189–98. PMID 10742691. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0.
  8. Turnbull PCB (1996). Bacillus. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 Roberts, T. A.; Baird-Parker, A. C.; Tompkin, R. B. (1996). Characteristics of microbial pathogens. London: Blackie Academic & Professional. p. 24. ISBN 0-412-47350-X. Consultado o 25 November 2010.
  10. McKillip JL (2000). "Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp., a literature review". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 77 (4): 393–9. PMID 10959569. doi:10.1023/A:1002706906154.
  11. Davis, Judi Ratliff; Lawley, Richard; Davis, Judy; Laurie Curtis (2008). The food safety hazard guidebook. Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. p. 17. ISBN 0-85404-460-4. Consultado o 25 November 2010.
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 "Bacillus cereus". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Consultado o 19 September 2009.
  13. 13,0 13,1 Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Scherer S (2004). "Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness". Mol Nutr Food Res 48 (7): 479–87. PMID 15538709. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200400055.
  14. Guinebretière MH, Broussolle V, Nguyen-The C (2002). "Enterotoxigenic Profiles of Food-Poisoning and Food-Borne Bacillus cereus Strains". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (8): 3053–6. PMC 120679. PMID 12149378. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.8.3053-3056.2002.
  15. Agata N, Ohta M, Mori M, Isobe M (1995). "A novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, is an emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus". FEMS Microbiol Lett 129 (1): 17–20. PMID 7781985. doi:10.1016/0378-1097(95)00119-P.
  16. Hoton FM, Andrup L, Swiecicka I, Mahillon J (2005). "The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic Bacillus cereus are plasmid-borne". Microbiology 151 (7): 2121–4. PMID 16000702. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28069-0.
  17. Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Grallert H, Rieck P, Wagner M, Scherer S (2006). "Cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic Bacillus cereus: Structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1". BMC Microbiol 6: 20. PMC 1459170. PMID 16512902. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-6-20.
  18. Stenfors Arnesen LP, Fagerlund A, Granum PE (2008). "From soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins". FEMS Microbiol Rev. 32 (4): 579–606. PMID 18422617. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x.
  19. Pinna A; Sechi LA; Zanetti S; et al. (2001). "Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear". Ophthalmology 108 (10): 1830–4. PMID 11581057. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00723-0.
  20. 20,0 20,1 Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Associated with Fried Rice at Two Child Day Care Centers from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 1994 / Vol. 43 / No. 10 U.S.
  21. Takabe F, Oya M (1976). "An autopsy case of food poisoning associated with Bacillus cereus". ForensicSci 7 (2): 97–101.
  22. Mahler H; et al. (1997). "Fulminant liver failure in association with the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus". N Engl J Med 336 (16): 1142–1148. PMID 9099658. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704173361604.
  23. Dierick K; et al. (2005). "Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus-associated food poisoning". J Clin Microbiol 43 (8): 4277–4279. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.8.4277-4279.2005.
  24. Shiota, M; et al. (2010). "Rapid Detoxification of Cereulide in Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning". Pediatrics 125 (4): e951–e955. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2319.
  25. Naranjo, M; et al. (2011). "Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning". J Clin Microbiol 49 (12): 4379–4381. doi:10.1128/JCM.05129-11.

Véxase tamén

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Autores e editores de Wikipedia

Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Galiçyaca )

wikipedia gl Galician tarafından sağlandı

Bacillus cereus é unha especie de bacterias grampositivas e beta hemolíticas con forma de bacilo, que vive nos solos e tamén é un patóxeno endémico. Algunhas cepas son patóxenas para os humanos e causan enfermidades alimentarias, mentres que outras poden ser beneficiosas como probióticos para os animais. É o causante da "síndrome do arroz fritido", xa que as intoxicacións por esta bacteria se contraían clasicamente ao comer pratos de arroz fritido que se tiveran durante horas á temperatura moderada dunha habitación (por exemplo ao preparar un buffet). B. cereus é un organismo anaerobio facultativo, e como outros membros do xénero Bacillus pode producir endósporas de resistencia. Os seus factores de virulencia son a cereolisina e a fosfolipase C.

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Bacillus cereus ( Endonezce )

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Bacillus cereus merupakan bakteri gram positif, berbentuk batang, aerobik, anaerob fakultatif, motil, serta beta hemolitik. Bakteri ini biasa ditemukan di tanah dan makanan. Beberapa galur bakteri ini berbahaya bagi manusia dan menyebabkan penyakit bawaan makanan, sedangkan jenis lainnya dapat bermanfaat sebagai probiotik untuk hewan.[1][2] Bakteri ini menyebabkan "sindrom nasi goreng", karena bakteri ini mendiami nasi goreng yang telah ditaruh pada suhu kamar selama berjam-jam.[3][4] Bakteri B. cereus merupakan fakultatif anaerob, sama seperti anggota lain dari genus Bacillus, ia dapat menghasilkan pelindung endospora. Faktor virulensinya termasuk cereolysin dan fosfolipase C.

Kelompok Bacillus cereus terdiri dari tujuh spesies yang terkait erat: B. cereus sensu stricto (disini disebut sebagai B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, dan B. cytotoxicus.[5]

Referensi

  1. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (edisi ke-4th). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  2. ^ Dimitris Charalampopoulos; Robert A. Rastall (12 August 2009). Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 627–. ISBN 978-0-387-79057-2.
  3. ^ Christopher A. Sanford; Elaine C. Jong (5 August 2008). The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual. Elsevier Health Sciences. hlm. 469–. ISBN 1-4377-1069-7.
  4. ^ Asaeda, Glenn; Caicedo, Gilbert; Swanson, Christopher (December 2005). "Fried Rice Syndrome". Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 30 (12): 30–32. doi:10.1016/s0197-2510(05)70258-8. PMID 16373130.
  5. ^ Guinebretière, Marie-Hélène; Auger, Sandrine; Galleron, Nathalie; Contzen, Matthias; De Sarrau, Benoit; De Buyser, Marie-Laure; Lamberet, Gilles; Fagerlund, Annette; Granum, Per Einar (2013). "Bacillus cytotoxicus sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus Group occasionally associated with food poisoning". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0.

Pranala luar

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Endonezce )

wikipedia ID tarafından sağlandı

Bacillus cereus merupakan bakteri gram positif, berbentuk batang, aerobik, anaerob fakultatif, motil, serta beta hemolitik. Bakteri ini biasa ditemukan di tanah dan makanan. Beberapa galur bakteri ini berbahaya bagi manusia dan menyebabkan penyakit bawaan makanan, sedangkan jenis lainnya dapat bermanfaat sebagai probiotik untuk hewan. Bakteri ini menyebabkan "sindrom nasi goreng", karena bakteri ini mendiami nasi goreng yang telah ditaruh pada suhu kamar selama berjam-jam. Bakteri B. cereus merupakan fakultatif anaerob, sama seperti anggota lain dari genus Bacillus, ia dapat menghasilkan pelindung endospora. Faktor virulensinya termasuk cereolysin dan fosfolipase C.

Kelompok Bacillus cereus terdiri dari tujuh spesies yang terkait erat: B. cereus sensu stricto (disini disebut sebagai B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, dan B. cytotoxicus.

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Bacillus cereus ( İzlandaca )

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Bacillus cereus er baktería af ættkvíslinni Bacillus en 50 tegundir tilheyra þeirri ættkvísl. Hún er Gram-jákvæð, staflaga og grómyndandi baktería sem getur valdið matareitrun.[1]

Hvar finnst Bacillus cereus

 src=
Bacillus cereus - Gram jákvæð

Uppruni bakteríunnar er jarðvegur, ryk og vatn. Hún getur fundist í meltingarvegi bæði hjá mönnum og dýrum. Dæmi um matvörur, sem bakterían getur fundist í, eru þurrkuð matvæli, mjólk og tilbúnir kjötréttir.

Vaxtarskilyrði

B.cereus fjölgar sér best við súrefni en hún getur einnig fjölgað sér við loftfirrðar aðstæður.

Koldíoxíð kemur í veg fyrir vöxt bakteríunnar þannig að loftskiptar umbúðir ættu að geta komið í veg fyrir bakteríuna í matvælum. Hitastigsbilið sem B.cereus fjölgar sér við er frá 4°C upp í 48°C. Gró bakteríunnar eru mjög hitaþolin og geta lifað hitun af. Hámarkssaltstyrkur sem bakterían sjálf þolir er 10% og lágmarkssýrustig er 4,0.

Eitrun og einkenni

Bacillus cereus getur valdið tveimur ólíkum tegundum að matareitrunum þar sem hún getur myndað tvö mismunandi eiturefni. Algengara eiturefnið veldur niðurgangi og magaverkjum. Einkennin koma fram tólf tímum eftir neyslu og geta varað í hálfan dag. Hitt eiturefnið veldur ógleði og uppköstum. Einkennin koma skjótt fram, yfirleitt 1-5 klukkutímum eftir neyslu og geta varað í 1-2 daga. Síðarnefnda eitrunin er oft tengd steiktum eða soðnum hrísgrjónum sem ekki hafa verið kæld nógu snögglega. Eiturefnin hafa mismikla mótstöðu gagnvart hita. Eiturefnið sem veldur niðurgangi eyðileggst við upphitun upp í 55-60°C í 5 mínútur en eiturefnið sem veldur uppköstum getur þolað upphitun upp í 80°C í meira en 15 mínútur.

Almennar ráðleggingar

  • Hröð og góð kæling á elduðum matvælum.
  • Gæta þess vandlega að halda heitum réttum ofan við 60°C
  • Hita matarafganga nægilega vel upp. (75°C)
  • Þvo hendur oft og viðhalda almennu hreinlæti.

Tilvísanir

  1. Mast matvælastofnun. „Bacillus cereus“.
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( İzlandaca )

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Bacillus cereus er baktería af ættkvíslinni Bacillus en 50 tegundir tilheyra þeirri ættkvísl. Hún er Gram-jákvæð, staflaga og grómyndandi baktería sem getur valdið matareitrun.

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Bacillus cereus ( İtalyanca )

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 src=
Bacillus cereus. Colorazione di Leifson per evidenziare i flagelli

Bacillus cereus è un batterio beta emolitico a bastoncello Gram-positivo. Causa un'intossicazione alimentare simile a quella provocata dallo Stafilococco.[1]

Il Bacillus cereus è un batterio patogeno che produce tossine responsabili di tossinfezioni alimentari. Recentemente sono stati sviluppati nuovi e più efficienti metodi per rilevare la presenza di ceppi patogeni. Il Bacillus cereus è comunemente presente nel suolo e nella polvere. Esso contamina frequentemente alimenti a base di riso, e occasionalmente pasta, carne e vegetali, prodotti lattiero-caseari, minestre, salse, dolciumi che non sono stati raffreddati rapidamente ed efficacemente dopo la cottura e/o adeguatamente conservati.

B. cereus è comune negli alimenti, dove forma spore resistenti alla maggior parte dei processi di risanamento, e dove è in grado di moltiplicarsi durante la conservazione. Tuttavia, esistono diversi ceppi di B. cereus: alcuni sono innocui, altri responsabili di intossicazioni alimentari anche fatali. Attualmente non sono disponibili metodi in grado di distinguere tra ceppi virulenti e non-virulenti. La disponibilità di metodi per la identificazione di tossine emetiche (responsabili soprattutto di vomito) e di enterotossine (che causano intossicazioni diarroiche, con sintomi quali diarrea e dolori addominali) aiuterà coloro che si occupano di gestione della sicurezza, nelle aziende e nei settori di salute pubblica, per determinare il pericolo di B. cereus negli alimenti e, di conseguenza, per ridurre il problema delle intossicazioni alimentari. Bacillus cereus è causa di due tipi di tossinfezioni alimentari: una, ad effetto emetico (vomito), dovuta all'ingestione di una tossina a basso peso molecolare presente nell'alimento. L'altra di tipo diarroico è dovuta all'ingestione di cellule/spore batteriche capaci di produrre enterotossine, proteine ad alto peso molecolare, nell'intestino tenue. I sintomi provocati dall'intossicazione diarroica mimano gli stessi provocati dalla tossinfezione da Clostridium perfringens. La sindrome si manifesta con diarrea acquosa, forti crampi addominali e talvolta sotto forma di nausea e vomito. Il periodo di incubazione varia tra le 6 e le 15 ore dopo il consumo degli alimenti contaminati. I sintomi persistono per 20-24 ore. La tossina emetizzante, caratterizzata da nausea e vomito, differisce dalla diarroica perché provoca una sindrome molto più acuta con un periodo di incubazione non superiore alle 6 ore dal momento di ingestione del cibo. Occasionalmente si possono manifestare crampi addominali e diarrea. La durata dei sintomi è comunque generalmente inferiore alle 24 ore. La sintomatologia è peraltro molto simile a quella dall'intossicazione da Staphylococcus aureus. Alcuni ceppi di B. subtilis e di B. licheniformis isolati da agnello e da pollo sono stati riscontrati positivi nella formazione di tossine termo stabili simili alla tossina emetica prodotta da B. cereus.

Note

  1. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors), Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed., McGraw Hill, 2004, ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı
 src= Bacillus cereus. Colorazione di Leifson per evidenziare i flagelli

Bacillus cereus è un batterio beta emolitico a bastoncello Gram-positivo. Causa un'intossicazione alimentare simile a quella provocata dallo Stafilococco.

Il Bacillus cereus è un batterio patogeno che produce tossine responsabili di tossinfezioni alimentari. Recentemente sono stati sviluppati nuovi e più efficienti metodi per rilevare la presenza di ceppi patogeni. Il Bacillus cereus è comunemente presente nel suolo e nella polvere. Esso contamina frequentemente alimenti a base di riso, e occasionalmente pasta, carne e vegetali, prodotti lattiero-caseari, minestre, salse, dolciumi che non sono stati raffreddati rapidamente ed efficacemente dopo la cottura e/o adeguatamente conservati.

B. cereus è comune negli alimenti, dove forma spore resistenti alla maggior parte dei processi di risanamento, e dove è in grado di moltiplicarsi durante la conservazione. Tuttavia, esistono diversi ceppi di B. cereus: alcuni sono innocui, altri responsabili di intossicazioni alimentari anche fatali. Attualmente non sono disponibili metodi in grado di distinguere tra ceppi virulenti e non-virulenti. La disponibilità di metodi per la identificazione di tossine emetiche (responsabili soprattutto di vomito) e di enterotossine (che causano intossicazioni diarroiche, con sintomi quali diarrea e dolori addominali) aiuterà coloro che si occupano di gestione della sicurezza, nelle aziende e nei settori di salute pubblica, per determinare il pericolo di B. cereus negli alimenti e, di conseguenza, per ridurre il problema delle intossicazioni alimentari. Bacillus cereus è causa di due tipi di tossinfezioni alimentari: una, ad effetto emetico (vomito), dovuta all'ingestione di una tossina a basso peso molecolare presente nell'alimento. L'altra di tipo diarroico è dovuta all'ingestione di cellule/spore batteriche capaci di produrre enterotossine, proteine ad alto peso molecolare, nell'intestino tenue. I sintomi provocati dall'intossicazione diarroica mimano gli stessi provocati dalla tossinfezione da Clostridium perfringens. La sindrome si manifesta con diarrea acquosa, forti crampi addominali e talvolta sotto forma di nausea e vomito. Il periodo di incubazione varia tra le 6 e le 15 ore dopo il consumo degli alimenti contaminati. I sintomi persistono per 20-24 ore. La tossina emetizzante, caratterizzata da nausea e vomito, differisce dalla diarroica perché provoca una sindrome molto più acuta con un periodo di incubazione non superiore alle 6 ore dal momento di ingestione del cibo. Occasionalmente si possono manifestare crampi addominali e diarrea. La durata dei sintomi è comunque generalmente inferiore alle 24 ore. La sintomatologia è peraltro molto simile a quella dall'intossicazione da Staphylococcus aureus. Alcuni ceppi di B. subtilis e di B. licheniformis isolati da agnello e da pollo sono stati riscontrati positivi nella formazione di tossine termo stabili simili alla tossina emetica prodotta da B. cereus.

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Bacillus cereus ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Bacillus cereus is een grampositieve, facultatief anaerobe, bèta-hemolytische, staafvormige bacterie die hittebestendige endosporen vormt. De bacterie en de sporen komen wijd verspreid in de natuur voor. Dit verklaart waarom veel plantaardige voedingsmiddelen (zoals graan, rijst en specerijen) B. cereus bevatten. B. cereus is een opportunistische pathogeen en kan twee soorten toxines vormen: het ene veroorzaakt braken, het andere diarree.

Symptomen

Braken

De ziekteverschijnselen veroorzaakt door het braaktoxine cereulide van B. cereus lijken op een intoxicatie door Staphylococcus aureus: misselijkheid en braken, meestal geen diarree. Na een halve dag is men doorgaans hersteld.

De voedselvergiftiging, die een korte incubatietijd heeft (1-6 uren), ontstaat voornamelijk na het eten van rijsthoudende Chinees-Indische gerechten die in een restaurant zijn bereid. In Chinese restaurants wordt de rijst meestal in grote hoeveelheden gekookt. Daarna laat men de rijst een dag drogen bij kamertemperatuur (dit verschilt per keuken). De volgende dag wordt de rijst even voor het opdienen opgewarmd of gebakken. Door het koken van de rijst worden de sporen van B. cereus die vaak in grote hoeveelheid aanwezig zijn, niet gedood maar geactiveerd. Tijdens het drogen van de rijst bij kamertemperatuur ontkiemen de sporen tot nieuwe bacteriën die vervolgens in de rijst het toxine produceren.

Dit braaktoxine is zeer goed bestand tegen hitte (nog actief na een verhitting van 90 min op 121°C) en wordt dus niet vernietigd door de rijst te bakken.

Diarree

De ziekteverschijnselen veroorzaakt door het voor diarree verantwoordelijke toxine doen denken aan een Clostridium perfringens intoxicatie: buikkrampen, misselijkheid en een waterdunne diarree, maar doorgaans geen braken. De incubatietijd is langer (8-18 uren) en de symptomen verdwijnen spontaan na 12-14 uren. Het toxine dat diarree veroorzaakt is wel hittegevoelig en vatbaar voor enzymatische afbraak in de maag. Dit type pathogenese zal daarom pas ontstaan wanneer B. cereus (bv. als spore) tot in de dunne darm geraakt en daar kan vermenigvuldigen en toxines kan produceren.

De levensmiddelen betrokken bij deze intoxicatie zijn zetmeelrijke producten zoals nagerechten, puddingen, sauzen, soepen evenals vlees- en gevogeltegerechten en rauwe en gekookte groenten. Ook hier is het bewaren van het levensmiddel bij een lauwwarme temperatuur na het koken de oorzaak van de uitgroei van B. cereus.

Eigenschappen

B. cereus gedijt het best bij een temperatuur van 30-40°C en een minimumtemperatuur van 15°C. Recent echter werden ook stammen aangetroffen in gepasteuriseerde melk die bewaard werd bij 4-10°C. Deze psychrotrofe stammen zijn in staat toxinen te produceren bij deze lage temperaturen.

Aangezien B. cereus veel voorkomt in de natuur, is het logisch dat men het soms ook in levensmiddelen terugvindt. Lage aantallen zijn ongevaarlijk, maar men moet voorkomen dat sporen kiemen en de cellen zich vermenigvuldigen.

Externe links

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Bacillus cereus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

Bacillus cereus is een grampositieve, facultatief anaerobe, bèta-hemolytische, staafvormige bacterie die hittebestendige endosporen vormt. De bacterie en de sporen komen wijd verspreid in de natuur voor. Dit verklaart waarom veel plantaardige voedingsmiddelen (zoals graan, rijst en specerijen) B. cereus bevatten. B. cereus is een opportunistische pathogeen en kan twee soorten toxines vormen: het ene veroorzaakt braken, het andere diarree.

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Bacillus cereus ( Norveççe )

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Bacillus cereus er en sporedannende bakterie som formerer seg best i temperaturer mellom 28 og 35 varmegrader. Sporedanningen gjør at den overlever koking. [1]

Noen stammer av Bacillus cereus kan forårsake matforgiftning, mens andre er probiotika for dyr. Den finnes ofte i potetmel og vaniljesaus. Den fører veldig sjelden til dødsfall. De vanligste symptomene er oppkast, diare og sterke magesmerter.

Den er en gram-positiv, aerob basill.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker


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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Bacillus cereus er en sporedannende bakterie som formerer seg best i temperaturer mellom 28 og 35 varmegrader. Sporedanningen gjør at den overlever koking.

Noen stammer av Bacillus cereus kan forårsake matforgiftning, mens andre er probiotika for dyr. Den finnes ofte i potetmel og vaniljesaus. Den fører veldig sjelden til dødsfall. De vanligste symptomene er oppkast, diare og sterke magesmerter.

Den er en gram-positiv, aerob basill.

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Bacillus cereus ( Lehçe )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
 src=
Bakterie Bacillus cereus barwione metodą Schaeffera-Fultona z widocznymi endosporami w kolorze zielono-niebieskim.

Laseczka woskowa (łac. Bacillus cereus) – gatunek Gram-dodatnich bakterii, z rodzaju Bacillus, rodziny Bacillaceae; czynnik etiologiczny m.in. zatruć pokarmowych.

Charakterystyka drobnoustroju

B. cereus jest laseczką Gram-dodatnią, przetrwalnikującą, rosnącą w warunkach tlenowych. Morfologicznie bardzo podobna do laseczki wąglika, jednak w odróżnieniu od niej nie posiada otoczki i jest urzęsiona.

B. cereus jako czynnik etiologiczny chorób

B. cereus jest gatunkiem względnie patogennym, co oznacza, że powoduje chorobę tylko w określonych warunkach. Laseczki i/lub ich spory występują powszechnie w środowisku oraz produktach spożywczych. Typowym schematem zakażenia jest spożycie potraw zbożowych (głównie z ryżu), które przechowywane są w temperaturze pokojowej, odgrzewane lub zasmażane.

Zatrucie pokarmowe może przybierać następujące postaci:

  1. wymiotną, która charakteryzuje się stosunkowo krótkim okresem wylęgania (kilka godzin, ustępuje pod tym względem jedynie intoksykacjom gronkowcowym) i przebiega dość łagodnie;
  2. biegunkową, która rozwija się dłużej (12-24 godziny) i ma bardzo intensywny przebieg.

Oprócz zatruć pokarmowych, B. cereus może być niekiedy czynnikiem etiologicznym innych chorób, jak na przykład:

  1. zapalenie płuc
  2. infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia
  3. zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych
  4. zapalenie gałki ocznej (prowadzące do ślepoty).

Czynniki wirulencji

  • Enterotoksyny:
  1. termostabilna – niewrażliwa na kwaśne pH żołądka, działanie enzymów proteolitycznych i podwyższoną temperaturę; wytwarzają ją kiełkujące laseczki, a ma to miejsce w pożywieniu niewłaściwie przechowywanym. Wywołuje gwałtowne wymioty.
  2. Termolabilna – produkowana w różnych wariantach w jelicie po spożyciu laseczek bądź ich przetrwalników. Powoduje biegunki.
  • Enzymy degradujące tkanki, np. fosfolipazy.

Terapia

W przypadku zatruć pokarmowych preferuje się leczenie objawowe i podtrzymujące. W przypadku pozostałych zakażeń preferuje się terapię wankomycyną.

Bibliografia

  • AndrzejA. Szkaradkiewicz AndrzejA., Mikrobiologia lekarska. Repetytorium z bakteriologii, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu, 2011, ISBN 978-83-7597-149-1, OCLC 804106618 .
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı
 src= Bakterie Bacillus cereus barwione metodą Schaeffera-Fultona z widocznymi endosporami w kolorze zielono-niebieskim.

Laseczka woskowa (łac. Bacillus cereus) – gatunek Gram-dodatnich bakterii, z rodzaju Bacillus, rodziny Bacillaceae; czynnik etiologiczny m.in. zatruć pokarmowych.

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Bacillus cereus ( Portekizce )

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O Bacillus cereus é uma bactéria beta-hemolítica gram-positiva, de forma cilíndrica, endêmica, que vive no solo. Algumas cepas são prejudiciais aos seres humanos e causam intoxicação alimentar, enquanto outras cepas podem ser benéficas, como os probióticos para animais.[1] É a causa da "síndrome do arroz frito", como as bactérias são classicamente contraídas a partir de pratos de arroz frito que têm estado à temperatura ambiente por horas (tal como em um 'buffet').[2] As bactérias B. cereus são organismo aerobicos facultativos, e tal como outros membros do gênero Bacillus, podem produzir endósporos protetores. Seus fatores de virulência incluem a cereolisina e a fosfolipase C.

Simbiose

A B. cereus compete com outros microrganismos, tais como a Salmonella e a Campylobacter no intestino, por isso sua presença reduz o número desses microorganismos.

Em rações animais, tais como as de galinha,[3] coelhos[4] e porcos,[5] algumas cepas inofensivas da B. cereus são usadas como probiótico aditivo para reduzir a Salmonella no intestino e no ceco. Isso melhora o crescimento dos animais, bem como a segurança alimentar para os seres humanos que comem sua carne.

Patogênese

A B. cereus é responsável por uma minoria de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (2-5 %), causando grave náusea, vômito e diarreia.[6] A intoxicação alimentar transmitida por bacilos ocorre devido à sobrevivência dos endo-esporos bacterianos quando o alimento é mal cozido.[7] As temperaturas de cozimento menores ou igual a 100 °C permitem que alguns esporos da B. cereus sobrevivam.[8] Este problema é agravado quando o alimento é então indevidamente refrigerado, permitindo aos endósporos germinar.[9] Os alimentos cozidos não destinados para consumo imediato ou para aquecimento e resfriamento rápidos devem ser mantidos em temperaturas acima de 60 °C.[8] A germinação e o crescimento ocorre geralmente entre 10 °C e 50 °C,[8] embora algumas cepas sejam psicrotróficas (crescem no frio).[10] O crescimento bacteriano resulta na produção de enterotoxinas, uma das quais é altamente resistente ao calor e ao pH entre 2 e 11.[11] A ingestão leva a dois tipos de doenças, diarreia e síndrome emética (vômitos).[12]

* O tipo diarreico está associado à uma vasta gama de alimentos, tem um período de incubação de 8 à 16,5 horas e está associado com diarreia e dor gastrointestinal. Também conhecido como a forma de incubação longa da intoxicação alimentar por B. cereus, pode ser difícil de diferenciar de envenenamento causado por Clostridium perfringens;[11]
* A forma emética é geralmente causada por arroz que não é cozido durante um tempo e temperatura suficientes para matar quaisquer esporos presentes, então impropriamente refrigerados. Pode produzir uma toxina, a cereulide, que não é desativada por reaquecimento posteiror. Esta forma leva a náuseas e vômitos 1-5 horas após o consumo. Pode ser difícil de distinguir de outros patógenos alimentares bacterianos de curto prazo tais como o Staphylococcus aureus.[11]

As síndromes diarreicas observadas nos pacientes são vistas como o resultado de três toxinas: a hemolisina BL Hbl, a enterotoxina não-hemolítica Nhe e a citotoxina K CytK.[13] Os genes nhe / hbl / cytK estão localizados no cromossomo da bactéria. A transcrição destes genes é controlada por PlcR. Estes genes também ocorrem nas toxonomicamente relacionadas B. thuringensis e B. anthracis. Estas enterotoxinas são todas produzidas no intestino delgado do hospedeiro, deste modo frustrando a saída da digestão por enzimas endógenas hospedeiras. As toxinas HBL e Nhe são toxinas formadoras de poros estreitamente relacionadas com a ClyA da E. coli. As proteínas apresentam uma conformação conhecida como "barril beta" que pode se inserir em membranas celulares devido a um exterior hidrofóbico, deste modo criando poros com interiores hidrofílicos. O efeito é a perda de potencial elétrico de membrana celular e eventualmente morte celular. A CytK é uma proteína formadora de poros mais relacionada com outras hemolisinas.

Foi pensado anteriormente que o momento da produção de toxina poderia ser o responsável por dois comportamentos diferentes da doença, mas, de fato, a síndrome emética é causada por uma toxina chamada cereulide que é encontrada apenas em cepas eméticas e não é parte da "caixa de ferramentas padrão" da B. cereus. A cereulide é um polipeptídeo cíclico contendo 3 repetições de 4 aminoácidos: D-oxi-Le-D-Ala-L-oxi-Val-L-Va (semelhante à valinomicina produzida pela Streptomyces griseus), produzida pela síntese de peptídeos não-ribossomais (PNR). Acredita-se que a cereulide se liga aos receptores de serotonina 5-hidroxitriptamina 3 (5-HT3), ativando-os e levando à uma estimulação do nervo vago aferente aumentada.[14] Foi mostrado independentemente por dois grupos de pesquisa a ser codificados em vários plasmídeos: o pCERE01[15] ou pBCE4810.[16] O plasmídeo pBCE4810 [16] compartilha a homologia pBCE4810 com o Bacillus anthracis a virulência do plasmídeo pXO1, que codifica a toxina antraz. Isolados periodontais de B. cereus também possuem distintos plasmídeos parecidos com o pXO1. Como a maioria dos peptídeos cíclicos contendo aminoácidos não-proteinogênicos, a cereulide é resistente à saúde, proteólise e condições ácidas.[17]

A B. cereus também é conhecida por causar infecções crónicas da pele que são difíceis de erradicar embora seja menos agressiva do que a fasciite necrosante. A B. cereus também pode causar ceratite.[18] É mencionada como microflora patogênica em produtos farmacêuticos orais na farmacopeia brasileira [carece de fontes?].

Diagnóstico

Em caso de doenças transmitidas por intoxicação alimentar, o diagnóstico de B. cereus pode ser confirmado pelo isolamento de mais de 105 organismos B. cereus por grama de alimento epidemiologicamente implicado, mas essa experiência muitas vezes não é feita porque a doença é relativamente inofensiva e normalmente auto-limitante.[19]

Prognóstico

As doenças transmitidas por alimentos de B. cereus geralmente são auto-limitantes.[19] A maioria dos pacientes eméticos se recupera dentro de 6 a 24 horas,[12] mas em alguns casos, a toxina pode ser fatal.[20][21][22][23][24]

Referências

  1. Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editores) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4 ed. [S.l.]: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9
  2. Asaeda, Glenn; Caicedow, Gilbert; Swanson, Christopher (dezembro de 2005). «Fried Rice Síndrome» 12 ed. Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 30: 30-32. ISSN 0197-2510. Consultado em 13 de setembro de 2011
  3. Vilà, B; A. Fontgibell, I. Badiola, E. Esteve-Garcia, G. Jiménez, M. Castillo and J. Brufau (2009). «Reduction of Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis colonization and invasion by Bacillus cereus var. toyoi inclusion in poultry feeds». HighWire Press. Poultry Science. 88 (55): 975–9. PMID 19359685. doi:10.3382/ps.2008-00483. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2009 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  4. Bories, Georges; Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Sven Lindgren, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester (9 de dezembro de 2008). «Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) as feed additive for rabbit breeding does - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed» (PDF). European Food Safety Authority. EFSA-Q-2008-287. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2009 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  5. Bories, Georges; Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Anders Franklin, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester. «Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003» (PDF). European Food Safety Authority. Consultado em 14 de maio de 2009 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  6. Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M (2000). «Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus infections». Microbes Infect. 2 (2): 189–98. PMID 10742691. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  7. . Turnbull PCB (1996). Bacillus. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al., eds.) 4th ed. [S.l.]: Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. (via NCBI Bookshelf)
  8. a b c Roberts, T. A.; Baird-Parker, A. C.; Tompkin, R. B. (1996). Characteristics of microbial pathogens. London: Blackie Academic & Professional. p. 24. ISBN 0-412-47350-X. Consultado em 25 de novembro de 2010 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  9. McKillip JL (2000). «Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp., a literature review». Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 77 (4): 393–9. PMID 10959569. doi:10.1023/A:1002706906154
  10. Davis, Judi Ratliff; Lawley, Richard; Davis, Judy; Laurie Curtis (2008). The food safety hazard guidebook. Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. p. 17. ISBN 0-85404-460-4. Consultado em 25 de novembro de 2010 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  11. a b c «Bacillus cereus». Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Consultado em 19 de setembro de 2009
  12. a b Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Scherer S (2004). «Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness». Mol Nutr Food Res. 48 (7): 479–87. PMID 15538709. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200400055 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  13. Guinebretière MH, Broussolle V, Nguyen-The C (2002). «Enterotoxigenic Profiles of Food-Poisoning and Food-Borne Bacillus cereus Strains». J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (8): 3053–6. PMC . PMID 12149378. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.8.3053-3056.2002 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  14. Agata N, Ohta M, Mori M, Isobe M (1995). «A novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, is an emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus». FEMS Microbiol Lett. 129 (1): 17–20. PMID 7781985. doi:10.1016/0378-1097(95)00119-P !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  15. Hoton FM, Andrup L, Swiecicka I, Mahillon J (2005). «The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic Bacillus cereus are plasmid-borne». Microbiology. 151 (7): 2121–4. PMID 16000702. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28069-0 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  16. a b Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Grallert H, Rieck P, Wagner M, Scherer S (2006). «Cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic Bacillus cereus: Structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1». BMC Microbiol. 6. 20 páginas. PMC . PMID 16512902. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-6-20 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  17. Stenfors Arnesen LP, Fagerlund A, Granum PE (2008). «From soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins». FEMS Microbiol Rev. 32 (4): 579–606. PMID 18422617. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  18. Pinna A; Sechi LA; Zanetti S; et al. (2001). «Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear». Ophthalmology. 108 (10): 1830–4. PMID 11581057. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00723-0
  19. a b Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning Associated with Fried Rice at Two Child Day Care Centers from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 18, 1994 / Vol. 43 / No. 10 U.S.
  20. Takabe F, Oya M (1976). «An autopsy case of food poisoning associated with Bacillus cereus». ForensicSci. 7 (2): 97–101
  21. Mahler H; et al. (1997). «Fulminant liver failure in association with the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus». N Engl J Med. 336 (16): 1142–1148. PMID 9099658. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704173361604 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)
  22. Dierick K; et al. (2005). «Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus-associated food poisoning». J Clin Microbiol. 43 (8): 4277–4279. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.8.4277-4279.2005 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)
  23. Shiota, M; et al. (2010). «Rapid Detoxification of Cereulide in Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning». Pediatrics. 125 (4): e951-e955. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2319 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)
  24. Naranjo, M; et al. (2011). «Sudden Death of a Young Adult Associated with Bacillus cereus Food Poisoning». J Clin Microbiol. 49 (12): 4379–4381. doi:10.1128/JCM.05129-11 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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O Bacillus cereus é uma bactéria beta-hemolítica gram-positiva, de forma cilíndrica, endêmica, que vive no solo. Algumas cepas são prejudiciais aos seres humanos e causam intoxicação alimentar, enquanto outras cepas podem ser benéficas, como os probióticos para animais. É a causa da "síndrome do arroz frito", como as bactérias são classicamente contraídas a partir de pratos de arroz frito que têm estado à temperatura ambiente por horas (tal como em um 'buffet'). As bactérias B. cereus são organismo aerobicos facultativos, e tal como outros membros do gênero Bacillus, podem produzir endósporos protetores. Seus fatores de virulência incluem a cereolisina e a fosfolipase C.

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Bacillus cereus ( İsveççe )

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Bacillus cereus är en bakterie som normalt lever i vanlig jord och som kan orsaka så kallad matförgiftning. Den är stavformig och grampositiv. De förökar sig bra i luft (är inte känsliga för syre) och kan forma sporer som kan överleva fullständig uttorkning under lång tid.

Sjukdomsalstrare

B. cerus orsakar ungefär 2–5% av matförgiftningarna i västvärlden. De drabbade personerna blir ofta intensivt illamående och kräks.

Allmänt gäller om matförgiftning på grund av Bacillus att den inträffar på grund av att bakteriesporer överlever i maten för att den är otillräckligt uppvärmd. Problemet kan sedan förvärras av att maten inte förvaras tillräckligt kallt och att bakterierna därför kan föröka sig snabbt.

B. cereus orsakar två olika sjukdomstillstånd; ett som framför allt ger kräkningar och ett annat som framför allt ger diarré.

Referenser

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

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Bacillus cereus är en bakterie som normalt lever i vanlig jord och som kan orsaka så kallad matförgiftning. Den är stavformig och grampositiv. De förökar sig bra i luft (är inte känsliga för syre) och kan forma sporer som kan överleva fullständig uttorkning under lång tid.

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Bacillus cereus ( Ukraynaca )

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Біологічні властивості

 src=
Колонії B. cereus на кров'яному агарі (видимі зони гемолізу)

B. cereusхемоорганогетеротроф, факультативний анаероб, здатний до відновлення нітрату. Росте на поживних середовищах, на твердих поживних середовищах утворює плоскі, дрібнобугристі, злегка увігнуті, матові колонії з хвилястим краєм. Клітини великі, 1 x 3-4 мікрон, ендоспори розташовані центрально, не перевищують розміру клітини. Кожна клітина має кілька джгутиків (перетрихи).

Патогенність

 src=
клітини B. cereus, забарвлення джгутиків за Лейфсоном

B. cereus викликає харчові токсикоінфекції у людини (приблизно 2-5 % всіх випадків, включає блювотний і діарейний синдроми), продукує ентеротоксини[1]. Зазвичай причиною синдромів, викликаних цією бактерією, є виживання її ендоспор у погано приготовленій їжі[2], та у випадку погано замороженої їжі, що дозволяє ендоспорам проростати[3].

Діарейний синдром (подібний до токсикоінфекції, що викликається Clostridium perfringens) викликається високомолекулярним пептидним токсином, тоді як блювотний синдром (подібний Staphylococcus aureus-асоційованої токсикоінфекції) викликається низькомолекулярним термостабільним токсином[4][5]. Відмічені випадки розвитку менінгоенцефаліту у недоношених немовлят[6].

Посилання

  1. Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M (2000). Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus infections. Microbes Infect 2 (2): 189–98. PMID 10742691. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0.
  2. Turnbull PCB (1996). Bacillus. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Barron S et al, eds.) (вид. 4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  3. McKillip JL (2000). Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp., a literature review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 77 (4): 393–9. PMID 10959569. doi:10.1023/A:1002706906154.
  4. Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp.. U.S. food and Drugs Administration. Архів оригіналу за 16 вересень 2008. Процитовано 23 січень 2009.
  5. J.L. Schoeli and A.C. Lee Wong. B. cereus.
  6. Lequin MH, Vermeulen JR, van Elburg RM, Barkhof F, Kornelisse RF, Swarte R, Govaert PP (2005). Bacillus cereus meningoencephalitis in preterm infants: neuroimaging characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26 (8): 2137–43. PMID 16155172.

Ресурси Інтернету

 src= Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Bacillus cereus


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Bacillus cereus ( Vietnamca )

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Bacillus cereusvi khuẩn Gram dương, hình que, sinh bào tử, hiếu khí. Một số chủng vi khuẩn B. cereus gây ngộ độc thực phẩm, trong khi một số chủng lại có lợi cho hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột của động vật[1].

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (ấn bản 4). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

Liên kết ngoài

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Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Vi khuẩn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Bacillus cereus là vi khuẩn Gram dương, hình que, sinh bào tử, hiếu khí. Một số chủng vi khuẩn B. cereus gây ngộ độc thực phẩm, trong khi một số chủng lại có lợi cho hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột của động vật.

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Bacillus cereus ( Rusça )

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Класс: Бациллы
Порядок: Bacillales
Семейство: Bacillaceae
Род: Бациллы
Вид: Bacillus cereus
Международное научное название

Bacillus cereus
Frankland and Frankland 1887

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 959821NCBI 1396EOL 975678

Bacillus cereus (лат.) — вид грамположительных, спорообразующих почвенных бактерий. Вызывает токсикоинфекции у человека.

Биологические свойства

Хемоорганогетеротроф, факультативный анаэроб, способен к нитратредукции. Растёт на простых питательных средах, на плотных питательных средах образует плоские, мелкобугристые, слегка вогнутые, матовые колонии. Край волнистый. Клетки крупные 1 × 3—4 мкм, эндоспоры расположены центрально, не превышают размер клетки. Жгутики расположены перитрихиально.

Патогенность

Инкубационный период 1-12 часов. Ассоциирован с употреблением гамбургеров, сырого и жареного риса. Вызывает пищевые токсикоинфекции у человека (включая рвотный и диарейный синдром), продуцирует энтеротоксины. Диарейный синдром (подобный токсикоинфекции, вызываемой Clostridium perfringens) вызывается высокомолекулярным пептидным токсином, тогда как рвотный синдром (подобный Staphylococcus aureus — ассоциированной токсикоинфекции) вызывается низкомолекулярным термостабильным токсином[1][2]. Отмечены случаи развития менингоэнцефалита у недоношенных младенцев[3].

  •  src=

    Клетки Bacillus cereus, окрашенные по методу Грама

  •  src=

    Клетки B. cereus, окраска жгутиков по Лейфсону

Лечение

Регидрационная терапия.

Примечания

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Bacillus cereus: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Bacillus cereus (лат.) — вид грамположительных, спорообразующих почвенных бактерий. Вызывает токсикоинфекции у человека.

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蠟樣芽孢桿菌 ( Çince )

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二名法 Bacillus cereus
Frankland & Frankland 1887 模式株 ATCC 14579 = CCM 2010 = BCRC (formerly CCRC) 10603 = CCUG 7414 = CIP 66.24 = DSM 31 = HAMBI 1887 = IAM 12605 = IFO (now NBRC) 15305 = JCM 2152 = LMG 6923 = NCCB 75008 = NCIMB 9373 (formerly NCDO 1771) = NCTC 2599 = NRRL B-3711 = VKM B-504

蜡样芽孢杆菌(学名:Bacillus cereus),又稱仙人掌桿菌,是一種革兰氏阳性菌,β溶血性的杆状细菌 。經常在土壤和食物中被發現,有些菌株会引起食物中毒,例如"炒饭综合症"(Fried Rice Syndrome);另外一些菌株則對其他動物有益。蜡样芽孢杆菌是兼性厭氧性。与其他芽孢杆菌相同,它会产生防御性的内芽孢。它的致病因子包括施普善(cereolysin)和磷脂酶C英语Phospholipase C(Phospholipase C)。

病症

蜡样芽孢杆菌与少数食物中毒有关(约2–5%),包括一些严重的恶心、呕吐以及腹痛。大概来说,杆菌性食物中毒是由于错误地烹调方法造成细菌孢子残留在食物上,更糟糕的是食物被不当冷冻反覆解凍而让孢子发芽。细菌繁殖的结果是产生肠毒素,人食用含毒素的食物后会产生呕吐、腹泻等不良症状。

  • 许多食物都有可能造成这种腹泻,它有8–16个小时的潜伏期,之后便会引发腹泻和肠胃疼痛。而另一种潜伏期长的蜡样芽孢杆菌食物中毒,与产气荚膜梭菌所造成的病症极其相似。
  • 吃了冷藏不当而变质的剩饭是造成呕吐病症的最主要的原因。食用变质食物后1–5小时就会引起恶心、呕吐。这种病症与其他的变质引起的短期病症(如金黄色葡萄球菌所造成的)较难辨别。

以前人们认为有毒物质产生效果的时间与以上两种类型有关,但事实上呕吐综合征是因一种只在引起呕吐的类型中发现的名为cereulide的毒素造成的,并且该产物不是蜡样芽孢杆菌的标准产物之一。Cereulide是一种由非核糖调控缩氨酸综合(NRPS)产生的即使在菌体内也是不常见的dodecadepsipeptide。两个科研小组独立发现这种转录是发生在pCERE01或是pBCE4810质体上。有趣的是,该种质体与有毒的pXO1质体主要构成相同,pXO1是炭疽杆菌中编码毒素的基因,但却处在不同的致病岛上。蜡样芽孢杆菌的牙周分离同样具有不常见的类pXO1质体。

外部連結


芽孢桿菌綱乳桿菌目
(Cat-)鏈球菌屬α奧普托欣易感:奧普托欣耐: βA: B:
未分組: γ 肠球菌 芽孢桿菌目
(Cat+)葡萄球菌感染Cg+: Cg-: 芽孢桿菌屬 李斯特菌屬 梭菌綱梭菌屬(孢子形成)能動:無動力: 消化鏈球菌(非孢子形成) 柔膜菌綱支原體科 厭氧原體目

细菌分类

gr+fgr+at)/gr-pcgr-o

药物(J1pwnm疫苗

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蠟樣芽孢桿菌: Brief Summary ( Çince )

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蜡样芽孢杆菌(学名:Bacillus cereus),又稱仙人掌桿菌,是一種革兰氏阳性菌,β溶血性的杆状细菌 。經常在土壤和食物中被發現,有些菌株会引起食物中毒,例如"炒饭综合症"(Fried Rice Syndrome);另外一些菌株則對其他動物有益。蜡样芽孢杆菌是兼性厭氧性。与其他芽孢杆菌相同,它会产生防御性的内芽孢。它的致病因子包括施普善(cereolysin)和磷脂酶C(英语:Phospholipase C)(Phospholipase C)。

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セレウス菌 ( Japonca )

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セレウス菌 Bacillus cereus Gram.jpg
グラム染色されたセレウス菌
分類 ドメ
イン
: 細菌 Bacteria : フィルミクテス門
Firmicutes : バシラス綱 Bacilli : バシラス目 Bacillales : バシラス科 Bacillaceae : バシラス属 Bacillus : セレウス菌 B. cereus 学名 Bacillus cereus
Frankland & Frankland 1887

セレウス菌(セレウスきん、Bacillus cereus)はBacillusに属するグラム陽性大桿菌芽胞を有する好気性菌である。土壌や汚水など自然界に多く存在し、酸性域では発育は悪い。食中毒の原因となる。

常在菌として、健康な成人の10%で腸管の中に見られる。菌は4〜50℃で発育、芽胞は1〜59℃で発芽、100℃ 10分の加熱で大部分が不活化するが、芽胞は100 ℃ 30分の加熱にも耐え、芽胞の形で土壌などを中心に自然環境に広く分布する[1]。70% の皮膚消毒用のエチルアルコールでも不活化されないという報告がある[2]。そのため、速乾性擦式消毒剤に使用されるエタノール系消毒剤に耐性を獲得した菌が残存し十分に滅菌されない[3]

セレウス菌感染症[編集]

汚染された食物の摂食により発生する感染性胃腸炎(食中毒症状)と、血液中に菌が侵入し発症する菌血症(大部分の感染はほぼ無症状)がある。菌血症を起こしただけではほとんど発症せず、乳幼児や高齢者など抵抗力の弱い者が時折敗血症まで病状が進行した時のみ死亡例まで発展する場合がある。セレウス菌が起こす食中毒は毒素系食中毒なので、なっても免疫はつかず、何度でも感染発症する。汚染された食物を臭いや見かけで判別することはできない。休止状態の芽胞を加熱や胃酸では完全に不活性化することが出来ず、嘔吐型毒素は更に耐性を持つ(下痢型毒素は熱で容易に不活性化を起こす)。毒素の量が増えてしまった食品は再加熱しても食中毒を起こすので、本菌での食中毒予防法として発芽と増殖の抑制がとても重要になる。(例えば調理済みの食品は10〜50℃で保存しないなどである)。本菌によって引き起こされる食中毒は、菌が体内で増殖し多量の毒素を排出して発症する下痢型と、食品中で増殖した菌が生産する毒素を大量に摂取して発症する嘔吐型の2つに別けられる。日本での発生例の大部分は嘔吐型食中毒である。平成11年(1999年)の全国の食中毒事件は総数2697件で、35214人の患者が発生し、セレウス菌による食中毒は、11件(全体の0.4%)、患者総数、59人(全体の0.2%)。[1] 食品衛生法第27条により保健所への届け出が義務づけられている。 下痢原性毒素は加熱、pH4以下の酸(胃酸)などで不活化されやすく、食中毒症状は一般に軽く1〜2日程度で回復する。セレウス菌による食中毒は、人から人へは感染しない。

 src=
血液寒天培地上のセレウス菌コロニー

下痢型食中毒[編集]

下痢型は感染型食中毒(生体内毒素産出型)でウエルシュ菌食中毒に似た症状を呈する。本菌が芽胞形成などにより不活化することなく腸管に達すると、小腸内でHbI(heamolytic enterotoxin)、Nhe(non-heamolytic enterotoxin)、CytK(サイトトキシンK)などの2種類のエンテロトキシン型下痢毒を産生し食中毒症状が引き起こされる。菌の摂取後約8〜16時間で症状が現れ、約24時間続く。乳製品や野菜肉類が原因となりやすい。2000年の雪印集団食中毒事件では、黄色ブドウ球菌が検出された製造工程のバルブなど2か所からセレウス菌も検出されている[4]。この下痢型毒素本体はたんぱく質で出来ており、消化酵素・60℃以上加熱・強酸で容易に不活性化させることが出来るため、感染者に関わっても適切な毒素除去を行えば食中毒が拡散することはない。セレウス菌の生産するエンテロトキシンはブドウ球菌、病原大腸菌、ウェルシュ菌の毒素のエンテロトキシンと同じ名称であるが異なった物質なので要注意である。[5]

嘔吐型食中毒[編集]

嘔吐型は毒素型食中毒でぶどう球菌食中毒に似た症状を呈する。本菌は芽胞を形成することにより、食品の中でも100 ℃30 分の加熱調理過程を生き延びることができる。 調理後の食品が長時間室温で放置されると菌の増殖が起こり、この際産生された嘔吐毒を食品と共に摂取することにより引き起こされる。この嘔吐毒はアミノ酸が環状につながった小ペプチドで、消化酵素・酸・アルカリに安定であり、120℃で15分間処理しても失活しない[4]。症状は毒素摂取後1〜6時間後に現れ、8〜10時間続く。通常発熱しない。焼き飯カレーライス、ごはんやパスタでの事例が多く報告されている。これらの食品では調理後、保存中に菌が増殖するが、保存温度を4℃以下にすることで増殖を抑えることができる[4]。患者が排泄した嘔吐物を大量に摂取しなければ患者から感染することはほとんどない。

血流感染症[編集]

  • 2006年栃木県の自治医大付属病院において、点滴の際にシーツなどのリネン類を感染源とすると見られる菌血症の院内感染が発生し、内2名は敗血症に発展し死亡、また他1名は片方の目を失明。後に、クリーニング工場の洗濯機が汚染されていたことが判明。[6][7]
  • 2007年静岡県内の病院に於いて、シーツなどのリネン類あるいは、おむつやタオルを感染源とすると見られる新生児敗血症が発生し1名が死亡した。

関連法規[編集]

  • 感染性胃腸炎は5類感染症定点把握疾患。
  • 食品衛生法

関連項目[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b 横浜市衛生研究所感染症・疫学情報課
  2. ^ Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 1999, p. 2280-2284, Vol. 37, No. 7
  3. ^ * 速乾性擦式消毒剤による手指消毒後のセレウス菌などのグラム陽性有芽胞桿菌の残存
  4. ^ a b c 『スタンダード栄養・食物シリーズ8 食品衛生学(第3版)』 一色賢司編、2010年、東京化学同人、p.70-71、ISBN 978-4-8079-1603-0
  5. ^ 食品衛生基礎講座 セレウス菌とその食中毒アサマ化成
  6. ^ [1] (PDF)
  7. ^ 2006/9/15 記者発表資料 (PDF) 自治医科大学

参考文献[編集]

  • 鹿江雅光、新城敏晴、高橋英司、田淵清、原澤亮編 『最新家畜微生物学』 朝倉書店 1998年 ISBN 4-254-46019-8
  • 獣医学大辞典編集委員会編集 『明解獣医学辞典』 チクサン出版 1991年 ISBN 4-88500-610-4

外部リンク[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、真正細菌(バクテリア)に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然ウィキプロジェクト 生物)。 執筆の途中です この項目は、医学に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:医学Portal:医学と医療)。
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セレウス菌: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

セレウス菌(セレウスきん、Bacillus cereus)はBacillus属に属するグラム陽性大桿菌芽胞を有する好気性菌である。土壌や汚水など自然界に多く存在し、酸性域では発育は悪い。食中毒の原因となる。

常在菌として、健康な成人の10%で腸管の中に見られる。菌は4〜50℃で発育、芽胞は1〜59℃で発芽、100℃ 10分の加熱で大部分が不活化するが、芽胞は100 ℃ 30分の加熱にも耐え、芽胞の形で土壌などを中心に自然環境に広く分布する。70% の皮膚消毒用のエチルアルコールでも不活化されないという報告がある。そのため、速乾性擦式消毒剤に使用されるエタノール系消毒剤に耐性を獲得した菌が残存し十分に滅菌されない。

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바킬루스 세레우스 ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

바실루스 세레우스(Bacillus cereus)는 그람 양성균이며 호기성 세균이고 대형 간균이다. 사슬 형태로 배열하고 편모가 존재하기 때문에 운동성이 있다.

열에 강한 포자를 형성하여 식중독을 일으킬 수 있으므로 이에 고온으로 살균하는 과정이 필요하다. 보통 식품에서 10CFU/g 이하로 존재하므로 식중독 증상 및 질병을 일으키지 않는다. 그러나 이 균이 잘 자랄 수 있는 환경이 만들어지게 되어 106CFU/g 이상이 되면 설사와 구토를 하게 된다. 설사형 증상이 나타나게 되는 잠복기는 10~12시간 정도이고 구토형 증상이 나타나게 되는 잠복기는 1~5시간이다.

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