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Bacteroidetes

Description of Bacteroidetes ( İngilizce )

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A class proposed within the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum
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Bacteroïdets ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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 src= Aquest article tracta sobre el fílum. Vegeu-ne altres significats a «Bacteroidet (classe)».

Els bacteroidets (Bacteroidetes) són un filum d'eubacteris. Comprèn tres classes que estan molt esteses al medi ambient, incloent-hi el sòl, l'aigua marina i el tracte digestiu dels animals.

De llarg, l'ordre Bacteroidales són els més ben estudiats, incloent-hi el gènere Bacteroides (un organisme abundant als fems d'animals de sang calenta, incloent-hi els humans) i Porphyromonas, un grup d'organismes que viuen a la cavitat oral humana.

Els membres del gènere Bacteroides són patògens oportunistes. Els membres de les dues altres classes rarament són patògens pels humans.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Bacteroïdets Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Bacteroidetes ( Çekçe )

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Bacteroidetes (či Bacteriodetes) je relativně početný kmen gramnegativních bakterií, do něhož patří tři třídy, Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteria a Sphingobacteria, z nichž nejvýznamnější je ta první.

Mnoho z Bacteroidetes (např. rod Bacteroides) je velmi hojnou součástí střevní mikroflóry člověka.[1] Některé se však mohou stát patogeny a způsobovat infekce, především Bacteroides fragilis.[2]

Zajímavostí je, že do tohoto kmene patří dvě obligátně endosymbiotické bakterie, Amoebophilus asiaticus (hostitelem jsou améby) a Cardinium hertigii (hostitelem jsou členovci).[3]

Reference

  1. http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Source_Tracking/Bacteroidetes/HumanBacteroidetesID.pdf
  2. MURRAY, Patrick R.; ROSENTHAL, Ken S.; PFALLER, Michael A. Medical Microbiology, Fifth edition. [s.l.]: Elsevier, 2005.
  3. http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/CSP2007/bacteroidete.html
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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Bacteroidetes (či Bacteriodetes) je relativně početný kmen gramnegativních bakterií, do něhož patří tři třídy, Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteria a Sphingobacteria, z nichž nejvýznamnější je ta první.

Mnoho z Bacteroidetes (např. rod Bacteroides) je velmi hojnou součástí střevní mikroflóry člověka. Některé se však mohou stát patogeny a způsobovat infekce, především Bacteroides fragilis.

Zajímavostí je, že do tohoto kmene patří dvě obligátně endosymbiotické bakterie, Amoebophilus asiaticus (hostitelem jsou améby) a Cardinium hertigii (hostitelem jsou členovci).

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Bacteroidetes ( Almanca )

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Die Bacteroidetes (auch Bacteroidota) bilden einen eigenen Stamm (äquivalent: Abteilung, englisch division, lateinisch divisio, allgemein auch Phylum genannt) innerhalb der Domäne der Bakterien. In diesem Phylum findet sich eine breite Vielfalt von Stoffwechsel, Ökologie und Morphologie.

Erscheinungsbild

Der Gram-Test ist negativ. Die Zellen der meisten Arten sind stäbchenförmig und bilden keine Sporen. Es sind aerobe, also auf Sauerstoff angewiesene, wie auch anaerobe Vertreter vorhanden. Mehrere Arten, wie z. B. von der Klasse der Flavo­bak­terien und Cytophagen, sind durch Gleitbewegungen motil (beweglich).

Pathogenität

Innerhalb der Bacteroidetes sind auch einige für Tiere und Menschen krank­heits­erregende (pathogene) Arten vorhanden. In der Familie Flavobacteriaceae sind u. a. einige Arten für Vögel pathogen. Capnocytophaga gehört zu der normalen Bakterienflora des Menschen, kann aber unter bestimmten Umständen auch pathogen wirken. Auch Bacteroides fragilis und Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron sind opportunistische Krankheitserreger des Menschen. Für Fische sind z. B. Arten von Cytophaga pathogen.

Systematik

Die Abteilung Bacteroidetes (alias Bacteroidota) enthält aufgrund von 16s-rRNA-Gensequenzen die Klassen Bacteroidia, Cytophagia, Flavobacteriia und Sphingobacteriia.

Die hier angegebene Systematik basiert mit Stand 11. März 2022 auf den folgenden Quellen:

Die GTDB versteht abweichend von LPSN und NCBI das Phylum Bacteroidota im weiteren Sinne, d. h. dem Umfang nach identisch mit der Bacteroidetes–Chlorobi-Gruppe (Bacteroidota–Chlorobiota); die in dieser Klade enthaltenen Phyla (entsprechend LPSN/NCBI) beinhalten (bis auf Bacteroidetes selbst) jeweils nur eine einzige Klasse und sind in der GTDB auf diese Rangstufe herabgestuft.[5]

Man beachte, dass unterschiedliche Taxa teilweise sehr ähnliche Namen haben, etwa ‚-bacteria‘ versus ‚-bacteriia‘, das doppelte ‚i‘ drückt im Allgemeinen eine Ähnlichkeit (sensu lato oder Schwestertaxon) aus. Die Systematik im Einzelnen:

Phylum Bacteroidetes Krieg et al. 2012 (L,N), mit Synonymen Bacteroidota Krieg et al. 2021 (L), „Sphingobacteria“ Cavalier-Smith 2002 (L)[6][7][S 1]

Unsichere Mitglieder:

  • Klasse OC31[9][10] (N: ohne Zuordnung)
  • Klasse Bacteroidota "Incertae sedis 253" Horn et al. 2001[11] mit Gattung: Amoebophilus[12] in der Familie „Candidatus Amoebo­philaceae“ (L,N) – bei NCBI ist diese Mitglied der Ordnung Cytophagales und damit wäre die Klasse identisch mit Cytophagia.
  • Klasse Bacteroidota "Incertae sedis 355" Gruwell et al. 2007[13] mit Gattung: Uzinura[14] (L,N) – bei NCBI ist diese Mitglied der Ordnung Flavobacteriales und damit wäre die Klasse identisch mit Flavobacteriia.
  • Klasse JABWAT01 (G), mit Spezies JABWAT01 sp013360915[5][15][16]
  • Klasse SZUA-365 (G), u. a. mit Spezies SZUA-365 sp003246455[5][17][18]

Synonymien

    • Bacteroidetes Krieg et al. 2012 (L,N), Synonyme:
    • Bacteroidota Krieg et al. 2021 (L), Bacteroidota Whitman et al. 2018 (L,N)
    • „Bacteroidaeota“ Oren et al. 2015 (L,N)
    • „Sphingobacteria“ Cavalier-Smith 2002 (L)
    • BCF group (N), Bacteroides-Cytophaga-Flexibacter group (N)
    • CFB group (N), Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum (N)
  1. Bacteroidia Krieg 2012 (L,N), Synonyme:
  2. Cytophagia Nakagawa 2012 (L) bzw. Nakagawa 2012 emend. Hahnke et al. 2016 (N), Synonym:
  3. Sphingobacteriales Kämpfer 2012 (L,N), alias Bacteroidetes Order IV. Incertae sedis (N: fehlerhaft, vergleiche Mitglieder: Gattung Toxothrix ist bei LPSN in der Sphingobacteriales-Familie Crenotrichaceae)

Ökologie

Es sind aerobe (auf Sauerstoff angewiesene) wie auch anaerobe Vertreter vorhanden. Einige sind pathogen. Zu den anaeroben Bacteroidetes zählt z. B. die Gattung Bacteroides, die im menschlichen Darm die mit 1011 Zellen pro Gramm häufigsten Bakterien sind.[19] Die Klasse der Flavobacteriia enthält einige Kommensalen und opportunistisch pathogene Bakterien. Die Arten sind in verschiedenen Habitaten zu finden, z. B. im Boden, Süßwasser und Meerwasser, innerhalb von verschiedenen Arten von Fischen, Amphibien, Insekten, Weichtieren, Krebstieren und in Pflanzen. Arten von Blattabacterium (Familie Blattabacteriaceae) wurden in Termiten und Schaben gefunden. Auch die Mitglieder der Klasse Sphingobacteria besiedeln ein breites Spektrum von Habitaten, so z. B. Böden, Grund-, Frisch- und Meerwasser. Auch einige psychrophile (kälteliebende) Arten sind vorhanden, wie z. B. Flavobacterium psychrophilum und Psychroflexus. Beide Gattungen zählen zu der Familie Flavobacteriaceae.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. J. P. Euzéby: List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a Folder Available on the Internet. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Band 47, Nr. 2, S. 590–592; doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590, PMID 9103655.
  2. NCBI: FCB group, Details: FCB group (clade, heterotypic synonyms: Fibrobacteres-Chlorobi-Bacteroidetes superphylum,…); graphisch: http://lifemap-ncbi.univ-lyon1.fr/?tid=1783270 FCB group, Lifemap NCBI Version.
  3. GTDB release 05-RS95. In: GTDB. UQ, Australia.
  4. K. Mendler, H. Chen, D. H. Parks, L. A. Hug, A. C. Doxey: AnnoTree: visualization and exploration of a functionally annotated microbial tree of life. In: Nucleic Acids Research. 47, Nr. 9, 2019, S. 4442–4448. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz246. PMID 31081040. PMC 6511854 (freier Volltext).
  5. a b c Bacteroidota, GTDB. UQ, Australia.
  6. LPSN: Phylum "Bacteroidetes" Krieg et al. 2010 und Phylum "Sphingobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002.
  7. NamesforLife: Bacteroidota corrig. Krieg et al. 2021, Bacteroidetes (sic) Krieg et al. 2021 non Bacteroidetes Krieg 2012 (phylum), doi:10.1601/tx.7927.
  8. NamesforLife: "Flavobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2002 (class), doi:10.1601/tx.8068. Anm.: Die Seite kennzeichnet diese Bezeichnung als angebliches Synonym von "Flavobacteriia", gibt aber Cytophagales als eine darin enthaltene Ordnung an. Auf der Seite Cytophagia Cytophagia Nakagawa 2012 emend. García-López et al. 2019 (class) wird aber ebenfalls Cytophagales in dieser Klassen enthaltene Ordnung genannt (so wie bei LPSN). Das kann nicht sein, weil es sich um verschiedene Klassen handelt. Wir folgen LPSN, synonymisieren „Flavobacteria“ mit Cytophagia, und verstehen „Flavobacteriia“ als ähnlich, aber nicht gleich „Flavobacteria“.
  9. NCBI: Uncultured bacterium clone oc31 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence, GenBank: AY491574.1.
  10. Silva: AY491574 – Uncultured bacterium clone oc31 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. Deutsches Netzwerk für Bioinformatik-Infrastruktur (de.NBI).
  11. NamesforLife: "Incertae sedis 253" Horn et al. 2001 (class), doi:10.1601/nm.32165.
  12. Matthias Horn, Marit D. Harzenetter, Tanja Linner, Ernst N. Schmid, Karl-Dieter Müller, Rolf Michel, Michael Wagner: Members of the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides phylum as intracellular bacteria of acanthamoebae: proposal of ‘Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus’. In: Sfam Environmental Microbiology, Band 3, Nr. 7, 20. Dezember 2001, S. 440–449; doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00210.x, PMID 11553234.
  13. NamesforLife: "Incertae sedis 355" Gruwell et al. 2007 (class), doi:10.1601/nm.32445
  14. Matthew E. Gruwell, Geoffrey E. Morse, Benjamin B. Normark: Phylogenetic congruence of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum Bacteroidetes. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Band 44, Nr. 1, Juli 2007, S. 267–280; doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.014, PMID 17400002.
  15. JABWAT01 sp013360915, GTDB. UQ, Australia.
  16. NCBI: MAG: Bacteroidetes bacterium isolate MAG_11, whole genome shotgun sequencing project, GenBank: JABWAT000000000.1
  17. SZUA-365 sp003246455, GTDB. UQ, Australia.
  18. NCBI: MAG: Bacteroidetes bacterium isolate SZUA-365, whole genome shotgun sequencing project, GenBank: QKAF00000000.1
  19. Katharina Munk (Hrsg.): Taschenlehrbuch Biologie: Mikrobiologie. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-13-144861-3
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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı

Die Bacteroidetes (auch Bacteroidota) bilden einen eigenen Stamm (äquivalent: Abteilung, englisch division, lateinisch divisio, allgemein auch Phylum genannt) innerhalb der Domäne der Bakterien. In diesem Phylum findet sich eine breite Vielfalt von Stoffwechsel, Ökologie und Morphologie.

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Bacteroidetes ( Tagalogca )

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Ang Bacteriodetes ay isang uri ng phylum sa bakterya kahariang Protista. Ito ay Gram-positive bacteria.


Bakterya Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Bakterya ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Bacteroidetes ( İnterlingua (Uluslararası Yardımcı Dil Derneği) )

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Bacteroidetes es un phylo de Negibacteria.

Nota
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Bacteroidetes ( Makedonca )

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Bacteroidetes е колено составено од три големи класи на Грам-негативни, анаеробни или аеробни, стапчести бактерии кои не формираат ендоспори. Широко се распространети во животната средина, во почвата, водотеците, морската вода, како и во цревата и на кожата на животните. Bacteroidetes spp. се дел од нормален, здрав плацентален микробиом.[1][2]

Припадниците на класата Bacteroidia се најпознати, вклучувајќи го родот Bacteroides (честа бактерија во изметот на топлокрвните животни, вклучувајќи го и човекот), и Porphyromonas, група на бактерии кои ја населуваат човековата усна шуплина. Класата Bacteroidia порано се нарекувала Bacteroidetes; бидејки до неодамна беше единствената класа во коленото, но името и беше сменето во четвртиот том на Бергејовиот Прирачник за Систематска Бактериологија.[3]

Некои членови на родот Bacteroides се патогени опортунисти. Членовите на другите две класи ретко се патогени за луѓето.

Ова колено понекогаш се групира заедно со Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadates, Caldithrix, и морска група А формирајќи ја FCB групата како суперколено.[4] Во алтернативнот систем на класификација предложен од Томас Кавалир-Смит, овој таксон преставува класа во коленото Sphingobacteria.

Геномика

Компаративните геномски анализи доведоа до идентификација на 27 протеини кои се присутни во повеќето видови на коленото Bacteroidetes. Од нив, еден протеин е најден во сите секвенционирани видови на коленото Bacteroidetes, додека други два протеина се најдени во сите секвенционирани видови со исклучок на оние од родот Bacteroides. Отсуството на овие два протеина во овој род најверојатно се должи на селективено губење на гени. Освен тоа, утврдено е дека четири други протеини се присутни во сите видови на коленото Bacteroidetes освен во Cytophaga hutchinsonii, што повторно најверојатно се должи на селективен губиток на гени. Уште осум други протеини беа утврдени дека се присутни во сите секвенционирани Bacteroidetes видови освен во Salinibacter ruber. Отсуството на овие протеини може исто така да биде резултат на селективно губење на гени, или поради длабокото разгранување на S. ruber во филогенетските дрва што би значело дека гените за овие протеини еволуирале дури после дивергирањето на С. ruber. Исто така беше идентификуван CSI (анг. Conserved signature inserts and deletions) и претставува губиток на секвенца од три аминокиселини во ClpB шаперонот, а е присутен во сите видови на Bacteroidetes освен во S. ruber. Овој губиток исто така е најден во еден вид од коленото Chlorobi и една археа, што најверојатно е резултат на хоризонтален трансфер на гени. Овие 27 протеини и губитокот на секвенцата од три аминокиселини служат како специфични молекуларни маркери за коленото Bacteroidetes.

Сродство на колената Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi и Fibrobacteres

Видовите од колената Bacteroidetes и Chlorobi се разгрануваат многу блиску едни до други во филогенетските дрва, што укажува на блиска сродност. Со употреба на компаративни геномски анализи, беа идентификувани три протеина кои подеднакво ги споделуваат сите членови на колената Bacteroidetes и Chlorobi. Неколку CSIѕ уникатно споделувани само меѓу членовите на овие две колена исто така биле идентификувани. Присуството на овие молекуларни обележја е потврда за сродство.[5] Во дополнение, малубројното колено Fibrobacteres се теоризира дека има блиски филогенетски врски со двете колена. Филогенетските анализи засновани на голем број различни протеини дури го подржуваат постоењето на таксон од повисоко ниво кој ги опфаќа сите овие три колена. Овие колена исто така доследно се разгрануваат на иста позиција врз основа на CSIѕ во повеќе важни протеини.[6] Најважни од сите показатели за заедничко потекло се два CSIѕ (во RpoC протеинот и во ензимот серин хидроксиметилтрансфераза) и специфичниот протеин PG00081 кои исклучиво ги споделуваат видовите припадници од овие три колена. Сите овие резултати се убедливи докази дека сите три колена споделуваат заеднички предок, што доведе до предлогот тие да се обединат во едно заедничко суперколено со акроним "FCB".

Филогенија

Филогенијата на коленото е заоснована на анализа на нивната 16S рРНК.[7]


Rhodothermaeota

Rhodothermaceae


Bacteroidaeota

Balneolaceae



Cytophagales

"Hymenobacteraceae"





"Thermonemataceae"




"Persicobacteraceae"



Flammeovirgaceae 1






Cytophagaceae 2 [incl. Flexibacter species group 3]




Flammeovirgaceae 2 [incl. Ekhidna lutea]




Flammeovirgaceae 3




Flammeovirgaceae 4 [Catalimonadaceae; Mooreiaceae]




Cytophagaceae 1




Cytophagaceae 3




Cytophagaceae 4



Cyclobacteriaceae












Sphingobacteriales

Filobacteriaceae



Sphingobacteriaceae




"Chitinophagales"

Saprospiraceae



Chitinophagaceae





Cryomorphaceae



Flavobacteriales

"Crocinitomicaceae"



Flavobacteriaceae



Bacteroidales

Rikenellaceae





Marinifilaceae



Marinilabiliaceae 2





Prolixibacteraceae




Alkaliflexus imshenetskii




Marinilabiliaceae 1




Marinilabiliaceae 3 [incl. Cytophaga xylanolytica]















Таксономија

Моментално прифатената таксономија е заснована на Листата на имиња на прокариотите со евиденција во номенклатурата (анг. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - LPSN)[8] и Националниот центар за биотехнолошки информации (анг. National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI).[9]

  • Род?"Bifissio" ♠ Xin & Zhou 2001
    • Вид "Bifissio spartinae" ♠ Xin & Zhou 2001
  • Род ?"Candidatus Cardinium" Zchori-Fein et al. 2004
    • Вид "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" Zchori-Fein et al. 2004
  • Род ?"Candidatus Paenicardinium" Noel and Atibalentja 2006
    • Вид "Candidatus Paenicardinium endonii" Noel and Atibalentja 2006
  • Род ?ToxothrixMolisch 1925
    • Вид Toxothrix trichogenes(Cholodny 1924) Beger 1953
  • Род ?"Venteria" ♠ Bae 2005
    • Вид "Venteria marina" ♠ Bae 2005
  • Класа Rhodothermia Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
    • Ред Rhodothermales Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016 [Bacteroidetes Ред II. Incertae sedis]
      • Фамилија Rhodothermaceae Ludwig et al. 2012
  • Класа Balneolia Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
    • Ред Balneolales Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
      • Фамилија Balneolaceae Xia et al. 2016 [Balneola group]
  • Класа Cytophagia Nakagawa 2012
    • Ред Cytophagales Leadbetter 1974
      • Фамилија ?"Candidatus Amoebophilaceae" Santos-Garcia et al. 2014
      • Фамилија "Hymenobacteraceae" Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
      • Фамилија Cyclobacteriaceae Nedashkovskaya and Ludwig 2012 [incl. Litoribacter ruber & Rhodonellum psychrophilum]
      • Фамилија Cytophagaceae Stanier 1940
      • Фамилија Flammeovirgaceae Yoon et al. 2011 [Catalimonadaceae Choi et al. 2013; Mooreiaceae Choi et al. 2013]
      • Фамилија "Persicobacteraceae" Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
      • Фамилија "Thermonemataceae" Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016 [Thermonema група; Bacteroidetes Ред III. Incertae sedis; incl. Flexibacter species група 2]
  • КласаSphingobacteria Kämpfer 2012
    • Ред Sphingobacteriales Kämpfer 2012
      • Фамилија Filobacteriaceae Ike et al. 2016
      • Фамилија Sphingobacteriaceae Steyn et al. 1998 [incl. Flavobacterium mizutaii]
  • Класа "Chitinophagia" Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
    • Ред "Chitinophagales" Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
      • Фамилија Chitinophagaceae Kämpfer et al. 2011
      • Фамилија Saprospiraceae Krieg et al. 2012
  • Класа Flavobacteriia Bernardet 2012
    • Ред Flavobacteriales Bernardet 2012
      • Род ?"Candidatus Sulcia muelleri" Moran et al. 2005
      • Род?"Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola" Gruwell et al. 2007
      • Фамилија ?Blattabacteriaceae Kambhampati 2012
      • Фамилија ?Ichthyobacteriaceae Takano et al. 2015
      • Фамилија "Crocinitomicaceae" Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
      • Фамилија Cryomorphaceae Bowman et al. 2003 [Schleiferiaceae Albuquerque et al. 2011]
      • Фамилија Flavobacteriaceae Reichenbach et al. 1992 emend. Bernardet et al. 2002
  • Класа Bacteroidia Krieg 2012
    • Ред Bacteroidales Krieg 2012
      • Род ?"Candidatus Armantifilum" Desai et al. 2010
      • Род ?"Candidatus Azobacteroides" Hongoh et al. 2008
      • Род ?"Candidatus Symbiothrix" Hongoh et al. 2007
      • Род ?Alkaliflexus imshenetskii Zhilina et al. 2005
      • Фамилија?Balneicellaceae Fadhlaoui et al. 2016
      • Фамилија ?Lentimicrobiaceae Sun et al. 2016
      • Фамилија Bacteroidaceae Pribram 1933 [incl. Prevotellaceae Krieg 2012]
      • Фамилија Marinifilaceae Iino et al. 2014
      • Фамилија Marinilabiaceae Ludwig et al. 2012
      • Фамилија Odoribacteraceae Munoz, Rossello-Mora & Amann 2016
      • Фамилија Porphyromonadaceae Krieg 2012 [incl. Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes]
      • Фамилија Prolixibacteraceae Huang et al. 2014 [Draconibacteriaceae Du et al. 2014; incl. Meniscus glaucopis]
      • Фамилија Rikenellaceae Krieg et al. 2012

Белешки:

♠ Видови кои се наоѓаат во NCBI, но не се наведени во LPSN.

♪ Прокариоти каде што не се изолирани чисти култури или не се достапни.

Наводи

  1. Mor, Gil; Kwon, Ja-Young. Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation. „American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology“ том 213 (4): S131–S137. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 26428492.
  2. Todar, K. „Pathogenic E. coli. Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology. конс. 2007-11-30.
  3. Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W.; Whitman, W.B.; Hedlund, B.P.; Paster, B.J.; Staley, J.T.; Ward, N.; Brown, D.; и др. (November 24, 2010) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity. уред. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 4 (2nd издание). New York: Springer. стр. 908. British Library no. GBA561951. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-95042-6.
  4. Gupta, R. S.; Lorenzini, E.. Phylogeny and molecular signatures (conserved proteins and indels) that are specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi species. „BMC Evolutionary Biology“ том 7: 71. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-71. PMID 17488508.
  5. Gupta, R. S.. The phylogeny and signature sequences characteristics of Fibrobacteres, Chlorobi, and Bacteroidetes. „Critical Reviews in Microbiology“ том 30: 123–140. doi:10.1080/10408410490435133. PMID 15239383.
  6. Griffiths, E; Gupta, RS. The use of signature sequences in different proteins to determine the relative branching order of bacterial divisions: evidence that Fibrobacter diverged at a similar time to Chlamydia and the Cytophaga- Flavobacterium-Bacteroides division. „Microbiology“ том 147: 2611–22. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-9-2611. PMID 11535801.
  7. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.„16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)“ (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. конс. 2016-03-20.
  8. J.P. Euzéby. „Bacteroidetes“. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). конс. 2016-03-20.
  9. Sayers и др. „Bacteroidetes“. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. конс. 2016-03-20.

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Makedonca )

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Bacteroidetes е колено составено од три големи класи на Грам-негативни, анаеробни или аеробни, стапчести бактерии кои не формираат ендоспори. Широко се распространети во животната средина, во почвата, водотеците, морската вода, како и во цревата и на кожата на животните. Bacteroidetes spp. се дел од нормален, здрав плацентален микробиом.

Припадниците на класата Bacteroidia се најпознати, вклучувајќи го родот Bacteroides (честа бактерија во изметот на топлокрвните животни, вклучувајќи го и човекот), и Porphyromonas, група на бактерии кои ја населуваат човековата усна шуплина. Класата Bacteroidia порано се нарекувала Bacteroidetes; бидејки до неодамна беше единствената класа во коленото, но името и беше сменето во четвртиот том на Бергејовиот Прирачник за Систематска Бактериологија.

Некои членови на родот Bacteroides се патогени опортунисти. Членовите на другите две класи ретко се патогени за луѓето.

Ова колено понекогаш се групира заедно со Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadates, Caldithrix, и морска група А формирајќи ја FCB групата како суперколено. Во алтернативнот систем на класификација предложен од Томас Кавалир-Смит, овој таксон преставува класа во коленото Sphingobacteria.

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बैक्टीरोइडिटीस ( Hitnçe )

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बैक्टीरोइडिटीस (Bacteroidetes) बैक्टीरिया का एक जीववैज्ञानिक संघ है। यह वायुजीवी या अवायुजीवी होते हैं, लेकिन इसमें सम्मिलित सभी जातियाँ छड़ीनुमा आकृति के और ग्राम-ऋणात्मक हैं। बैक्टीरोइडिटीस पर्यावरण में हर स्थान पर बिखरे हुए पाए जाते हैं, मिट्टी में, सागर जल में और प्राणियों की आँतोंत्वचा में। यह बीजांडासन में भी अरोगजनक भूमिका में साधारण रूप से पाए जाते हैं।[1][2]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

  1. Mor, Gil; Kwon, Ja-Young (2015). "Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 213 (4): S131–S137. PMID 26428492. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0002-9378. डीओआइ:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039.
  2. Todar, K. "Pathogenic E. coli". Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology. अभिगमन तिथि 2007-11-30.
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बैक्टीरोइडिटीस: Brief Summary ( Hitnçe )

wikipedia emerging languages tarafından sağlandı

बैक्टीरोइडिटीस (Bacteroidetes) बैक्टीरिया का एक जीववैज्ञानिक संघ है। यह वायुजीवी या अवायुजीवी होते हैं, लेकिन इसमें सम्मिलित सभी जातियाँ छड़ीनुमा आकृति के और ग्राम-ऋणात्मक हैं। बैक्टीरोइडिटीस पर्यावरण में हर स्थान पर बिखरे हुए पाए जाते हैं, मिट्टी में, सागर जल में और प्राणियों की आँतोंत्वचा में। यह बीजांडासन में भी अरोगजनक भूमिका में साधारण रूप से पाए जाते हैं।

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Bacteroidota ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

The phylum Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.

Although some Bacteroides spp. can be opportunistic pathogens, many Bacteroidota are symbiotic species highly adjusted to the gastrointestinal tract. Bacteroides are highly abundant in intestines, reaching up to 1011 cells g−1 of intestinal material. They perform metabolic conversions that are essential for the host, such as degradation of proteins or complex sugar polymers. Bacteroidota colonize the gastrointestinal tract already in infants, as non-digestible oligosaccharides in mother milk support the growth of both Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium spp. Bacteroides spp. are selectively recognized by the immune system of the host through specific interactions.[4]

History

Bacteroides fragilis was the first Bacteroides species isolated in 1898 as a human pathogen linked to appendicitis among other clinical cases.[4] By far, the species in the class Bacteroidia are the most well-studied, including the genus Bacteroides (an abundant organism in the feces of warm-blooded animals including humans), and Porphyromonas, a group of organisms inhabiting the human oral cavity. The class Bacteroidia was formerly called Bacteroidetes; as it was until recently the only class in the phylum, the name was changed in the fourth volume of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[5]

For a long time, it was thought that the majority of Gram-negative gastrointestinal tract bacteria belonged to the genus Bacteroides, but in recent years many species of Bacteroides have undergone reclassification. Based on current classification, the majority of the gastrointestinal Bacteroidota species belong to the families Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Porphyromonadaceae. [4] This phylum is sometimes grouped with Chlorobiota, Fibrobacterota, Gemmatimonadota, Calditrichota, and marine group A to form the FCB group or superphylum.[6] In the alternative classification system proposed by Cavalier-Smith, this taxon is instead a class in the phylum Sphingobacteria.

Medical and ecological role

In the gastrointestinal microbiota Bacteroidota have a very broad metabolic potential and are regarded as one of the most stable part of gastrointestinal microflora. Reduced abundance of the Bacteroidota in some cases is associated with obesity. This bacterial group appears to be enriched in patients with irritable bowel syndrome[7] and involved in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.[4] Bacteroides spp. in contrast to Prevotella spp. were recently found to be enriched in the metagenomes of subjects with low gene richness that were associated with adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia as well as an inflammatory phenotype. Bacteroidota species that belong to classes Flavobacteriales and Sphingobacteriales are typical soil bacteria and are only occasionally detected in the gastrointestinal tract, except Capnocytophaga spp. and Sphingobacterium spp. that can be detected in the human oral cavity.[4]

Bacteroidota are not limited to gut microbiota, they colonize a variety of habitats on Earth.[8] For example, Bacteroidota, together with "Pseudomonadota", "Bacillota", and "Actinomycetota", are also among the most abundant bacterial groups in rhizosphere.[9] They have been detected in soil samples from various locations, including cultivated fields, greenhouse soils and unexploited areas.[8] Bacteroidota also inhabit freshwater lakes, rivers, as well as oceans. They are increasingly recognized as an important compartment of the bacterioplankton in marine environments, especially in pelagic oceans.[8] Halophilic Bacteroidota genus Salinibacter inhabit hypersaline environments such as salt-saturated brines in hypersaline lakes. Salinibacter shares many properties with halophilic Archaea such as Halobacterium and Haloquadratum that inhabit the same environments. Phenotypically, Salinibacter is remarkably similar to Halobacterium and therefore for a long time remained unidentified.[10]

Metabolism

Gastrointestinal Bacteroidota species produce succinic acid, acetic acid, and in some cases propionic acid, as the major end-products. Species belonging to the genera Alistipes, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Alloprevotella, Barnesiella, and Tannerella are saccharolytic, while species belonging to Odoribacter and Porphyromonas are predominantly asaccharolytic. Some Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. can degrade complex plant polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, xylans, and pectins. The Bacteroidota species also play an important role in protein metabolism by proteolytic activity assigned to the proteases linked to the cell. Some "Bacteroides spp. have a potential to utilize urea as a nitrogen source. Other important functions of Bacteroides spp. include the deconjugation of bile acids and growth on mucus.[4] Many members of the Bacteroidota genera (Flexibacter, Cytophaga, Sporocytophaga and relatives) are coloured yellow-orange to pink-red due to the presence of pigments of the flexirubin group. In some Bacteroidota strains, flexirubins may be present together with carotenoid pigments. Carotenoid pigments are usually found in marine and halophilic members of the group, whereas flexirubin pigments are more frequent in clinical, freshwater or soil-colonizing representatives.[11]

Genomics

Comparative genomic analysis has led to the identification of 27 proteins which are present in most species of the phylum Bacteroidota. Of these, one protein is found in all sequenced Bacteroidota species, while two other proteins are found in all sequenced species with the exception of those from the genus Bacteroides. The absence of these two proteins in this genus is likely due to selective gene loss.[6] Additionally, four proteins have been identified which are present in all Bacteroidota species except Cytophaga hutchinsonii; this is again likely due to selective gene loss. A further eight proteins have been identified which are present in all sequenced Bacteroidota genomes except Salinibacter ruber. The absence of these proteins may be due to selective gene loss, or because S. ruber branches very deeply, the genes for these proteins may have evolved after the divergence of S. ruber. A conserved signature indel has also been identified; this three-amino-acid deletion in ClpB chaperone is present in all species of the Bacteroidota phylum except S. ruber. This deletion is also found in one Chlorobiota species and one Archaeum species, which is likely due to horizontal gene transfer. These 27 proteins and the three-amino-acid deletion serve as molecular markers for the Bacteroidota.[6]

Relatedness of Bacteroidota, Chlorobiota, and Fibrobacterota phyla

Species from the Bacteroidota and Chlorobiota phyla branch very closely together in phylogenetic trees, indicating a close relationship. Through the use of comparative genomic analysis, three proteins have been identified which are uniquely shared by virtually all members of the Bacteroidota and Chlorobiota phyla.[6] The sharing of these three proteins is significant because other than them, no proteins from either the Bacteroidota or Chlorobiota phyla are shared by any other groups of bacteria. Several conserved signature indels have also been identified which are uniquely shared by members of the phyla. The presence of these molecular signatures supports their close relationship.[6][12] Additionally, the phylum Fibrobacterota is indicated to be specifically related to these two phyla. A clade consisting of these three phyla is strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses based upon a number of different proteins[12] These phyla also branch in the same position based upon conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins.[13] Lastly and most importantly, two conserved signature indels (in the RpoC protein and in serine hydroxymethyltransferase) and one signature protein PG00081 have been identified that are uniquely shared by all of the species from these three phyla. All of these results provide compelling evidence that the species from these three phyla shared a common ancestor exclusive of all other bacteria, and it has been proposed that they should all recognized as part of a single "FCB" superphylum.[6][12]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
  2. ^ a b Euzéby JP, Parte AC. ""Bacteroidetes"". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 23, 2021.
  3. ^ Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Euzéby J, Whitman WB (2010). "Phylum XIV. Bacteroidetes phyl. nov.". In Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ, Ward NL, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. p. 25.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Rajilić-Stojanović, Mirjana; de Vos, Willem M. (2014). "The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 38 (5): 996–1047. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12075. ISSN 1574-6976. PMC 4262072. PMID 24861948.
  5. ^ Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W.; Whitman, W.B.; Hedlund, B.P.; Paster, B.J.; Staley, J.T.; Ward, N.; Brown, D.; Parte, A. (November 24, 2010) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity (ed.). The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. British Library no. GBA561951.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Gupta, R. S.; Lorenzini, E. (2007). "Phylogeny and molecular signatures (conserved proteins and indels) that are specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi species". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 71. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-71. PMC 1887533. PMID 17488508.
  7. ^ Pittayanon R. et al., Gastroenterology, 2019, 157(1):97-108.
  8. ^ a b c Thomas, François; Hehemann, Jan-Hendrik; Rebuffet, Etienne; Czjzek, Mirjam; Michel, Gurvan (2011). "Environmental and Gut Bacteroidetes: The Food Connection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 2: 93. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00093. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 3129010. PMID 21747801.
  9. ^ Mendes, Rodrigo; Garbeva, Paolina; Raaijmakers, Jos M. (2013). "The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 37 (5): 634–663. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12028. ISSN 1574-6976. PMID 23790204.
  10. ^ Oren, Aharon (2013). "Salinibacter: An extremely halophilic bacterium with archaeal properties". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 342 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/1574-6968.12094. PMID 23373661.
  11. ^ Jehlička, Jan; Osterrothová, Kateřina; Oren, Aharon; Edwards, Howell G. M. (2013). "Raman spectrometric discrimination of flexirubin pigments from two genera of Bacteroidetes". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 348 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1111/1574-6968.12243. PMID 24033756.
  12. ^ a b c Gupta, R. S. (2004). "The phylogeny and signature sequences characteristics of Fibrobacteres, Chlorobi, and Bacteroidetes". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 30 (2): 123–140. doi:10.1080/10408410490435133. PMID 15239383. S2CID 24565648.
  13. ^ Griffiths, E; Gupta, RS (2001). "The use of signature sequences in different proteins to determine the relative branching order of bacterial divisions: Evidence that Fibrobacter diverged at a similar time to Chlamydia and the CytophagaFlavobacteriumBacteroides division". Microbiology. 147 (Pt 9): 2611–22. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-9-2611. PMID 11535801.
  14. ^ García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Tindall BJ, Gronow S, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Hahnke RL, Göker M (2019). "Analysis of 1,000 Type-Strain Genomes Improves Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes". Front Microbiol. 10: 2083. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02083. PMC 6767994. PMID 31608019.
  15. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  16. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  17. ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  18. ^ "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  19. ^ "ar53_r207.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  20. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

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Bacteroidota: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

The phylum Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.

Although some Bacteroides spp. can be opportunistic pathogens, many Bacteroidota are symbiotic species highly adjusted to the gastrointestinal tract. Bacteroides are highly abundant in intestines, reaching up to 1011 cells g−1 of intestinal material. They perform metabolic conversions that are essential for the host, such as degradation of proteins or complex sugar polymers. Bacteroidota colonize the gastrointestinal tract already in infants, as non-digestible oligosaccharides in mother milk support the growth of both Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium spp. Bacteroides spp. are selectively recognized by the immune system of the host through specific interactions.

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Bacteroidetes ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Bacteroidetes o Bacteroidota son un grupo grande de bacterias gramnegativas con amplia distribución en el medio ambiente, incluyendo el suelo, sedimentos, lagos, agua de mar y el tracto digestivo de los animales.

El grupo incluye seis clases. La clase Bacteroidia es con diferencia la más estudiada e incluye el género Bacteroides, un organismo abundante en las heces de animales de sangre caliente incluyendo los seres humanos, y Porphyromonas, un grupo de organismos que habita en la cavidad bucal humana. Los miembros del género Bacteroides son patógenos oportunistas. Las otras clases de Bacteroidetes raramente son patógenas para los seres humanos. Especies representativas de los órdenes Flavobacteriales, Sphingobacteriales y Cytophagales, son Flavobacterium mizutaii, Sphingobacterium antarcticum y Cytophaga columnaris respectivamente.

El investigador Jeffrey Gordon et al. descubrieron que los seres humanos y los ratones obesos tienen una flora intestinal con un porcentaje más bajo de bacterias Bacteroidetes y más alto de Firmicutes. Sin embargo, se desconoce si Bacteroidetes previene la obesidad o que simplemente esta flora intestinal es seleccionada por las condiciones intestinales de los no obesos.[3][4][5]

Filogenia

Varias proteínas son comunes de flavobacteriales y bacteroidales, indicando que estos órdenes comparten un común ancestro excluyendo otros bacteroidetes.[6]​ El ancestro común de Bacteroidetes parece haber sido un termófilo dada la posición basal de los cuatro grupos termófilos. Chlorobia que antiguamente se consideraba un filo independiente, adquirió la fotosíntesis de un antepasado compartido con los bacteroidetes tradicionales (no termófilos).

Una filogenia algo consensuada en el GTDB database y el Annotree es la siguiente:[7][8]

Bacteroidetes  

Rhodothermia

     

Kryptonia

       

Kapabacteria

   

Ignavibacteria

       

Chlorobia

Bacteroidia

Cytophagales

     

Chitinophagales

     

Sphingobacteriales

     

Bacteroidales

   

Flavobacteriales

                 

Referencias

  1. Donovan H. Parks, Maria Chuvochina, David W. Waite, Christian Rinke, Adam Skarshewski, Pierre-Alain Chaumeil, Philip Hugenholtz (2018). A proposal for a standardized bacterial taxonomy based on genome phylogeny. Biorxiv.
  2. Genome database. Bacteroidota.
  3. Ley R, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone C, Knight R, Gordon J (2005). «Obesity alters gut microbial ecology». Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (31): 11070-5. PMID 16033867.
  4. Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J (2006). «Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity». Nature 444 (7122): 1022-3. PMID 17183309.
  5. Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J (2006). «An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest». Nature 444 (7122): 1027-31. PMID 17183312.
  6. Gupta, R. S. and Lorenzini, E. (2007). Phylogeny and molecular signatures (conserved proteins and indels) that are specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi species. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7:71. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-71.
  7. Mendler, K; Chen, H; Parks, DH; Hug, LA; Doxey, AC (2019). «AnnoTree: visualization and exploration of a functionally annotated microbial tree of life». Nucleic Acids Research 47 (9): 4442-4448. PMC 6511854. PMID 31081040. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz246.
  8. «GTDB release 05-RS95». Genome Taxonomy Database.

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Bacteroidetes o Bacteroidota son un grupo grande de bacterias gramnegativas con amplia distribución en el medio ambiente, incluyendo el suelo, sedimentos, lagos, agua de mar y el tracto digestivo de los animales.

El grupo incluye seis clases. La clase Bacteroidia es con diferencia la más estudiada e incluye el género Bacteroides, un organismo abundante en las heces de animales de sangre caliente incluyendo los seres humanos, y Porphyromonas, un grupo de organismos que habita en la cavidad bucal humana. Los miembros del género Bacteroides son patógenos oportunistas. Las otras clases de Bacteroidetes raramente son patógenas para los seres humanos. Especies representativas de los órdenes Flavobacteriales, Sphingobacteriales y Cytophagales, son Flavobacterium mizutaii, Sphingobacterium antarcticum y Cytophaga columnaris respectivamente.

El investigador Jeffrey Gordon et al. descubrieron que los seres humanos y los ratones obesos tienen una flora intestinal con un porcentaje más bajo de bacterias Bacteroidetes y más alto de Firmicutes. Sin embargo, se desconoce si Bacteroidetes previene la obesidad o que simplemente esta flora intestinal es seleccionada por las condiciones intestinales de los no obesos.​​​

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Bacteroidetes ( Estonyaca )

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Estonyaca )

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Bacteroidetes on hõimkond anaeroobseid spoore mittemoodustavaid pulgakujulisi gramnegatiivseid baktereid, mis jagunevad kolme klassi (Bacteroidia, Flavobacteria ja Sphingobacteria).

Hõimkonnale on evolutsiooniliselt lähedased rohelised väävlibakterid.

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Bacteroidetes ( Fransızca )

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Bacteroidetes est un phylum composé de trois grandes classes de bactéries qui sont largement répandues dans l'environnement, notamment dans le sol, dans les sédiments, l'eau de mer et dans les intestins d'animaux.

De loin, la classe des Bacteroidales est l'une des plus étudiées, notamment les genres Bacteroides (organismes abondants dans les selles des animaux à sang chaud, dont les humains) et Porphyromonas (un groupe d'organismes vivant dans la cavité buccale de l'Homme).

Les membres du genre Bacteroides sont des agents pathogènes opportunistes, rarement membres des deux autres classes de pathogènes pour l'Homme.

Le chercheur Jeffrey Gordon et ses collègues ont constaté que la flore intestinale des humains obèses possède un pourcentage plus faible de bactéries du phylum Bacteroidetes. Toutefois, ils ne savent pas si les Bacteroidetes peuvent prévenir l'obésité ou si cette flore intestinale n'est pas simplement préférée par l'intestin chez les personnes non obèses[1],[2],[3].

Liste des classes

Selon Catalogue of Life (10 juin 2020)[4] :

Notes et références

  1. (en) Ley R, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone C, Knight R, Gordon J, « Obesity alters gut microbial ecology », Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no 31,‎ 2005, p. 11070–5 (PMID , DOI )
  2. (en) Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J, « Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity », Nature, vol. 444, no 7122,‎ 2006, p. 1022–3 (PMID , DOI )
  3. (en) Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J, « An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest », Nature, vol. 444, no 7122,‎ 2006, p. 1027–31 (PMID , DOI )
  4. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 10 juin 2020

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Bacteroidetes est un phylum composé de trois grandes classes de bactéries qui sont largement répandues dans l'environnement, notamment dans le sol, dans les sédiments, l'eau de mer et dans les intestins d'animaux.

De loin, la classe des Bacteroidales est l'une des plus étudiées, notamment les genres Bacteroides (organismes abondants dans les selles des animaux à sang chaud, dont les humains) et Porphyromonas (un groupe d'organismes vivant dans la cavité buccale de l'Homme).

Les membres du genre Bacteroides sont des agents pathogènes opportunistes, rarement membres des deux autres classes de pathogènes pour l'Homme.

Le chercheur Jeffrey Gordon et ses collègues ont constaté que la flore intestinale des humains obèses possède un pourcentage plus faible de bactéries du phylum Bacteroidetes. Toutefois, ils ne savent pas si les Bacteroidetes peuvent prévenir l'obésité ou si cette flore intestinale n'est pas simplement préférée par l'intestin chez les personnes non obèses,,.

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Bacteroidetes ( İrlandaca )

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Tá an fíleam Bacteroidetes comhdhéanta de trí aicmí de bhaictéir atá dáilte go forleathan ins an timpeallacht, mar aon le an ithir, an dríodar, an sáile agus potóga ainmhithe.

Go mór fada, is ar an aicme Bacteroidales atá an staidéar is mó déanta, mar aon leis an ghéineas Bacteroides (orgánach atá flúirseach i bhfaecas ainmhithe aonteasach agus daoine san áireamh), agus Porphyromonas, grúpa orgánach a chónaíonn i mbéalchuas an duine. Is baictéir phataigineacha bhrabúsacha iad baill den ghéineas Bacteroides. is annamh a mbíonn baill an dhá aicme eile pataigineach do dhaoine.

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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Bacteroidetes ( Galiçyaca )

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As Bacteroidetes ou bacterioidetas son un filo de bacterias composto por tres grandes clases de bacterias gramnegativas, non formadoras de esporas, anaeróbicas, e con forma de bacilos, que están amplamente distribuídas no ambiente, e que aarecen no solo, sedimentos, mares e nos intestinos e pel dos animais.

Con diferenza, a clase Bacteroidia é a mellor estudada deste filo, e inclúe os xéneros Bacteroides (un organismo abundante nas feces dos animais de sangue quente, incluídos os humanos), e Porphyromonas, que habitan na cavidade bucal humana. A clase actual Bacteroidia antes foi chamada formalmente Bacteroidetes xa que ata hai pouco era a única clase do filo (nese caso coinciden os nomes do filo e a clase), pero o nome foi cambiado no cuarto volume do Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[1]

Membros do xénero Bacteroides son patóxenos oportunistas. Os membros das outras dúas clases raramente son patóxenos para os humanos.

O investigador Jeffrey Gordon e os seus colegas descubriron que os homes e os rtos obesos tiñan unha flora intestinal cunha baixa porcentaxe de Bacteroidetes e relativamente maior cantidade de bacterias do grupo Firmicutes. Porén, non están seguros se os Bacteroidetes preveñen a obesidade ou se esta flora intestinal é simplemente seleccionada preferencialmente nas condicións intestinais dos que non están obesos.[2][3][4]

Este filo agrúpase ás veces con Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadetes, Caldithrix e o grupo mariño A para formar o grupo FCB ou superfilo. Na clasificación alternativa proposta por Cavalier-Smith, este taxon é unha clase do filo Sphingobacteria.

Filoxenia

Véxase tamén: Taxonomía bacteriana.

No cladograma móstrase a toxonomía actualmente aceptada do grupo baseada na LPSN (List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature) [5] e no NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) [6] e a filoxenia está baseada en datos do ARNr 16S do LTP 106 do Proxecto The All-Species Living Tree.[7]

   

?Bifissio spartinaeXin & Zhou 2001

   

?‘Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticusHorn et al. 2001

   

?‘Candidatus Cardinium hertigiiZchori-Fein et al. 2004

   

?‘Candidatus Paenicardinium endoniiNoel and Atibalentja 2006

   

?Toxothrix trichogenes(Cholodny 1924) Beger 1953

   

?Venteria marinaBae 2005

   

Rhodothermaceae

     

Balneola-Gracilimonas clade

     

Thermonema clade

     

Flammeovirgaceae

    Cytophagales

Reichenbachiella Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005 emend. Cha et al. 2011

     

Flammeovirgaceae 2 [incl. Ekhidna lutea]

     

Marivirga Nedashkovskaya et al. 2010

     

Cyclobacteriaceae [incl. Rhodonellum psychrophilum]

   

Cytophagaceae

               

Saprospiraceae

   

Chitinophagaceae

       

Sphingobacteriaceae

    Flavobacteriales

?'Candidatus Sulcia muelleri' Moran et al. 2005

   

?'Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola' Gruwell et al. 2007

   

?Schleiferia thermophila Albuquerque et al. 2011 {Schleiferiaceae}

   

?Blattabacteriaceae

   

Cryomorphaceae 2

   

Flavobacteriaceae

       

Cryomorphaceae 1

Bacteroidales

?‘Candidatus Armantifilum devescovinaeDesai et al. 2010

   

?‘Candidatus Azobacteroides pseudotrichonymphae

   

?‘Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphaeHongoh et al. 2007

   

?‘Candidatus Vestibaculum illigatumStingl et al. 2004

   

?Marinilabilia salmonicolor (Veldkamp 1961) Nakagawa e Yamasato 1996 emend. Suzuki et al. 1999

   

?Sunxiuqinia elliptica Qu et al. 2011

       

Meniscus glaucopis Irgens 1977

   

Prolixibacter bellariavorans Holmes et al. 2007

     

Rikenellaceae

         

Cytophaga fermentans Bachmann 1955

   

Marinifilum fragile Na et al. 2009

       

Alkaliflexus imshenetskii Zhilina et al. 2005

     

Anaerophaga thermohalophila Denger et al. 2002

     

Porphyromonadaceae 2

     

Porphyromonadaceae 3

     

Porphyromonadaceae 1

     

Porphyromonadaceae 4

     

Porphyromonadaceae 5

   

Bacteroidaceae [incl. Prevotellaceae]

                                     

Notas
♠ Liñaxes atopadas no NCBI pero non na LPSN.
♪ Procariotas dos que non hai cultivos puros (axénicos) illados ou dispoñibles, porque non se poden cultivar ou duran pouco.

Notas

  1. Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W.; Whitman, W.B.; Hedlund, B.P.; Paster, B.J.; Staley, J.T.; Ward, N.; Brown, D.; Parte, A. (November 24, 2010) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity, ed. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (en English) 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 908. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6. British Library no. GBA561951.
  2. Ley R, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone C, Knight R, Gordon J (2005). "Obesity alters gut microbial ecology". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (31): 11070–5. PMC 1176910. PMID 16033867. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102.
  3. Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J (2006). "Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity". Nature 444 (7122): 1022–3. PMID 17183309. doi:10.1038/4441022a.
  4. Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J (2006). "An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest". Nature 444 (7122): 1027–31. PMID 17183312. doi:10.1038/nature05414.
  5. J.P. Euzéby. "Bacteroidetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 13 de xuño de 2011. Consultado o 4 xullo 2012.
  6. Sayers; et al. "Bacteroidetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Consultado o 4 xullo 2012.
  7. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Consultado o 2011-11-17.

Véxase tamén

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Galiçyaca )

wikipedia gl Galician tarafından sağlandı

As Bacteroidetes ou bacterioidetas son un filo de bacterias composto por tres grandes clases de bacterias gramnegativas, non formadoras de esporas, anaeróbicas, e con forma de bacilos, que están amplamente distribuídas no ambiente, e que aarecen no solo, sedimentos, mares e nos intestinos e pel dos animais.

Con diferenza, a clase Bacteroidia é a mellor estudada deste filo, e inclúe os xéneros Bacteroides (un organismo abundante nas feces dos animais de sangue quente, incluídos os humanos), e Porphyromonas, que habitan na cavidade bucal humana. A clase actual Bacteroidia antes foi chamada formalmente Bacteroidetes xa que ata hai pouco era a única clase do filo (nese caso coinciden os nomes do filo e a clase), pero o nome foi cambiado no cuarto volume do Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

Membros do xénero Bacteroides son patóxenos oportunistas. Os membros das outras dúas clases raramente son patóxenos para os humanos.

O investigador Jeffrey Gordon e os seus colegas descubriron que os homes e os rtos obesos tiñan unha flora intestinal cunha baixa porcentaxe de Bacteroidetes e relativamente maior cantidade de bacterias do grupo Firmicutes. Porén, non están seguros se os Bacteroidetes preveñen a obesidade ou se esta flora intestinal é simplemente seleccionada preferencialmente nas condicións intestinais dos que non están obesos.

Este filo agrúpase ás veces con Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadetes, Caldithrix e o grupo mariño A para formar o grupo FCB ou superfilo. Na clasificación alternativa proposta por Cavalier-Smith, este taxon é unha clase do filo Sphingobacteria.

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Bacteroidetes ( Endonezce )

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Filum Bacteroidetes tersusun atas tiga kelas besar bakteri yang tersebar di berbagai lingkungan, termasuk dalam tanah, dalam sediments, air laut dan di dalam perut hewan dan rayap.

Anggota genus Bacteroides kadang-kadang patogen dan anggota kedua kelas lainnya jarang bersifat patogen pada manusia.

EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg Artikel bertopik bakteri ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.
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Bacteroidetes ( İzlandaca )

wikipedia IS tarafından sağlandı

Flokkurinn Bacteroidetes samanstendur af þremur stórum ættum Gram-neikvæðum bakteríum, ekki-sporamyndandi, loftháðum eða ekki loftháðum, og staflaga gerlum sem eru útbreiddir í umhverfinu, þar á meðal í jarðvegi, sjó og í og á dýrum.

Phylogeny

Núverandi viðurkennd flokkun, byggð á List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature[1] og National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[2] og phylogeny er byggð á 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.[3]

   

?Bifissio spartinaeXin & Zhou 2001

   

?‘Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticusHorn et al. 2001

   

?‘Candidatus Cardinium hertigiiZchori-Fein et al. 2004

   

?‘Candidatus Paenicardinium endoniiNoel og Atibalentja 2006

   

?Toxothrix trichogenes(Cholodny 1924) Beger 1953

   

?Venteria marinaBae 2005

   

Rhodothermaceae

     

Balneola-Gracilimonas clade

    Cytophagales

Cytophagaceae 2

       

Bacteroidetes Order III ''incertae sedis'' [meðt. Flexibacter species group 2]

   

Flammeovirgaceae 1

       

Microscilla clade [meðt. Flexibacter species group 3]

     

Flammeovirgaceae 2 [meðt. Ekhidna lutea]

     

Fulvivirga-Reichenbachiella clade

     

Cesiribacter-Marivirga clade

     

Cytophagaceae 1

     

Cytophagaceae 3

     

Cytophagaceae 4

   

Cyclobacteriaceae [meðt. Litoribacter ruber & Rhodonellum psychrophilum]

                       

Sphingobacteriaceae [meðt. Flavobacterium mizutaii]

       

Saprospiraceae

   

Chitinophagaceae

       

Cryomorphaceae 1 [meðt. Schleiferia thermophila]

    Flavobacteriales

?'Candidatus Sulcia muelleri' Moran et al. 2005

   

?'Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola' Gruwell et al. 2007

   

?Phaeocystidibacter luteus

   

?Salinirepens amamiensis

   

?Blattabacteriaceae

   

Cryomorphaceae 2

   

Flavobacteriaceae

    Bacteroidales

?‘Candidatus Armantifilum devescovinaeDesai et al. 2010

   

?‘Candidatus Azobacteroides pseudotrichonymphae

   

?‘Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphaeHongoh et al. 2007

   

?‘Candidatus Vestibaculum illigatumStingl et al. 2004

   

?Alkalitalea saponilacus

   

?Thermophagus xiamenensis

   

Rikenellaceae

       

Cytophaga fermentans Bachmann 1955

   

Marinifilum fragile Na et al. 2009

         

Sunxiuqinia elliptica Qu et al. 2011

       

Meniscus glaucopis Irgens 1977

   

Prolixibacter bellariavorans Holmes et al. 2007

           

Alkaliflexus imshenetskii Zhilina et al. 2005

     

Marinilabiliaceae 1

     

Marinilabiliaceae 2 [meðt. Cytophaga xylanolytica]

     

Porphyromonadaceae 2

     

Porphyromonadaceae 1

   

Bacteroidaceae [meðt. Prevotellaceae]

                               

Athugasemdir
♠ "Strains" sem fundin voru hjá National Center for Biotechnology Information, en voru ekki skráð hjá LPSN
♪ Prokaryotes þar sem engin hrein (axenic) ræktun var einangruð eða fáanleg, þ. e. ill- eða ó-ræktanleg.

Heimildir

Ytri tenglar

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( İzlandaca )

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Flokkurinn Bacteroidetes samanstendur af þremur stórum ættum Gram-neikvæðum bakteríum, ekki-sporamyndandi, loftháðum eða ekki loftháðum, og staflaga gerlum sem eru útbreiddir í umhverfinu, þar á meðal í jarðvegi, sjó og í og á dýrum.

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Bacteroidetes ( Litvanca )

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Bacteroidetesbakterijų (Bacteria) karalystės bakterijų tipas.

Šio tipo bakterijų yra dirvožemyje, nuosėdinėse uolienose, jūros vandenyje bei gyvūnų žarnynuose.

Klasifikacija

Sudaro trys plačiai aplinkoje paplitusios klasės:

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Litvanca )

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Bacteroidetes – bakterijų (Bacteria) karalystės bakterijų tipas.

Šio tipo bakterijų yra dirvožemyje, nuosėdinėse uolienose, jūros vandenyje bei gyvūnų žarnynuose.

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Bacteroidetes ( Norveççe )

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Bacteroidetes er en rekke som er sammensatt av tre store klasser av bakterier som lever i forskjellig miljø. Dette inkluderer jord, i avleiringer, sjøvann og i tarmsystemet hos dyr.

Så langt er Bacteroidetes den klassen som er best beskrevet, inkludert slekten Bacteroides og Porphyromonas.

Eksterne lenker

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Bacteroidetes er en rekke som er sammensatt av tre store klasser av bakterier som lever i forskjellig miljø. Dette inkluderer jord, i avleiringer, sjøvann og i tarmsystemet hos dyr.

Så langt er Bacteroidetes den klassen som er best beskrevet, inkludert slekten Bacteroides og Porphyromonas.

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Bacteroidetes ( Portekizce )

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Bacteroidetes é um filo do reino Bacteria que engloba três grandes grupos, divididos em três classes, cada uma com uma única ordem

A classes de Bacteroidetes são todas relacionadas pela similaridade na composição de seus ribosomas. São bactérias vetoras de doenças diversas, como a colite, enterecolite, diverticulite. Que apesar de apresentarem certa similaridade em sua característica patogênica, causam males diferentes.

Outras sobrevivem em áreas termais nas profundezas do mar da Islândia, algumas vivem no solo, produzindo húmus, nas águas, ajudando a decomposição de elementos orgânicos.

Categorias

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Bacteroidetes é um filo do reino Bacteria que engloba três grandes grupos, divididos em três classes, cada uma com uma única ordem

Bacteroides Flavobactérias Sphingobacterias

A classes de Bacteroidetes são todas relacionadas pela similaridade na composição de seus ribosomas. São bactérias vetoras de doenças diversas, como a colite, enterecolite, diverticulite. Que apesar de apresentarem certa similaridade em sua característica patogênica, causam males diferentes.

Outras sobrevivem em áreas termais nas profundezas do mar da Islândia, algumas vivem no solo, produzindo húmus, nas águas, ajudando a decomposição de elementos orgânicos.

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Bacteroidetes ( Romence; Moldovaca )

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Bacteroidetes este o încrengătură de bacterii Gram-negative. Speciile din acest filum sunt nesporulate, anaerobe sau aerobe, și prezintă formă de bacil. Sunt larg răspândite în mediul natural, inclusiv în sol, sedimente și apa de mare, dar se regăsesc și în interiorul sau la suprafața animalelor. Bacteroidetes spp. face parte, de exemplu, din microbiomul normal al placentei.[1][2]

Cele mai cunoscute specii sunt cele din clasa Bacteroidia, care include și genurile Bacteroides (reprezentanții acestui gen se regăsesc în excrementele animalelor cu sânge cald) și Porphyromonas (speciile regăsindu-se în cavitatea bucală).

Caracteristici

Note

  1. ^ Mor, Gil; Kwon, Ja-Young (2015). „Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation”. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 213 (4): S131–S137. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 26428492.
  2. ^ Todar, K. „Pathogenic E. coli. Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology. Accesat în 30 noiembrie 2007.

Legături externe

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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Romence; Moldovaca )

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Bacteroidetes este o încrengătură de bacterii Gram-negative. Speciile din acest filum sunt nesporulate, anaerobe sau aerobe, și prezintă formă de bacil. Sunt larg răspândite în mediul natural, inclusiv în sol, sedimente și apa de mare, dar se regăsesc și în interiorul sau la suprafața animalelor. Bacteroidetes spp. face parte, de exemplu, din microbiomul normal al placentei.

Cele mai cunoscute specii sunt cele din clasa Bacteroidia, care include și genurile Bacteroides (reprezentanții acestui gen se regăsesc în excrementele animalelor cu sânge cald) și Porphyromonas (speciile regăsindu-se în cavitatea bucală).

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Bacteroidetes ( Ukraynaca )

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  1. Gherna R, Woese CR (1992). A partial phylogenetic analysis of the «flavobacter-bacteroides» phylum: basis for taxonomic restructuring. Syst Appl Microbiol. 15 (4): 513–521. PMID 11541229.
  2. Ley R, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone C, Knight R, Gordon J (2005). Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (31): 11070–5. PMID 16033867.
  3. Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J (2006). Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444 (7122): 1022–3. PMID 17183309.
  4. Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444 (7122): 1027–31. PMID 17183312.
  5. Borenstein S (2006-12-21). Scientists link weight to gut bacteria. Sci-Tech Today. Архів оригіналу за 2013-06-26. Процитовано 2007-02-09.


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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Ukraynaca )

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Gherna R, Woese CR (1992). A partial phylogenetic analysis of the «flavobacter-bacteroides» phylum: basis for taxonomic restructuring. Syst Appl Microbiol. 15 (4): 513–521. PMID 11541229. Ley R, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone C, Knight R, Gordon J (2005). Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (31): 11070–5. PMID 16033867. Ley R, Turnbaugh P, Klein S, Gordon J (2006). Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444 (7122): 1022–3. PMID 17183309. Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444 (7122): 1027–31. PMID 17183312. Borenstein S (2006-12-21). Scientists link weight to gut bacteria. Sci-Tech Today. Архів оригіналу за 2013-06-26. Процитовано 2007-02-09.


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Bacteroidetes ( Rusça )

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Тип: Bacteroidetes
Международное научное название

Bacteroidetes Krieg et al. 2012

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ITIS 956102NCBI 976EOL 7835

Bacteroidetes (лат.) — тип грамотрицательных неспорообразующих анаэробных палочковидных бактерий, широко распространённых в окружающей среде, включая почву, ил, морскую воду, а также желудочно-кишечный тракт и кожу животных.

На настоящий момент наиболее изучены бактерии, принадлежащие к классу Bacteroidia, включающему род Bacteroides (организмы, многочисленные в экскрементах теплокровных животных, включая человека) и Porphyromonas (организмы, обитающие в ротовой полости человека).

Бактерии, входящие в род Bacteroides, являются оппортунистическими патогенами. Члены двух других классов редко являются причиной заболевания у человека.

Систематика

Тип Bacteroidetes иногда группируют вместе с Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadates, Caldithrix и Морской группой A в группу FCB или надтип[2]. По альтернативной системе классификации, предложенной Кавалир-Смитом, этот таксон помещается в класс типа Sphingobacteria.

Родство типов Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi и Fibrobacteres

Виды типов Bacteroidetes и Chlorobi располагаются очень близко на филогенетических деревьях, указывая на близкое родство. Используя сравнительный генетический анализ, были определены три белка, которые имеются только у типов Bacteroidetes и Chlorobi[2]. Также были обнаружены консервативные таксонспецифичные инделы, подтверждающие общее происхождение этих двух типов[2][3]. В дополнение к этому, было показано, что тип Fibrobacteres является родственным данным двум типам. Существование клады, состоящей из этих трёх типов хорошо подтверждается филогенетическим анализом, основанном на последовательности нескольких различных белков[3]. Эти типы ответвляются от филогенетического дерева примерно в одной и той же позиции[4]. И, наконец, наиболее весомыми доводами в пользу родственных связей являются два консервативных таксонспецифичных индела: в RpoC (бета-субъединице РНК полимеразы) и серин гидроксиметилтрансферазе, а также один специфичный белок PG00081, которые разделяют все бактерии из этих трёх типов[2][3].

Семейства

На май 2015 года в тип Bacteroidetes включают следующие таксоны до семейства включительно[1]:

Геномика

Сравнительный генетический анализ привёл к идентификации 27 белков, присутствующих у большинства организмов типа Bacteroidetes. Из них один белок был найден во всех секвестрированных геномах, в то время как ещё два — во всех, кроме бактерий рода Bacteroides. Отсутствие этих двух белков в данном роде скорее всего является результатом селективной потери[2]. Кроме того, были найдены ещё четыре белка, присутствующие во всех видах Bacteroidetes кроме Cytophaga hutchinsonii (опять-таки благодаря выборочной потере генов). Ещё восемь белков присутствуют во всех секвестрированных геномах sequenced Bacteroidetes кроме Salinibacter ruber. Отсутствие этих белков может быть связано либо, опять-таки, с выборочной потерей, либо, поскольку S. ruber ответвляется от остального родословного дерева группы очень рано, эти белки могли появиться уже после отделения S. ruber. Был также найден консервативный таксонспецифичный индел (вставка или делеция) («сonserved signature indel», CSIs) для этой группы бактерий: делеция трёх аминокислот в шапероне ClpB присутствует во всех видах типа Bacteroidetes, кроме S. ruber. Эта делеция также найдена в одном из видов Chlorobi и одном виде архей, по всей видимости попав туда в результате горизонтального переноса генов. Эти 27 белков и делеция трёх аминокислот служат молекулярными маркерами для Bacteroidetes[2].

Филогения

Принятая на сегодняшний день таксономия основана на List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature[5] и данным Национального центра биотехнологической информации (NCBI)[6]. Филогения основана на анализе последовательностей 16S рРНК в 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project[7].



?Bifissio spartinaeXin & Zhou 2001



?‘Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticusHorn et al. 2001



?‘Candidatus Cardinium hertigiiZchori-Fein et al. 2004



?‘Candidatus Paenicardinium endoniiNoel and Atibalentja 2006



?Toxothrix trichogenes(Cholodny 1924) Beger 1953



?Venteria marinaBae 2005



Rhodothermaceae




Balneola-Gracilimonas clade



Cytophagales

Cytophagaceae 2





Bacteroidetes Order III incertae sedis [incl. Flexibacter species group 2]



Flammeovirgaceae 1





Microscilla clade [incl. Flexibacter species group 3]




Flammeovirgaceae 2 [incl. Ekhidna lutea]




Fulvivirga-Reichenbachiella clade




Cesiribacter-Marivirga clade




Cytophagaceae 1




Cytophagaceae 3




Cytophagaceae 4



Cyclobacteriaceae [incl. Litoribacter ruber & Rhodonellum psychrophilum]













Sphingobacteriaceae [incl. Flavobacterium mizutaii]





Saprospiraceae



Chitinophagaceae





Cryomorphaceae 1 [incl. Schleiferia thermophila]



Flavobacteriales

?‘Candidatus Sulcia muelleriMoran et al. 2005



?‘Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicolaGruwell et al. 2007



?Phaeocystidibacter luteus



?Salinirepens amamiensis



?Blattabacteriaceae



Cryomorphaceae 2



Flavobacteriaceae



Bacteroidales

?‘Candidatus Armantifilum devescovinaeDesai et al. 2010



?‘Candidatus Azobacteroides pseudotrichonymphae



?‘Candidatus Symbiothrix dinenymphaeHongoh et al. 2007



?‘Candidatus Vestibaculum illigatumStingl et al. 2004



?Alkalitalea saponilacus



?Thermophagus xiamenensis



Rikenellaceae





Cytophaga fermentans Bachmann 1955



Marinifilum fragile Na et al. 2009






Sunxiuqinia elliptica Qu et al. 2011





Meniscus glaucopis Irgens 1977



Prolixibacter bellariavorans Holmes et al. 2007







Alkaliflexus imshenetskii Zhilina et al. 2005




Marinilabiliaceae 1




Marinilabiliaceae 2 [incl. Cytophaga xylanolytica]




Porphyromonadaceae 2




Porphyromonadaceae 1



Bacteroidaceae [incl. Prevotellaceae]

















Примечания к кладограмме:
♠ Штаммы найдены в Национальном центре биотехнологической информации, но не указаны в List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
♪ Прокариоты, у которых не выделены чистые культуры, т. e. не культивированы или не могут быть поддержаны в культуре более чем несколько пересевов

См. также

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria) : Version 2.0 : [англ.] // LPSN. — 2016. — 2 October.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gupta R. S. and Lorenzini E. (2007). Phylogeny and molecular signatures (conserved proteins and indels) that are specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi species" BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:71. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-7-71
  3. 1 2 3 Gupta, R. S. (2004). The phylogeny and signature sequences characteristics of Fibrobacteres, Chlorobi, and Bacteroidetes. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 30: 123-140. DOI:10.1080/10408410490435133.
  4. Griffiths E, Gupta RS. (2001) The use of signature sequences in different proteins to determine the relative branching order of bacterial divisions: evidence that Fibrobacter diverged at a similar time to Chlamydia and the Cytophaga- Flavobacterium-Bacteroides division" Microbiology147:2611-22.
  5. J.P. Euzéby. Bacteroidetes (неопр.). List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature[1]. Проверено 20 марта 2013. Архивировано 13 июня 2011 года.
  6. Sayers et al. Bacteroidetes (неопр.). National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. Проверено 20 марта 2013.
  7. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project.16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree) (неопр.). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. Проверено 20 марта 2013.
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Bacteroidetes: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Bacteroidetes (лат.) — тип грамотрицательных неспорообразующих анаэробных палочковидных бактерий, широко распространённых в окружающей среде, включая почву, ил, морскую воду, а также желудочно-кишечный тракт и кожу животных.

На настоящий момент наиболее изучены бактерии, принадлежащие к классу Bacteroidia, включающему род Bacteroides (организмы, многочисленные в экскрементах теплокровных животных, включая человека) и Porphyromonas (организмы, обитающие в ротовой полости человека).

Бактерии, входящие в род Bacteroides, являются оппортунистическими патогенами. Члены двух других классов редко являются причиной заболевания у человека.

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擬桿菌門 ( Çince )

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擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)包括三大類細菌,即擬桿菌綱黃桿菌綱鞘脂桿菌綱。它們的相似性體現在核糖體16S RNA

很多擬桿菌綱的細菌種類生活在或者動物腸道中,有些時候成爲病原菌。在糞便中,以細胞數目計,擬桿菌屬(Bacteroides)是主要微生物種類。

黃桿菌綱主要存在於水生環境中,也會在食物中存在。多數黃桿菌綱細菌對人無害,但腦膜膿毒性金黃桿菌(Chryseobacterium meningosepticum)可引起新生兒腦膜炎。黃桿菌綱還有一些嗜冷類群。

鞘脂桿菌綱重要類群爲噬胞菌屬(Cytophaga),在海洋細菌中佔有較大比例,可以降解纖維素

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擬桿菌門: Brief Summary ( Çince )

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擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)包括三大類細菌,即擬桿菌綱黃桿菌綱鞘脂桿菌綱。它們的相似性體現在核糖體16S RNA

很多擬桿菌綱的細菌種類生活在或者動物腸道中,有些時候成爲病原菌。在糞便中,以細胞數目計,擬桿菌屬(Bacteroides)是主要微生物種類。

黃桿菌綱主要存在於水生環境中,也會在食物中存在。多數黃桿菌綱細菌對人無害,但腦膜膿毒性金黃桿菌(Chryseobacterium meningosepticum)可引起新生兒腦膜炎。黃桿菌綱還有一些嗜冷類群。

鞘脂桿菌綱重要類群爲噬胞菌屬(Cytophaga),在海洋細菌中佔有較大比例,可以降解纖維素

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バクテロイデス門 ( Japonca )

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バクテロイデス門 Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg
血液寒天培地上のBacteroides biacutis
分類 ドメ
イン
: 細菌 Bacteria : バクテロイデス門
Bacteroidetes 下位分類(綱)

バクテロイデス門(-もん、Bacteroidetes)は、グラム陰性の細菌グループで、真正細菌の1つ。Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroidetes (CFB) グループとも呼ばれる。腸内細菌叢の主要な構成菌であり、海洋を中心とした水系、土壌などにも広く分布する。系統的に近縁なクロロビウム門と合わせ、Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi グループ(FCB群)と呼ばれることがある。

バクテロイデス門は、真正細菌としてはやや大きめの門であり、プロテオバクテリア門に次いで一般的なグラム陰性菌になる。バクテロイデス綱、フラボバクテリア綱、スフィンゴバクテリア綱の3に分類される場合が多い。2008年現在、3つの綱の合計で約60のが含まれている。

多くは桿菌またはらせん菌の形をとり、タンパク質糖類を基質にして従属栄養的に増殖する。細胞膜スフィンゴ脂質を含むという特徴がある。バクテロイデス綱は嫌気性で、多くの動物消化器官に分布し、ヒト腸内細菌の中でも最も大きなグループを占めている。人に対して病原性を持つ種は少ないが、日和見感染症を引き起こすことがある。一方、フラボバクテリア綱、スフィンゴバクテリア綱は好気性菌が多く、水系、土壌から分離されることが多い。多くの種が黄色色素を産生する。

関連項目[編集]

バクテロイデス属

参考文献[編集]

  • Bernardet, J.-F., Nakagawa, Y., Holmes, B. (2002). “Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of the family Flavobacteriaceae and emended description of the family”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 1049–1070. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02136-0.
  • Bernardet, J.-F., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Berthe, F., Kersters, K. & Vandamme, P. (1996). Cutting a Gordian knot: emended classification and description of the genus Flavobacterium, emended description of the family Flavobacteriaceae, and proposal of Flavobacterium hydatis nom. nov. (basonym, Cytophaga aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978).. 46. pp. 128–148.
  • 中川恭好 (2004). “Cytophaga 類縁細菌群の分類学的研究”. 日本微生物資源学会誌 20: 41-51.
執筆の途中です この項目は、真正細菌(バクテリア)に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然ウィキプロジェクト 生物)。
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バクテロイデス門: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

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バクテロイデス門(-もん、Bacteroidetes)は、グラム陰性の細菌グループで、真正細菌の1つ。Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroidetes (CFB) グループとも呼ばれる。腸内細菌叢の主要な構成菌であり、海洋を中心とした水系、土壌などにも広く分布する。系統的に近縁なクロロビウム門と合わせ、Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi グループ(FCB群)と呼ばれることがある。

バクテロイデス門は、真正細菌としてはやや大きめの門であり、プロテオバクテリア門に次いで一般的なグラム陰性菌になる。バクテロイデス綱、フラボバクテリア綱、スフィンゴバクテリア綱の3に分類される場合が多い。2008年現在、3つの綱の合計で約60のが含まれている。

多くは桿菌またはらせん菌の形をとり、タンパク質糖類を基質にして従属栄養的に増殖する。細胞膜スフィンゴ脂質を含むという特徴がある。バクテロイデス綱は嫌気性で、多くの動物消化器官に分布し、ヒト腸内細菌の中でも最も大きなグループを占めている。人に対して病原性を持つ種は少ないが、日和見感染症を引き起こすことがある。一方、フラボバクテリア綱、スフィンゴバクテリア綱は好気性菌が多く、水系、土壌から分離されることが多い。多くの種が黄色色素を産生する。

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의간균류 ( Korece )

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의간균류의간균문(Bacteroidetes)에 속하는 세균 문의 하나이다. 3개의 큰 세균 강으로 구성되어 있으며 토양과 침전물, 해수, 동물의 내장과 피부를 포함한 환경에 널리 분포한다.

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