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Drosophila simulans ( Almanca )

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Drosophila simulans ist eine Drosophila-Art aus der Familie der Taufliegen. Sie ist eng verwandt mit Drosophila melanogaster, der Taufliege, die als Modellorganismus in der Genetik, Entwicklungs- und Zellbiologie benutzt wird. Die Art wurde von Alfred Sturtevant 1919 zum ersten Mal beschrieben und in den frühen 1920er Jahren für vergleichende genetische Studien herangezogen. Drosophila simulans und D. melanogaster ähneln sich äußerlich sehr, der einzige "auffällige" Unterschied sind die männlichen Genitalien. Die beiden Spezies haben sich vor 2–3 Millionen Jahren auseinanderentwickelt, bis dahin hatten sie einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer.

Drosophila simulans hat verschiedene Eigenschaften, die die Art für einen genetischen Vergleich mit Drosophila melanogaster geeignet erscheinen lassen:

  • Sie hat eine vergleichbare Generationszeit und lässt sich unter denselben Bedingungen züchten.
  • Es gibt nur eine größere chromosomale Abweichung in Chromosom 3, eine Inversion.
  • Die Genome sind daher leicht miteinander vergleichbar (siehe Alignment)
  • Insbesondere können auf diese Weise Polymorphismen identifiziert werden.

Drosophila simulans wird vom Genome Sequencing Center der Washington University Medical School sequenziert. Das Genom wird mit dem von Drosophila melanogaster verglichen und kann Hinweise auf evolutionäre Divergenz liefern, die als Beweise oder Gegenbeweise für Hypothesen der Evolutionstheorie (wie Mutationsraten, Selektion und Gendrift) herangezogen werden können. Bisher lässt sich bereits beurteilen, dass die beiden Arten ausreichend nahe verwandt, aber dennoch signifikant unterschiedlich sind, um für diesen Zweck genutzt werden zu können.

Literatur

  • G. Bächli / H. Burla: Insecta Helvetica 7: Diptera - Drosophilidae. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft 1985

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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans ist eine Drosophila-Art aus der Familie der Taufliegen. Sie ist eng verwandt mit Drosophila melanogaster, der Taufliege, die als Modellorganismus in der Genetik, Entwicklungs- und Zellbiologie benutzt wird. Die Art wurde von Alfred Sturtevant 1919 zum ersten Mal beschrieben und in den frühen 1920er Jahren für vergleichende genetische Studien herangezogen. Drosophila simulans und D. melanogaster ähneln sich äußerlich sehr, der einzige "auffällige" Unterschied sind die männlichen Genitalien. Die beiden Spezies haben sich vor 2–3 Millionen Jahren auseinanderentwickelt, bis dahin hatten sie einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer.

Drosophila simulans hat verschiedene Eigenschaften, die die Art für einen genetischen Vergleich mit Drosophila melanogaster geeignet erscheinen lassen:

Sie hat eine vergleichbare Generationszeit und lässt sich unter denselben Bedingungen züchten. Es gibt nur eine größere chromosomale Abweichung in Chromosom 3, eine Inversion. Die Genome sind daher leicht miteinander vergleichbar (siehe Alignment) Insbesondere können auf diese Weise Polymorphismen identifiziert werden.

Drosophila simulans wird vom Genome Sequencing Center der Washington University Medical School sequenziert. Das Genom wird mit dem von Drosophila melanogaster verglichen und kann Hinweise auf evolutionäre Divergenz liefern, die als Beweise oder Gegenbeweise für Hypothesen der Evolutionstheorie (wie Mutationsraten, Selektion und Gendrift) herangezogen werden können. Bisher lässt sich bereits beurteilen, dass die beiden Arten ausreichend nahe verwandt, aber dennoch signifikant unterschiedlich sind, um für diesen Zweck genutzt werden zu können.

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Drosophila simulans ( İngilizce )

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Drosophila simulans is a species of fly closely related to D. melanogaster, belonging to the same melanogaster species subgroup. Its closest relatives are D. mauritiana and D. sechellia.

Taxonomy

This species was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics. D. melanogaster females crossed to D. simulans males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny.

Drosophila simulans was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, D. sechellia and D. mauritiana. D. simulans will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made D. simulans an important model organism for research into speciation. D. simulans are monomorphic in their pheromone profiles where both males and females largely produce the cuticular hydrocarbon pheromone 7-tricosene (7-T).[1] The ability of males within the D. melanogaster subgroup to discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific females is due in part to the differential valence of the cuticular hydrocarbon 7,11-heptacosadiene (7,11-HD),[2][3] which is produced by D. melanogaster and D. sechellia females. Perfuming a D. simulans female with 7,11-HD is sufficient to suppress D. simulans male courtship.[2][4]

Studies have provided evidence that paternal leakage is an integral part of the inheritance of this species.[5]

Wolbachia infections give insight into how certain species of Drosophila are related. Through the analysis of cytoplasmic incompatibility and similar mitochondrial DNA, it has been shown that D. simulans and D. mauritiana are more closely related to each other than to D. sechellia. Cytoplasmic incompatibility causes egg and sperm cells to fail in creating viable offspring, a common feature in Wolbachia-infected D. simulans and D. mauritiana individuals.[6] Drosophila sechellia has significantly distinct mitochondrial DNA, further emphasizing the evolutionary differences between the three species.

Relationship with Wolbachia

Infections of Wolbachia, a commonly infectious strain of bacteria observed in many insects such as Trichogramma and Muscidifurax uniraptor wasps, are transmitted between generations of Drosophila simulans. Wolbachia is inherited through maternal heredity. The infection is maintained through a process involving cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in which Wolbachia hinders uninfected individuals from producing offspring.[7]

Wolbachia has formed a symbiotic relationship with D. simulans. Wolbachia infects the cytoplasm of a cell; once infected, a female fly will pass the infection to all resulting offspring through the cytoplasm of her eggs.[7]

Two separate Wolbachia infection events have occurred in the ancestors of D. simulans, suggesting the evolutionary advantage of Wolbachia infections to D. simulans.[8]

Effects of Wolbachia infection

Wolbachia infections have significantly decreased virus-induced mortality in D. simulans.[9] While the mechanism for the decreased virus-induced mortality is still unknown, Wolbachia provides antiviral properties, potentially perpetuated by outcompeting the virus. Furthermore, different strains of Wolbachia have varying levels of antiviral properties; for example, some strains can protect against DCV (Drosophila C virus) while other strains cannot.[9]

Benefits of Wolbachia studies

Drosophila simulans has also played an important role in sequencing the genomes for certain Wolbachia strains. D. simulans eggs were infected with the wRi Wolbachia strain in order to better understand how Wolbachia recombines.[10] Further studies can help understand how Wolbachia strains coexist with D. simulans individuals. Studying Wolbachia strains and their mechanisms of infection can provide insight into the complex phylogenetic relationships of arthropods.

Inbreeding

Mating between related individuals tends to produce inbred progeny. Such progeny often have reduced fitness due to increased genetic homozygosity leading to expression of deleterious recessive alleles. This general phenomenon is referred to as inbreeding depression. Among Drosophila simulans inbred males, two fitness characteristics, fertility and attractiveness to females, are especially susceptible to inbreeding depression.[11] Additionally, inbred males have elevated testicular oxidative stress which may underlie their reduced fertility.[11]

References

  1. ^ Jallon, Jean-Marc; David, Jean R. (1987). "Variations in Cuticular Hydrocarbons Among the Eight Species of the Drosophila Melanogaster Subgroup". Evolution. 41 (2): 294–302. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05798.x. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 28568760. S2CID 39388875.
  2. ^ a b Billeter, Jean-Christophe; Atallah, Jade; Krupp, Joshua J.; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Levine, Joel D. (2009-10-15). "Specialized cells tag sexual and species identity in Drosophila melanogaster". Nature. 461 (7266): 987–991. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..987B. doi:10.1038/nature08495. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 19829381. S2CID 4400103.
  3. ^ Coyne, J. A.; Crittenden, A. P.; Mah, K. (1994-09-02). "Genetics of a pheromonal difference contributing to reproductive isolation in Drosophila". Science. 265 (5177): 1461–1464. Bibcode:1994Sci...265.1461C. doi:10.1126/science.8073292. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 8073292.
  4. ^ Seeholzer, Laura F.; Seppo, Max; Stern, David L.; Ruta, Vanessa (2018). "Evolution of a central neural circuit underlies Drosophila mate preferences". Nature. 559 (7715): 564–569. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..564S. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0322-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 6276375. PMID 29995860.
  5. ^ Wolff, J N; Nafisinia, M; Sutovsky, P; Ballard, J W O (2012). "Paternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA as an integral part of mitochondrial inheritance in metapopulations of Drosophila simulans". Heredity. 110 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.60. PMC 3522233. PMID 23010820.
  6. ^ Rousset, F.; Solignac, M. (1995). "Evolution of single and double Wolbachia symbioses during speciation in the Drosophila simulans complex". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92 (14): 6389–6393. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6389R. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6389. PMC 41523. PMID 7604001.
  7. ^ a b Dobson, SL; Rattanadechakul, W; Marsland, EJ (5 May 2004). "Fitness advantage and cytoplasmic incompatibility in Wolbachia single- and superinfected Aedes albopictus". Heredity. 93 (2): 135–142. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800458. PMID 15127087.
  8. ^ Rousset, F.; Solignac, M. (July 1995). "Evolution of single and double Wolbachia symbioses during speciation in the Drosophila simulans complex". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (14): 6389–6393. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6389R. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6389. PMC 41523. PMID 7604001.
  9. ^ a b Osborne, S., Leong, Y., O’Neill, S., Johnson, K. 2009. Variation in Antiviral Protection Mediated By Different Wolbachia Strains in Drosophila simulans. PLOS. 11: e1000656-e1000656.
  10. ^ Klasson, L.; Westberg, J.; Sapountiz, P.; Näslund, K.; Lutnaes, Y.; Darby, A.; Veneti, Z.; Chen, L.; Braig, H.; Garrett, R.; Bourtzis, K.; Andersson, S. (2009). "The mosaic genome structure of the Wolbachia wRi strain infecting Drosophila simulans". PNAS. 106 (14): 5725–5730. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5725K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810753106. PMC 2659715. PMID 19307581.
  11. ^ a b Okada K, Blount JD, Sharma MD, Snook RR, Hosken DJ. Male attractiveness, fertility and susceptibility to oxidative stress are influenced by inbreeding in Drosophila simulans. J Evol Biol. 2011 Feb;24(2):363-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02170.x. Epub 2010 Nov 19. PMID: 21091568

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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans is a species of fly closely related to D. melanogaster, belonging to the same melanogaster species subgroup. Its closest relatives are D. mauritiana and D. sechellia.

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Drosophila simulans ( Fransızca )

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Drosophila simulans est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Drosophilidae. Cette mouche appartient au même sous-groupe que Drosophila melanogaster.

Le génome de Drosophila simulans est entièrement séquencé[1]et les informations relatives sont compilées dans FlyBase[2].

Références

  1. (en) Clark AG, Eisen MB, Smith DR, et al., « Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny », Nature, vol. 450, no 7167,‎ novembre 2007, p. 203–18 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  2. (en) Rachel Drysdale, « FlyBase : a database for the Drosophila research community. », Methods in Molecular Biology, Totowa, New Jersey, USA, Humana Press, vol. 420,‎ 19 juillet 2008, p. 45–59 (PMID , DOI , lire en ligne)

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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Drosophilidae. Cette mouche appartient au même sous-groupe que Drosophila melanogaster.

Le génome de Drosophila simulans est entièrement séquencéet les informations relatives sont compilées dans FlyBase.

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Drosophila simulans ( Minangkabau dili )

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Drosophila simulans adolah saikua lalek dari genus Drosophila. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari famili Drosophila, ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.

Istilah "Drosophila", baarati "panyuko ambun", adolah adaptasi saintifik Latin modern dari kato Yunani δρόσος, drósos, "ambun", dan δρόσος, drósos, "panyuko", nan ditambahkan jo akiaran Latin feminin -a.

Rujuakan


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En
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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( Minangkabau dili )

wikipedia MIN tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans adolah saikua lalek dari genus Drosophila. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari famili Drosophila, ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.

Istilah "Drosophila", baarati "panyuko ambun", adolah adaptasi saintifik Latin modern dari kato Yunani δρόσος, drósos, "ambun", dan δρόσος, drósos, "panyuko", nan ditambahkan jo akiaran Latin feminin -a.

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Drosophila simulans ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Insecten

Drosophila simulans is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de fruitvliegen (Drosophilidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1919 door Sturtevant.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Wheeler, in Stone et al., 1965, Catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico, p. 768.
Geplaatst op:
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Drosophila simulans ( Romence; Moldovaca )

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Drosophila simulans[1] este o specie de muște din genul Drosophila, familia Drosophilidae, descrisă de Sturtevant în anul 1919.[1][2] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Drosophila simulans nu are subspecii cunoscute.[1]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  2. ^ Systema Dipterorum. Pape T. & Thompson F.C. (eds), 2011-01-06


Legături externe

Commons
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Wikispecies conține informații legate de Drosophila simulans


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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( Romence; Moldovaca )

wikipedia RO tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans este o specie de muște din genul Drosophila, familia Drosophilidae, descrisă de Sturtevant în anul 1919. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Drosophila simulans nu are subspecii cunoscute.

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Drosophila simulans ( İsveççe )

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Drosophila simulans[1] är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Sturtevant 1919. Drosophila simulans ingår i släktet Drosophila och familjen daggflugor.[1][2][3][4] D. simulans är nära släkt med den mer kända arten bananflugan, båda ingår i Artundergruppen Drosophila melanogaster.

Utbredning

Likt sin mer kända släkting bananflugan har D. simulans sitt ursprung i Afrika, men lever idag nära människan och har i modern tid spridits globalt med människan[5]. Arten finns i Sverige och är reproducerande.[3]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (15 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/drosophila+simulans/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  2. ^ Systema Dipterorum. Pape T. & Thompson F.C. (eds), 2011-01-06
  3. ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Drosophila simulans
  4. ^ Artdatabanken, SLU. ”http://artfakta.artdatabanken.se/taxon/240463”. artfakta.artdatabanken.se. http://artfakta.artdatabanken.se/taxon/240463. Läst 17 november 2018.
  5. ^ https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(06)02665-0.pdf

Externa länkar

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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Sturtevant 1919. Drosophila simulans ingår i släktet Drosophila och familjen daggflugor. D. simulans är nära släkt med den mer kända arten bananflugan, båda ingår i Artundergruppen Drosophila melanogaster.

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Drosophila simulans ( Vietnamca )

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Drosophila simulans là một loài ruồi có quan hệ gần gũi vwis D. melanogaster và thuộc cùng phân nhóm loài Drosophila melanogaster. Loài gần gũi nhất của nó là D. mauritianaD. sechellia. Loài này được phát hiện bởi Alfred Sturtevant vào năm 1919, khi ông nhận thấy rằng các con ruồi được sử dụng trong phòng thí nghiệm Thomas Hunt Morgan tại Đại học Columbia thực ra là hai loài riêng biệt.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

  •  src= Dữ liệu liên quan tới Drosophila simulans tại Wikispecies
  • Sturtevant, A.H. 1919. A new species closely resembling Drosophila melanogaster. Psyche 26: 153–155.
  • Sturtevant, A.H. The North American Species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1921.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Drosophila simulans tại Wikimedia Commons


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Drosophila simulans: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Drosophila simulans là một loài ruồi có quan hệ gần gũi vwis D. melanogaster và thuộc cùng phân nhóm loài Drosophila melanogaster. Loài gần gũi nhất của nó là D. mauritiana và D. sechellia. Loài này được phát hiện bởi Alfred Sturtevant vào năm 1919, khi ông nhận thấy rằng các con ruồi được sử dụng trong phòng thí nghiệm Thomas Hunt Morgan tại Đại học Columbia thực ra là hai loài riêng biệt.

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