The Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis is serious pest of fruit crops. It is native to Asia but now lives in more than 30 Asian and Oceanic countries, and is treated as a threat in many others with tropical or sub-tropical climates. In the US, it has invaded and been eradicated multiple times in California, occurs in small numbers annually in Florida, and is widespread in Hawaii (since about 1945). An established population was eradicated from Mauritius in the 1990s. Quarantine and eradication programs are vigilant in the US to ensure that flies carried in on cargo or passenger baggage are not able to establish themselves, as Oriental fruit flies are fast growing (the life cycle takes about 16 days in summer), long lived and have high reproductive potential (females typically lay 1500 eggs in their lives, but can lay up to 3000). Bactrocera dorsalis has a wide host range on over 150 fruit and vegetable crops, the most common being: citrus, guava, mango, papaya, avocado, banana, loquat, tomato, surinam cherry, rose-apple, passion fruit, persimmon, pineapple, peach, pear, apricot, fig, apple, melon and coffee. Females lay eggs under ripe fruit’s skin (although they also will lay in green fruit) and larvae destroy the fruit by feeding on it as they develop. In Hawaii, the Oriental fruit fly destroys about 13% of fruit yields annually. Insecticides, sterile male releases, and introduced parasitoids have been variously used to control and eradicate populations.
(CABI 2011; Weems et al. 2010; Wikipedia 2010)
Die Oosterse vrugtevlieg (Bactrocera dorsalis) is 'n vrugtevlieg wat inheems is aan Suidoos-Asië en 'n plaag in Suid-Afrika geraak het.
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Die Oosterse vrugtevlieg (Bactrocera dorsalis) is 'n vrugtevlieg wat inheems is aan Suidoos-Asië en 'n plaag in Suid-Afrika geraak het.
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Bactrocera dorsalis, previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the oriental fruit fly, is a species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is one of the major pest species in the genus Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits.[1] Male B. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl eugenol, which is used to monitor and estimate populations, as well as to annihilate males as a form of pest control.[2][3][4] They are also important pollinators and visitors of wild orchids, Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum vinaceum in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.[5][6]
The fly is similar to the closely related species B. carambolae and B. occipitalis. The species name B. dorsalis is identical to other synonyms B. papayae, B. invadens and B. philippinensis.[7] [8] [9]
B. dorsalis is a species of tephritid fruit fly. Flies that belong to this family are usually small to medium-sized with colorful markings. In particular, B. dorsalis belongs to a complex of physically similar flies called the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, whose defining characteristics include a mostly black thorax and dark T-shaped marking on the fly's abdominal segment. The T-shape marking consists of a dark medial and transverse band along the fly's abdomen.[10]
The B. dorsalis species has distinctive yellow and black markings on its thorax and abdomen, which may vary between flies. Two vertical yellow markings on the thorax and the dark T-shaped marking on the abdomen differentiate this species of fly from its close relatives. The wings are clear with a continuous costal band. The adult body is around 8.0 mm in length, with wings approximately 7.3 mm in length. The female adult has a tapered ovipositor for depositing eggs in host fruits, while in male adults this ovipositor is notably absent.[11]
Endemic to Southeast Asia, B. dorsalis is a highly invasive pest species that now has a presence in at least 65 countries. It has also been introduced to Hawaii, the Mariana Islands, and Tahiti. The fly is also found in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa.[11] From 1910 to 1990, the fly species was only observed in 5 countries; however, in the last three decades, the rate of spread by B. dorsalis has sharply increased, with the species invading an additional 70 countries.[12]
Elsewhere in the United States, B. dorsalis has been spotted in California and Florida. These appearances then trigger a cascade of eradication efforts. Four major oriental fruit fly eradication efforts occurred in response to infestations in California between 1960 and 1997. Two additional infestations were eradicated in 2006 and 2007, occurring within 3–4 years of reports of these infestations.[11] In July 2010, flies were discovered in traps in the Sacramento and Placer counties of California. A quarantine was established, and eradication efforts followed. These sightings in the mainland United States are generally quarantined infestations that have been eradicated.[13]
CLIMEX, a modeling software, has been used to map the future trajectory for the fruit fly in terms of opportunities for increasing its distribution.[14] This was tested both under current and future predicted climate conditions, given the current research on climate change. Under current conditions, the fly's projected distribution includes much of the tropics and subtropics and extends into areas like Mediterranean Europe. The model predicts optimal climate conditions in the southeast United States.[14] Under climate change conditions, the spread overall increases as the fly is less limited by cold weather. However, its distribution does possibly decrease in areas where precipitation decreases.[14]
These tephritid fruit flies are found in tropical areas. B. dorsalis also prefers to pupate in shaded rather than brightly lit areas, moist over dry soil, and in soil with larger particles (particle size greater than or equal to 2.5 mm) than in soil with smaller particles.[15]
Under summer conditions, development from egg to adult requires 16 days. Several stages can be delayed in cooler conditions. B. dorsalis eggs may take up to 20 days to hatch under cool conditions, extended from the usual single day.[13] Pupariation occurs in the soil under the host plant and is normally completed within 10–12 days, but can be delayed up to 90 days under cool conditions.[13] Flies typically live from 1–3 months, but this can be extended to up to 12 months under cool conditions.[13]
Mated female B. dorsalis puncture the skin of mature fruit and deposit eggs in a few batches of 3-30 eggs underneath a fruit's skin via ovipositor, depending on the quality and ripeness of the fruit. Eggs usually hatch within a day, although the hatching process can be delayed in cool conditions. Females are capable of laying over 3,000 eggs during their lifetime under optimal conditions, but in field conditions, reports a typical range from about 1,200 to 1,500 eggs laid per female.[11]
Eggs hatch to larvae and moult twice (there are three larval instars) while feeding on the flesh of the fruit for about 6–35 days. Larvae are creamy white in color with a maggot-like appearance and are about 10 mm in length.[16]
The third instar larvae exit the fruit and burrow into the soil under the host plant to pupate. Larvae generally pupate in the upper 4 cm of the soil.[15] Pupation can take approximately 10–12 days, but depending on the season, this process can be delayed in cooler conditions.[16]
In 1-2 weeks, the adult emerges from the pupae and matures. Most adults emerge from the soil between 7:00 AM and 10:00 AM. Once sexual maturity is reached (which takes approximately 9 days), adults engage in the mating process and the life cycle repeats. The adult lifespan for B. dorsalis is about 90 days, and the flies have been reported to travel up to 30 miles in search of new egg laying sites and food, such as decaying fruit and plant nectar. Adult females prefer to lay eggs in old egg deposit sites on fruits.[11][13][16][17]
B. dorsalis has been seen in more than 200 kinds of fruit and nut plants, but the species lay eggs in mango, papaya, and avocado fruits most often. Adult flies feed on decaying fruit, plant nectar, and other substances during their lifetime and prefer to feed in the morning.[16][18]
Polyandry has been observed in B. dorsalis.[19] For females, there is typically a re-mating refractory period. The length of this period does not vary based on whether the female is mating with a virgin or non-virgin male. However, when there was a refractory period, females lay more eggs.[19] Females who were exposed to two males continuously without a refractory period in between lay fewer eggs, but still lay more eggs than females with only one male. Therefore, there appears to be a reproductive benefit for females with polyandry.[19]
Reproductive senescence does appear to be present in this species, as male and female age correlates negatively with the rate of fertilization.[19]
The flight capacity of B. dorsalis adult females at various life stages has been observed in order to better understand and prevent their spread. Past research has shown that the species can spread extensively following fruit harvests, with a dispersal radius up to 37 km observed in Hawaii.[20] Transmission electron microscopy was employed to view changes in flight muscle ultrastructures. Researchers observed that flight speed and distance changed with the age of the fruit fly, reaching its maximum capacity at 15 days of age.[20]
B. dorsalis has been observed to be capable of long-distance flight. One study investigated the relationship between flight muscle structure and the flies' flight capacity: as the number of mitochondria increased, myofibril diameter increased, and sarcomere length decreased, the researchers found the fly's flight capacity to be maximized. This particular muscle structure was evident in 15-day-old female adult B. dorsalis flies.[20]
B. dorsalis has symbiotic relationships with many bacteria. Different bacteria dominate at different developmental stages of the fruit fly.[21] Pseudomonadota are most often present in immature stages, whereas Bacillota are most often present in the adult stages.[21] Overall, the most abundant families are Enterococcaceae and Comamondaceae. Meanwhile, Comamonas are extremely abundant in pupae, but disappear entirely by adulthood.[21]
Researchers have also tested the relationship between certain gut symbiotic bacteria and fly foraging behavior and nutrient ingestion. Suppression of the fly's microbiome resulted in changes in the foraging behavior in both male and female flies.[22] Aposymbiotic flies responded faster to diets in experimental conditions and fed more, for longer periods of time.[22]
Human activities are partially responsible for causing the spread of the species from one region to another. The primary risk comes from import of fruit that may contain larvae, either in passenger cargo, or through the smuggling of fruit in passenger baggage or mail.[13] In New Zealand, researchers recorded 7-33 interceptions of fruit flies per year in cargo. Researchers also recorded an additional 10-28 interceptions in passenger baggage.[13]
B. dorsalis is not only a highly invasive species, accidentally introduced to Hawaii from Taiwan during the 1940s in World War II, but also very destructive to crop yield for farmers of various fruits, vegetables, and nuts across the world. The larval stage of the life cycle is the most damaging to fruits because of larval feeding on the soft flesh of fruits. After ovipositing occurs by a female fly, the larvae develop under the skin of the fruit or soft tissues of the plant and begin to feed on the fruit or plant's flesh. Once feeding occurs, other microorganisms can invade the site of larval feeding and cause the fruit to decay faster. Although ripe fruits are believed to be preferred for ovipositing, unripe fruits have served as hosts for eggs as well.[18]
B. dorsalis has created many agricultural issues for humans, especially in the areas where it is endemic. In the Pacific Islands, the fly has restricted the development of a diverse tropical fruit and vegetable industry, necessitated that commercial fruits go through quarantine treatment before shipment, and provided an avenue for their introduction to countries not previously exposed to the fly species.[23] The Miami-Dade County in Florida had to perform the quarantine technique when the insect was detected in fruits there in August 2015; they were eliminated from the area in February 2016.[24]
To resolve these concerns, several techniques have been implemented, including sterile insect technique, protein bait sprays, and male annihilation.[23] Male annihilation technique is effective because methyl eugenol attracts male flies prior to the beginning of their sexual maturation, to an extent of 40 to 50 percent of the flies.[4]
One of the most experimentally effective control techniques has been the wrapping of fruit, often in a paper or polythene sleeve. This physical barrier prevents oviposition from occurring.[13] The caveat with this method is that it must be implemented far in advance of the fruit fly's presence. Alternatively, fruits can be harvested earlier in the season than the flies anticipate; this has proven effective with the mango fruit.[13]
In addition to these, Hawaii has developed methods to suppress Bactrocera species using parasitoid wasps, including Fopius arisanus. The parasitic wasp oviposits its own eggs into B. dorsalis eggs, the parasitoids are reared in the host, and the developed parasitoids emerge in the pupal stage. F. arisanus has been observed to be the most successful example of parasitoid control of B. dorsalis, and researchers are looking to introduce its model of suppression from Hawaii to other areas of the world that the fly affects.[23]
One simple, but effective technique called field sanitation, through which all unmarketable fruits get removed from the fields and disposed as soon as they are observed, so that re-infestation does not occur.[18]
Many organophosphorus insecticides target the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE); mutations in the acetylcholinesterase gene of B. dorsalis have been found to be associated to resistance to such insecticides. Researchers have identified three point mutations in B. dorsalis' gene encoding AChE that generate nonsynonymous changes in the produced amino acid sequence. Two of the point mutations are identical in site to mutations identified in other Bactrocera species, but one of the mutations is specific to B. dorsalis. Widespread use of such insecticides could result in rapid resistance acquisition in populations of B. dorsalis.[25]
Bactrocera dorsalis, previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the oriental fruit fly, is a species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is one of the major pest species in the genus Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits. Male B. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl eugenol, which is used to monitor and estimate populations, as well as to annihilate males as a form of pest control. They are also important pollinators and visitors of wild orchids, Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum vinaceum in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.
The fly is similar to the closely related species B. carambolae and B. occipitalis. The species name B. dorsalis is identical to other synonyms B. papayae, B. invadens and B. philippinensis.
Bactrocera dorsalis[1] [2] es una especie de díptero del género Bactrocera, familia Tephritidae. Friedrich Georg Hendel la describió en 1912.
La especie es originaria de Asia. También ha sido introducida accidentalmente a muchas otras partes del mundo, como África y los Estados Unidos, y se ha convertido en una seria plaga de muchas frutas y verduras.[3]
Bactrocera dorsalis es una especie de díptero del género Bactrocera, familia Tephritidae. Friedrich Georg Hendel la describió en 1912.
La especie es originaria de Asia. También ha sido introducida accidentalmente a muchas otras partes del mundo, como África y los Estados Unidos, y se ha convertido en una seria plaga de muchas frutas y verduras.
Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis, la mouche orientale des fruits ou mouche des fruits asiatique, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Tephritidae, sous-famille des Dacinae, originaire des régions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique.
C'est une mouche des climats tropicaux chauds et humides qui pond ses œufs dans les fruits charnus de plus de 400 espèces de plantes sauvages ou cultivées, tant d'arbres fruitiers, notamment les manguiers et les agrumes, que de plantes maraîchères. Ses larves se nourrissent de la pulpe des fruits les rendant impropres à la consommation ou provoquant leur chute prématurée. Les pertes de rendement peuvent être très élevées, jusqu'à 80 %.
Sur le plan réglementaire, cette espèce est soumise à des restrictions qui sont des contraintes pour le commerce international des fruits et légumes. Elle est notamment inscrite sur la liste A1 (organismes de quarantaine) de l'organisation européenne et méditerranéenne pour la protection des plantes (OEPP) et listée dans l'annexe I de la directive européenne 2000/29/CE du Conseil du 8 mai 2001 : « organismes nuisibles dont l’introduction et la dissémination doivent être interdites dans tous les États membres, organismes nuisibles inconnus dans la communauté et importants pour toute la communauté ». Bactrocera dorsalis fait désormais partie de la liste des organismes de quarantaine prioritaires de l’Union européenne (OQP) (Nouvelle réglementation en vigueur à partir du 14 décembre 2019[2]).
Elle est également classée comme organisme de quarantaine par les organisations internationales de protection des plantes suivantes[3] : Commission phytosanitaire pour l'Asie et le Pacifique (APPPC), Comité de protection des plantes du Cône Sud (COSAV), Commission de la protection des plantes dans les Caraïbes (CPPC), Conseil phytosanitaire interafricain (IAPSC) et Organismo internacional regional de sanidad agropecuaria (OIRSA).
L'espèce a aussi pour noms vernaculaires : mouche orientale des arbres fruitiers[4] et mouche des fruits asiatique en français, Oriental fruit fly en anglais, Orientalische Fruchtfliege en allemand et mosca oriental das frutas en portugais[5].En Thaïlande, elle s'appelle Malaeng Wan Tong ou mouche dorée - แมลงวันทอง
L'individu adulte (imago), long de huit millimètres, est un peu plus grand que la moyenne des mouches des fruits. Il présente un thorax foncé sur le dos passant au brun-orangé et pâle à foncé sur l'abdomen. Celui-ci porte une bande foncée longitudinale médiane qui forme un T avec l'autre bande foncée transversale présente à la base du segment III[6]. Les ailes sont longues de 7,3 millimètres et l'ovipositeur est proéminent. L'espèce peut être confondue avec B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. philippinensis et B. occipitalis mais est facilement identifiable grâce aux deux taches noires présentes sur le bout des antennes.
L'espèce est originaire de l'Asie du Sud-Est (Indonésie, Malaisie, Philippines, Birmanie, Thaïlande, Laos, Viêt Nam et Cambodge), est présente en Asie tropicale (Émirats arabes unis, Pakistan, Inde, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Népal, Bhoutan, Sud de la Chine et Taïwan) et en Océanie (Hawaï depuis 1945, îles Mariannes du Nord, Micronésie, Polynésie française depuis juillet 1996 et Palaos depuis septembre 1996)[7],[6].
L'espèce a été éradiquée en 1965 dans les îles Mariannes du Nord (présente depuis 1935 ou 1936) et à Guam (présente depuis 1947 ou 1948), en 1999 à Nauru (présente depuis les années 1980)[7],[6], et en 1985 dans les îles Ryūkyū. Elle a également été piégée sur l'île Maurice en juin 1996[8].
Bactrocera dorsalis est absente du territoire continental des États-Unis, où l'espèce a été signalée ou interceptée en Californie et en Floride à plusieurs reprises entre 2001 et 2018, mais à chaque fois éradiquée. Elle est présente en revanche dans l'archipel de Hawaï où elle a été introduite en 1945[9],[10]. Des mouches des fruits appartenant au complexe d'espèces Bactrocera dorsalis ont été signalées pour la première fois en Europe dans la région de Campanie (Italie) en mai 2018[11].
La mouche orientale des fruits est une espèce tropicale dont les adultes entrent en torpeur à des températures inférieures à 7 °C et meurent en dessous de 2 °C.
Le développement de la ponte au stade adulte dure seize jours durant l'été mais se déroule tout au long de l'année.
Les œufs de la mouche orientale des fruits sont pondus sous la peau des fruits, préférentiellement mûrs. Blancs, elliptiques et mesurant 1,17 millimètre de longueur pour 0,21 millimètres de diamètre, ils éclosent au bout de un à trois jours. Les larves, blanc crème et longues de dix millimètres, se développent en se nourrissant de la chair du fruit durant 9 à 35 jours si les températures sont supérieures à 13 °C. Une fois achevée sa croissance, la larve quitte le fruit et passe au stade de pupe sur le sol durant une à deux semaines. L'adulte qui en sort en général entre sept et huit heures du matin met neuf jours à atteindre la maturité sexuelle.
Dans des conditions optimales, la femelle peut pondre 3 000 œufs durant sa vie mais la moyenne se situe autour de 1 200 à 1500.
L'espèce s'attaque aux fruits cultivés et sauvages en y pondant des œufs, rendant toute consommation humaine impossible. C'est une des espèces les plus nuisibles du genre Bactrocera. Elle sévit sur 117 espèces hôtes (76 genres et 37 familles) en Asie et 173 à Hawaii[6]. Les fruits les plus attaqués sont l'avocat, la mangue et la papaye mais l'espèce s'en prend aussi au citron, psidium, banane, nèfle du Japon, tomate, cerise de Cayenne, fruit du jamrosat, fruit de la passion, kaki, ananas, pêche, poire, abricot, figue et café. La mouche des fruits orientale Bactrocera dorsalis a aussi pour plante hôte majeure Sauropus androgynus[12].
En Polynésie française, elle affecte l'avocatier, le badamier, le bananier, le carambolier, le châtaignier de Tahiti, le corossol, le goyavier, le manguier, l'oranger, le pamplemoussier, le papayer et le prunier de Cythère.
Les mâles sont attirés par le méthyle eugénol[7],[6].
La mouche orientale des fruits est l'une des cinq espèces les plus nuisibles au monde[6],[7].
Des études sur la tolérance à la chaleur de cette espèce sont menées à Hawaii[7].
Des pièges au méthyl eugénol sont confectionnés dans la méthode dite d'éradication des mâles : des pièces de bois, de bourre de coco ou de tissus sont trempés dans un mélange de méthyle eugénol et d'insecticide et cloués sur les arbres ou éparpillés sur de grandes surfaces[6]. Un renouvellement du mode opératoire tous les deux mois pendant six à huit campagnes suffit en général à éradiquer l'espèce[6]. Cette méthode fut efficace à Guam, aux îles Mariannes du Nord et à Nauru mais moins en Polynésie française[6]. En Thaïlande, on utilise un spray gluant à base de méthyle eugénol dont on enduit des bouteilles en plastique accrochées aux arbres. Il est possible de réaliser des pièges simples à l'aide d'une bouteille en plastique percée de trous de 5mm sur la périphérie, à +/- 12cm du bouchon. Un coton tige imbibé de méthyle eugénol attire les mouches qui entrent et ne peuvent plus sortir. Une sorte de fourmi rouge, Oecophylla smaragdina, trouve le moyen d'entrer dans la bouteille et mange les cadavres de mouches. Il faut imbiber les cotons tiges environ tous les dix jours.
Les fruits (plus particulièrement la mangue, le psidium, la châtaigne tahitienne, le jamrosat et le badamier) sont surveillés[7]. Des moyens de prévention comme le ramassage des fruits tombés à terre, la limitation du transport des fruits, leur emballement et leur mise en quarantaine sont aussi efficaces[7].
Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis, la mouche orientale des fruits ou mouche des fruits asiatique, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Tephritidae, sous-famille des Dacinae, originaire des régions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique.
C'est une mouche des climats tropicaux chauds et humides qui pond ses œufs dans les fruits charnus de plus de 400 espèces de plantes sauvages ou cultivées, tant d'arbres fruitiers, notamment les manguiers et les agrumes, que de plantes maraîchères. Ses larves se nourrissent de la pulpe des fruits les rendant impropres à la consommation ou provoquant leur chute prématurée. Les pertes de rendement peuvent être très élevées, jusqu'à 80 %.
Sur le plan réglementaire, cette espèce est soumise à des restrictions qui sont des contraintes pour le commerce international des fruits et légumes. Elle est notamment inscrite sur la liste A1 (organismes de quarantaine) de l'organisation européenne et méditerranéenne pour la protection des plantes (OEPP) et listée dans l'annexe I de la directive européenne 2000/29/CE du Conseil du 8 mai 2001 : « organismes nuisibles dont l’introduction et la dissémination doivent être interdites dans tous les États membres, organismes nuisibles inconnus dans la communauté et importants pour toute la communauté ». Bactrocera dorsalis fait désormais partie de la liste des organismes de quarantaine prioritaires de l’Union européenne (OQP) (Nouvelle réglementation en vigueur à partir du 14 décembre 2019).
Elle est également classée comme organisme de quarantaine par les organisations internationales de protection des plantes suivantes : Commission phytosanitaire pour l'Asie et le Pacifique (APPPC), Comité de protection des plantes du Cône Sud (COSAV), Commission de la protection des plantes dans les Caraïbes (CPPC), Conseil phytosanitaire interafricain (IAPSC) et Organismo internacional regional de sanidad agropecuaria (OIRSA).
Bactrocera dorsalis adalah jenis lalat buah anggota suku Tephritidae. Lalat buah ini sangat biasa ditemukan di Asia Tenggara, Asia Timur, dan Asia Selatan, dan menjadi pengganggu utama kualitas buah perdagangan di tempat-tempat tersebut. Karena perdagangan, jenis ini sekarang juga ditemukan di kawasan Pasifik dan Amerika Serikat.
Kebanyakan anggota spesies ini bertelur dalam jaringan buah, tempat larva menemukan makanan pertamanya setelah menetas. Lalat dewasa biasanya berumur sangat pendek. Beberapa hidup selama kurang dari seminggu.
Kerugian karena lalat buah ini cukup besar dan pengendalian biasanya dilakukan dengan membungkus buah dengan plastik atau kertas. Pemikat feromon digunakan untuk memikat pejantan, menggunakan metil eugenol. Meskipun demikian, diketahui pula bahwa beberapa jenis anggrek (marga Bulbophyllum) memanfaatkan lalat buah ini sebagai penyerbuk.
Bactrocera dorsalis adalah jenis lalat buah anggota suku Tephritidae. Lalat buah ini sangat biasa ditemukan di Asia Tenggara, Asia Timur, dan Asia Selatan, dan menjadi pengganggu utama kualitas buah perdagangan di tempat-tempat tersebut. Karena perdagangan, jenis ini sekarang juga ditemukan di kawasan Pasifik dan Amerika Serikat.
Kebanyakan anggota spesies ini bertelur dalam jaringan buah, tempat larva menemukan makanan pertamanya setelah menetas. Lalat dewasa biasanya berumur sangat pendek. Beberapa hidup selama kurang dari seminggu.
Kerugian karena lalat buah ini cukup besar dan pengendalian biasanya dilakukan dengan membungkus buah dengan plastik atau kertas. Pemikat feromon digunakan untuk memikat pejantan, menggunakan metil eugenol. Meskipun demikian, diketahui pula bahwa beberapa jenis anggrek (marga Bulbophyllum) memanfaatkan lalat buah ini sebagai penyerbuk.
Artikel batopik biologi ko baru babantuak rancangan. Sanak dapek mambantu Wikipedia mangambangannyo.
Bactrocera dorsalis is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de boorvliegen (Tephritidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1912 door Hendel.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Bactrocera dorsalis é uma espécie de mosca-da-fruta pertencente à família Tephritidae, originária do Sueste Asiático, mas já introduzida e naturalizada no Hawai'i, nas ilhas Marianas, no Tahiti e em algumas áreas dos Estados Unidos da América. A espécie é considerada como uma praga de grande importância económica, sendo uma das mais relevante no género Bactrocera. Polífaga, afecta uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, tanto entre as plantas cultivadas como silvestres, apenas sendo ultrapassada em danos pela B. papayae.[1]
A espécie é similar em cor e no padrão das marcas escuras sobre o dorso e asas às espécies congéneres B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. occipitalis, B. philippinensis e B. invadens, com as quais é estreitamente aparentada.
Os machos da espécie respondem fortemente à presença de minutas concentrações de metil-eugenol, sendo atraídos para locais onde o composto exista. Esta resposta é utilizada para monitorizar a presença da espécie e para estimar a sua densidade populacional.[2][3]
B. dorsalis é um importante polinizador das orquídeas silvestres das espécies Bulbophyllum cheiri e Bulbophyllum vinaceum, nativas do Sueste Asiático, as quais atraem estas moscas secretando metil-eugenol.[4][5]
Bactrocera dorsalis é uma espécie de mosca-da-fruta pertencente à família Tephritidae, originária do Sueste Asiático, mas já introduzida e naturalizada no Hawai'i, nas ilhas Marianas, no Tahiti e em algumas áreas dos Estados Unidos da América. A espécie é considerada como uma praga de grande importância económica, sendo uma das mais relevante no género Bactrocera. Polífaga, afecta uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, tanto entre as plantas cultivadas como silvestres, apenas sendo ultrapassada em danos pela B. papayae.
Ruồi đục trái Phương Đông (Danh pháp khoa học: Bactrocera dorsalis) là một loài ruồi trong họ ruồi đục trái Tephritidae. Đây là loài đặc hữu Đông Nam Á nhưng cũng được du nhập vào Hawaii, quần đảo Mariana và Tahiti. Đây là một trong các loài gây hại lớn trong chi Bactrocera phá hoại những loài cây có quả hoang dã và được trồng, là loài gây hại thứ nhì chỉ xếp sau B. papayae.[1]
Loài này tương tự với các loài có quan hệ khá gần gũi B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. occipitalis, B. philippinensis và B. invadens trong kiểu màu sắc. Trên thực tế, bằng chứng khoa học gần đây cho thấy rằng B. papayae, B. invadens và B. philippinensis thuộc cùng một loài sinh học có tên B. dorsalis.[2]
Con đực của loài này phản ứng mạnh với methyl eugenol và điều này được sử dụng để theo dõi và ước tính dân số.[3] [4] Chúng cũng là những loài thụ phấn và vãng lai quan trọng đến các loài lan rừng, Bulbophyllum cheiri và Bulbophyllum vinaceum, trong khu vực Đông Nam Á, trong đó thu hút loài ruồi này sử dụng methyl eugenol.[5][6]
Trưởng thành ruồi màu nâu, kích thước 7mm, trên lưng ngực giữa có 2 vệt vàng dọc, lưng ngực sau có vệt vàng ngang, 3 vệt này xếp thành hình chữ “U”. Bụng tròn giống bụng ong và cuối bụng nhọn. Phía lưng bụng có 2 vệt đậm đen hình chữ “T”. Trứng ruồi hình trái dưa leo, dài 1mm, màu vàng nhạt. Ấu trùng dạng dòi, màu trắng, mới nở dài 1,5mm, đẫy sức có thể dài đến 8mm. Nhộng dạng nhộng bọc nằm trong kén hình trứng dài, màu nâu đỏ.
Vòng đời của ruồi từ 30 - 40 ngày: Trứng: 2 - 3 ngày → Dòi (sâu non): 10 - 18 ngày → Nhộng: 8 - 10 ngày → Trưởng thành: 10 - 20 ngày. Ruồi cái thường dùng bộ phận đẻ trứng chọc thủng vỏ trái và đẻ trứng vào trong vùng tiếp giáp giữa vỏ và thịt trái. Trứng được đẻ thành từng ổ từ 5 – 10 trứng. Dòi nở ra đục và ăn phần mềm trái, thải phân làm ô nhiễm trái, từ đó làm trái thối và rụng.
Đẫy sức dòi cắn vỏ chui ra búng mình rơi xuống đất làm nhộng. Ruồi đẻ trứng mạnh trong giai đoạn quả gần già đến chín. Ruồi phát sinh rộ bắt đầu từ cuối mùa khô, đầu mùa mưa và kéo dài cho đến hết mùa mưa. Ruồi ưa hoạt động trong vườn cây rậm rạp, um tùm.
Loài ruồi này là một loại côn trùng đa thực vì ngoài ổi chúng còn gây hại trên rất nhiều loại quả cây khác, như mận, táo, sapôche, đu đủ, xoài, thanh long, chôm chôm, mãng cầu xiêm... và là một dịch hại nguy hiểm đối với cây ăn quả vì sâu non sinh sống và gây hại trong quả. Ngoài tác hại trực tiếp, ruồi đục quả Phương Đông còn là đối tượng kiểm dịch thực vật của nhiều nước nhập khẩu sản phẩm quả tươi.
Ruồi cái thường dùng bộ phận đẻ trứng chọc thủng vỏ trái và đẻ trứng vào trong vùng tiếp giáp giữa vỏ và thịt trái. Vết chích rất nhỏ chỉ nhìn thấy nhờ vết mủ trái chảy ra. Dòi nở ra đục và ăn phần mềm trái, thải phân làm ô nhiễm trái, từ đó làm trái thối và rụng.
Ruồi đục trái Phương Đông (Danh pháp khoa học: Bactrocera dorsalis) là một loài ruồi trong họ ruồi đục trái Tephritidae. Đây là loài đặc hữu Đông Nam Á nhưng cũng được du nhập vào Hawaii, quần đảo Mariana và Tahiti. Đây là một trong các loài gây hại lớn trong chi Bactrocera phá hoại những loài cây có quả hoang dã và được trồng, là loài gây hại thứ nhì chỉ xếp sau B. papayae.
Loài này tương tự với các loài có quan hệ khá gần gũi B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. occipitalis, B. philippinensis và B. invadens trong kiểu màu sắc. Trên thực tế, bằng chứng khoa học gần đây cho thấy rằng B. papayae, B. invadens và B. philippinensis thuộc cùng một loài sinh học có tên B. dorsalis.
Con đực của loài này phản ứng mạnh với methyl eugenol và điều này được sử dụng để theo dõi và ước tính dân số. Chúng cũng là những loài thụ phấn và vãng lai quan trọng đến các loài lan rừng, Bulbophyllum cheiri và Bulbophyllum vinaceum, trong khu vực Đông Nam Á, trong đó thu hút loài ruồi này sử dụng methyl eugenol.
東方果實蠅（學名：Bactrocera dorsalis），又名桔小實蠅[1]，原產於印度及馬來半島等地，為太平洋地區果樹的重大害蟲。其寄主繁多、繁殖力強，雌蠅產卵於果皮下，幼蟲孵化後鑽入果肉中蛀食，造成水果腐爛失去商品價值，如果吃水果時發現內部長蟲，大半都是東方果實蠅的幼蟲。由於台灣氣候及環境適合它的生存，目前已遍布全台，終年均有果實蠅發生。
目前有技術透過向農作物噴灑含有斯氏線蟲科物種的蟲卵的懸浮液到泥土，讓這些物種體內的兩種腸桿菌科物種[2][3]的共生菌[4]使果實蠅幼蟲感染而死亡，並為線蟲提供成長的環境[2][3][4]。
東方果實蠅（學名：Bactrocera dorsalis），又名桔小實蠅，原產於印度及馬來半島等地，為太平洋地區果樹的重大害蟲。其寄主繁多、繁殖力強，雌蠅產卵於果皮下，幼蟲孵化後鑽入果肉中蛀食，造成水果腐爛失去商品價值，如果吃水果時發現內部長蟲，大半都是東方果實蠅的幼蟲。由於台灣氣候及環境適合它的生存，目前已遍布全台，終年均有果實蠅發生。
目前有技術透過向農作物噴灑含有斯氏線蟲科物種的蟲卵的懸浮液到泥土，讓這些物種體內的兩種腸桿菌科物種的共生菌使果實蠅幼蟲感染而死亡，並為線蟲提供成長的環境。
Dacus dorsalis
英名 oriental fruit flyミカンコミバエ（Bactrocera dorsalis）は、双翅目ミバエ科の昆虫。ミカンなど熱帯性の果実や、ナス、トマト、ピーマンなどの果肉を食害する農業害虫として知られる[1]。
東南アジア原産。ハワイやマリアナ諸島、タヒチ、南西諸島、小笠原諸島などでは移入種として知られているが、後述する防除により、マリアナ諸島と南西諸島、小笠原諸島では根絶された。
中型のミバエで、翅長は約6.4mm[2]。体色のパターンは近縁種の Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae, B. occipitalis, B. philippinensis に類似するが、短い産卵管を持つ点や、腹部の体色の違いなどで区別できるとされる[2]。特に、本種と Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae, B. philippinensis の計4種は、ミカンコミバエ種群（Bactrocera dorsalis species complex）とされるほど極めて似た特徴をもっている。その中でも B. papayae と B. philippinensis はミカンコミバエと種間交雑が可能とする研究もあり[3]、分類の再検討が必要となる可能性が残されている。
成虫は、パパイヤやバナナ、グァバ、マンゴー、アボカドなど、300種類以上の熱帯性の果実を宿主として利用する[4]。成虫のメスは産卵管を果皮に刺して組織内に卵を生み、孵化した幼虫は果実を餌として成長する。幼虫は3齢を経たのち地上の土壌中に移動し、黄褐色の蛹となる[4]。ハワイにおいては、卵から孵化して成虫になるまでの期間は16日前後で、冷涼な気候下ではその期間は長くなる[4]。
ミカンコミバエは、果実や野菜類を直接食害するため、世界中で重要な農業害虫として扱われている。ミカンコミバエを含む Bactrocera 属の多くは、オス個体がメチルオイゲノールに誘引されることが知られており、ミカンコミバエのオスも同様にこの化学物質に引き寄せられる[5]。この習性を利用して、メチルオイゲノールと殺虫剤によりオスを駆除する防除（雄除去法）が試みられ、ハワイでの野外実験後にマリアナ諸島で防除が実施された[1]。この試みにより、1965年には同諸島から根絶されたとされる[1]。
日本でも、小笠原諸島や南西諸島に移入した本種が果実を食害し、その影響で本土への果実類の出荷が禁じられたため、1968年から防除事業が実施された。小笠原諸島では、前述の雄除去法に加えて、不妊虫放飼（人工的に生殖能力を無くした個体を野外に多数放ち、繁殖できなくすることで個体数を減らす手法）を併用して防除が実施され、1985年までに根絶された。また南西諸島でも、奄美群島（1980年根絶）[6]、沖縄群島（1982年8月根絶）、宮古群島（1984年11月根絶）、八重山群島（1986年2月根絶）[7]で防除に成功し、これまで出荷できなかったシークヮーサーなどの熱帯性果実を本土に出荷できるようになった[1]。これは、沖縄におけるウリミバエの根絶と並ぶ、農業害虫の防除の成功例として知られる[8]。
その後、2015年、奄美大島でミカンコミバエの侵入が確認されたため、12月13日から緊急防除が行われ、果実類の島外移動が禁止された。防除活動の結果、根絶が確認されたため、緊急防除は2016年7月13日に解除された[9][10]。同年、徳之島では果実への寄生を防止するためグアバやアセロラの果実計255kgを自主回収して廃棄した[11]。
2017年には、石垣島で8月から9月に断続的に34匹のミカンコミバエが発見されたため、10月から石垣島及び竹富島で誘殺板15万枚弱を設置する防除作業が行われた[12][13][14]。その結果、2018年4月までに全域防除の効果が確認できたため、防除体制が解除されている[15]。これらのミカンコミバエは分布地の台湾から飛来したものと考えられている[13]。
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