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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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Gen: Char: Jaws scythe shaped, pointed, and finely serrated; head oblong, notched behind; eyes very large situated at the anterior extremity of the head; antennae rising between the eyes; abdominal pedicle slightly raised.

I cannot class this remarkable ant as an Odontomachus , and have therefore been compelled to institute a new genus for its reception ; some of the characters given may not be generic, but till other species are discovered it is difficult to say which are, and which are not of generic value.

bibliyografik atıf
Jerdon, T. C., 1851, A catalogue of the species of ants found in southern India., Madras Journal of Literature and Science, pp. 103-127, vol. 17
yazar
Jerdon, T. C.

Harpegnathos ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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Harpegnathos, és un gènere basal de formigues pertanyents a la subfamília Ponerinae.

Aquestes formigues té una estructura de formació de la seva colònia diferent, en comparació, a altres gèneres. Al principi, les joves reines aladas volen des de la seva colònia natal, s'aparien amb els mascles en l'exterior i comencen a formar noves colònies en forma independent. El que difereix d'altres formigues és que, una vegada que la regna fundadora mor (després d'alguns anys), diverses filles treballadors efectuen la seva substitució com a reproductores de la colònia. És característic de diverses espècies ponerine que les treballadores puguin apariar-se (gairebé sempre amb homes forans) i emmagatzemin espermatozoides en l'espermateca.

Cada any, les noves reines alades es dispersen i torna a començar el procés una altra vegada. La combinació de la reina i els resultats ja comentats de reproducció donen una major esperança de vida a les colònies.

Espècies

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Harpegnathos: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

wikipedia CA tarafından sağlandı

Harpegnathos, és un gènere basal de formigues pertanyents a la subfamília Ponerinae.

Aquestes formigues té una estructura de formació de la seva colònia diferent, en comparació, a altres gèneres. Al principi, les joves reines aladas volen des de la seva colònia natal, s'aparien amb els mascles en l'exterior i comencen a formar noves colònies en forma independent. El que difereix d'altres formigues és que, una vegada que la regna fundadora mor (després d'alguns anys), diverses filles treballadors efectuen la seva substitució com a reproductores de la colònia. És característic de diverses espècies ponerine que les treballadores puguin apariar-se (gairebé sempre amb homes forans) i emmagatzemin espermatozoides en l'espermateca.

Cada any, les noves reines alades es dispersen i torna a començar el procés una altra vegada. La combinació de la reina i els resultats ja comentats de reproducció donen una major esperança de vida a les colònies.

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Harpegnathos ( İngilizce )

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Harpegnathos is a small ponerine genus of ants found in South and Southeast Asia. They are notable for their jumping ability, complex colony structure, and large to very large workers easily identifiable by their long mandibles and large eyes.[3]

Taxonomy

Head view of a Harpegnathos saltator worker, showing their characteristic long scythe-shaped mandibles

The genus was established by Thomas C. Jerdon in 1851 to house the single species Harpegnathos saltator, found in India.[4] Believing that the name was unavailable due to homonymy, Smith (1858)[5] incorrectly erected the unnecessary replacement name Drepanognathus (now a synonym of Harpegnathos). For some time, both names were used in publications by other authors until the original name was restored.[3] The most recent species was described in 1963, making the total number of Harpegnathos species seven, with an additional four described subspecies.[2] The genus is closely related to the other genera in its tribe, Ponerini, and is probably a sister to all Ponerini.[3]

Multifunctional mandibles

The ant's mandible exhibits spatially-dependent morphology and bi-axial kinematics, which collectively allows it to perform various daily labors from hunting and attacking to carefully caring for ant eggs [6].Regarding the spatially-dependent morphology, at the distal-to-middle part, the mandible has double-rowed, non-parallel teeth responsible for powerful clamping. At the proximal part, the mandible has a smooth concavity that is solely used for gently gripping ant eggs.[7] On the other hand, the mandible rotates about two orthogonal axes, changing the mandibular distance and configuration simultaneously.[8] The spatially-dependent morphology and bi-axial kinematics endow the ant mandible multifunctionality.

Hunting behavior

Harpegnathos is an extremely distinctive genus appearance-wise, being very reminiscent of the Myrmecia found in Australia. Like Myrmecia, Harpegnathos has very large eyes, since both hunt mostly by vision and do not lay down pheromone trails like most other ants.[9] Also like Myrmecia, they have large jaws since, owing to their lack of pheromone signals, workers are solitary hunters and must carry food back to the nest in their jaws since they also lack a social stomach.[10]

Colony structure

Harpegnathos has a complex and different colony structure compared to other genera. In the beginning, young winged queens fly out from their natal colony, mate with foreign males and start new colonies independently. What differs from other ants is that, once the short-lived founding queen dies, several daughter workers replace her as reproductives in the colony. Characteristic of several ponerine species, workers can mate (almost always with foreign males) and store sperm in the spermatheca.[3]

In H. saltator, many young workers inbreed with males from the same colony (their brothers). They fight to establish a dominance hierarchy, and a few high-ranking workers become reproductives and lay eggs, so-called gamergates. Every year, new winged queens are reared, and they disperse and start the process again. The combination of queen and gamergate reproduction results in an increased lifespan of colonies, in theory making them immortal.[3][11]

Species

References

  1. ^ "Genus: Harpegnathos". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b Bolton, B. (2015). "Harpegnathos". AntCat. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e Schmidt, C. A; Shattuck, S. O. (2014). "The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
  4. ^ Jerdon, T. C. (1851). "A catalogue of the species of ants found in Southern India". Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 17: 103–127.
  5. ^ Smith, F. (1858). Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp.
  6. ^ Wei, Zhang (2020). "Multifunctional mandibles of ants: Variation in gripping behavior facilitated by specific microstructures and kinematics". Journal of Insect Physiology. 120: 103993. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103993. PMID 31836493. S2CID 209358666.
  7. ^ Wei, Zhang; et, al. (2020). "A mathematical modeling method elucidating the integrated gripping performance of ant mandibles and bio-inspired grippers". Journal of Bionic Engineering. 17 (4): 732-746. doi:10.1007/s42235-020-0065-9. S2CID 220503041.
  8. ^ Wei, Zhang; et, al. (2021). "Double-rowed teeth: design specialization of the H. venator ants for enhanced tribological stability". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 16 (5): 055003. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ac124a. PMID 34233306. S2CID 235768522.
  9. ^ "Functional characterization of odorant receptors in the ponerine ant, Harpegnathos saltator | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  10. ^ "Smaller Brains and Optic Lobes in Reproductive Workers of the Ant Harpegnathos". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  11. ^ Peeters, C.; Liebig, J.; Hölldobler, B. (2000). "Sexual reproduction by both queens and workers in the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator". Insectes Sociaux. 47 (4): 325–332. doi:10.1007/PL00001724. S2CID 8728206.

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Harpegnathos: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Harpegnathos is a small ponerine genus of ants found in South and Southeast Asia. They are notable for their jumping ability, complex colony structure, and large to very large workers easily identifiable by their long mandibles and large eyes.

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Harpegnathos ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Harpegnathos es un género basal de hormigas de la subfamilia Ponerinae.

Estas hormigas tiene una estructura de formación de su colonia diferente, en comparación, a otros géneros. Al principio, las jóvenes reinas aladas vuelan desde su colonia natal, se aparean con los machos en el exterior y comienzan a formar nuevas colonias en forma independiente. Lo que difiere de otras hormigas es que, una vez que la reina fundadora muere (después de algunos años), varias hijas trabajadores efectúan su sustitución como reproductoras de la colonia. Es característico de varias especies ponerine que las trabajadoras puedan aparearse (casi siempre con varones foráneos) y almacenen espermatozoides en la espermateca.

Cada año, las nuevas reinas aladas se dispersan y vuelve a comenzar el proceso otra vez. La combinación de la reina y los resultados ya comentados de reproducción dan una mayor esperanza de vida a las colonias.

Especies

H. cruentatus
H. empesoi
H. hobbyi
H. macgregori
H. medioniger
H. pallipes
H. saltator
H. undet
H. venator

Referencias

Peeters, C., J. Liebig & B. Hölldobler (2000) Sexual reproduction by both queens and workers in the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator. Insectes Sociaux 47: 325-332.

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Harpegnathos: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

Harpegnathos es un género basal de hormigas de la subfamilia Ponerinae.

Estas hormigas tiene una estructura de formación de su colonia diferente, en comparación, a otros géneros. Al principio, las jóvenes reinas aladas vuelan desde su colonia natal, se aparean con los machos en el exterior y comienzan a formar nuevas colonias en forma independiente. Lo que difiere de otras hormigas es que, una vez que la reina fundadora muere (después de algunos años), varias hijas trabajadores efectúan su sustitución como reproductoras de la colonia. Es característico de varias especies ponerine que las trabajadoras puedan aparearse (casi siempre con varones foráneos) y almacenen espermatozoides en la espermateca.

Cada año, las nuevas reinas aladas se dispersan y vuelve a comenzar el proceso otra vez. La combinación de la reina y los resultados ya comentados de reproducción dan una mayor esperanza de vida a las colonias.

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Harpegnathos ( Portekizce )

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Harpegnathos é um gênero de insetos, pertencente a família Formicidae.[1]

Espécies

Referências

  1. «Harpegnathos». Sistema Global de Informação sobre Biodiversidade (em inglês). Consultado em 27 de agosto de 2019
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Harpegnathos: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Harpegnathos é um gênero de insetos, pertencente a família Formicidae.

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Harpegnathos ( Rusça )

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 src=
Голова муравья Harpegnathos saltator

Harpegnathos (лат. , от др.-греч. ἅρπη «кривой меч» и γνάθος «челюсти») — род муравьёв (Formicidae) из подсемейства Ponerinae.

Распространение

Юго-Восточная Азия

Описание

Среднего размера муравьи (длина около 20 мм) разнообразной окраски, гнездящиеся в почве, с длинными узкими мандибулами. Глаза крупные, сдвинуты вперёд и расположены у основания жвал. Активные хищники. Гнёзда земляные[1][2][3]. Harpegnathos это один из 4 родов муравьёв, способных к прыжкам с помощью ног (наряду с Gigantiops, Myrmecia и Odontomachus)[4].

Систематика

Около 10 видов.

Примечания

  1. Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2014. — Vol. 3817(1). — P. 1-242. — ISSN 1175-5326.
  2. Peeters, C., Hölldobler, B., Moffett, M. & Musthak Ali, T. 1994. "Wall-papering" and elaborate nest architecture in the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator. — Insectes Soc. 41: 211-218.
  3. Peeters, C., J. Liebig & Hölldobler, B. 2000. Sexual reproduction by both queens and workers in the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator. — Insect. Soc. 47: 325-332.
  4. Magdalena Sorger. Snap! Trap-jaw ants in Borneo also jump using their legs (англ.) // Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment : Журнал. — Washington: The Ecological Society of America, 2015. — Vol. 13, no. 10. — P. 574–575. — ISSN 1540-9309. — DOI:10.1890/1540-9295-13.10.574.
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Harpegnathos: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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 src= Голова муравья Harpegnathos saltator

Harpegnathos (лат. , от др.-греч. ἅρπη «кривой меч» и γνάθος «челюсти») — род муравьёв (Formicidae) из подсемейства Ponerinae.

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