Amphicynodontidae

Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears,^[1] a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals.^[2][3][4] In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.^{[5][6][7][3][8][4]} According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.^[9] Fossils of these mammals have been found in Europe, North America and Asia.^[4] Amphicynodontines should not be confused with Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of Carnivora which is a sister clade to arctoids within the caniforms, but which may be listed as a clade of extinct arctoids in older publications.

Systematics

• Family †Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945
  • †Amphicticeps Matthew and Granger, 1924
    • †Amphicticeps makhchinus Wang et al., 2005
    • †Amphicticeps dorog Wang et al., 2005
    • †Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger, 1924
  • †Parictis Scott, 1893
    • †Parictis primaevus Scott, 1893
    • †Parictis personi Chaffee, 1954
    • †Parictis montanus Clark & Guensburg, 1972
    • †Parictis parvus Clark & Beerbower, 1967
    • †Parictis gilpini Clark & Guensburg, 1972
    • †Parictis dakotensis Clark, 1936
  • †Kolponomos Stirton, 1960
    • †Kolponomos newportensis Tedford et al., 1994
    • †Kolponomos clallamensis Stirton, 1960
  • †Allocyon Merriam, 1930
    • †Allocyon loganensis Merriam, 1930
  • †Pachycynodon Schlosser, 1888
    • †Pachycynodon tedfordi Wang & Qiu, 2003
    • †Pachycynodon tenuis Teilhard de Chardin, 1915
    • †Pachycynodon filholi Schlosser, 1888
    • †Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Pachycynodon crassirostris Schlosser, 1888
  • †Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881
    • †Amphicynodon mongoliensis Janovskaja, 1970
    • †Amphicynodon teilhardi Matthew and Granger, 1924
    • †Amphicynodon typicus Schlosser, 1888
    • †Amphicynodon chardini Cirot and De Bonis, 1992
    • †Amphicynodon cephalogalinus Teilhard, 1915
    • †Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874)
    • †Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874)
    • †Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846)

References

Amphicynodontidae é uma família de mamíferos carnívoros primitivos, cujo aspecto lembrava vagamente um guaxinim, mas que foram ancestrais dos Hemicyonidae, e através destes dos ursídeos (Ursidae). Os gêneros Kolponomos, Allocyon e Pachycynodon parecem formar um subgrupo próximo aos ancestrais dos Pinípedes (= Phocoidea).

Taxonomia

• Gênero †Parictis Scott, 1893
• Gênero †Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881
  • Amphicynodon velaunus
  • Amphicynodon leptorhynchus
  • Amphicynodon typicus - Europa
  • Amphicynodon chardini
  • Amphicynodon gracilis - Europa
  • Amphicynodon cephalogalinus
  • Amphicynodon crassirostris
  • Amphicynodon bachyrostris
  • Amphicynodon teilhardi Matthew e Granger, 1924 (=A. mongoliensis) - Oligoceno Inferior, Hsanda Gol, Mongólia
• Amphicticeps Matthew e Granger, 1924
  • Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger, 1924 - Oligoceno Inferior, Hsanda Gol, Mongólia
  • Amphicticeps dorog Wang et al., 2005 - Oligoceno Inferior, Hsanda Gol, Mongólia
  • Amphicticeps makhchinus Wang et al., 2005 - Oligoceno Inferior, Hsanda Gol, Mongólia
• Gênero †Kolponomos Stirton, 1960
  • Kolponomos clallamensis (Stirton, 1960)
  • Kolponomos newportensis (Tedford et al., 1994) - Mioceno Inferior
• Gênero †Allocyon Merriam, 1930
  • Allocyon loganensis Merriam, 1930
• Gênero †Pachycynodon
  • Pachycynodon crassirostris
  • Pachycynodon boriei
  • Pachycynodon filholi
  • Pachycynodon tenuis
  • Pachycynodon tedfordi Wang e Qiu, 2003 - Oligoceno Inferior, Saint Jacques, Nei Mongol, China

Referências

• Wang, X., McKenna, M. C. & Dashzeveg, D. (2005) - Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia, and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. American Museum novitates ; no. 3483