Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius 1804) makaleleri

Biology ( İngilizce )

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Natural History:

Solenopsis geminata is the tropical fire ant. Fire ants are a group of related species, the Solenopsis geminata group, that has its center of diversity in southern South America. Solenopsis geminata is the only member of the group that occurs in Costa Rica, although it occurs in a "red form" that is more abundant in open areas and a "black form" that prefers forested areas. The environmental or genetic determinants of these forms are unknown.

Solenopsis geminata is most abundant in open sunny areas. It is common in agricultural areas and around human settlements. In the lowlands it is found not only in the open but may also penetrate into forest understory, albeit at lower density. At higher elevations it is restricted to open areas and does not extend into closed-canopy forest. There is anecdotal evidence that S. geminata occurrence in forest understory, even in mature forest habitats, is increasing, perhaps due to effects of fragmentation. Increased abundance in forest understory could be due to a greatly increased source population in the surrounding pasture areas, or to microclimate change that favors fire ant establishment in the forest understory.

Solenopsis geminata colonies are large, with tens to hundreds of thousands of workers. Nests are in the soil, usually in the form of a large exposed soil mound. Galleries extend out into the surrounding soil, surfacing at foraging zones at a distance from the nest. Most foraging is at the soil surface, but I have seen fire ants foraging several meters up on tree trunks or treefalls when there are abundant epiphytes and epiphytic soil. Workers form galleries extending from the ground up through the epiphytic soil.

Workers are generalized scavengers and they recruit rapidly to resources. Oil and protein sources, such as tuna baits, are particularly attractive. When large resources are discovered, workers often rapidly cover them with soil. I once observed S. geminata workers tending petiolar extrafloral nectaries at each leaf of a long Passiflora vine. The vine looped from the vegetation down to the ground for part of its length, and wherever a leaf petiole was touching the ground the ants had built a soil pavilion covering it.

Workers have powerful stings and are the bane of children running barefoot in the grass. If you mistakenly stand on a nest, workers will slowly cover your feet and lower legs and then all sting at once. Farmers generally despise them.

Individual colonies have large nuptial flights, with abundant males and alate queens issuing from nests. Workers swarm over the nest surface and surrounding vegetation, and they appear to be driving the males and alate queens from the nest. Nuptial flights do not seem highly syncronized among colonies and they may occur at any time of year.

lisans: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
telif hakkı: California Academy of Sciences

bibliyografik atıf: AntWeb. Version 8.45.1. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. Accessed 15 December 2022.

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Distribution Notes ( İngilizce )

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Australia: Queensland: S. geminata may have been eradicated from Queensland but since new infestations are to be expected, we thought it prudent to keep the species on the list.

lisans: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
telif hakkı: California Academy of Sciences

bibliyografik atıf: AntWeb. Version 8.45.1. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. Accessed 15 December 2022.

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Taxonomic History ( İngilizce )

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Extant: 1 valid subspecies

Atta geminata Fabricius, 1804 PDF: 423 (q.) CENTRAL AMERICA. Neotropic. AntCat AntWiki HOL

Taxonomic history

lisans: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
telif hakkı: California Academy of Sciences

bibliyografik atıf: AntWeb. Version 8.45.1. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. Accessed 15 December 2022.

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General Ecology ( İngilizce )

Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico tarafından sağlandı

Nests are in fully exposed situations, in dry, coarse, gravelly soil, and are without a mound.

lisans: cc-by-nc

bibliyografik atıf: Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

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ortak site: Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico

Distribution ( İngilizce )

Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico tarafından sağlandı

Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., s. Calif.; Mexico.

lisans: cc-by-nc

bibliyografik atıf: Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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Literature records: Cordillera, “Paraguay” (s. loc.) (Emery 1906, Forel 1906, Forel 1908b, Forel 1909).

Solenopsis geminata is native from southern North Americs to northern South America (Trager 1991); records probably refer to S. saevissima or S. macdonaghi .

lisans: not applicable

bibliyografik atıf: Wild, A. L., 2007, A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., Zootaxa, pp. 1-55, vol. 1622
yazar: Wild, A. L.

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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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[[ worker ]]. Long. 1,6 mm. Jaune tesface et mat, appendices et gastre d'un jaune plus clair, lisses et luisants. Tete et thorax tres finement reticules. Sur le dessus de la tete qui est submat, les reticulations ont une tendance nettement longitudinale avec une " assez grosse ponctuation pilifere espacee ( M. Pharaonis est plus grossierement et plus regulierement ponctue-reticule). Une fine pilosite inclinee assez abondante sur la tete, les antennes et le gastre, plus rare ailleurs.

Tete rectangulaire, d'un cinquieme au moins plus longue que large, les cotes et le bord posterieur faiblement arques. Yeux en avant du milieu des cotes et assez convexes. Les scapes n'atteignent pas le bord posterieur (ils le depassent chez M. Pharaonis ). Articles 3 a 8 du funicule plus epais que longs, les articles 9 et 10 un peu plus longs qu'epais (beaucoup plus longs, chez M. Pharaonis ). Cretes frontales plus rapprochees que chez M. Pharaonis . Carenes de l'epistome mousses et un peu divergentes, le bord anterieur de celui-ci faiblement echancre au milieu. Mandibules striolees, de 3 dents (4?). Promesonotum d'un quart plus long que large, sans sutures dorsales et assez peu convexe. Face basale de l'epinotum un peu plus basse, droite, plane, plus longue que large, presque le double plus longue que la face declive, qui est subverticale et vers laquelle elle passe par un angle arrondi. Premier n oe ud du pedicule aussi haut que long, plus brievement petiole en avant que chez M. Pharaonis . Deuxieme article un peu plus large que le premier; devant du gastre faiblement echancre. Tres voisin de M. Pharaonis , bien que different par ses antennes, sa taille et sa sculpture.

Afrique Orientale anglaise: Bura

(Gh. Alluaud et R. Jeahnel), 1 [[ worker ]].

lisans: not applicable

bibliyografik atıf: Santschi, F., 1915, Nouvelles fourmis d'Afrique., Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, pp. 244-282, vol. 84
yazar: Santschi, F.

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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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— [[ worker ]]. [[ soldier ]] [[ queen ]]. Gabon (F. Faure) [[ worker ]]. Liberia. — Probablement importee d'Amerique sur les cotes africaines, cette espece, tres guerriere, risque fort d'avoir une grande extension en Afrique. Sur certaines Antilles, elle s'est substituee aux especes locales.

lisans: not applicable

bibliyografik atıf: Santschi, F., 1913, Glanure de fourmis africaines., Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, pp. 302-314, vol. 57
yazar: Santschi, F.

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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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- Colombo.

lisans: not applicable

bibliyografik atıf: Emery, C., 1893, Voyage de M. E. Simon à l'île de Ceylan (janvier - février 1892). 3e Mémoire. Formicides., Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, pp. 239-258, vol. 62
yazar: Emery, C.

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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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(No. 48 a a 48 m). [[ worker ]] [[ queen ]] [[ male ]]. Espece cosmopolite des tropiques.

(48). Common, especially in open places below 1500 ft. The communities are large, often ten or twelve thousand individuals, I should think. The formicary proper is commonly excavated under sod or loose soil, advantage being often taken of the shelter afforded by a large stone, or by vines, a bush, & c; it is never far below the surface. In the centre is a large irregular chamber, or several small ones connected by very short passages; this central portion may occupy a space six inches square. From it a network of tunnels extends in all directions, but always near the surface; connected with these there may be other small chambers for larvae, food, & c. The longer tunnels may extend for many yards, commonly ending under stones, where other chambers are constructed; and to these distant parts of the formicarium the larvae are often carried. No matter how large the community is, there appears to be but one gravid female, though several winged females may be found. These ants are very pugnacious, especially when their central nest is disturbed. The sting is unpleasant, but not very painful. The largest-headed workers are. few in number, and keep to the inner passages of the formicarium. The other workers are frequently found about houses, on foliage, flowers, & c, and prowling over the ground in open places. They seem to live principally, if not entirely, on vegetable matter; they are especially fond of sweet substances. I have found considerable quantities of grass-seeds stored in small chambers in their nests. In their movements the smallheaded workers are moderately active; the large-headed ones move slowly, and in a staggering way. The females are sluggish.

(48 a). Near Wallibou (leeward); seashore thickets; sandy soil. Oct, 8 th. The main nest was under a large stone.

(48 b). Fitz-Hugh Valley (leeward), 500 ft.; open place near stream. A large nest under sod and vines on a rock.

(48 d). Fitz-Hugh Valley (leeward), 500 ft. Nov. 4 th. Open place. A female found alone in a small cavity of rotten wood.

(48 e). Golden Grove (leeward), 300 ft. June. Workers found about the house.

(48 f).. Workers from various localities on the leeward side and southern end of the island, below 1500 ft.; open places. Some found at the ends of their tunnels, under stones; others on foliage, on the flowers of Croton, & c.

(48 g). Southern end of the island; Villa Estate, near the seashore; dry hill-side; at the end of a tunnel under a stone. Oct. 14 th.

(48 h). Near Palmyra Estate (leeward), 1000 ft. Nov. 4 th. Open hill-side. A formicary or end of a tunnel, partly under a stone. The ants had formed a small mound at the side of the stone, with the earth brought up. I could find no female; and probably this was not the main nest, though the ants and larvae were numerous.

(48 i). Wallilobo (leeward), near sea-level; open valley. Nov. 8 th. From extensive passages under sod and stones.

(48 j). Camden Park Estate (leeward, near Kingstown), Nov. 19 th; seashore, at the root of a tree. A large colony. The ants had passages on the tree-trunk, following the lines of crevices, and formed roughly of bits of wood-fibre.

The tunnels of these ants are made very near the surface of the ground, and are generally partly open, either because the surface has fallen in, or because the passage is not necessarily a covered one; hence these passages can easily be traced.

(48 k). Nov. 23 rd. Golden Grove (leeward), 300 ft. Many thousands appeared in the upper room of the house, near sunset, in a corner near a window. They had at least a hundred males, which they let loose near the window. It was curious to see the workers drag the males to the window, which, however, was closed - a failure of instinct. Very few workers major appeared.

I killed thousands of the ants with carbolic acid. Notwithstanding this, and the fact that the window was an effectual barrier to swarming, the ants appeared again in a few days after, in the same place, with other males.

(481). Hermitage Estate, Cumberland Valley, 1000 ft.; open place. Dec. 2 nd. At roots of plants on a rock. A large nest.

(48 m). Windward coast of Robocca. Jan. 2 nd. Dooryard, under stones. (The species is common on the windward side).

N. B. - Mons. H. H. Smith a encore rapporte plusieurs [[ queen ]] et [[ male ]] appartenant au genre Solenopsis , mais indeter- minables, parce que les [[ worker ]] correspondantes manquent.

II se peut qu'ils appartiennent a des [[ worker ]] deja decrites, et c'est un devoir de ne pas encombrer la synonymie de ce genre deja si difficile. Ces individus sont les numeros (10 h) [[ queen ]], (11 a) [[ queen ]] et [[ male ]], quatre especes de [[ male ]] pris au vol et sans numeros, enfin le No. 10 a. La [[ queen ]] et l'ouvriere du No. 10 a appartiennent a deux especes differentes, mais l'ouvriere unique, fort rapprochee de la S. Castor n'est pas assez caracteristique, ni assez bien conservee pour qu'il soit permis de la decrire.

(11). Perhaps referable to No. 9.

(11 a). Open place near sea-level; Cumberland Valley (leeward). Oct. 8 th. Flying. Copulated (about 8 a. m.).

lisans: not applicable

bibliyografik atıf: Forel, A., 1893, Formicides de l'Antille St. Vincent. Récoltées par Mons. H. H. Smith., Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, pp. 333-418, vol. 1893
yazar: Forel, A.

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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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[[ worker ]] [[ queen ]] [[ male ]]. Zent, cote Atlantique, Costa Rica (Biolley), tres grandes [[ worker ]] major; Ile de Coco (Alfaro), probablement importee.

lisans: not applicable

bibliyografik atıf: Forel, A., 1908, Fourmis de Costa-Rica, récoltées par M. Paul Biolley., Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, pp. 35-72, vol. 44
yazar: Forel, A.

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Solenopsis geminata ( İngilizce )

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Solenopsis geminata or tropical fire ant is a species of fire ants, described by Fabricius in 1804, in the tribe Solenopsidini; it was originally placed in the Atta genus. This species has a pan-tropical distribution.^[1]

Distribution

Solenopsis geminata is native to Central and South America, including the Caribbean islands, but has since spread throughout the tropics by human means. It is an invasive species with a world-wide distribution even greater than that of other invasive fire ant species such as Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant).^[2]

Colonies and reproduction

S. geminata build their nests primarily in the soil in open, sunny areas. The nests are formed, some as craters or mounds, up to 2 feet wide and 12 inches tall with multiple entrance holes up to some 20 per nest. The number of mounds varies greatly, from 10 to 80 per acre in native habitats to up to 1000 or even 1500 mounds per acre in areas where they are introduced.^[2]

The colonies can either be monogyne, containing a single queen, or polygyne, containing many reproductive queens. They are known to hybridize with other closely related fire ant species. Queens may start a new colony following a nuptial flight. Otherwise, like other fire ants, they are known to spread by floating. Globally they can expand over long distances by jump-dispersal through human-mediated transport and invase new areas. ^[2]

Venom

The venom of S. geminata is comparable in power and dangerousness to the one of Solenopsis invicta, and can cause severe allergic reactions capable of threatening human survival.^[3]

Subspecies

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility^[1] includes:

Solenopsis geminata subsp. geminata (Fabricius, 1804)
Solenopsis geminata subsp. micans Stitz, 1912
Solenopsis geminata subsp. rufa (Fabricius, 1804)

Reproductor
Worker
Head
Dorsal view

Worker drinking nectar

References

^ ^a ^b GBIF: Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)
^ ^a ^b ^c Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant) CABI datasheet, update Dec 2019
^ Hoffmann, Benjamin D; Ducarme, Frédéric; Bradford, DanaKai; Martinez, Santiago (2023). "Spread of stinging ants to oceanic islands, and the need to raise awareness of prevention and treatment of ant stings". Emergency Medicine Australasia. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.14165. PMID 36596650. S2CID 255469772.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solenopsis_geminata&oldid=1140554454"

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Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Solenopsis geminata or tropical fire ant is a species of fire ants, described by Fabricius in 1804, in the tribe Solenopsidini; it was originally placed in the Atta genus. This species has a pan-tropical distribution.

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Solenopsis geminata ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Solenopsis geminata es una especie de hormiga del género Solenopsis, subfamilia Myrmicinae.

Hay varias castas de obreras. Son de 3 a 5 mm de longitud. El cuerpo es de color naranja a marrón y la cabeza es marrón. La distribución original es cerca del golfo de México, desde Florida a Panamá. Se ha difundido a muchas partes del mundo por acción humana. Puede causar problemas económicos en la agricultura y por las molestias que causa y problemas ecológicos porque ataca a especies nativas al punto de afectar sus poblaciones.^[1]^[2]

Referencias

↑ antweb.org Consultado el 6 de junio de 2021.
↑ GISD. Solenopsis geminata

Datos: Q3720386
Multimedia:
Especies: Solenopsis geminata

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Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Solenopsis geminata es una especie de hormiga del género Solenopsis, subfamilia Myrmicinae.

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Solenopsis geminata ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Insecten

Solenopsis geminata is een mierensoort uit de onderfamilie van de Myrmicinae.^[1]^[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1804 door Fabricius.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Geplaatst op:
13-04-2013

Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen.

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Solenopsis geminata ( Portekizce )

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Solenopsis geminata é uma espécie de formiga do gênero Solenopsis, pertencente à subfamília Myrmicinae, também conhecida como a formiga de fogo tropical. As formigas de fogo são um grupo de espécies relacionadas, o grupo geminata Solenopsis, que tem o seu centro de diversidade no sul da América do Sul. Solenopsis geminata é o único membro do grupo que ocorre na Costa Rica, mas que ocorre em uma "forma vermelha", que é mais abundante em áreas abertas e uma "forma preta" que prefere áreas florestais. Os determinantes ambientais ou genéticos dessas formas são desconhecidas.

Solenopsis geminata é mais abundante em zonas abertas e ensolaradas. É comum em áreas agrícolas e ao redor dos assentamentos humanos. Em altitudes mais baixas é encontrada não só em campo aberto, mas também podem penetrar no sub-bosque, embora em menor densidade. Em altitudes mais elevadas ela é restrita a áreas abertas e não se estende a floresta dossel fechado. Há indícios de ocorrência de S. geminata no sub-bosque da floresta, mesmo em habitats florestais maduros, é cada vez maior, talvez devido aos efeitos da fragmentação. O aumento da abundância na floresta sub-bosque pode ser devido a um grande aumento da população de origem em áreas de pastagem ao redor, ou para alterar o microclima que favorece a criação de formigas de fogo no sub-bosque.

As colônias de Solenopsis geminata são grandes, com dezenas a centenas de milhares de trabalhadores. Os ninhos são no solo, geralmente sob a forma de um grande monte de terra expostas. Galerias se estendem para o solo circundante, emergindo nas zonas da forragem, a uma distância a partir do ninho. Tem maior costume de forragear na superfície do solo, mas existem relatos onde as formigas de fogo estão forrageando vários metros de altura em troncos de árvores ou clareiras naturais quando há epífitas abundantes e solo epífitas. Trabalhadores formam galerias que se estendem a partir do zero através do solo epífitas.

Os trabalhadores são essencialmente catadores e recrutam rapidamente os recursos. Óleo e fontes de proteína, tais como iscos de atum, são particularmente atraentes. Quando grandes recursos são descobertos, os trabalhadores muitas vezes os cobrem com solo. As vezes inclusive se utilizando da vegetação para cobrir as fontes de alimento.

Os trabalhadores têm picadas poderosas e são a perdição de crianças correndo com os pés descalços na grama. Se você equivocadamente ficar em um ninho, os trabalhadores vão lentamente cobrir seus pés e pernas e, em seguida, todos picarão de uma só vez. Os agricultores geralmente as desprezám.

Colónias individuais têm grandes vôos nupciais, com emissão dos machos abundantes e rainhas aladas do ninhos. Trabalhadores infestam a superfície do ninho e da vegetação circundante, e eles parecem estar expulsando os machos e rainhas aladas do ninho. Vôos nupciais não parecem altamente sincronizado entre colônias e podem ocorrer em qualquer época do ano.

^[1]

Referências

↑ «Zipcodezoo». Solenopsis geminata (em inglês). Consultado em 13 de maio de 2010

Trager, J. C. 1991. A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99:141-198.

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Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Solenopsis geminata é uma espécie de formiga do gênero Solenopsis, pertencente à subfamília Myrmicinae, também conhecida como a formiga de fogo tropical. As formigas de fogo são um grupo de espécies relacionadas, o grupo geminata Solenopsis, que tem o seu centro de diversidade no sul da América do Sul. Solenopsis geminata é o único membro do grupo que ocorre na Costa Rica, mas que ocorre em uma "forma vermelha", que é mais abundante em áreas abertas e uma "forma preta" que prefere áreas florestais. Os determinantes ambientais ou genéticos dessas formas são desconhecidas.

Solenopsis geminata é mais abundante em zonas abertas e ensolaradas. É comum em áreas agrícolas e ao redor dos assentamentos humanos. Em altitudes mais baixas é encontrada não só em campo aberto, mas também podem penetrar no sub-bosque, embora em menor densidade. Em altitudes mais elevadas ela é restrita a áreas abertas e não se estende a floresta dossel fechado. Há indícios de ocorrência de S. geminata no sub-bosque da floresta, mesmo em habitats florestais maduros, é cada vez maior, talvez devido aos efeitos da fragmentação. O aumento da abundância na floresta sub-bosque pode ser devido a um grande aumento da população de origem em áreas de pastagem ao redor, ou para alterar o microclima que favorece a criação de formigas de fogo no sub-bosque.

As colônias de Solenopsis geminata são grandes, com dezenas a centenas de milhares de trabalhadores. Os ninhos são no solo, geralmente sob a forma de um grande monte de terra expostas. Galerias se estendem para o solo circundante, emergindo nas zonas da forragem, a uma distância a partir do ninho. Tem maior costume de forragear na superfície do solo, mas existem relatos onde as formigas de fogo estão forrageando vários metros de altura em troncos de árvores ou clareiras naturais quando há epífitas abundantes e solo epífitas. Trabalhadores formam galerias que se estendem a partir do zero através do solo epífitas.

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Solenopsis geminata ( Rusça )

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Подцарство: Эуметазои

Без ранга: Двусторонне-симметричные

Без ранга: Первичноротые

Без ранга: Линяющие

Без ранга: Panarthropoda

Тип: Членистоногие

Подтип: Трахейнодышащие

Надкласс: Шестиногие

Класс: Насекомые

Подкласс: Крылатые насекомые

Инфракласс: Новокрылые насекомые

Клада: Насекомые с полным превращением

Надотряд: Hymenopterida

Отряд: Перепончатокрылые

Подотряд: Стебельчатобрюхие

Инфраотряд: Жалящие

Надсемейство: Formicoidea

Семейство: Муравьи

Подсемейство: Мирмицины

Триба: Solenopsidini

Род: Solenopsis

Вид: Solenopsis geminata

Международное научное название

Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)^[1]

Синонимы

Atta geminata Fabricius, 1804
Atta clypeata Smith, F., 1858
Atta coloradensis Buckley, 1867
Atta lincecumii Buckley, 1867
Atta rufa Jerdon, 1851
Crematogaster laboriosus Smith, F., 1860
Diplorhoptrum drewseni Mayr, 1861
Myrmica glaber Smith, F., 1862
Myrmica laevissima Smith, F., 1860
Myrmica mellea Smith, F., 1859
Myrmica paleata Lund, 1831
Myrmica polita Smith, F. 1862
Myrmica saxicola Buckley, 1867
Solenopsis cephalotes Smith, F., 1859
Solenopsis edouardi bahiaensis Santschi, 1925
Solenopsis edouardi perversa Santschi, 1925
Solenopsis eduardi Forel, 1912
Solenopsis geminata diabola Wheeler, W.M., 1908
Solenopsis geminata galapageia Wheeler, W.M., 1919
Solenopsis geminata innota Santschi, 1915
Solenopsis geminata medusa Mann, 1916
Solenopsis geminata nigra Forel, 1908
Solenopsis mandibularis Westwood, 1840

Систематика
на Викивидах

Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 154238NCBI 121131EOL 599618

Solenopsis geminata (лат.) — вид жалящих муравьёв из группы опасных инвазивных огненных муравьёв (Solenopsis, Solenopsidini). Имеет почти космополитное распространение, благодаря человеческой торговле интродуцирован во многие страны^[2].

Распространение

Глобальный инвазивный вид. Со своей предположительной американской родины (где он встречается от США и Канады до Аргентины) интродуцирован в Африку, Азию, Австралию, Европу (обнаружен в одной из оранжерей в Лондоне), на Мадагаскар и многие океанические острова (Вануату, Галапагосские острова, Гавайские острова, Гуам, Канарские острова, Кирибати, Маршалловы острова, Новая Каледония, Самоа, Фиджи, Шри-Ланка)^[2].

Описание

Длина рабочих 3—5 мм (самки до 8 мм), окраска тела желтовато-рыжая (самки красновато-коричневые, самцы — бурые). Усики 10-члениковые с булавой из двух сегментов. Проподеум невооружённый, без зубцов или шипиков. Между грудкой и брюшком расположен тонкий стебелёк, состоящий из двух члеников (петиоль + постпетиоль). Строят земляные гнёзда, включающие более 100 тыс. муравьёв. Встречаются колонии двух типов: полигинные (с несколькими матками) и моногинные (с одной). Вид был впервые описан в 1804 году датским энтомологом Иоганном Фабрициусом по двум самкам из Центральной Америки в составе рода муравьёв-листорезов Atta. И только в 1863 году австрийский мирмеколог Густав Майр включил его в состав рода Solenopsis Westwood, 1840^[3]^[4]. Диплоидный набор хромосом 2n = 32^[5].

В муравейниках встречаются мирмекофильные сосущие соки из корней растений мучнистые червецы, например, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Pseudococcidae)^[6].

Значение

Solenopsis geminata как и другие огненные муравьи обладают сильным ядом и жалом. Они быстро и агрессивно реагируют на любое нарушение муравейника или источника питания. Один муравей может неоднократно жалить и будет продолжать делать это даже после того, как весь их яд был исчерпан. Первоначально ужаление проявляется в локализованном интенсивном жжении (отсюда и название «огненные» муравьи). Затем следует покраснение и отёк окружающих тканей кожи. У некоторых людей ужаление может привести к тяжелой аллергической реакции. Муравьи также могут оказывать отрицательное влияние на местную флору и фауну (в том числе, снижая численность гусениц и яиц бабочек и вытесняя аборигенные виды других муравьёв), благодаря агрессивному поведению и разведению сосущих соки растений равнокрылых насекомых (тлей, червецов и щитовок)^[3].

Может выступать в качестве важных агентов биологического контроля и борьбы с вредителями. Например, S. geminata способен уменьшить популяцию гусениц бабочек-совок Spodoptera frugiperda и Agrotis sр. (Noctuidae), жуков-долгоносиков Listronotus sр. (Curculionidae) на кукурузных плантациях. Также питаются яйцами, нимфами и взрослыми особями кровососущих клопов Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Reduviidae)^[7]^[8]^[9].

Биохимия

В составе метаплевральных желёз заднегрудки рабочих муравьёв, играющих важную роль в жизни колонии (антибактериальную, антигрибковую, функцию распознавания соплеменников по гнезду), обнаружены олеиновая (C₁₇H₃₃COOH), стеариновая (C₁₈H₃₆O₂), линолеевая (C₁₈H₃₂O₂) и пальмитиновая (C₁₆H₃₃O₂) жирные кислоты. В составе постфарингеальных желёз головы рабочих муравьёв обнаружены трикозан (C₂₃H₄₈), трикозен, доказан (C₂₂H₄₆), генеикозан (C₂₁H₄₄), генеикозен и другие углеводороды^[10].

Феромоны

В составе различных желёз обнаружены следующие феромонные вещества:

(2S,6R)-2-метил-6-ундецилпиперидин (C₁₇H₃₅N), феромон ядовитой железы. Известен только у других огненных муравьёв (Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis richteri, Solenopsis saevissima, Solenopsis xyloni)^[11]
(2R,6S)-2-метил-6-Z4-тридеценил-пиперидин (C₁₉H₃₇N), феромон ядовитой железы^[12]
альфа-селинен, или 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-октагидро-4a,8-диметил-2-(проп-1-ин-2-ил)-нанафталин (C₁₅H₂₄), феромон^[7]
инвиктолид, или тетрагидро-3,5-диметил-6-(1-метилбутил)-2H-пиран-2-он (C₁₂H₂₂O₂), феромон^[7]

Касты

Рабочий

Каста рабочих полиморфная (в одной семье встречаются особи от мелких до крупных размеров с разницей примерно в 2 раза). Жвалы с 4 зубцами. Глаза мелкие (около 20 фасеток). Длина головы (HL) — 1,06-2,20 мм, длина глаза — 0.15-0.29 мм, индекс головы (соотношение ширины и длины, CI) — 92-108, индекс скапуса усика (SI) — 47-84. Тело с многочисленными отстоящими волосками (длина волосков 0,13-0,37 мм)^[4]^[13].

Голова малого рабочего
Вид сбоку
Вид сверху

Голова крупного рабочего
Вид сбоку
Вид сверху

Самка

Длина тела 7,5-8 мм^[14].

Голова самки
Вид сбоку
Вид сверху

Самец

Голова самца
Вид сбоку
Крыло
Вид сверху

Систематика

Кладистический анализ с использованием данных ДНК показал, что тропический огненный муравей (Solenopsis geminata) относится к комплексу близких видов Solenopsis geminata complex (Solenopsis aurea, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis xyloni и другие виды), который вместе с красным огненным муравьём (Solenopsis invicta) и несколькими родственными видами (Solenopsis saevissima Smith, 1855, Solenopsis daguerrei Santschi, 1930, Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909, и другими) относится к группе видов Solenopsis saevissima species-group^[4]^[15].

Примечания

↑ Fabricius, J. C. 1804. Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunswick: C. Reichard, xiv + 15-439 + 30 pp. (page 423, queen described)
↑ ¹ ² Solenopsis geminata. (англ.). landcareresearch.co.nz. Проверено 6 июля 2015.
↑ ¹ ² Solenopsis geminata (insect). (англ.). The Global Invasive Species Database. issg.org. Проверено 6 июля 2015.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Trager, J. C. A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) (англ.) // J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. : Журнал. — New York Entomological Society, 1991. — Vol. 99. — P. 141—198. — ISSN 00287199.
↑ Lorite P. & Palomeque T. Karyotype evolution in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a review of the known ant chromosome numbers. — Myrmecologische Nachrichten (Wien). — 2010. Volume 13, Pages 89-102. (Проверено 12 декабря 2010)
↑ Tinsley, J. D. Notes on Coccidae, with descriptions of new species (англ.) // Canadian Entomologist : Журнал. — Ottawa: The Entomological Society of Canada, 1898. — Vol. 30. — P. 317-320. — ISSN 0008-347X.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Cruz-López, L., Rojas, J. C., De La Cruz-Cordero, R., and Morgan, E.D. Behavioral and chemical analysis of venom gland secretion of queens of the ant Solenopsis geminata (англ.) // Journal of Chemical Ecology : Журнал. — Springer Science+Business Media, 2001. — Vol. 27. — P. 2437-2445. — ISSN 0098-0331. ссылка pherobase3
↑ Camacho, T. R. and Garcia, P. J. 1981. Observaciones sobre la depredaci´on de Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) por Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en condiciones de laboratorio. — pp. 179—180, in Proceedings, XXVI Congreso Nacional de Entomologıa — Veracruz, Mexico.
↑ Lastres,M. L. 1990. The role of two predators, Duro taeniatum and Solenopsis geminata F., as control agents of Spodoptera frugiperda in Honduras. — MS thesis. — Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. — 297 pp.
↑ Aivlé Cabrera, David Williams, José V. Hernández, Flavio H. Caetano, and Klaus Jaffe. Metapleural-and Postpharyngeal-Gland Secretions from Workers of the Ants Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata (англ.) // Chemistry & Biodiversity : Журнал. — 2004. — Vol. 1. — P. 303-311. — ISSN 0965-1748.
↑ Brand, J. M., Blum, M. S., and Ross, H.H. Biochemical evolution in fire ant venoms. 3 (англ.) // Insect Biochem. : Журнал. — Elsevier, 1973. — Vol. 3. — P. 45-51. — ISSN 0965-1748. ссылка pherobase1
↑ Brand, J. M., Blum, M. S., Fales, H.M., and MacConnell, J.G. Fire ant venoms: comparative analyses of alkaloidal components (англ.) // Toxicon : Журнал. — Elsevier, 1972. — Vol. 10. — P. 259-271. — ISSN 0041-0101. ссылка pherobase2
↑ Ettershank, G. A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (англ.) // Australian Journal of Zoology : Журнал. — CSIRO Publishing, 1966. — Vol. 14. — P. 73-171 (page 141). — ISSN 0004-959X.
↑ Creighton, W. S. 1930. The New World species of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenop. Formicidae). — Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 66: 39-151 (page 59).
↑ Pitts James P., Joseph V. McHugh & Kenneth G. Ross. (2005). Кладистический анализ огненных муравьев. — «Zoologica Scripta», 2005, Volume 34, Issue 5, Pages 493—505

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Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı

Solenopsis geminata (лат.) — вид жалящих муравьёв из группы опасных инвазивных огненных муравьёв (Solenopsis, Solenopsidini). Имеет почти космополитное распространение, благодаря человеческой торговле интродуцирован во многие страны.

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アカカミアリ ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

アカカミアリ

分類界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 節足動物門 Arthropoda 綱 : 昆虫綱 Insecta 目 : ハチ目（膜翅目） Hymenoptera 亜目 : ハチ亜目（細腰亜目） Apocrita 上科 : スズメバチ上科 Vespoidea 科 : アリ科 Formicidae 亜科 : フタフシアリ亜科 Myrmicinae 属 : トフシアリ属 Solenopsis 種 : アカカミアリ S. geminata 学名 Solenopsis geminata
(Fabricius, 1804) 和名アカカミアリ英名 tropical fire ant

アカカミアリ（赤噛蟻、学名：Solenopsis geminata）は、ハチ目（膜翅目）・アリ科・フタフシアリ亜科に分類されるアリの一種。

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国南部、中央アメリカ、南アメリカ北部、カリブ諸島を原産地とする^[1]。

世界各地の熱帯から亜熱帯に移入分布している^[2]。日本では小笠原諸島の硫黄島、沖縄島・伊江島の在日米軍施設周辺に定着している^[2]。

2017年、2018年には東京港や神戸港でも発見された^[3]^[4]。2018年に神戸港で発見されたアリは、インドネシアジャカルタ港から運ばれポートアイランドに陸揚げされたコンテナから発見されている。

特徴[編集]

働きアリの体長は3 - 5mmで、近縁な日本在来種と比べて大型^[1]。同属の近縁種（アカヒアリなど）とは、頭盾前縁の歯が2本であることで区別できる^[1]。

盛り上がったアリ塚は作らない（近縁のアカヒアリは作る）^[1]。集団でつながることで水に浮き、移動することができる^[1]。

巣に刺激を与えるなどすると、防衛のため集団で咬みつき、腹部の針で猛烈に刺してくる。刺咬によってアナフィラキシーショックが発生することがあり、日本でも1996年に沖縄島の在日米軍兵が本種に攻撃され、アナフィラキシーショックを引き起こしている^[1]。一方で、本種の毒はアカヒアリほど強くはなく、死亡例は報告されていない^[1]。

外来種問題[編集]

世界中の貿易活動にともない、乗り物や物資に紛れ込んだりして分布を拡大していった。日本では在日米軍の輸送物資に混入したものと考えられている^[2]。

小型の節足動物の捕食、在来アリの競合・駆逐、人への刺咬被害、餌となる甘露を提供するカイガラムシを本種が保護することによる農業被害など多くの問題を引き起こす^[2]。

日本では、2005年に外来生物法により特定外来生物の第一次指定を受けている。

参考文献[編集]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g 多紀保彦（監修）財団法人自然環境研究センター（編著）『決定版日本の外来生物』平凡社、ISBN 978-4-582-54241-7。
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d アカカミアリ　国立環境研究所侵入生物DB
^ “アカカミアリ東京・青海埠頭で1000匹　有毒、亀裂に巣か”. 日経新聞. (https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDG14HDV_U7A710C1CC1000/
^ “神戸ポーアイのコンテナで有毒アカカミアリ発見”. 神戸新聞NEXT. (https://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/sougou/201804/0011207283.shtml

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アカカミアリに関連するカテゴリがあります。

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アカカミアリ: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

アカカミアリ（赤噛蟻、学名：Solenopsis geminata）は、ハチ目（膜翅目）・アリ科・フタフシアリ亜科に分類されるアリの一種。

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Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius 1804)

Biology ( İngilizce )

Distribution Notes ( İngilizce )

Taxonomic History ( İngilizce )

General Ecology ( İngilizce )

Distribution ( İngilizce )

Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

Solenopsis geminata ( İngilizce )

Distribution

Colonies and reproduction

Venom

Subspecies

References

Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

Solenopsis geminata ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

Referencias

Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

Solenopsis geminata ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

Solenopsis geminata ( Portekizce )

Referências

Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

Solenopsis geminata ( Rusça )

Содержание

Распространение

Описание

Значение

Биохимия

Феромоны

Касты

Рабочий

Самка

Самец

Систематика

Примечания

Solenopsis geminata: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

アカカミアリ ( Japonca )

目次

分布[編集]

特徴[編集]

外来種問題[編集]

参考文献[編集]

アカカミアリ: Brief Summary ( Japonca )