Sibirya Karaağacı

Ulmus pumila (lat. Ulmus pumila)

Təbii yayılması

Çinin şimal-qərbi və şimal-şərqində, Qazaxıstan, Qərbi Sibir, Monqoliya, Tibet, Hindistan, Koreya, Cənubi Avropa və Şimali Amerikada yayılmışdır.

Botaniki təsviri

Hündürlüyü təxminən 25 m, gövdəsinin diametri 1m olan ağacdır. Zoğların qabığı hamar, bozumtul - qonur, tünd boz və ya parlaq boz rəngli, kobud, bəzi yerlərdə çatlayır bilər. Budaqları açıq sarımtıl-boz, açıq boz-qonur rəngli, hamar və ya tükcüklü, pulcuqludur. Qış tumurcuqları yumurtavari və şarşəkilli formadadır. Yarpaqları ellipsvari-oval, ellipsvari-lansetvari və ya yumurtavari-lansetvari formalı, uzunluğu 2-8 sm, eni 1,2-3,5 sm, ucu biz və simmetrik bünövrəlidir.

Ekologiyası

Öz arealında quraqlı rayonlarında kol kimi bitir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması

Respublikamızda yaşıllaşdırmada bir çox rayonlarda mədəni şəraitdə becərilir.

İstifadəsi

Bu növ çox vaxt meşələrin bərpası üçün istifadə edilir. Qabığından lif alınır.

Mənbə

• Tofiq Məmmədov, “Azərbaycan dendroflorasi” V cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2019, 370 səh.

L'om de Sibèria (Ulmus pumila L.) és originari del Turquestan, est de Sibèria, Mongòlia, Xizang (Tibet), nord de la Xina, Índia (nord del Caixmir) i Corea. L'om de Sibèria és normalment un arbre de mida petita a mitjana, sovint arbustiu que arriba a fer de 10 a 20 metres d'alt amb un tronc de 80 cm. És un arbre de ràpid creixement però que només viu uns 60 anys. Les fulles fan 7 cm de llarg i 3 cm d'ample, amb una base obliqua i els marges serrats. Els fruits es dispersen pel vent i és en forma de sàmara. La plantació d'aquests arbres com a plantes ornamentals, en les poblacions de gran part dels climes temperats del món, s'ha vist afavorida. El motiu és que presenta una resistància (variable) a les malalties que han fet desaparèixer l'om comú (Ulmus campestris]).

Enllaços externs

• «2005 annual technical report - Manhattan Plant Materials Center». Arxivat de l'original el 28 de març de 2009. Vegeu les pàgines 42,43. Evaluation of the Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila), USDA. (anglès)
• Siberian Elm, Ulmus pumila Diagnostic photographs; specimen at Morton Arboretum
• USDA Plant Guide: Ulmus pumila
• Notes on Elm in the Korqin Sandy Lands, Northeast China.

Die Sibirische Ulme (Ulmus pumila) oder Zwerg-Ulme^[1] ist ein Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Ulmen. Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über den Osten Sibiriens und der Mongolei bis nach Nord-China.

Beschreibung

Die Sibirische Ulme ist ein Laubbaum oder Strauch mit gewölbter Krone, der eine Höhe von 10 bis 20 Metern erreicht. Die Zweige sind behaart oder kahl. Die Borke ist tief rissig. Die Blätter sind elliptisch bis eiförmig-lanzettlich, derb, 2 bis 6 Zentimeter lang, spitz oder zugespitzt mit fast symmetrischer Basis. Der Blattrand ist beinahe einfach gesägt. Die Blattoberseite ist tiefgrün und kahl, die Unterseite schwach behaart. Es werden zehn bis zwölf eingesenkte Nervenpaare gebildet. Der Blattstiel wird 2 bis 4 Millimeter lang. Die Blüten sind sehr kurz gestielt und stehen in dichten Büscheln^[1]. Es werden vier bis fünf Staubblätter mit violetten Staubbeutel gebildet. Blütezeit ist im April. Als Früchte werden kugelige, 1 bis 1,5 Zentimeter dicke Nussfrüchte gebildet. Der Samenkörper steht oberhalb der Mitte in einem tief eingeschnittenen Flügelsaum.^[2]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 28.^[3]

• Blätter

• Früchte

Verbreitung und Ökologie

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Sibirischen Ulme erstreckt sich von Ost-Sibirien über das Amur-Gebiet, Mittelasien und der Mongolei bis nach Nord-China. Dort findet man sie als Steppengehölz und in Trockenwäldern auf trockenen bis frischen, schwach sauren bis stark alkalischen, sandigen, sandig-kiesigen oder sandig-lehmigen, nährstoffreichen Böden an sonnigen bis lichtschattigen Standorten.^[2] Die Art ist raschwüchsig und unempfindlich gegen Dürre. Sie gilt als widerstandsfähig gegen das Ulmensterben. In den Vereinigten Staaten und in Kanada wurde sie durch den Menschen eingeführt.^[4]

Systematik

Die Sibirische Ulme (Ulmus pumila) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Ulmen (Ulmus). Dort wird sie der Sektion Ulmus in der Untergattung Ulmus zugeordnet.^[4] Ein Synonym der Art ist Ulmus campestris var. pumila Maxim.^[1]

Neben der Nominatform Ulmus pumila var. pumila wird die Varietät Ulmus pumila var. arborea Litv. unterschieden, die als Synonym als Ulmus turkestanica Regel bezeichnet und als eigene Art aufgefasst wird. Ihr Wuchs ist anfangs kegelförmig, wobei die Zweige später mehr oder weniger überhängen. Die Blätter sind elliptisch-eiförmig bis eiförmig-lanzettlich, 4 bis 7 Zentimeter lang und einfach gesägt.^[2]

Verwendung

Die Sibirische Ulme wird in den Vereinigten Staaten für Prärieaufforstungen und Windschutzstreifen verwendet. In Mitteleuropa wird meist die Varietät arborea in Parks und Gärten gepflanzt.^[1]

Nachweise

Literatur

• Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 662.
• Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 544.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten, S. 544
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 662
3. ↑ Ulmus pumila bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
4. ↑ ^{a b} Ulmus pumila. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 28. Dezember 2010 (englisch).

Weblinks

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Тарваган хайлс 15 метр хүртэл өндөр ургадаг модлог ургамал юм. Түүний гол иш зарим үед маш их мушгирсан байх бөгөөд гадуураа үнсэн саарал өнгийн зузаан хальстай.

Холтос нь ишийн уртын чиглэлд эгц, ташуу янз бүрийн гүнзгий хагарсан байна. Харин залуу мөчиртөө тийм зузаан холтосгүй, түүний оронд нимгэн шар өнгийн холтос байна. Иш нь дундаасаа дээш маш их салаалсан учраас их саглагар харагдана. Хайлсны гол тэргүүн их бүдүүрч заримдаа 1 метр хүртэл голчтой тохиолдоно. Хар ногоон өнгөтэй, жижиг юлд хэлбэртэй, арьсархаг энгийн навчнуудтай. Навчны илтсүүд ишийн дэр дараалан сууна. Илтсийн зах давхар хөрөөлөг шүдлэгүүдтэй. Дундаа үрээ байрлуулсан дугуй хэлбэртэй нимгэн цагаан далавч бүхий жимстэй байна.

Хайлс хавар эрт (4-р сарын сүүлч 5-р сарын эхээр) цэцэглэж жимсээ мөн эрт (5-р сарын сүүл, 6-р сарын эхээр) салхиар тараана. Хайлсны үр ургах чадвараа удаан хадгалахгүй бөгөөд хэрэв түүнийг тариалах бол үр боловсруулсан үед даруй цуглуулан авч тарих хэрэгтэй.

Ургах орчин хөрсний доорх устай холбоотой. Ус ойр байх хөрсөнд ургана. Голын ойролцоо чулуутай дэнж, хаялгаас салбарлаж гарсан түр урсгал бүхий богино сайр, уулын энгэрийн жалга зэрэг газраар төдий л том төгөл үүсгэн ургахгүй авч ганц нэгээр ургана.^[1]

Ашигласан материал

Ulmus pumila, the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes miscalled the 'Chinese Elm' (Ulmus parvifolia). U. pumila has been widely cultivated throughout Asia, North America, Argentina, and southern Europe, becoming naturalized in many places, notably across much of the United States.^[2][3]

Description

The Siberian elm is usually a small to medium-sized, often bushy, deciduous tree growing to 25 metres (82 feet) tall, the diameter at breast height to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The bark is dark gray, irregularly longitudinally fissured. The branchlets are yellowish gray, glabrous or pubescent, unwinged and without a corky layer, with scattered lenticels. The winter buds dark brown to red-brown, globose to ovoid. The petiole is 4–10 millimetres (1⁄4–1⁄2 inch), pubescent, the leaf blade elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2–8 by 1.2–3.5 centimetres (3⁄4 in–3+1⁄8 in × 1⁄2 in–1+3⁄8 in), the colour changing from dark green to yellow in autumn.^[4] The perfect, apetalous wind-pollinated flowers bloom for one week in early spring, before the leaves emerge, in tight fascicles (bundles) on the last year's branchlets.^[5][6] Flowers emerging in early February are often damaged by frost (causing the species to be dropped from the Dutch elm breeding programme).^[7] Each flower is about 3 mm (1⁄8 in) across and has a green calyx with 4–5 lobes, 4–8 stamens with brownish-red anthers,^[8] and a green pistil with a two-lobed style.^[6][9] Unlike most elms, the Siberian elm is able to self-pollinate successfully.^[10]

The wind-dispersed samarae are whitish tan, orbicular to rarely broadly obovate or elliptical, 1 cm–2 cm × 1 cm–1.5 cm (3⁄8 in–3⁄4 in × 3⁄8 in–5⁄8 in), glabrous except for pubescence on stigmatic surface; the stalk 1–2 mm (5⁄128–5⁄64 in), the perianth persistent. The seed is at centre of the samara or occasionally slightly toward apex but not reaching the apical notch. Flowering and fruiting occur March to May. Ploidy: 2n = 28.^[4] The tree also suckers readily from its roots.^[11]

The tree is short-lived in temperate climates, rarely reaching more than 60 years of age, but in its native environment may live to between 100 and 150 years.^[12][13] A giant specimen, 45 kilometres (28 miles) southeast of Khanbogt in the south Gobi, with a girth of 5.55 m (18 ft 3 in) in 2009, may exceed 250 years (based on average annual ring widths of other U. pumila in the area).

• 

  Bark (Korea)

• 

  Stump showing rapid stem diameter increase (>40 millimetres (1+1⁄2 in) per annum)

• 

  Summer foliage

• 

  Typical 'long shoots' of pendulous forms

• 

  Axil buds and fawn-coloured twigs

• 

  Flowers

• 

  Immature fruits (and Satyrium w-album larva)

Taxonomy

The species was described by Peter Simon Pallas in the 18th century from specimens from Transbaikal.

Two varieties were traditionally recognized: var. pumila and var. arborea, the latter now treated as a cultivar, U. pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa'.

Distribution and habitat

The tree is native to Central Asia, eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northern China, India (northern Kashmir) and Korea.^[4][5][14] It is the last tree species encountered in the semi-desert regions of Central Asia.^[15]

Ecology

Tree sparrow with seed, Ukraine

Pests and diseases

The tree has considerable variability in resistance to Dutch elm disease; for example, trees from north-western and north-eastern China exhibit significantly higher tolerance than those from central and southern China.^[16][17] Moreover, it is highly susceptible to damage from many insects and parasites, including the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola,^[18] the Asian 'zigzag' sawfly Aproceros leucopoda,^[19] Elm Yellows,^[20] powdery mildew, cankers,^[21] aphids, leaf spot and, in the Netherlands, coral spot fungus Nectria cinnabarina.^[22] U. pumila is the most resistant of all the elms to verticillium wilt.^[23]

Invasiveness and spontaneous hybridization

In North America, Ulmus pumila has become an invasive species in much of the region from central Mexico^[24] northward across the eastern and central United States to Ontario, Canada.^[25] It also hybridizes in the wild with the native U. rubra (slippery elm) in the central United States, prompting conservation concerns for the latter species.^[26][27] In South America, the tree has spread across much of the Argentine pampas.^[28][29]

In Europe it has spread widely in Spain, and hybridizes extensively there with the native field elm (U. minor),^[30] contributing to conservation concerns for the latter species.^[31] Research is ongoing into the extent of hybridisation with U. minor in Italy.^[32]

Ulmus pumila is often found in abundance along railroads and in abandoned lots and on disturbed ground. The gravel along railroad beds provides ideal conditions for its growth: well-drained, nutrient poor soil, and high light conditions; these beds provide corridors which facilitate its spread. Owing to its high sunlight requirements, it seldom invades mature forests, and is primarily a problem in cities and open areas,^[33][34] as well as along transportation corridors.

The species is now listed in Japan as an alien species recognized as established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild.^[35]

Cultivation

U. pumila was introduced into Spain as an ornamental, probably during the reign of Philip II (1556–98),^[36] and from the 1930s into Italy.^[32] In these countries it has naturally hybridized with the field elm (U. minor). In Italy it was widely used in viniculture, notably in the Po valley, to support the grape vines until the 1950s, when the demands of mechanization made it unsuitable.

Three specimens were supplied by the Späth nursery of Berlin to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) in 1902 as U. pumila,^[37] in addition to specimens of the narrow-leaved U. pumila cultivar 'Pinnato-ramosa'.^[38] One was planted in RBGE; the two not planted in the Garden may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the Garden to distribute trees about the city.^[38] Kew Gardens obtained specimens of U. pumila from the Arnold Arboretum in 1908 and, as U. pekinensis, via the Veitch Nurseries in 1910 from William Purdom in northern China.^[39] A specimen obtained from Späth and planted in 1914 stood in the Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk,^[40] in the early 20th century.^[41] The tree was propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, from 1962 to 1977, during which time over 500 were sold.^[42][43] More recently, the popularity of U. pumila in the Great Britain has been almost exclusively as a bonsai subject, and mature trees are largely restricted to arboreta. In the UK the TROBI Champions grow at Thorp Perrow Arboretum, Yorkshire, 19 m (62 ft 4 in) × 70 cm (2 ft 4 in) in 2004, and at St Ann's Well Gardens, Hove, Sussex 20 m (65 ft 7 in) × 60 cm (2 ft 0 in) in 2009.^[44]

U. pumila is said to have been introduced to the US in 1905 by Prof. John George Jack,^[21] and later by Frank Nicholas Meyer, though 'Siberian elm' appears in some 19th-century US nursery catalogues.^[45] The tree was cultivated at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Experimental Station at Mandan, North Dakota, where it flourished.^[46] It was consequently selected by the USDA for planting in shelter belts across the prairies in the aftermath of the Dustbowl disasters, where its rapid growth and tolerance for drought and cold initially made it a great success. However, the species later proved susceptible to numerous maladies. Attempts to find a more suitable cultivar were initiated in 1997 by the Plant Materials Center of the USDA, which established experimental plantations at Akron, Colorado, and Sidney, Nebraska. The study, no. 201041K, will conclude in 2020. The US National Champion, measuring 33.5 m (109 ft 11 in) high in 2011, grows in Berrien County, Michigan.^[47][48]

The seeds lose their viability rapidly after maturity unless placed on suitable germination conditions or dried and placed at low temperatures.^[49] The species has a high sunlight requirement and is not shade-tolerant; with adequate light it exhibits rapid growth. The tree is also fairly intolerant of wet ground conditions, growing better on well-drained soils. While it is very resistant to drought and severe cold, and able to grow on poor soils, its short period of dormancy, flowering early in spring followed by continuous growth until the first frosts of autumn,^[50] renders it vulnerable to frost damage.

As an ornamental U. pumila is a very poor tree, tending to be short-lived, with brittle wood and poor crown shape, but it has nevertheless enjoyed some popularity owing to its rapid growth and provision of shade. The Siberian Elm has been described as "one of the world's worst... ornamental trees that does not deserve to be planted anywhere".^[51] Yet in the US during the 1950s, the tree was also widely promoted as a fast-growing hedging substitute for privet, and as a consequence is now commonly found in nearly all states.^[46]

• 

  Siberian elm, Pesaro, Italy (2019)

• 

  Cultivated form, Pioneers Park, Belgrade

• 

  Typical cultivated specimen, Morton Arboretum

• 

  Compact form, Groningen

• 

  Felled by Force 8 gale, Portsmouth, UK

Cultivars

Valued for the high resistance of some clones to Dutch elm disease, over a dozen selections have been made to produce hardy ornamental cultivars, although several may no longer be in cultivation:

Some authorities consider the cultivar 'Berardii' a form of U. pumila.^[52][53] Nottingham elm, considered an Ulmus × hollandica by Richens, was marketed from the 19th century as 'Siberian elm'.

Hybrid cultivars

• U. 'Androssowii', U. × arbuscula, U. 'Karagatch'

The species has been widely hybridized in the United States and Italy to create robust trees of more native appearance with high levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease:

• Arno, Cathedral, Coolshade, Fiorente, Homestead, Lincoln, Morton Plainsman = Vanguard, Morton Stalwart = Commendation, New Horizon, Plinio, Regal, Rosehill, San Zanobi, Urban, Willis, Dutch clone '260' (not released to commerce).

Uses

The unripe seeds have long been eaten by the peoples of Manchuria, and during the Great Chinese Famine they also became one of the most important foodstuffs in the Harbin region. The leaves were also gathered, to the detriment of the trees, prompting a prohibition order by the authorities, which was largely ignored. The leaves eaten raw are not very palatable, but stewed and prepared with Kaoliang or Foxtail millet make a better tasting and more filling meal.^[54]

U. pumila in literature and travel writing

The "dwarf-"^[55] or "shrub-elms"^[56] of the North Caucasus, along with other local flora, appear in the opening description of Tolstoy's story 'The Raid' (1853).

Nicholas Roerich describes a specimen discovered on his travels through Mongolia:^[57]

We are in the deserts of Mongolia. It was hot and dusty yesterday. From faraway thunder was approaching. Some of our friends became tired from climbing the stony holy hills of Shiret Obo. While already returning to the camp, we noticed in the distance a huge elm tree – 'karagatch', - lonely, towering amidst the surrounding endless desert. The size of the tree, its somewhat familiar outlines attracted us into its shadow. Botanical considerations led us to believe that in the wide shade of the giant there might be some interesting herbs. Soon, all the co-workers gathered around the two mighty stems of the karagatch. The deep, deep shadow of the tree covered about 50 feet across. The powerful tree-stems were covered with fantastic burr growths. In the rich foliage, birds were singing and the beautiful branches were stretched out in all directions, as if wishing to give shelter to all pilgrims.

Accessions

North America

• Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 17923, 638-79, 673-87.
• Denver Botanic Gardens, US. Acc. no. 900534.
• Dominium Arboretum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. No acc. details available.
• Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 99-868, 72-218
• Longwood Gardens, US. Acc. no. 1962-0512.
• Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 542-49, 325-70, 53-74, 172-U.
• UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, US. Acc. no. 027560-0284-1989.

Europe

• Arboretum of Warsaw University of Life Sciences [4], University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. 2 trees, no accession details available.
• Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.^[58]
• Dubrava Arboretum, Lithuania. No details available.
• Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 521.
• Hergest Croft Gardens, Herefordshire, UK. One tree, no accession details available.
• Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18162,3,4.
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, UK. Acc. no. 2000-4449.
• Sir Harold Hillier Gardens. Acc. no. 2016.0386, grown from seed of tree in Utah, US.
• Tallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia. [5]. No accession details available.
• Thorp Perrow Arboretum, Yorkshire, UK. British Champion tree, 19 m high, 70 cm d.b.h. in 2004.
• Westonbirt Arboretum [6], Tetbury, Glos., UK. Two trees planted 1981, no acc.details.
• Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm Arboretum. U. pumila 'Puszta' planted Smeerdijkgaarde, Kortenhoef 2013; Dammerweg, Nederhorst den Berg 2015. 5 'Aurescens' planted 2015 Overmeerseweg, 'Pinnato-ramosa' planted 2015 Dammerweg, 'Mierenbos' and 'Poort Bulten' planted Brilhoek and cemetery Hornhof, Nederhorst den Berg in 2019

Australasia

• Alma Park, St Kilda, Victoria, Australia. One specimen, listed on the National Trust of Victoria's Significant Tree Register.
• Eastwoodhill Arboretum [7], Gisborne, New Zealand. 2 trees, details not known.

Africa

• Arboretum of Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia ^[59][60]

Nurseries

Europe

• Van Den Berk (UK) Ltd., [8], London, UK

References

Ulmus pumila, el olmo de Siberia, es una especie arbórea del género Ulmus de la familia Ulmaceae.

Descripción

Se trata de un árbol caducifolio, que puede llegar a los 25 m de altura, con un tronco de diámetro métrico.

Corteza de un árbol adulto.

Hojas.

Capullos axilares.

Frutos (sámaras) in situ, aún no maduros.

Frutos (samaras) maduros sueltos, delicia de las palomas urbanas.

La corteza es de color gris claro oscuro y fisurada longitudinalmente, y las ramitas son delgadas, gris-amarillento y glabras o pubescentes.

Las hojas tienen peciolo pubescentes de 4-10 mm y limbo elíptico-ovalado a elíptico-lanceolado, de 2-8 por 1-3,5 cm, y con el envés pubescente cuando jóvenes. Son alternas y con borde aserrado, y, a diferencia de Ulmus minor, con la base del limbo muy poco asimétrica. Los nervios secundarios son muy patentes, rectos y paralelos entre sí.

La floración y la fructificación son precoces, es decir que sus flores aparecen y fructifican antes de la brotación de las hojas.

Las flores son pequeñas, de color rosado y se reúnen en pequeños grupos prácticamente asentados sobre las ramas.

Los frutos son sámaras; son muy abundantes y maduran poco tiempo después de la aparición de las hojas. Tienen contorno más o menos orbicular con una muesca apical profunda, miden 1-2 por 1-1,5 cm, y el disco es de textura papirácea con una semilla central.^[1]​

Distribución

Es un árbol originario de Turquestán, el este de Siberia, Mongolia, Xizang (Tíbet), norte de China, India (norte de Cachemira) y Corea.^[2]​ Esta especie ha sido ampliamente cultivada en toda Asia, América del Norte y América del Sur, también en menor medida, el sur de Europa donde es muy corriente como arboleda de calle en las ciudades. En estos entornos, puede comportarse como especie invasora.

Taxonomía

Ulmus pumila fue descrito por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum, vol, 1, p. 226 en 1753.^[3]​

Etimología

Ulmus: nombre genérico que es el nombre clásico latín (ulmus, -i) para el olmo. Por ejemplo en Virgilio, Georgicas, 1, 2; 1, 446 y Plinio el Viejo en Historia naturalis, 17, 76.^[4]​^[5]​

pumila: epíteto, del latín pūmǐlus, -i que significa "enano"^[6]​

Sinonimia

• Ulmus campestris f. pumila Herder
• Ulmus campestris L. var. pumila (L.) Maxim.
• Ulmus manshurica Nakai
• Ulmus pinnato-ramosa Dieck ex Koehne
• Ulmus pumila var. microphylla Persoon
• Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa J.H. Guo, Yu S.Li y J.H.Li
• Ulmus turkestanica Req.^[7]​

Nombre común

Además de "olmo de Siberia", es también conocido como el "olmo asiático", "olmo enano" y (erróneamente) "olmo de China", Yu shu en chino.

Véase también

• Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
• Anexo:Cronología de la botánica
• Historia de la Botánica

Referencias

Bibliografía

1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. En Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Ciudad de México.
2. Comité editorial de "Flora of China". 2003. Flora of China (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). 5: 1–506. En C. Y. Wu, P.H. Raven y D.Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press y Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Pekín y San Luis.
3. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1988-2013. Flora of China (Checklist & Addendum). Unpaginated. En C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven y D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Pekín y S. Louis.
4. Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee y S. G. Beck. 2014. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. 127(1–2): i–viii, 1–1744. En P. M. Jørgensen, M. H. Nee y S. G. Beck (eds.) Cat. Pl. Vasc. Bolivia, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, S. Louis.

Siberiako zumarra (Ulmus pumila) iparraldeko Asiakoa da jatorriz, hain zuzen ere, Siberia, India eta Txinakoa. Neurri ertaineko zuhaitza da, 10–20 m-koa. Udaberrian loratzen da, hostoak garatu baino lehen. Gainontzeko espezieetatik bereizten da auto-polinizatzeko gaitasuna garatuagoa duelako. Klima epeletan zuhaitzak ez du asko bizirauten, gutxitan iristen da 60 urteetara, baina ingurune optimoetan 100-150 urterainoko biziraupena izatera iritsi daiteke.

Morfologia

Hosto-erorkorreko zuhaitza da, 20 m-rainoko altuera izan dezakeena, baina normalean ez da 15 m baino garaiagoa izaten. Enborra zuzena da eta adarrak altueran irekiak, normalean eroriak eta gaztetan ilaundunak dira. Bereziki ale helduetan enbor-azala grisa eta zartatua izaten da. Lehen urteetan hazkuntza azkarra du. Nahiko sustrai-sistema oldarkorra du.

Hostoak eliptikoak eta lantzeolatuak dira, txandakatuak eta oin saimetrikodunak. Txikiak dira, ez dira luzean 8 cm-ra iristen eta ertzak horzdunak ditu. Gainaldea berde iluna eta ilegabea da eta azpialdea argiagoa, ile sakabanatuekin. Nerbio sekundarioak nabariak dira, zuzenak eta paraleloak.

Loreak hermafroditak, txikiak, ia eseriak, faszikulatuak adartsoetan eta monoikoak dira. Kolore berde-gorrixkakoak dira. Estaminak bioleta kolorekoak dira. Periantoa iraunkorra eta lobulatua da, ertz ziliatuekin. Ilegabea da, estigmako gainazala izan ezik.

Samara da fruitua eta zabala, txikia (10–15 mm), zuri-marroia eta biribila da. Oso ugariak dira. Samara, hostoak atera eta berehala agertzen da. Hazia fruituaren erdian dago kokatua, baina batzuetan punta aldera desplazatua egoten da. Ertza kamutsa edo mukroiduna da, luzatua izaten dena.

Banaketa

Turkestan, Siberia, Mongolia, Xizang (Tibet), Txina iparraldea, India (Kaxmir iparraldea) eta Koreakoa da jatorriz, baina, gaur egun hainbat herrialdetan landatua izan da, esaterako: Asia, Ipar Amerika eta, ez horrenbeste baina, baita Europa hegoaldean ere. Gune batzuetan aloktonoa kontsideratzen da.

Euskal Herrian ez dago zitatua, ez da naturalizatu, baina herrietako parkeetan aurkitu dezakegu.

Penintsula Iberiarrean soilik Henares eta Jarama ibaietako gune konkretuetan zitatu da.

Europan Arboretum eta lorategietan aurkitzen da espezie hau, ez da naturalizatu.

Habitat bereko espezie batzuk:

• Atlasko zedroa (Cedrus atlantica)
• Himalaiako zedroa (Cedrus deodara)
• Ezki hostotxikia (Tilia cordata)
• Ezki hostozabala (Tilia platyphyllos)
• Ezki zilarkara (Tilia tomentosa)
• Zumar hostozabala (Ulmus glabra)
• Zumar dilindaria (Ulmus laevis)

Ekologia

Malda, haran eta lautadetan agertzen da, 500–800 m-ko altitudean. Oso ongi hazten da klima lehorretan. Argiarekiko menpekotasun handia du eta ez du itzala jasaten. Ez ditu lurzoru hezeak gogoko, ongi drainatutako lurzoruak nahiago ditu. Hala ere, edozein lurzoru motetara moldatzen da, kareharrizkoak barne. Lehorte eta hotz handiak jasateko gai da. Izozteekiko nahiko sentibera da geldialdi begetatibo laburra, udaberrian berehala loratu eta hazkuntza azkar jarraitua duelako.

Gune batzuetan basati bihurtu da. Izan ere, zumar hau grafiosi gaixotasunarekiko erresistenteagoa da.

Fenologia

Martxo-apirilean loratzen da eta haziak maiatza eta ekainean sakabanatzen ditu. Haize bidez barreiatzen dira. Hostoak sortu baino lehen loratzen da.

Erabilerak

Bereziki apaingarritzat erabiltzen da, baina nahiko zuhaitz pobrea da, biziraupen laburra eta egur hauskorra duelako. Hazkuntza azkarra du eta zumar guztien artean grafiosi gaitza hoberen jasaten duena da. Horregatik, nahiz eta hainbat lekutan espezie aloktonoa izan, gehiago kultibatzen da.

Gainera, inguruko baldintzak eta baldintza edafikoak jasateko gaitasun handiagoa du, zumar autoktonoa den zumar hostotxikiarekin (U. minor) konparatzen badugu. Nahiko erraz bertakotzen da errepideetako ertz eta harrotu berriak diren etxe lurretan.

Erresuma Batuan bonsai gisa erabiltzen da.

Landare apaingarri honek hezitako aldaera hauek ditu:

• Ansaloni
• Aurescens
• Chinkota

• Dropmore
• Green King
• Hansen

• Harbin
• Manchu
• Mr. Buzz

• Park Royal
• Pendula
• Pyramidalis Fiorei

• Variegata
• Zhonghua Jinye^[1]

Espezieen arteko elkarrekintzak

Nahiz eta grafiosiarekiko erresistentzia handia duen, gainontzeko zumar gehienak bezala, intsektu eta bizkarroiekiko sentibera da. Esaterako, Xanthogaleruca luteola zumar hostoko kakalardoaren onddoaren gaixotasuna, Nectria cinnabarina onddo patogenoak sortutako oidioa eta txankro gaixotasuna ditu. Hala ere, zumar dilindaria gainontzekoak baino erresistenteagoa da Verticillium onddo generoak sortutako gaixotasunaren aurrean.

Patogenoez aparte, hainbat animalien habitata da. Ohikoa da ekaitzen ostean adarrak erortzea, enborrean hutsuneak sortuz. Hainbat hegaztirek hutsuneak habileku bilakatuko dituzte, hala nola: txolarreek, araba-zozoek, okilek eta beste hainbatek. Kattagorriek ere hutsune hauek erabiltzen dituzte gordeleku gisa eta hazietaz edo kimuetaz elikatzen dira batzuetan.

Kontserbazioa

Estatu Batuetan espezie aloktonoa bilakatu da, bertakoa den U. rubrarekin hibridatu eta Argentinako panpara iritsi baita. Europan, Espainian zabaldu da gehien bat eta bertakoa den zumar hostotxikiarekin hibridatu da, azken honen kontserbazioan arazoak sortuz.

Argiarekiko duen menpekotasuna dela eta, normalean ez ditu baso natural helduak inbaditzen. Gune ireki eta hiriak inbaditzen ditu, bereziki garraiobideen ertzak.

Antzeko espezieak

• Ulmus parvifolia. Normalean zumar txinatarrarekin (U. parvifolia) nahasten da, oso antzekoak baitira. Enbor-azala ezkatakara duelako eta uda-udazkenean loratzen delako desberdintzen da.
• Ulmus glabra. Zumar hostozabala Ulmus generoko hostorik handienak dituena da eta gainontzekoak baino enbor azal leunagoa du. Altitude handiagoetara igotzen da mendian bere ahaideekin konparatzen badugu, esaterako zumar hostotxikiarekin.
• Ulmus minor. Bereizten da bere enborra zilindriko eta zuzenagoa delako, adarrak tamaina handiagokoak dituelako eta enborraren beheko aldetik adarkatzen direlako. Oin asimetrikoa du eta hostoaren lobulu basala periantoa baino motzagoa delako bereizten da, baita fruitua samararen goiko lehen herenean kokatua duelako ere. Siberiako zumarrarekin (U. pumila) hibridatu da Iberiar penintsulan, zumar hostotxikiaren kontserbazioan arazoak sortuz.

Erreferentziak

L'Orme de Sibérie (Ulmus pumila) est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Ulmacées, à ne pas confondre avec le Faux Orme de Sibérie (Zelkova carpinifolia).

Répartition

Ulmus pumila est originaire d’Asie centrale, est la Sibérie, la Mongolie, Xizang (Tibet), Nord de la Chine, Inde (nord du Cachemire) et Corée. Il est également connu comme l’orme et naine asiatique. C’est la dernière espèce d’arbre rencontrée dans les régions semi-désertiques de l’Asie centrale. Présente aux États-Unis en 1905 par le Prof. J. G. Jack, Ulmus pumila a été largement cultivé partout dans les Amériques, l’Asie et, dans une moindre mesure, l’Europe du Sud.

Description

L’orme de Sibérie est habituellement une petite et moyennes, souvent buissonnant, arbuste qui peut atteindre 10 à 20 mètres de hauteur, avec un tronc pouvant atteindre 176 centimètres de diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (DHP). Les feuilles sont caduques dans les zones froides, mais semi-persistant dans des climats un plus réchauffée, < 7 cm de long et < 3 cm de large, avec une base oblique et une marge grossièrement dentelée, changeant du vert foncé au jaune en automne.

Les fleurs pollinisées par le vent parfaits, apétale émergent au début du printemps, avant les feuilles ; Contrairement à la plupart des ormes, U. pumila est capable de s’auto-polliniser avec succès. Le fruit dispersé par le vent, se développe dans une plate, ovale membraneuse aile (samara) 1 – 1,5 centimètres de longue et encoche à l’extrémité extérieure.

L’arbre est de courte durée dans les climats tempérés, atteignant rarement plus de 60 ans, mais dans son milieu d’origine peut vivre -entre 100 et 150 ans. Un spécimen géant, 45 km au sud-est de Khanbogt dans le désert de Gobi du Sud, avec une circonférence de 5,55 m en 2009 peut dépasser 250 ans (basés sur la largeur moyenne des cernes annuels d’autre U. pumila dans la région).

Notes et références

L'olmo siberiano (Ulmus pumila L.) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia Ulmaceae,^[2] originaria della Siberia e della Cina settentrionale, ed introdotta in Europa nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento ^[3].

Descrizione

Foglie

È abitualmente un albero di taglia medio-piccola che può tuttavia raggiungere i 20 m di altezza, con un tronco di 80 cm di diametro.
Le foglie sono decidue nelle aree fredde, ma semi-sempreverdi nelle aree calde. Sono lunghe circa 7 cm e larghe 3 cm, con una base obliqua ed un margine seghettato, di colore verde scuro che diviene giallo in autunno.
I fiori apetali, con impollinazione anemogama, sbocciano ad inizio primavera prima delle foglie; a differenza della maggior parte degli olmi, U. pumila è in grado di autoimpollinazione.
I frutti sono sàmare lunghe 1-1,5 cm, con un'ala membranosa ovale che favorisce la dispersione anemocora del seme.

Nei climi temperati è un albero dalla vita relativamente breve che raramente supera i 60 anni, ma nel suo ambiente originario riesce a vivere tra 100 e 150 anni.

Distribuzione

La specie è nativa di Siberia orientale, Cina settentrionale, Manciuria e Corea ^[4].
È ampiamente coltivato in gran parte dell'Asia, Nord America e, in misura minore, dell'Europa.

Avversità

Ne è particolarmente apprezzata la resistenza alla grafiosi e ai rapidi mutamenti delle condizioni atmosferiche (sopravvive anche a geli invernali molto spinti e a periodi prolungati di siccità).

Note

Dvergalm (Ulmus pumila) er et løvfellende eller halvveis eviggrønt tre i almefamilien.

Det blir 15–30 m høyt med en åpen krone. Barken er grå og sterkt oppsprukket. Knoppene er mørkebrune til rødbrune, og de innerste skjellene har hvite hår på kantene. Bladene er elliptiske til lansettformede, enkelttannede, 2–6,5 cm lange, 2–3,5 cm brede og er nesten symmetriske ved basis. Frukten er en samara som er 10–14 mm i diameter. Arten vokser i halvørken og sletteland i Kina, Korea, Mongolia, sørlige Sibir og Sentral-Asia.

Dvergalm er innført mange steder og finnes forvillet i USA, Canada, Mexico, Argentina og Spania. Den ble mye brukt til leplanting på den amerikanske prærien under og etter Dust Bowl-katastrofen. Den betraktes nå som en invaderende art, og det er oppdaget at den hybridiserer med innfødte arter både i Amerika og Europa. Dvergalm er svært motstandsdyktig mot almesyken.

Litteratur

• A. Mitchell, oversatt av I. Gjærevoll (1977). Trær i skog og hage. Tiden. s. 253. ISBN 82-10-01282-7.
• «Ulmus pumila». Flora of China. Besøkt 29. juni 2015.
• «Ulmus pumila». Flora of North America. Besøkt 29. juni 2015.
• J.E. Zalapa, J. Brunet og R.P. Guries (2010). «The extent of hybridization and its impact on the genetic diversity and population structure of an invasive tree, Ulmus pumila (Ulmaceae)». Evolutionary Applications. 3 (2): 157–168. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3352480 . PMID 25567916. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00106.x.
• M. Ángel Cogolludo-Agustín, D. Agúndez og L. Gil (2000). «Identification of native and hybrid elms in Spain using isozyme gene markers». Heredity. 85: 157–166. ISSN 1365-2540. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00740.x.

Eksterne lenker

• (sv) Ulmus pumila hos Dyntaxa
• (en) Ulmus pumila i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) Ulmus pumila i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) Ulmus pumila hos NCBI
• (en) Ulmus pumila hos ITIS
• (en) Ulmus pumila hos Tropicos
• (en) Ulmus pumila hos The International Plant Names Index
• (en) Kategori:Ulmus pumila – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• (en) Ulmus pumila – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Ulmus pumila – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies

• Dvergalm i Gobiørkenen

• Bark

• Knopper

• Bladverk

• Umoden frukt

• Moden frukt

Ulmus pumila là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Ulmaceae. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.^[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Ulmus pumila tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Ulmus pumila tại Wikispecies
• Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Ulmus pumila”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Bài viết liên quan đến bộ Hoa hồng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

• Ulmus manshurica^[2]
• Ulmus pinnato-ramosa Dieck^[2]
• Ulmus turkestanica^[2]

• 1 Название
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Описание
• 4 Использование
• 5 Примечания

1. ↑ Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
2. ↑ ^{1 2 3} Таксономия, синонимия и биология на сайте BioLib
3. ↑ Школьный этимологический словарь русского языка. Происхождение слов. / ред. Н. М. Шанский, Т. А. Боброва — М.: Дрофа, 2004.
4. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies. Ulmus pumila Siberian elm (англ.). — Vol. II. — P. 139—150.
5. ↑ Другие виды вязов (неопр.). Архивировано 20 апреля 2014 года.

垂枝榆（学名：Ulmus pumila）为榆科榆属下的一个品种/栽培型。

参考资料

• 垂枝榆 Ulmus pumila. 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-01-15].

扩展阅读

비술나무는 장미목 느릅나무과의 큰키나무이다. 학명은 Ulmus pumila이다.비술나무는 함경북도 방언이다. 다른 이름은 비슬나무인데, 이는 연변 방언이다.

생태

겨울에 잎이 지는 큰키나무다. 투르키스탄, 동부 시베리아, 몽골, 티베트, 북부 중국, 인도의 북부 카슈미르, 한국 원산이다. 아시아, 북아메리카에서 많이 심어 기르고, 많지는 않지만 남부 유럽에서도 심는다. 키는 10~20m 정도까지 자라며 한반도에서는 중부 이북에서 자란다. 나무껍질은 회색이며 세로로 깊게 갈라진다. 잎은 길이 7cm 정도이고 어긋나며 앞뒤에 털이 없다. 타원 또는 피침 모양이며 가장자리에 홑톱니나 겹톱니가 있다. 꽃은 3월에 잎보다 먼저 묵은 가지 윗부분의 잎겨드랑이에서 여러 개가 모여 핀다. 5월에 여무는 열매는 시과이며 털이 없고, 길이는 12~13mm인데 너비가 길이보다 길다.

쓰임새

• 분재재료로 잘 쓰인다
• 가로수,녹음수, 공원수로 쓰인다.
• 목재를 건축재 , 기구재, 선박재로 사용한다.
• 어린잎은 국으로 끓여 먹기도 한다.
• 열매를 사료로 사용한다.
• 약재로 사용된다.. 회백색으로 변한 가지는 약효가 있어 한방에서는 통증, 대소변불통 등의 치료제로 사용한다. 뿐만 아니라 수피(樹皮) 및 근피(根皮)는 유백피(楡白皮), 잎은 유엽(楡葉), 꽃은 유화(楡花)라 하여 약용으로 쓰인다.^[1]

사진

• 열매. 너비가 길이보다 길다.

• 잎가지

• 줄기

참고 문헌

• 김용식; 송근준; 안영희; 오구균; 이경재; 이유미 (2000). 《조경수목 핸드북》. 광일문화사. ISBN 89-85243-25-X.
• 윤주복 (2004). 《나무 쉽게 찾기》. 진선출판사. ISBN 978-89-7221-414-4.

각주