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Amerika Amber Ağaci

Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Comments ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
The leaves of Liquidambar styraciflua , fragrant when bruised, turn deep red to crimson in autumn. Although leaf variation is common in L . styraciflua , this deviation is randomly distributed and without any definable geographic correlation. Liquidambar styraciflua is often cultivated; a number of cultivars have been introduced in cultivation.

Liquidambar styraciflua was well known as a medicinal plant by Native Americans. Cherokee, Choctaw, Houma, Koasati, and Rappahannock tribes used it in various ways, especially the gum, bark, and root, as an antidiarrheal, dermatological aid, gynecological aid, sedative, febrifuge, and for related uses (D. E. Moerman 1986).

Liquidambar styraciflua produces a balsamic oleo-resin called American styrax or storax, a thick, clear, brownish yellow, semisolid or solid with a pronounced aromatic odor. It is chewed as a sweet, natural gum. The balsam is collected from the inner bark of the tree after wounding or deliberate gashing. It is used in soaps and cosmetics, as a fixative in perfumes, adhesives, lacquers, and incense, and as a flavoring in tobacco. The wood is used for cabinet making, furniture, veneer, interior finish, barrels, and wooden dishes. Medicinally the gum has been used for catarrh, coughs, dysentery, sores, and wounds of both humans and domestic animals.

The largest known tree of Liquidambar styraciflua , 41.4 m in height with a trunk diameter of 2.25 m, is recorded from Craven County, North Carolina (American Forestry Association 1994).

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( İngilizce )

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Trees , to 41 m. Leaves : stipules linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, early deciduous, leaving 2 stipular scars adaxially near base of petiole; petioles (44-)60-100(-150) mm. Leaf blade palmately lobed, main lobes sometimes again dentate-lobed, 7-19(-25) × 4.4-16 cm; surfaces glabrous, except young leaves hairy on veins and main vein-axils at base with persistent reddish brown simple hairs. Staminate flowers in pedunculate clusters, 3-6 cm; perianth absent; stamens 4-8(-10) per flower, 150-176(-300) per cluster, falling after anthesis. Pistillate flowers without perianth; hypanthium disclike, with 5-8 staminodes around cycle of disc lobes; ovary (1-)2-locular; styles 2; stigmas introrsely curved. Capsular heads brown at maturity, globose, 2.5-4 cm diam. (including indurate styles). Seeds apically winged, 8-10 mm, marked with resin ducts; aborted seeds brownish, 1-2 mm, unwinged, irregular, resembling sawdust. 2 n = 32.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proje
eFloras.org
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
eFloras

Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.; Mexico; Central America (Belize and Honduras to Nicaragua).
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proje
eFloras.org
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( İngilizce )

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Flowering spring (Mar-May).
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proje
eFloras.org
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
eFloras

Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Fields, woodlands, flood plains, low hammocks, swamps, riverbanks; 0-800m.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proje
eFloras.org
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
eFloras

Synonym ( İngilizce )

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Liquidambar barbata Stokes; L. gummifera Salisbury; L. macrophylla Oersted; L. styraciflua var. mexicana Oersted
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proje
eFloras.org
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: tree

Fire scars on living trees provide entry points for insects and
diseases. As long as the sapwood is not killed by fire, basal wounds
are often covered with a gum exudation that protects them. After
repeated fires, however, a tree is apt to have some sapwood killed and
fungi and insects may become established [24,47].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( İngilizce )

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sweetgum
redgum
sapgum
star-leaf gum
blisted
satin-walnut
white gum
alligator-tree
opossum-tree
gum-wood
copalm balsam
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( İngilizce )

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Sweetgum snags are used as breeding sites for a variety of birds and
mammals [13].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: monoecious, tree

Sweetgum is a large, native, long-lived, deciduous tree that reaches
heights of 50 to 150 feet (15-45 m) at maturity [6,14]. It is easily
recognizable by the long-petioled, star-shaped leaves which have five
long-pointed, saw-toothed lobes. The brown bark is deeply furrowed into
narrow scaley plates or ridges. Young sweetgum trees have long conical
crowns, while mature trees have crowns that are round and spreading.
Sweetgum is monoecious with the male flowers in several clusters and the
female flowers hanging at the end of the same stalk. The ball-shaped
fruits contain many individual seed-bearing sections, and persist
throughout the winter [16,18].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central
Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri,
Arkansas, and Oklahoma and as far north as southern Illinois. It also
grows in scattered locations in northeastern and central Mexico,
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua [14,24,42]. It
is cultivated in Hawaii [50].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, root crown, top-kill

Fire is one of the major agents of damage to sweetgum. Its relatively
thin bark make it highly susceptible to fire [21]. Following top-kill
by fire, sweetgum sprouts from the stump or root crown [41,48].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: top-kill

Fire has been demonstrated to be a good management tool for controlling
sweetgum. In the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, five consecutive
summer fires killed 85 percent or more of the root stalks of sweetgum.
Winter fires did not kill appreciable numbers of root stalks but did
top-kill most sweetgum 2 inches (5 cm) or less d.b.h. [11].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: tree

Sweetgum is very tolerant of different soils and sites but grows best on
the rich, moist, alluvial clay and loamy soils of river bottoms [28].
Throughout the Piedmont Plateau, sweetgum shows good growth on river and
stream bottoms and shows considerable potential on many upland sites
[24,34].

Common tree associates of sweetgum include spruce pine (Pinus glabra),
Virginia pine (P. virginiana), red maple (Acer rubrum), box elder (A.
negundo), pignut, shellbark, shagbark, and mockernut hickories (Carya
glabra, C. laciniosa, C. ovata, C. tomentosa), and sugarberry (Celtis
laevigata). Common understory associates include dogwood (Cornus spp.),
alder (Alnus spp.), and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis) [1,10,24].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

44 Chestnut oak
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweetgum
70 Longleaf pine
74 Cabbage palmetto
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
87 Sweetgum - yellow-poplar
88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut - oak - cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
96 Overcup oak - water hickory
98 Pond pine
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
110 Black oak
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( İngilizce )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: tree

Fire typically top-kills sweetgum. Hot summer fires may deplete
carbohydrate reserves and eventually kill the tree [41,48].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: forest

Sweetgum has moderate value as a winter browse [5]. In the Oconee
National Forest of Georgia, sweetgum was lightly to moderately browsed
by white-tailed deer during the fall and winter [19]. The seeds are
eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks [33].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( İngilizce )

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Sweetgum's ability to sprout quickly and persistently makes it one of the
most serious competitors of pine seedlings in southeastern forests.
Silvicultural practices have called for the control of sweetgum in areas
where it competes heavily with pine seedlings [49]. Basal applications
of Garlon 4 top-killed 81 percent of 2 inch (5 cm) d.b.h or smaller
stems [35,36].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: forest

Sweetgum is relatively high in protein and caloric content. Mean
nutrient values for sweetgum on unburned plots on the Siecke
State Forest, Texas, varied seasonally as follows [27]:

crude N-free
protein fat fiber extract ash phosphorus calcium
Spring 10.76 2.78 9.08 58.49 3.84 6.13 0.63
Summer 7.00 2.78 12.09 59.39 3.73 0.07 0.86
Fall 5.74 3.09 11.08 59.72 5.33 0.06 1.28
Winter 4.42 2.51 20.23 54.64 3.21 0.06 1.70
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( İngilizce )

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AL AR DE FL GA HI IL IN KY LA
MD MS NJ OH OK PA SC TN TX VA
WV MEXICO
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( İngilizce )

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Medicinally, sweetgum is known as "copalm balsam" and the resinous gum
is used extensively in Mexico and Europe as a substitute for storax.
Various ointments and syrups are prepared from the resinous gum and are
used in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. The gum is sometimes
chewed by children, and it is also used as a perfuming agent in soap
[45].

The beautiful red and yellow color variations of sweetgum's autumn
foliage make it highly prized as an ornamental [33,45].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: fruit

Sweetgum flowers appear from March to May, depending on latitude and
weather. The fruit ripens from September to November; the fruit often
persists through the entire winter [6,24].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( İngilizce )

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Sweetgum generally sprouts prolifically when top-killed by fire.
Repeated annual summer burns, however, will eventually deplete
carbohydrate reserves and kill the plant [41,48].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: fruit, seed, swamp, tree

Seed production and dissemination: Sweetgum produces an abundance of
lightweight seed. The tree begins to produce seed when 20 to 30 years
old, and crops remain abundant for 150 years. Fair seed crops are
produced each year, with bumper crops every 2 to 3 years [2,24]. Under
conditions of full sunlight and rich moist soil, each fruit may average
as many as 50 sound seeds. Seed is primarily dispersed by wind; the
maximum dispersal distance recorded was 600 feet (183 m) but
ordinarily 96 percent of the seed fall within 200 feet (61 m) of the
point of release [24,38].

Seedling development: Sod is not a serious hindrance to seed
germination; however, when additional sweetgum production is desired in
partially cutover stands, exposed mineral soil and abundant direct
sunlight are necessary [4,22]. Root development varies with the growing
site. A deep taproot and numerous horizontal rootlets usually develop
early, but in wet areas the root system is shallow and wide spreading,
with little or no taproot [25,39]. On an abandoned field adjacent to a
swamp in Maryland, 5-year-old seedlings averaged 8.7 feet (2.6 m) in
height [24]. On favorable sites in the lower Mississippi Valley,
seedlings grow as much as 2 feet (0.6 m) during the first year [24,49].

Vegetative reproduction: Sweetgum is capable of sprouting until it is
approximately 50 years old. Although sweetgum seedlings reach a height
of 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in 3 to 5 years, sprouts often reach this height in
one growing season. Ten-year old sprouts frequently have the same size
and appearance as 18- to 20-year-old seedlings in the same stand
[23,49].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: competition, natural, tree

Sweetgum is classified as shade intolerant [7]. In pure stands on
bottomland sites, young sweetgum is able to endure some shade and
crowding. With increase in age the tree becomes less tolerant of
competition. Following natural decrease in the canopy, enough sunlight
reaches the ground to permit an understory stand to develop [12,24].
Although sweetgum is an early invader, it seldom becomes a dominant
species [20,31].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( İngilizce )

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The currently accepted scientific name for sweetgum is Liquidambar
styraciflua L. [30]. Two forms of sweetgum are recognized in
horticulture. The round-lobed American sweetgum, L. styraciflua forma
rotundiloba Rehd., has three to five short, rounded lobes on the leaves.
Weeping American sweetgum, L. styraciflua forma pendula Rehd., has
pendulous branches forming an almost columnar head [44,45]. There are no
recognized subspecies or varieties.
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: cover, reclamation

Sweetgum stem cuttings have been successfully planted for streambank
protection and reclamation of sites disturbed by coal strip mining
[29,46].

Sweetgum growth and survival was good when planted on favorable sites
but decreased when seedlings were planted concurrently with ground cover
or in previously established cover of grasses and legumes on mined sites
in southeastern Indiana [3,8].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: fuel

Sweetgum is primarily used for lumber, veneer, and plywood. The lumber
is used to make boxes, crates, furniture, interior trim, and millwork.
The veneer is used primarily for crates, baskets, and interior woodwork.
Sweetgum is also used for crossties and fuel, and small amounts go into
fencing, excelsior, and pulpwood [37,42].
bibliyografik atıf
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Chile Central
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Comprehensive Description ( İngilizce )

North American Flora tarafından sağlandı
Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753
Liquidambar gummif era Salisb. Prodr. 393. 1796. Liquidambar barbata Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 332. 1812. Liquidambar macrophylla Oerst. Am. Cent. 16. 1863. Liquidambar styraciflua mexicana Oerst. loc. cit, 1863.
A tree attaining a maximum height of 50 m. and a trunk-diameter of 1.5 m. ; bark somewhat corky, deeply fissured and usually ridged, the young branches often winged with thick corky ridges ; leaf-blades variable in size, suborbicular in outline, deeply palmately 3-7-lobed, cordate to nearly truncate at the base, dark-green and glabrous above, paler beneath, when young pilose, but with age becoming glabrous with the exception of the ferruginous tomentum, which is persistent in the axils of. the primary veins, the lobes triangular to lanceolate, acute to acuminate at the apex ; petioles about as long as the blades ; stipules entire, lanceolate, 1-1.4 cm. long, caducous; racemes or panicles of staminate heads 5-7 cm. long, clothed with a rufous tomentum ; pistillate flowers in globular longpeduncled heads ; fruit pendulous, 3-4 cm. in^ diameter, persistent during the winter, armed with hardened introrse stigmas ; capsules dehiscing during the fall ; fertile seeds about 1 cm. long, marked with resinous ducts ; sterile seeds brownish, 2 mm, long and as broad, often sharply pointed at the ends, numerous.
Type locality : Virginia.
Distribution : Connecticut to Missouri, Florida and Texas, and southward in the mountains of central and southern Mexico and in Guatemala.
bibliyografik atıf
John Kunkel SmaII, Per Axel Rydber, Nathaniel Lord Britton, Percy Wilson, Henry Hurd Rusby. 1905. ROSALES, PODOSTEMONACEAE, CRASSULACEAE, PENTHORACEAE and PARNASSIACEAE. North American flora. vol 22(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY

Associated Forest Cover ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Sweetgum is a major component of four forest cover types (6): Pin Oak-Sweetgum (Society of American Foresters Type 65), Sweetgum-Willow Oak (Type 92), Sycamore-Sweetgum-American Elm (Type 94), and Sweetgum-Yellow-Poplar (Type 87). It is a minor component of at least 20 other cover types including Chestnut Oak (Type 44), White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), Black Oak (Type 110), Yellow-Poplar (Type 57), River Birch-Sycamore (Type 61), Silver Maple-American Elm (Type 62), Sassafras-Persimmon (Type 64), Longleaf Pine (Type70), Longleaf Pine-Slash Pine (Type 83), Shortleaf Pine (Type 75), Virginia Pine (Type 79), Loblolly Pine (Type 81), Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine (Type 80), Pond Pine (Type 98), Willow Oak-Water Oak-Diamondleaf Oak (Type 88), Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash (Type 93), Baldcypress Tupelo (Type 102), Water Tupelo-Swamp Tupelo (Type 103), Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay ('Type 104), and Cabbage Palmetto (Type 74).

Among the most common associated tree species are red maple (Acer rubrum), boxelder (A. negundo), river birch (Betula nigra), pignut, shellbark, shagbark, and mockernut hickories (Carya glabra, C. laciniosa, C. ovata, C. tomentosa), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), and loblolly pine (P. taeda). Several species of dogwood (Cornus) and alder (Alnus), as well as eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), commonly occur as understory species with sweetgum.

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Climate ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Annual rainfall varies from 1020 mm (40 in) in the North to 1520 mm (60 in) in the South; the growing season rainfall is 510 to 610 mm (20 to 24 in). There are 180 frost-free days in the northern part of its range and up to 320 in the southern part. January temperatures are less than -1° C (30° F) in the North and about 10° C (50° F) in the South; minimum temperatures during the year are -21° C (-5° F) in the North and -4° C (25° F) in the South. Maximum temperature during the year is about 38° C (100° F) for most of the range of sweetgum.

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Damaging Agents ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Few severe diseases are associated with sweetgum, but small mammals and grazing animals have caused isolated problems. Seedlings may be badly damaged by hogs, goats, or cattle in different areas. Rodents, particularly mice, and rabbits have caused considerable damage to young plantations in several areas (16). Beavers in the Georgia Piedmont cause impoundments and girdle healthy trees.

Fire may be one of the major agents of damage to this species. Summer fires damage young sweetgum more than winter fires. Fire scars on living trees furnish entrance points for both insects and diseases. As long as the sapwood is not killed by fire, basal wounds are often covered with a gum exudation that protects them. With repeated fires, however, a tree is apt to have some sapwood killed, and fungi and insects may become established. In the lower delta of the Mississippi River, 42 percent of the sweetgum trees burned once showed decay 8 years later; 79 percent of the trees burned repeatedly during an 8-year period showed decay (16).

The four most common decay organisms reported in the Mississippi River Delta were Fomes geotropus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus trigrinus, and Ganoderma lucidum (16).

Other diseases of sweetgum that may be important occasionally are an abiotic leader dieback or blight, twig canker, and trunk lesion caused by Botryosphaeria ribis, and bleeding necrosis, which may be a combination of sweetgum blight and B. ribis trunk lesion (8). Of these, only sweetgum blight is widely distributed and has caused heavy mortality in several States. It has received intensive study in Maryland and Mississippi. Drought appears to be the primary cause. In the lower Mississippi River flood plain, blight severity was found to be correlated with soil properties affecting moisture supply. Severity of dieback was reduced by 68 percent in 2 years by irrigating when soil moisture dropped below 40 percent of field capacity (16). There is a good possibility that sweetgum blight is most common in stands of root sprout origin. In the Georgia Piedmont and Coastal Plain of South Carolina, many groups of trees are composed of stems that are of root sprout origin and depend on a single root system complex for water uptake. During prolonged droughts such as occurred in the 1950's, this limited root system may not be adequate to satisfy the water requirements of the sprout complex, and many of the stressed trees may suffer blight.

Except for leaffeeders, insects usually attack only trees that are already damaged, decadent, or dead. These include the bark beetles (Dryocoetes betulae and Pityophthorus liquidambarus), the ambrosia beetles, which include Platypus compositus, and the darkling beetles (Strongylium spp.). The leaffeeders include the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) and the luna moth (Actias luna) (1). In addition, a treehopper (Strictocephala militaris) is known to spend its entire life cycle on sweetgum in northeast Georgia but is not considered to be harmful (5).

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Flowering and Fruiting ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Sweetgum is monoecious. The small, greenish flowers bloom from March to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that form the multiple heads, 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) in diameter, of small, two-celled capsules. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed extraction several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty fruiting heads often remain on the trees over winter. Fair seed crops occur every year and bumper crops about every 3 years. The staminate and pistillate flowers are quite sensitive to cold and are often damaged by frost (17).

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Genetics ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
No hybrids of sweetgum are known to exist. There is considerable evidence, however, that differences between ecotypes, such as swamps and uplands, should play an important role in selection of mother trees for artificial regeneration programs (15).

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Growth and Yield ( İngilizce )

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Young sweetgum have a strong excurrent growth habit and long, conical crowns that usually prune themselves readily under forest conditions. There is a wide range in branch angle from acute to almost 90' in young trees. Depending on site quality, and at a definite stage in development, sweetgum. becomes decurrent as the trees mature, and the crown becomes rounded and wide spreading. The tops of overmature trees are usually broken or stag headed.

The excurrent growth habit is maintained longer on the more moist, fertile bottom-land sites than on the drier, less fertile upland sites. However, on excessively dry sites the excurrent growth habit is characteristically maintained for many years and may represent a morphological growth response mediated by moisture availability.

The average 10-year diameter growth for overmature sweetgum in the southern region was reported to be 4.8 cm (1.9 in), and for immature trees of medium to high vigor, 8.9 cm (3.5 in) (16). In the Mississippi Delta, pure stands of sweetgum average 84 to 112 m³ /ha (6,000 to 8,000 fbm/acre). Very good stands have 210 to 280 m³/ha (15,000 to 20,000 fbm/acre) with up to 420 to 560 m³ /ha (30,000 to 40,000 fbm/acre) on small, selected areas. On ridges and upland sites, stands are usually less dense than on bottom-land sites.

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Reaction to Competition ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Sweetgum is most accurately classed as intolerant of shade. It must have adequate sunlight to reach its potential. Young sweetgum are able to endure some crowding in pure stands on bottom lands. With increasing age, however, they become less able to endure competition and may respond poorly to release because crown regeneration capacity is reduced. Sweetgum of all vigor classes tend to develop epicormic branches when stands are thinned excessively. Moderate thinnings stimulate epicormic branches, primarily on trees with light to moderate crown development (12). On upland sites in the southern and southeastern regions, sweetgum seedlings or sprouts are often present in the pine forest understory. Removal of the pine overstory usually results in rapid growth of the sweetgum. This response may be attributed to logging damage to the original understory stems, which then resprout and grow rapidly without overhead competition.

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Rooting Habit ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Early root development varies with site conditions. On well-drained bottom-land sites a deep taproot with numerous well-developed laterals usually develops rapidly. On wet sites with poor drainage, however, the root system is shallow and wide spreading, with little tendency shown for taproot development. On gravelly ridges, hillsides, and upland piedmont sites, sweetgum develops a particularly strong taproot and is very resistant to wind (16).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Trees begin to produce seeds when 20 to 30 years old and continue production until at least 150 years of age. Seed production varies widely depending on climatic conditions during the growing season. Under optimum conditions, seed balls may average as many as 56 sound seeds per ball, or as few as 7 or 8 under less favorable conditions (16,17). Seed balls have been collected for more than 12 years at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Athens, GA, and scientists there expect 20 to 30 sound seeds per ball in an average year but have found as few as 5 per ball in a bad year. Low percentages of sound seed appear to be correlated with prolonged summer drought and excessive soil moisture stress during the growing season in northeast Georgia.

There are approximately 365 g (0.8 lb) of clean seeds per 35 liters (1 bushel) of balls, and the number of seeds per 454 g (1 lb) varies from 65,000 to 98,400, with an average of 82,000 (17). Seed soundness may reach 80 to 90 percent in a good seed year but may drop to 10 to 20 percent in a bad seed year. There are no data relating to the number of sound seed required for normal seed-ball development. The maximum distance of seed dispersal recorded is 183 m (600 ft), but ordinarily 96 percent of the seed falls within 61 m (200 ft) of the point of release (16).

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Seedling Development ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Germination is epigeal (17). Some sod covers are not a serious hindrance to seed germination but can seriously affect seedling survival during seasons of below-average rainfall. Fescue, however, has been shown to have adverse allelopathic effects on sweetgum (19). From 40 to 60 percent first-year mortality was observed on sweetgum plots overseeded with fescue in a South Carolina Piedmont site (3). The mortality at the South Carolina site was due directly to competition and was not an allelopathic response.

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Soils and Topography ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Sweetgum is perhaps one of the most adaptable hardwood species in its tolerance to different soil and site conditions. As is characteristic of most hardwood species, it grows best on the moist alluvial clay and loamy soils of river bottoms, but its growth rate is commercially acceptable on a wide range of Piedmont and Coastal Plain soils.

Throughout the Piedmont Plateau, sweetgum makes good growth on the river and stream bottoms and shows considerable potential on many upland sites. In the Carolina and Georgia Piedmont, for example, it is exceptionally competitive with other tree species on a wide range of soils with a site index for loblolly pine of 75 (at age 50) or greater.

In Maryland, sweetgum rarely makes acceptable growth on clay or gravelly clay upland soils and is rarely found on well-drained, sandy soils. Best growth rates are obtained on alluvial swamp sites and on imperfectly and poorly drained soils having a high clay content.

In the lower Mississippi Valley, site quality for sweetgum increases with the amount of exchangeable potassium in the soil and decreases as clay percentage increases. The best sites are those with medium-textured soils without a hardpan in the top 61 cm (24 in) and with moderate to good internal drainage. In the Mississippi Delta, sweetgum is most common on silty clay or silty clay loam ridges and silty clay flats in the first bottoms, which are very moist, but not too poorly drained. Along the eastern border of the Mississippi River, sweetgum is occasionally dominant on the loessial soils of the alluvial flood plain. It is characteristically dominant on the relatively impervious Alfisols of the Illinoian till plain, including the very poorly drained Avonburg, Blanchester, and Clermont silt loams (16).

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Special Uses ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, railroad ties, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, radio-, television-, and phonograph cabinets, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork (18).

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Vegetative Reproduction ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Few data are available on the early development of natural stands of sweetgum throughout its broad range. The limited, earlier data (16) indicate that workers were not aware of the tendency of sweetgum to regenerate from root sprouts that originated from suppressed root buds (11). Stand disturbances thought to produce ideal seedbed conditions were actually optimum conditions for suppressed bud release and subsequent root sprout development. A South Carolina Coastal Plain area thought to have been successfully regenerated with sweetgum seed trees was later found to be regenerated primarily from root sprouts (4,7, 11).

The importance of root sprout formation with sweetgum regeneration is evident from observations made in natural stands of mixed pines and hardwoods in the Georgia Piedmont that have been logged for sawtimber. In most of the stands examined, advance reproduction of sweetgum was clearly evident, accounting for 10 to 60 percent of all hardwood production. The invasion of such stands by young sweetgum has usually been attributed to natural seeding, but most of the young, vigorously growing stems observed in the Georgia Piedmont were of sprout origin. It is not uncommon to find as many as 40 or more stems from seedling to sapling size on the root systems of a single parent tree. Additional work with root sprouts in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina showed that sprout height after 8 years was directly correlated with the diameter of the lateral root from which the sprout originated; the larger the root the taller the sprout.

The persistence of root sprouts was revealed when soil was removed from several 0.04-ha (0.1-acre) plots on a Georgia Piedmont bottom-land site that supported pure stands of sweetgum. Trees ranged in d.b.h. from about 25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 in) and varied from dominant to intermediate in the crown canopy. More than 70 percent of the trees were of sprout origin on most plots. Other stands that were primarily of seed origin were later found on abandoned agricultural lands. These observations indicate that a significant portion of sweetgum regeneration following logging can be expected to originate from root sprouts. The long-term development and management of these stands have yet to be clarified.

Plantation establishment of sweetgum is becoming increasingly important throughout the southern region, and it is rapidly becoming the hardwood species most commonly established. Results of early plantation establishment and development have been quite variable. This variability in growth has been attributed to seedling quality. Seedlings with a large root-collar diameter achieve the best growth, and planting seedlings with a root-collar diameter of less than 6 mm (0.25 in) is not recommended (2). In a Georgia Piedmont bottom-land site, seedlings at age 7 ranged in height from 3.8 to 6.2 in (12.4 to 20.2 ft). After 7 years on a strip mine in Indiana, sweetgum averaged 2.1 in (7 ft). On favorable sites in the lower Mississippi Valley, seedling height growth of 0.6 m/yr (2 ft/yr) has been reported. On upland sites, 5-year height growth varies considerably, from 1.1 in (3.6 ft) on an eroded field to 2.0 in (6.5 ft) on areas reverting to woody cover. It is this slow, early growth of sweetgum plantations that is of concern to silviculturists because it necessitates expensive cultivation to reduce weed competition and thereby maintain acceptable survival until height growth begins. First-order lateral root morphology of nursery-lifted sweetgum seedlings reflects their future competitiveness in the field. Early growth and survival can be acceptable, even in moderate to severe drought years, if nursery-lifted seedlings have five or more first-order lateral roots exceeding 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter at the junction with the taproot. As many as one third of all seedlings in selected families growing in one nursery did not meet these standards making them poorly competitive in a forest environment (10).

Recent work suggests that vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae can significantly improve seedling quality from nurseries (9,13,14) and alter this pattern of low growth so commonly encountered during the first 3- to 5-year period following plantation establishment. On an upland Piedmont site in South Carolina, for example, total heights on sweetgum plots after three growing seasons have been observed to exceed the 2.0 in (6.5 ft) reported after five growing seasons from areas just reverting to woody cover. On a denuded borrow pit in the South Carolina Piedmont, soil amended with as little as 13 mm (0.5 in) of sewage sludge evenly distributed and disked into the soil resulted in fourth-year height of 2.8 in (9.2 ft) for sweetgum (3). The seedlings used in this experiment were heavily mycorrhizal with a vesicular-arbuscular fungus (Glomus mosseae) at outplanting.

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Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Hamamelidaceae -- Witch-hazel family

Paul P. Kormanik

Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), also called redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, or bilsted, is a common bottom-land species of the South where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapidly growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal Plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgurn is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeast and the handsome hard wood is put to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. The small seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is sometimes used as a shade tree.

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

Silvics of North America tarafından sağlandı
Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. It also grows in scattered locations in northwestern and central Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.


-The native range of sweetgum.


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Qatranlı likvidambar ( Azerice )

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Qatranlı likvidambar

Təbii yayılması

Nyu-York ştatının cənub hissəsi,cənubda Floridanın mərkəzi hissəsi,Meksika körfəzinin şimal sahilinə və Şərqi Texasa qədər yayılmışdır.

Botaniki təsviri

Qatranlı likvidambar hündürlüyü 20-35 m,gövdəsinin diametri 2 m-dək olan piramidal çətirli ağacdır.Qabığı boz-qonur,yarıqlıdır.Budaqları parlaq yaşıldan sarı-qonuradək müxtəlif çalarlıdır.Uc tumurcuğu iri,yaşıl və ya narıncı qonur pulcuqlarla örtülmüşdür.Yarpaqları əlvari-qanadlı,uzunluğu 7-25 sm,enli,kənarları xırda dişli,uzunluğu 6-10 sm olan saplaqda yerləşir.Yarpaqları 5-7 qanadlı,növbəlidir.Çiçəkləri birevli,xırda,az,qırmızı çalarlıdır.Dişi çiçəkləri saplaqda oturur və şarşəkilli başcıqla örtülmüşdür.Erkək çiçəkləri salxıma yığılmışdır.Bitki yazda çiçəkləyir.Meyvəsi iynəli,diametri 2,5-4 sm,çoxsaylı (20-50) qutucuqlardan ibarətdir.Hər qutucuqda 1-2 xırda toxumu vardır.

Ekologiyası

Cənub bölgəsinin aşağı yaruslarda rast gəlinir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması

Turş,gillicəli və ya gilli torpaqda yaxşı bitir.Qələvili torpağı da sevir.

İstifadəsi

Parlaq yarpaqlarına görə dekorativ bitki kimi becərilir.Balzamlı,sakitləşdirici və möhkəmləndirici vasitə hesab edilir.Vaxtilə Meksika imperatorlarının sarayında siqaret çəkmək üçün tütünlə qarışdırılaraq istifadə edilirdi.

Məlumat mənbəsi

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Qatranlı likvidambar: Brief Summary ( Azerice )

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Qatranlı likvidambar

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Liquidàmbar americà ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El liquidàmbar americà (Liquidambar styraciflua), és un arbre caducifoli del gènere Liquidambar, natiu d'àrees temperades de l'est de Nord-amèrica, en EE. UU. des del sud de Nova York a l'oest i sud de Missouri i l'est de Texas i el sud i centre de Florida, a Mèxic des del sud de Nou Lleó, sud de Chiapas; a Guatemala. A EUA es presenta en baixes i moderades altituds, mentre a Mèxic i Guatemala creix a altes altituds en les muntanyes on el clima es tempera.

Descripció

És un arbre de mida mitjana a gran, fins a 20 a 35 m (exceptionalment 41 m), amb un tronc de fins a 2 m de diàmetre. Les fulles són palmades i lobulades, de 7 a 19 cm (rarament de 25 cm) llargues i amples i amb un pecíol de 6 a 10 cm, lluint semblant als aurós. Tenen cinc lòbuls puntuts, i són fàcilment distinguibles dels aurós pel seu arranjament alternat, no en parells oposats; són de color verd fosc i tupit, i en molts casos tornen en brillants taronges, vermell i púrpures en tardor. Un petit percentatge d'arbres són sempreverds o semidecidus, amb colors otonyals desapercebuts.

Les inflorescències d'ambdós sexes estan en diferents branques del mateix fuste. El fruit és compost, pesat, sec, globós, de 2,5 a 4 cm en diàmetre i amb nombroses (20 a 50) càpsules. Cada càpsula té un parell d'espículas terminals, amb una o dues petites llavors.

Vegeu també

Bibliografia

  • UNITAT DE BOTÀNICA.FACULTAT DE FARMÀCIA. Botànica Farmacèutica. Ensenyament de Farmàcia. Textos docents (pràctiques). Barcelona: Ed. UB, 2008.
  • BERDONCES, J.L. (1998). Gran enciclopedia de las plantas medicinales: el dioscórides del tercer milenio. Ed. Tikal. Madrid.
  • VANACLOCHA, B. & CAÑIGUERAL, S. (2003). Fitoterapia: vademecum de prescripción. Ed. Masson, Edició 4a. Barcelona.
  • DUKE, J. A. (1929. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. Ed. CRC Press.
  • TEUSCHER, E. (2006). Medicinal spices : a handbook of culinary herbs, spices, spice mixtures and their essential oils. Ed. Stuttgart : Medpharm/GmbH (2006)

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Liquidàmbar americà Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Liquidàmbar americà: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

wikipedia CA tarafından sağlandı

El liquidàmbar americà (Liquidambar styraciflua), és un arbre caducifoli del gènere Liquidambar, natiu d'àrees temperades de l'est de Nord-amèrica, en EE. UU. des del sud de Nova York a l'oest i sud de Missouri i l'est de Texas i el sud i centre de Florida, a Mèxic des del sud de Nou Lleó, sud de Chiapas; a Guatemala. A EUA es presenta en baixes i moderades altituds, mentre a Mèxic i Guatemala creix a altes altituds en les muntanyes on el clima es tempera.

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Ambroň západní ( Çekçe )

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 src=
Ambroň západní vybarvená v podzimních barvách

Ambroň západní (Liquidambar styraciflua) je opadavý listnatý strom původem ze subtropického a tropického podnebného pásma. Je jediný z pěti druhů rodu ambroň, který je schopný přežít ve středoevropském podnebí.

Rozšíření

Pochází ze Severní Ameriky (jižní oblasti Spojených států amerických a Mexika) a Střední Ameriky (Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Nikaragua, Honduras). Roste v rozmezí od mořské hladiny do nadmořské výšky 800 m. Do Evropy byl jako ozdobná dřevina dovezen roku 1861 a vysázen v zámecké zahradě ve Fulhamu v Londýně.

Ambroň západní je jako okrasná, nenáročná, meliorační a protierozní rostlina vysazována v různých částech světa, často i v Africe, Austrálii i na Novém Zélandu. V České republice, kde je občas pěstována pro své na podzim výrazně zbarvené listy, roste v několika botanických zahradách a arboretech.

Ekologie

Tato dřevina není na pěstební podmínky příliš náročná, nejlépe ji prospívají neutrální až mírně kyselé a dostatečně vlhké naplaveniny okolo dolních toků řek. Spolehlivě roste v propustných štěrkovitých nebo písčitých, stejně jako v jílovitých a bažinatých půdách. Požaduje dostatek vláhy, za optimální pro růst jsou považovány lokality, kde se roční srážky pohybují od 1000 do 2000 mm. Je rostlinou světlomilnou a špatně snáší zastínění, obvykle se vyskytuje jako příměsová dřevina ve vlhkých lesích. Při pěstování ve středoevropských podmínkách její květy obvykle namrzají. Doporučuje se ji vysazovat na chráněná místa a mladé stromky chránit před chladem zimním krytem.

Popis

Jednodomý, opadavý, dlouhověký strom vyrůstající obvykle do výšky 15 až 30 metrů a s průměrem kmene 60 až 100 cm; ve své domovině a ve vlhku je obvykle mohutnější. U jedinců na mokrých a měkkých půdách je kořenový systém mělký a rozlehlý, na štěrkovitých propustných půdách je hlavní kořen velmi hluboký a strom dobře odolává větru. Zprvu kuželovitá koruna se později široce větví a stává se okrouhlou, bývá široká 10 až 20 m. Kůra šedě zbarvená je v mládí hladká, později hluboce podélně zbrázděná, korkovitá a dva až čtyři cm tlustá. Letorosty jsou olivově zelené a později se zbarvují do hnědá, jsou mírně hranaté a mají výrazné lenticely a listové jizvy. Porůstají střídavě asi 6 až 12 mm velkými pupeny, koncový bývá největší. Po poranění vytéká z kůry nažloutlá pryskyřičná tekutina.

Na řapících, 5 až 15 cm dlouhých, vyrůstají střídavě jednoduché, dlanitě laločnaté listy. Jejich lesklé a lysé čepele jsou v obryse okrouhlé nebo ledvinovité, bývají 7 až 15 cm dlouhé a 4 až 18 cm široké a mívají tři až sedm špičatých laloků (prostřední lalok bývá největší). Na bázi jsou srdčité nebo uťaté, na horní straně tmavě a na spodní světle zelené, okraj mají pilovitý až zubatý a po rozemnutí pryskyřičně voní. Listy se na konci léta výrazně zbarvují do různých odstínů, od oranžové po růžovou, nachově červenou či fialovou barvu a později opadávají.

Z koncových pupenů větviček vyrůstají drobné, jednopohlavné květy bez okvětí, které jsou sestavené do kulovitých hlávek. Samčí květy, obsahující čtyři až deset tyčinek a rostou v mnoha hlávkách ve vzpřímených květenstvích. Samičí květy, s jedním spodním semeníkem a dvěma čnělkami se zkřivenými bliznami, visí v hlávkách na stopkách.

Plodem jsou tobolky s vytrvalými čnělkami. Jsou uspořádané po dvaceti až padesáti ve 2 až 4 cm velkém kulovitém plodenství, které při zrání mění barvu od zelené přes žlutou až po hnědou. Leskle hnědé tobolky obsahující asi 1,5 mm velká semena nepravidelného tvaru s křídly. Květy rozkvétají poměrně brzy v závislosti na zeměpisné šířce a povětrnostních podmínkách, v subtropech od konce února (v tropech od ledna) do poloviny května, plody dozrávají během září až října. Po uzrání se tobolka s jedním nebo dvěma okřídlenými semeny otevře a semena odnese vítr. Prázdná plodenství s trčícími tvrdými čnělkami obvykle vytrvávající na stromech i přes zimu a jsou i po opadu na zem příštím rokem velmi tvrdá a pichlavá.

Rozmnožování

 src=
Zralé plodenství s otevřenými tobolkami

Stromy počínají tvořit plody ve stáří 20 až 30 roků a plodí asi 150 let. Množství semen v plodenství se pohybuje od pěti do padesáti a je závislé na klimatických podmínkách během vegetace. Při roznášení semen větrem jich okolo 90 % nezaletí dál než 60 m. Pokácené stromy se mohou obnovovat také výmladky ze spících kořenových pupenů.

Význam

Poškozená dřevina produkuje z poraněného místa žlutavou, hustou pryskyřici, která tuhne a získává podobu jantaru, teplem však opět měkne. Tato hmota, také nazývaná Styraxový balzám, se získává účelovým nařezáváním kůry nebo extrakci z lýka které se tepelně zpracovává. Pryskyřice se již od předkolumbovských dob používá v léčitelství, hlavně pro odstranění kožních, dýchacích, trávicích, gynekologických i psychických obtíží. Využívá se také v kosmetice, parfumerii i k aromatizaci sladkostí a tabáku, často také slouží jako vykuřovadlo. Z kůry a kořenů se vaří čaje, např. proti průjmu a úplavici. Balzám obsahuje resinalkoholy, estery kyseliny skořicové, skořicový alkohol, vanilin a jiné látky.

Ambroň západní poskytuje těžké, dekorativní a lesklé dřevo. Jeho běl je bíle růžová a jádro bývá zbarveno do červenohnědá. Používá se hlavně k výrobě nábytku, bytových doplňku, obkladů a získává se z něj dýha pro zhotovení překližky, slouží i jako řezivo, stavební dřevo a vyrábějí se z něj železniční pražce, zbytky se používají k výrobě papíru. Také se obarvuje na černo a nahrazuje dražší dřeva pro výrobu obrazových rámů.

Pro své listy, které na podzim získávají krásné barvy oranžovou, červenou až fialovou, se ambroň západní vysazuje v parcích a okrasných zahradách jako solitéra či pro lemování širokých městských komunikací. Bylo vyšlechtěno a v zahradnické praxi se používá více než dvacet kultivarů, ty se od sebe odlišují výškou a habitem koruny, tvarem a velikosti listových laloků, podzimním zabarvením listů i odolností proti chladu.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. LEUGNEROVÁ, Gabriel. BOTANY.cz: Ambroň západní [online]. O. s. Přírodovědná společnost, BOTANY.cz, rev. 03.07.2007 [cit. 2015-07-20]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. Dendrologie.cz: Ambroň západní [online]. P. Horáček a J. Mencl, rev. 31.12.2006 [cit. 2015-07-20]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  4. AtlasRostlin.cz: Ambroň západní [online]. Tiscali media, a.s., Praha [cit. 2015-07-20]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  5. MEYER, Frederick G. Flora of North America: Liquidambar styraciflua [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA [cit. 2015-07-20]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. KORMANIK, Paul P. Liquidambar styraciflua [online]. United States Forest Service, Washington, D. C., USA [cit. 2015-07-20]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. Landscape Plants: Liquidambar styraciflua [online]. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, rev. 17.06.2015 [cit. 2015-07-20]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Ambroň západní: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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 src= Ambroň západní vybarvená v podzimních barvách

Ambroň západní (Liquidambar styraciflua) je opadavý listnatý strom původem ze subtropického a tropického podnebného pásma. Je jediný z pěti druhů rodu ambroň, který je schopný přežít ve středoevropském podnebí.

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Virginsk ambratræ ( Danca )

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Liquidambar styraciflua

Virginsk ambratræ (Liquidambar styraciflua) er et mellemstort, løvfældende træ med en bred, kegleformet krone hos unge træer og en kuplet krone hos de gamle. Træet hører hjemme i Nordamerika.

Beskrivelse

Hovedgrenene er opstigende og ret slanke med uregelmæssigt udstående sidegrene. Barken er først gulbrun til mørkegrøn med brune hår. Senere bliver den lysegrå til lysebrun med firkantede plader, og til sidst er den mørkegrå med tykke, uregelmæssige kamme. Knopperne er spredte, smalt ægformede og friskgrønne uden hår. Løvspringet sker sent.

Bladene er trelappede hos unge træer, men femlappede hos ældre. Oversiden er mørkegrøn og blank, mens undersiden er noget lysere og mat med brune hår på ribberne. Høstfarverne spænder mellem gult over brunt til klart rødt. Blomster ses sjældent i Danmark. Han- og hunblomster sidder hver for sig i små runde stande. Frugterne er kuglerunde og forsynet med næbagtige, krumme pigge. De vingede frø modner ikke i Danmark.

Rodnettet består af dybtgående, hjerteformet fordelte hovedrødder og mange, fint forgrenede og tynde siderødder. Træet kan danne rodskud, som så har bark med tydelige korklister.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 20 × 6 m (30 × 10 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Ambratræet stammer fra de centrale og sydlige dele af USA, hvor det vokser i blandede løvskove på fugtig, mineralrig bund.

I området omkring Roosevelt i New Jersey, USA, findes arten i skove og som pionertræ sammen med bl.a. Konvalbusk, robinie, tulipantræ, amerikansk bøg, amerikansk knapbusk, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk platan, amerikansk vin, blyantene, brunfrugtet surbær, glansbladet hæg, hvid ask, hvid hickory, klatrevildvin, koralsumak, pennsylvansk vokspors, rødløn, skovtupelotræ, sukkerbirk, sumpeg, sumprose, virginsk troldnød, virginsk vinterbær, weymouthfyr og østamerikansk hemlock[1]




Noter

Kilde

  • Sten Porse: Plantebeskrivelser, DCJ 2003 (CD-Rom).
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Virginsk ambratræ: Brief Summary ( Danca )

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Virginsk ambratræ (Liquidambar styraciflua) er et mellemstort, løvfældende træ med en bred, kegleformet krone hos unge træer og en kuplet krone hos de gamle. Træet hører hjemme i Nordamerika.

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Amerikanischer Amberbaum ( Almanca )

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Liquidambar styraciflua Fruchtverbände

Der Amerikanische Amberbaum (Liquidambar styraciflua), auch Seesternbaum genannt, ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Amberbäume (Liquidambar); diese wird in der kleinen Familie der Altingiaceae innerhalb der Ordnung der Steinbrechartigen (Saxifragales) eingeordnet. Oft wird die Gattung Liquidambar weniger differenziert zur Familie Hamamelidaceae (Zaubernussgewächse) gerechnet.

Verbreitung

Der Amerikanische Amberbaum kommt in Nordamerika häufig in Auwäldern vor. Der Lebensraum des Amerikanischen Amberbaums erstreckt sich von New York bis Nicaragua. Dort wird der Amberbaum auch stark forstwirtschaftlich genutzt. Er besiedelt häufig Auenböden mit periodischen Überschwemmungen und tonigen Böden, kommt aber auch problemlos mit steinigen und kargen Böden zurecht. So besiedelt er sogar mexikanische Höhenlagen mit geröllartigen und trockenen Böden. Neben seinem Vorkommen in Wäldern wird er als Straßenbaum, Alleebaum und Parkbaum genutzt.[1]

Der Seesternbaum wird in Europa seit 1688 als Zierbaum angepflanzt. Es gibt einige Kulturformen.[2] Aufgrund seiner Resistenz gegenüber Wärme, Trockenheit, Überschwemmungen und Abgasen wird er zunehmend im innerstädtischen Bereich gepflanzt, da er dem Klimawandel vielfach besser widersteht als einheimische Baumarten.[3]

Beschreibung

Der Amerikanische Amberbaum ist ein sommergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 45 Meter (in Mitteleuropa 10 bis 20 Meter) erreicht und einen kegelförmigen bis zylindrischen Wuchs besitzt. Die Borke ist zunächst rotbraun und leicht rissig bis schuppig, später graubraun und mehr oder weniger furchig; am älteren Holz bilden sich Korkleisten. Die Zweige und Äste an jüngeren Pflanzen bilden manchmal korkige und flügelige Auswüchse aus.

Das einfache Laub ist ahornähnlich, handförmig gespalten und fünf- bis siebenlappig, etwa 10 bis 20 Zentimeter lang und nahezu ebenso breit. Die Blattlappen besitzen manchmal größeren Zähne oder kleinere Lappen. Die meist kahlen Blätter sind am Rand gesägt und langstielig. Wenn man die Blätter zerreibt, verströmen sie einen angenehmen süßlichen Duft. Bekannt ist der Amerikanische Amberbaum für seine farbenprächtige, erst gelbe und dann orange bis rote Herbstfärbung. Die Nebenblätter sind abfallend.

Liquidambar styraciflua ist einhäusig gemischtgeschlechtlich monözisch. Die Blüten sind also eingeschlechtlich und auch ohne Blütenhülle. Sie stehen jeweils in eingeschlechtlichen Blütenständen zusammen. Die grünlichen männlichen Blüten, mit einem oder mehreren behaarten Deckblättern und einigen, kugelig angeordneten Staubblättern, stehen in aufrechten traubig-ährigen Blütenständen und fallen nach der Anthese ab. Die gelb-grünen weiblichen Blüten, mit oft einigen Staminodien, stehen in gestielten Köpfchen mit kleinen, abfallenden Hochblättern. Der zweikammerige Fruchtknoten ist halbunterständig mit ein oder meist zwei Griffeln mit langen Narben. Um den oberen, freien Teil des Fruchtknotens herum sind minimale, kahle, höckrige und fleischige Strukturen (Phyllome, Papillae) ausgebildet. Die Mannbarkeit beträgt 20–30 Jahre.

Die kugeligen, verholzten und stacheligen Kapselfruchtverbände sind mit den holzigen Griffeln 2,5–4 Zentimeter groß. Sie hängen an langen Stielen herab und die einzelnen, mehrsamigen Kapseln öffnen sich zweiklappig. Die flachen, mit Flügel 8–10 Millimeter langen Samen sind einseitig geflügelt, wobei auch ungeflügelte und unfruchtbare Samen enthalten sind. Die leeren Fruchtverbände bleiben meist noch lange am Baum hängen.

Der Amerikanische Amberbaum hat die Chromosomenzahl 2n = 32.

Nutzung

 src=
Furnier des Amerikanischen Amberbaums

Bei Verwundung tritt am Baum ein Harz aus (Styrax), das früher in den USA zur Kaugummiherstellung genutzt wurde – daher stammt die gängige Bezeichnung „American Sweetgum“. Es wird auch zur Parfümierung von Seifen und Kosmetika, Tabak und Parfums und die Herstellung von Klebstoffen verwendet.[4]

Das Satinholz des Amberbaums erinnert an Walnussholz und zeichnet sich durch einen anhaltenden würzigen Duft aus. Es wird von Kunsttischlern geschätzt, die Zweige des Baumes sind gesuchte Wünschelruten.

Es wird ferner im Möbel- und Innenausbau als Massivholz oder Furnier, als Konstruktionsholz sowie für Transportverpackungen und Paletten genutzt. Die Darrdichte (Rohdichte, getrocknet) liegt bei 560 kg/m³, somit zählt das Holz zu den Harthölzern. Das Kernholz lässt sich leicht bearbeiten und kleben, trocknet recht schnell.[5]

Zuchtformen

Es wurde eine Vielzahl von Cultivaren gezüchtet; diese haben meist unterschiedliche Blattformen und -farben. Hier eine Auswahl:[6][7]

  • Andrew Henson
  • Aurea: Dies ist vermutlich nur ein Verkaufsname für die Sorte Variegata.
  • Aurora
  • Burgundy
  • Ellen
  • Festival
  • Frosty
  • Golden Sun
  • Golden Treasure
  • Goldmember
  • Gum Ball
  • Happy Daze
  • Jennifer Carol
  • Kia
  • Kirsten
  • Lane Roberts
  • Manon
  • Moonbeam
  • Moraine
  • Naree
  • Ocanee
  • Paarl
  • Palo Alto
  • Parasol
  • Pendula
  • Penwood
  • Rotundiloba
  • Silver King: mit weiß-grün panaschierten Blättern
  • Simone
  • Slender Silhouette
  • Stared
  • Thea
  • Variegata
  • Worplesdon

Bilder

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Amberbaum (Liquidambar styraciflua) als Baum und Forstpflanze im Klimawandel. Abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2020.
  2. Amerikanischer Amberbaum. Abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2020.
  3. Bastian Ludwig: Sie trotzen dem Klimawandel und sorgen für Indian Summer: Amber-Bäume in Kassel. Abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2020.
  4. Amerikanischer Amberbaum (Liquidambar styraciflua) bei Baumkunde.
  5. Amberbaum. In: Modellskipper.de. Abgerufen am 5. Mai 2022 (deutsch).
  6. Sorten bei Plantentuin Esveld.
  7. Kurzbeschreibung der Art und einiger Sorten bei Website of Arthur Lee Jacobson (englisch).
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Amerikanischer Amberbaum: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Der Amerikanische Amberbaum (Liquidambar styraciflua), auch Seesternbaum genannt, ist eine Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Amberbäume (Liquidambar); diese wird in der kleinen Familie der Altingiaceae innerhalb der Ordnung der Steinbrechartigen (Saxifragales) eingeordnet. Oft wird die Gattung Liquidambar weniger differenziert zur Familie Hamamelidaceae (Zaubernussgewächse) gerechnet.

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Ocotzocuahuitl ( Nahuatl )

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Liquidambar styraciflua

Ocotzocuahuitl ahnozo Xōchiocotzocuahuitl (Liquidambar styraciflua).

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Liquidambar styraciflua ( İngilizce )

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American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), also known as American storax,[3] hazel pine,[4] bilsted,[5] redgum,[3] satin-walnut,[3] star-leaved gum,[5] alligatorwood,[3] or simply sweetgum,[3][6] is a deciduous tree in the genus Liquidambar native to warm temperate areas of eastern North America and tropical montane regions of Mexico and Central America. Sweetgum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern United States, and is a popular ornamental tree in temperate climates. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves (similar to maple leaves) and its hard, spiked fruits. It is currently classified in the plant family Altingiaceae, but was formerly considered a member of the Hamamelidaceae.[7]

Names

This plant's genus name Liquidambar was first given by Linnaeus in 1753 from the Latin liquidus ('fluid') and the Arabic ambar ('amber'), in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice or gum which exudes from the tree. Its specific epithet styraciflua is an old generic name meaning 'flowing with storax' (a plant resin).[8] The name "storax" has long been confusingly applied to the aromatic gum or resin of this species, that of L. orientalis of Turkey, and to the resin better known as benzoin from various tropical trees in the genus Styrax.

The sweetgum has a Nahuatl name, Ocotzocuahuitl, which translates to 'tree that gives pine resin' from ocotl ('pine'), tzotl ('resin'), cuahuitl ('tree'), which refers to the use of the tree's resin.[9]

The common name "sweetgum" refers to the species' "sweetish gum",[10] contrasting with the blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), only distantly related, with which the sweetgum overlaps broadly in range. The species is also known as the "redgum", for its reddish bark.[10]

History

The earliest known published record of Liquidambar styraciflua is in a work by Spanish naturalist Francisco Hernández published posthumously in 1615, in which he describes the species as a large tree producing a fragrant gum resembling liquid amber, whence the genus name Liquidambar. In John Ray's Historia Plantarum (1686) it is called Styrax liquida. However, the first mention of any use of the amber is described by Juan de Grijalva, the nephew of the governor of Cuba, in the year 1517. Juan de Grijalva tells of gift exchanges with the Mayas "who presented them with, among other things, hollow reeds of about a span long filled with dried herbs and sweet-smelling liquid amber which, when lighted in the way shown by the natives, diffused an agreeable odour."[11] The species was introduced into Europe in 1681 by John Banister, the missionary collector sent out by Bishop Compton, who planted it in the palace gardens at Fulham in London, England.

Fossil record

An ancestor of Liquidambar styraciflua is known from Tertiary-aged fossils in Alaska, Greenland, and the mid-continental plateau of North America, much further north than Liquidambar now grows. A similar plant is also found in Miocene deposits of the Tertiary of Europe.[12]

Description

Size

Liquidambar styraciflua is a medium-sized to large tree, growing anywhere from 15–20 m (50–70 ft) in cultivation and up to 45 m (150 ft) in the wild,[13] with a trunk up 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) in diameter, on average.[14] Trees may live to 400 years.[15] The tree is a symmetrical shape and crowns into an egg shape when the branches get too heavy after its first two years of cultivation.[8]

Bark and branches

Another distinctive feature of the tree is the peculiar appearance of its small branches and twigs. The bark attaches itself to these in plates edgewise instead of laterally, and a piece of the leafless branch with the aid of a little imagination readily takes on a reptilian form; indeed, the tree is sometimes called "alligatorwood".[12] The bark is a light brown tinged with red and sometimes gray with dark streaks and has a density of 590 kg/m3 (37 lb/cu ft).[14] It is deeply fissured with scaly ridges.[12] The branches carry layers of cork.[16] The branchlets are pithy, many-angled, winged, and at first covered with rusty hairs, finally becoming red brown, gray or dark brown.[12] As an ornamental tree, the species has a drawback—the branches may have ridges or "wings" that cause more surface area, increasing weight of snow and ice accumulation on the tree. However, the wood is heavy and hard with an interlocking grain,[8] but is difficult to season.[17]

Leaves

The leaves usually have five (but sometimes three or seven) sharply pointed palmate lobes.[13] They are 8–13 cm (3–5 in) wide on average and have three distinct bundle scars.[18]

They are long and broad, with a 6–10 cm (2+14–4 in) petiole. The rich dark green, smooth, shiny, star-shaped leaves generally turn brilliant yellow, orange, red, and purple colors in the autumn.[8] This autumnal coloring has been characterized as not simply a flame, but a conflagration. Its reds and yellows compare to that of the maples (Acer), and in addition it has the dark purples and smoky browns of the ash (Fraxinus).[12] However, in the northern part of its range, and where planted in yet colder areas, the leaves are often killed by frost while still green. On the other hand, in the extreme southern or tropical parts of its range, some trees are evergreen or semi-evergreen, with negligible fall color. The leaves are 8–18 cm (3–7 in) broad with glandular serrate teeth. The base is truncate or slightly heart-shaped. They come out of the bud plicate, downy, pale green, when full grown are bright green, smooth, shining above, paler beneath.[12] They contain tannin and when bruised give a resinous fragrance.[17]

While the starry five-pointed leaves of Liquidambar resemble those of some maples (Acer), Liquidambar is easily distinguished from Acer by its glossy, leathery leaves that are positioned singly (alternate), not in pairs (opposite) on the stems. Luna and Promethea moth caterpillars feed on the leaves.[19]

Flowers

Flower of sweetgum

The flowers typically appear in spring and persist into autumn/fall, sometimes persisting into winter. They are typically about 25–40 mm (1–1+12 in) in diameter and are covered with rusty hairs.[14] The flowers are unisexual[19] and greenish in color. Staminate flowers in terminal racemes 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, the pistillate in a solitary head on a slender peduncle borne in the axil of an upper leaf. Staminate flowers destitute of calyx and corolla, but are surrounded by hairy bracts. Stamens indefinite; filaments short; anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a two-celled, two-beaked ovary, the carpels produced into a long, recurved, persistent style. The ovaries all more or less cohere and harden in fruit. There are many ovules but few mature.[12]

Fruit

The distinctive compound fruit is hard, dry, and globose, 25–40 mm (1–1+12 in) in diameter, composed of numerous (40–60) capsules.[14] Each capsule, containing one to two small seeds, has a pair of terminal spikes (for a total of 80–120 spikes). When the fruit opens and the seeds are released, each capsule is associated with a small hole (40–60 of these) in the compound fruit.

Fallen, opened fruits are often abundant beneath the trees; these have been popularly nicknamed "burr (or bir) balls",[15] "gum balls",[20] "space bugs", "sticker balls",[21] "spike balls", or "monkey balls".[22][23]

The fruit is a multicapsular spherical head and hangs on the branches during the winter. The woody capsules are mostly filled with abortive seeds resembling sawdust.[12] The seeds are about 6 mm (14 in) thick, winged, and wind-dispersed. Goldfinches, purple finches, squirrels, and chipmunks eat the seeds of the tree.[19] The seeds stratify within 30–90 days at 1–5 °C (33–41 °F) or soaked in water for 15–20 days.[18] The long-stemmed fruit balls of Liquidambar resemble those of the American sycamore or buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis), but are spiny and remain intact after their seeds are dispersed; the softer fruits of Platanus disintegrate upon seed dispersal. The long-persisting fallen spiked fruits can be unpleasant to walk on; sweet gum is banned in some places for this reason.[15] In abundance, they can leave a lawn lumpy. The winter buds are yellow brown, 6 mm (14 in) long, acute. The inner scales enlarge with the growing shoot, becoming 13 mm (12 in) long, green tipped with red.[12]

Distribution

Sweetgum is one of the most common hardwoods in the southeastern United States, where it occurs naturally in lowlands from southwestern Connecticut south to central Florida, through central Ohio and west to Illinois, southern Missouri, and eastern Texas, but not colder highland areas of Appalachia or the Midwestern states. The species also occurs in Mexico from southern Nuevo León south to Chiapas, as well as in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. In Mexico and Central America, it is a characteristic plant of cloud forests, growing at middle elevations in various mountainous areas where the climate is humid and more temperate.[8]

The US government distribution maps for this species are incorrect concerning the southern limit of distribution in Florida. This species occurs abundantly at Highlands Hammock State Park, Sebring, Highlands County, FL, and even southwest of Lake Okeechobee. (see the Univ. South Florida Atlas of Florida Plants)[24]

Grown as an ornamental tree in Australia, Liquidambar styraciflua has a distribution on mainland Australia from southwestern Western Australia, southern South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and all the way up to the Atherton Tablelands in far North Queensland.[25]

Uses

Wood

Lumber
Harvesting redgum in Richland County, South Carolina, 1904

Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeastern United States.[26] Its wood is bright reddish brown (with the sapwood nearly white) and may have black grain in the heartwood; it is heavy, straight, satiny, and close-grained, but not strong. It takes a beautiful polish, but warps badly in drying. The wood has a specific gravity of 0.5910. It is too liable to decay for outdoor use.[12]
In the carpentry industry, the timber is referred to as satin walnut[13] and is one of the most important materials for plywood manufacturers. It is used for furniture, interior trim, railroad ties, cigar boxes, crates, flooring, barrels, woodenware, and wood pulp.[27] It is also used for veneer for plywood. The wood is very compact and fine-grained, the heartwood being reddish, and, when cut into planks, marked transversely with blackish belts. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, cabinets for radios, televisions, and phonographs, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood, (typically backed with some other kind of wood which shrinks and warps less) are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. It was formerly used in the interior finish of railroad sleeping cars. Being readily dyed black, it is sometimes substituted for ebony for such uses as inexpensive picture frames.[12][28] The wood is also used to make chopsticks for the East Asian market, as it has a naturally light color with appeal to certain segments of the Asian market.[29]

Resin

The tree's gum resin, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded.[19] It has many names, including liquid amber or copalm balsam. It is a kind of native balsam, or resin, resembling turpentine. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow, with a pleasant smell like ambergris. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported in barrels. The resin is produced by stripping, boiling, and pressing the tree's bark.[15] The gum was used both medicinally and to make chewing gum.[30]

Shikimic acid

L. styraciflua seeds may be a renewable source of shikimic acid.[31]

Cultivation

A group of young sweetgum in autumn
Autumn Leaves (Liquidambar Styraciflua) (2966992728).jpg

Liquidambar styraciflua is a popular ornamental and forestal tree, cultivated for its distinctive foliage and intense autumn colors. It is commonly grown throughout its native North American range as well as many other temperate parts of the world, including moderately high elevations in the tropics. It is highly regarded in Bogota, Colombia.[32] The species grows best in moist, acidic loam or clay soil, and tolerates poor drainage. It typically grows with other coastal plain species such as willow oak and sweetbay magnolia.[19] Its salt tolerance is moderate. Chlorosis can develop on alkaline soil, especially where organic matter is low. Also, the American sweetgum tree does not grow well in shady areas.[14]

Among the many cultivars of Liquidambar styraciflua are (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):[33]

  • 'Burgundy' – dark red to purple fall colors may persist through winter
  • 'Clydesform' – columnar or narrowly pyramidal; slow growth to 9 meters; yellow-orange fall colors; also sold as 'Emerald Sentinel'
  • 'Festival' – columnar; pale green summer leaves; bright fall hues of yellow, pink and red; less hardy than most
  • 'Firehouse' - pyramidal; bright red fall color; defoliates early; little to no seed production
  • 'Goduzam' – variegated; pink to red-purple in autumn; also called 'Gold Dust'
  • 'Grazam' – pyramidal, with glossy leaves. Orange, red and purple fall colors
  • 'Gumball' – dwarf shrubby cultivar seldom more than 2 m (6+12 ft) tall, with purple-red fall color
  • 'Lane Roberts' (agm)[34]
  • 'Moraine' – upright, rounded form, fast growth, red fall color, hardy to −30 °C
  • 'Palo Alto' – various shades of red in fall; best in California
  • 'Parasol' – develops rounded crown; mature height 10 meters; deep red fall color
  • 'Penwood' (agm)[35]
  • 'Rotundiloba' – sterile cultivar with rounded lobes on leaves, originally discovered in North Carolina in the 1930s
  • 'Slender Silhouette' – very narrow columnar form
  • 'Worplesdon' (agm)[36] – cutleaf cultivar with orange, red and purple fall colors
Sweetgum (red) in a natural park

The organizers of the September 11th Memorial in New York donated a grove of sweetgum trees to the Flight 93 Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.[37]

Infection on Liquidambar styraciflua

The imperfect fungus Dicarpella dryina Sutton is a leaf parasite reported to occur on a wide range of host plants, including species of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Limber and Cash reported that leaf spots produced by this pathogen on several different genera of forest trees were 2–5 mm diameter with regular margins. During the summer of 1994 in the Nacogdoches County area of Texas, a prominent leaf spot on sweetgum was widespread. Infected leaves had numerous necrotic lesions, each surrounded by a reddish halo. The lesions tended to merge resulting in large areas of dead tissue. Infection and fungal development of D. dryina were investigated on leaves of sweetgum using a combination of microscopic techniques. D. dryina infection on sweetgum has been associated with the disease red leaf spot. Results of this investigation indicate that D. dryina can penetrate leaf tissue directly, thus having the ability to initiate infection on both upper and lower leaf surfaces. In other regions of the U.S., sweetgum populations may not be as susceptible to local populations of this fungus.

Environmental stress factors may also be involved, as reports have indicated that herbicide application and chlorosis caused by iron deficiency may increase susceptibility of D. dryina. Tannins (a type of biomolecule found in trees to protect it from fire, insects, and bacteria) have been reported to occur in healthy tissue of a variety of plants including sweetgum. They may prevent pathogen invasion by inhibiting fungal enzyme activity. Although cells of healthy sweetgum tissue appear rich in tannins, these materials apparently were not effective in preventing fungal colonization by D. dryina.[38]

References

  1. ^ Beech, E.; Crowley, D.; Rivers, M.C.; Wilson, B. (2018). "Liquidambar styraciflua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T33966A67700725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Liquidambar styraciflua L. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 9 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Liquidambar styraciflua". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  4. ^ "hazel pine Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum – Dizionario inglese-italiano WordReference". Wordreference.com. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b Small, J.K. (1933). Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-02-852410-1.
  6. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  7. ^ Cafferty, Steve. "Taxonomy". Encyclopedia of Life. Natural History Museum. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e Grimm, William (1967). Familiar Trees of America. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 153–154.
  9. ^ Austin, Daniel F. (29 November 2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 407. ISBN 9780203491881.
  10. ^ a b Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398 pp.
  11. ^ Corti, Count (1931). A History of Smoking. london: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. p. 44.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 160–164.
  13. ^ a b c Cafferty, Steve (2005). Firefly Encyclopedia of Trees. Buffalo, NY: Firefly. pp. 116–117.
  14. ^ a b c d e Illick, Joseph (1928). Pennsylvania Trees. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. pp. 168–169.
  15. ^ a b c d "Liquidambar styraciflua: American sweet gum". Cal Poly Plant Conservatory. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  16. ^ "Liquidambar styraciflua", The Macquarie Dictionary of Trees and Shrubs, South Yarra: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.
  17. ^ a b New-Hall, Charles (1890). The Trees of North-eastern America. New York: Knickerbocker. pp. 130–131.
  18. ^ a b Leopold, Donald (1998). Trees of the Central Hardwood Forests of North America: An Identification and Cultivation Guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber. pp. 235–237.
  19. ^ a b c d e Rhoads, Ann (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania: A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
  20. ^ Missouri Botanical Garden: Liquidambar styraciflua
  21. ^ Jordan, Ramon. "US National Arboretum Picture of the Week Answer -". Usna.usda.gov. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  22. ^ Smith, Paul (February 2018). The Book of Seeds : A Lifesize Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World. Ivy Press. p. 253. ISBN 9781782406815. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  23. ^ "Liquidambar styraciflua". University of Delaware Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  24. ^ "Liquidambar styraciflua – Species Details". Atlas of Florida Plants. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  25. ^ Liquidambars by Burke's Backyard. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  26. ^ Kormanik 1990. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKormanik1990 (help)
  27. ^ "Sweetgum", McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: McGraw-Hill
  28. ^ Kormanik, Paul P. "Liquidambar styraciflua L. – Sweetgum" Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine from Silvics of North America: Volume 2:Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 1965
  29. ^ Philip Graitcer (17 July 2011). "Chopsticks Carry 'Made in America' Label". Voanews.com. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  30. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 454. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  31. ^ Liquidambar styraciflua: a renewable source of shikimic acid. Liza B. Enrich, Margaret L. Scheuermann, Ashley Mohadjer, Kathryn R. Matthias, Chrystal F. Eller, M. Scott Newman, Michael Fujinaka and Thomas Poon, Tetrahedron Letters, 2008, volume 49, pages 2503–2505, doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.140
  32. ^ "Las 20 especies de árboles para plantar en el espacio público". Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  33. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  34. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Liquidambar styraciflua 'Lane Roberts'". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  35. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Liquidambar styraciflua 'Penwood'". Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  36. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Liquidambar styraciflua 'Worplesdon'". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  37. ^ Moore, Martha (10 August 2011). "Flight 93 Memorial Still $10M Short on Funds". USA Today. Gannett Co., Inc. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  38. ^ Taylor, Josephine; Shane Clark (July–August 1996). "Infection and Fungal Development of Dicarpella dryina on Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua)". Mycologia. Search Wise. 88 (4): 613–618. doi:10.2307/3761156. JSTOR 3761156.
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Liquidambar styraciflua: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), also known as American storax, hazel pine, bilsted, redgum, satin-walnut, star-leaved gum, alligatorwood, or simply sweetgum, is a deciduous tree in the genus Liquidambar native to warm temperate areas of eastern North America and tropical montane regions of Mexico and Central America. Sweetgum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern United States, and is a popular ornamental tree in temperate climates. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves (similar to maple leaves) and its hard, spiked fruits. It is currently classified in the plant family Altingiaceae, but was formerly considered a member of the Hamamelidaceae.

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Liquidambar styraciflua ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Corteza del tronco.
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Excrecencias patentes discontinuas corchoides en las ramas menores.
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Hojas.
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Pedúnculo floral masculino e inflorescencias femeninas péndulas.
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Inflorescencia femenina in situ.

Liquidambar styraciflua, liquidámbar americano o, simplemente, liquidámbar,[2]​ es un árbol caducifolio de la familia Altingiaceae,[3]​ anteriormente considerada como parte de las Hamamelidaceae.

Descripción

Es un árbol medio a grande, hasta 20 a 35 m (excepcionalmente 41 m), con un tronco de hasta 1 m (incluso más de 2) de diámetro, ramificado desde la base con ramas más o menos patentes. El tronco joven, las ramas menores y las ramitas tienen, como todos los representantes del género Liquidambar, unas excrecencias de corteza -tipo corcho- patentes, laminares y discontinuas, longitudinales a su largo, que le dan un aspecto muy particular e inconfundible. Las hojas son palmadas y lobuladas, de 7 a 19 cm (raramente de 25 cm) largas y anchas y con un pecíolo de 6 a 10 cm, luciendo parecido a las hojas de los arces. Las estipulas, en la base de dichos peciolos, son linear-lanceoladas, de unos 3-4 mm de largo, tempranamente caedizas. El limbo de las hojas tiene cinco lóbulos puntiagudos, y son fácilmente distinguibles de las de los arces por su disposición alterna, no en pares opuestos; son de color verde oscuro y tupido, y en muchos casos se tornan en brillantes naranjas, rojo y púrpuras en otoño. Es árbol monoico, con las inflorescencias masculinas verdosas en racimos pedunculados, erectos, cónicos, de 3-6 cm de largo, compuestos de numerosas cabezuelas centimétricas, globulares y también pedunculadas de abundantes flores sin perianto, con 4-8 estambres por flor, caducas después de la antesis. Las flores femeninas —también de color verdoso y sin sépalos ni pétalos— tienen un hipanto discoide con 5-8 estaminodios, un ovario uni o bi-locular de 1-2 o muchos óvulos, anátropos y de placentación axial, acabado por un pistilo de 2 estilos con estigmas doblados hacia fuera y se organizan en inflorescencias péndulas esféricas de tamaño centimétrico, muy acrescentes durante la fructificación, con decenas de flores, colgando de un fino pedúnculo alargado. Ambas inflorescencias, masculina y femenina, aparecen al mismo tiempo que las hojas -final del invierno, principios de primavera- y están insertadas prácticamente en un mismo punto, envueltas en vainas individuales dobles caedizas muy pubescentes, de color pardo. El fruto, péndulo -al igual que las inflorescencias- es compuesto, pesado, seco, globoso, de 2,5 a 4 cm de diámetro y con numerosas (20 a 50) cápsulas biloculares septicidas con los 2 estilos y sus estigmas persistentes y endurecidos, y cada una de dichas cápsulas se abren aún en el árbol y las semillas se dispersan por anemocoria mientras las infrutescencias se resecan, oscurecen y se quedan in situ durante largo tiempo. Hay una o dos semillas viables por lóculo, elípticas alargadas, de tamaño centimétrico, negruzcas, apicalmente aladas —ala de color canela, algo traslucida— y con diminutas manchas sub-rectangulares alargadas más oscuras, y numerosas semillas abortadas milimétricas, sin ala, de color amielado, angulosas y con aspecto de serrín.[4]

Distribución y hábitat

Es nativo de áreas templadas del este de Norteamérica, en Estados Unidos desde el sur de Nueva York al oeste y sur de Misuri y el este de Texas y el sur y centro de Florida. Es especialmente popular en California, donde se puede encontrar en forma silvestre. En Florida, se vende en sitios situados tan al sur como Lake Worth (Florida). En México desde el sur de Nuevo León al sur de Chiapas; nativo también en Belice, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Guatemala.[5]

Cultivado en la zonas templadas de todo el mundo: por ejemplo, se introdujo exitosamente en Canadá, Argentina, Australia, Chile, Europa, Hawái, Nueva Zelanda, Sudáfrica, Uruguay, Colombia y Zimbabue.

Campos, bosques, llanuras inundadas, pantanos, ríos. Crece desde el nivel del mar hasta los 800 m de altitud.[4]

En Bogotá es usado en alineaciones urbanas a 2600 msnm sin mucha variación de color en su follaje, pero con buen crecimiento y tolerancia al frío, la altura y pluviosidad de la ciudad.

En Estados Unidos crece en bajas y moderadas altitudes, mientras en México y Guatemala crece a mayores altitudes donde el clima se atempera. Crece mejor en suelos francos, húmedos, ácidos, arcillosos, y tolera pobre drenaje. Tolera moderadamente las sales. Puede desarrollar clorosis en suelo alcalino, especialmente donde el contenido de materia orgánica es bajo.

Florece de marzo a mayo, y la infructescencia acaba su maduración y libera sus semillas a finales del otoño.

El árbol más grande conocido de Liquidambar styraciflua, 41,4 m de altura, con un diámetro de tronco de 2,25 m, se cita de Condado de Craven, Carolina del Norte (Estados Unidos).[4]

Historia

El primer registro de esta planta apareció en castellano por F. Hernández, publicado en 1651, describe este gran árbol que produce una goma fragante que recuerda al ámbar líquido, de allí su nombre. En Historia Plantarum de Ray (1686) se la llama Styrax liquida. En 1681, lo introdujo en Europa John Banister, un misionero naturalista enviado por Henry Compton (1632 - 1713), Obispo de Londres de 1675 hasta 1713, quien los plantó en los jardines del palacio episcopal de Fulham.

Usos

Era una planta bien conocida como medicinal por los nativos americanos: Cheroqui, Choctaw, Houma, Koasati, y las tribus Rappahannock lo utilizaban de diversas maneras, especialmente la goma, la corteza y la raíz, como antidiarreíco, en dermatología y ginecología. También como febrífugo y sedante, entre otros.[4]

El liquidámbar americano es un árbol ornamental popular por sus intensos colores otoñales; pero tiene algunos problemas: la madera es débil y se desrama fácilmente con las tormentas. Es desagradable caminar sobre sus frutos puntiagudos, y su profusion hace difícil su quite.

La madera es muy compacta y de grano fino, el duramen es rojizo, y tiene vetas negruzcas; se usa para pulpa de fibra, es pobre para carpintería o leña. Como suele secar en color negro, se lo utiliza en vez de la ebonita para marcos de cuadros, y otros usos similares, pero no tolera el exterior.

La resina, liquid ambar o bálsamo copal, no tiene virtudes especiales medicinales, siendo inferior en propiedades terapéuticas a otras de su clase. Es una clase de bálsamo nativo, o resina, como la turpentina. Suele ser clara, rojiza o amarillenta, con un aroma a ámbar gris. Se lo pasa forma sólida, e históricamente se exportaba en barriles. Ganó fama de ser un excelente bálsamo pulmora, y bueno contra la ciática, debilidad nerviosa, etc. Mezclado con tabaco, la goma se utilizó para fumar en la corte de los emperadores mexicanos. Se usó mucho en Francia como perfume para guantes. Se cultiva en México, algo en latitudes altas de Norteamérica, y/o Inglaterra.

Liquidámbares americanos han sido elegidos como especie para adornar el World Trade Center Memorial [6]​ in Nueva York.

Taxonomía

Liquidambar styraciflua fue descrita por Carlos Linneo, y publicado en Species Plantarum, vol. 2, p. 999 en 1753.[7][8]

Etimología

Liquidambar: nombre genérico que deriva de la palabra latina liquidus y la palabra árabe para ambar, aludiendo al líquido de color ámbar que produce.

styraciflua: epíteto compuesto de styrax y ciflua que significa "goma o cola de Styrax".[9]

Sinonimia
  • Liquidambar barbata Stokes
  • Liquidambar gummifera Salisbury
  • Liquidambar macrophylla Oerst., 1863
  • Liquidambar styraciflua var. mexicana Oerst., 1863[10]
Cultivares selectos
  • 'Burgundy' – rojo oscuro a púrpura persistentes en invierno.
  • 'Clydesform' - vendido como Emerald Sentinel®; columnar o columnar estrecho; hasta 9 m; colores amarillo-naranja.
  • 'Festival' – columnar; hojas verde pálidas en verano; brillantes amarillos, rosa y rojo en otoño.
  • 'Goduzam' (Polvo Dorado) – variegado; rosa a rojo-púrpura en otoño.
  • 'Grazam' – piramidal. Naranja, rojo y púrpura en el estío.
  • 'Gumball' – cultivar arbustivo enano, no más de 2 m púrpura-rojo.
  • 'Moraine' – forma redondeada, rápido crecimiento, rojo, hasta -30°.
  • 'Palo Alto' – varios tonos de rojo en otoño; mejor en California.
  • 'Parasol' – desarrolla corona redonda; hasta 10 m; profundo rojo.
  • 'Rotundiloba' – cultivar estéril con lóbulos redondos en las hojas.
  • 'Slender Silhouette' - columnar muy angosto.
  • 'Worplesdon' – cultivar con colores naranja, rojo y púrpura.

Nombres comunes

  • liquidámbar de México, ocozol.[11]

Referencias

  1. IUCN2006: asesores: Taller Regional de las Américas: Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, noviembre de 1996. Año: 1998; id: 33966. Liquidambar styraciflua. Downloaded: 12 de mayo de 2006
  2. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, M., ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (requiere búsqueda)
  4. a b c d Liquidambar styraciflua en Flora of North America pro. parte
  5. Liquidambar styraciflua en USDA/GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
  6. Governor Pataki joins with the USDA, Memorial architects, LMDC and WTC Memorial Foundation to tag trees for inclusion in the World Trade Center Memorial, Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, Renew NYC, News & Events, Press Realease, 5 de septiembre de 2005
  7. «Liquidambar styraciflua». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 5 de julio de 2013.
  8. Liquidambar styraciflua en PlantList
  9. En Nombres Botánicos
  10. Sinónimos en Tropicos, Flora of North America [1]
  11. Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.

Bibliografía

  • CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  • Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  • Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  • Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  • Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  • Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 933 pp. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Hazlett, D. L. 1979. A first report on the vegetation of Celaque. Ceiba 23(2): 114–128.
  • Linares, J. L. 2003 [2005]. Listado comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la república de El Salvador. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.

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Liquidambar styraciflua: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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 src= Corteza del tronco.  src= Excrecencias patentes discontinuas corchoides en las ramas menores.  src= Hojas.  src= Pedúnculo floral masculino e inflorescencias femeninas péndulas.  src= Inflorescencia femenina in situ.

Liquidambar styraciflua, liquidámbar americano o, simplemente, liquidámbar,​ es un árbol caducifolio de la familia Altingiaceae,​ anteriormente considerada como parte de las Hamamelidaceae.

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Likidanbar ( Baskça )

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Likidanbarra (Liquidambar styraciflua) zuhaitz mota bat da, Liquidambar generoko ezagunena. Jatorriz Ipar Amerikakoa (AEB hegoaldea eta Mexiko), mundu osoko parke eta lorategietan aurki daiteke apaingarri. Europara XVII. mendean ekarri zen. Hostotza trinkoa du, udazkenean gorrimin kolorea hartzen du eta ikusgarria izaten da hostotzaren beste tonalitateekin batera konbinatzen denean.

Likidanbar izena, "likido' eta "anbar" hitzen elkarketa da, azaletik ateratzen zaion erretxina anbarkara dela-eta. Erretxina hau lurrindegietan erabiltzen da, Peruko baltsamoa izenarekin.

Ezaugarriak

Ondo jasaten ditu hotzak eta argi ugari behar du. Hasieran astiro hazten bada ere, 15etik 20 metrora bitartean haz daiteke.

Hosto-erorkorra, astigarraren antzekoak ditu, baina aurkako hostoak izan beharrean txandakoak ditu, 5-7 lobuludun ertz triangeluar kaskodunak. Hostoek hainbat tonalitate hartzen dutenez, hostotza oso ikusgarria izaten du, izan ere, gorritik berdera pasatzen da, tartean horiak, laranjak, bioletak eta denen nahasketak hartzen ditu.

Fruitu biribilak ematen ditu eta negu osoan izaten ditu dilindan.

Erreferentziak

 src=
Fruitua eta hostoak udazkenean
 src=
Liquidambar styraciflua-Museum specimen


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Likidanbar: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

wikipedia EU tarafından sağlandı

Likidanbarra (Liquidambar styraciflua) zuhaitz mota bat da, Liquidambar generoko ezagunena. Jatorriz Ipar Amerikakoa (AEB hegoaldea eta Mexiko), mundu osoko parke eta lorategietan aurki daiteke apaingarri. Europara XVII. mendean ekarri zen. Hostotza trinkoa du, udazkenean gorrimin kolorea hartzen du eta ikusgarria izaten da hostotzaren beste tonalitateekin batera konbinatzen denean.

Likidanbar izena, "likido' eta "anbar" hitzen elkarketa da, azaletik ateratzen zaion erretxina anbarkara dela-eta. Erretxina hau lurrindegietan erabiltzen da, Peruko baltsamoa izenarekin.

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Lännenambrapuu ( Fince )

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Lännenambrapuu[3] (Liquidambar styraciflua) on ambrapuukasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Pohjois-Amerikan kaakkoisosissa.[2][4] Se on suosittu koristekasvi kauniin punakeltaisen ruskavärityksensä vuoksi.[2][5] Sen tähtimäiset lehdet muistuttavat hieman vaahteroiden lehtiä, mutta ovat varrella kierteisesti eivätkä vastakkain kuten vaahteroilla.[2][4]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Lännenambrapuu François André Michaux’n teoksessa The North American Sylva vuodelta 1819.

Lännenambrapuu on pitkäikäinen ja melko nopeakasvuinen puu, joka kasvaa 15–45 metriä korkeaksi ja alkaa tuottaa siementä 20–30 vuoden ikäisenä.[2][5] Latvus on nuorilla puilla kapean kartiomainen, mutta muuttuu puun ikääntyessä pyöreäksi ja avonaiseksi. Kuivilla paikoilla kasvavilla puuyksilöillä on syvälle ulottuva pääjuuri, kun taas märillä paikoilla juuristo levittäytyy lähelle maanpintaa.[2] Kaarna on nuorissa puissa harmaata ja sileää, mutta muuttuu vanhemmiten uurteiseksi ja suomumaiseksi. Oksissa on selviä korkkiharjanteita.[4]

Kiiltävänvihreät lehdet sijaitsevat varrella kierteisesti ja niissä on 6–10 senttimetriä pitkä lehtiruoti.[4][6] Korvakkeet ovat tasasoukkia tai suikeita, 3–4 millimetriä pitkiä ja varhain varisevia.[6] Lehtilapa on 7–19 senttimetriä pitkä, sormijakoinen ja viisi- tai seitsenliuskainen – yksittäiset liuskat ovat pitkäsuippuisia ja usein sahalaitaisia.[2][4][6] Lehdet ovat nuorena suonia myöten karvaiset ja tuoksuvat hieraistaessa miellyttäville.[6] Ne hehkuvat syksyllä keltaisen, oranssin, punaisen ja purppuranpunaisen sävyissä.[4][6]

Lännenambrapuu on yksikotinen kasvi, joka kukkii maalis–toukokuussa ja kantaa hedelmää syys–marraskuussa maantieteellisestä sijainnista riippuen.[2][5] Pienet kellanvihreät hede- ja emikukat ovat kehättömiä ja sijaitsevat erillisissä, pallomaisissa mykerökukinnoissa.[4][5][6] Hedemykeröt muodostavat 3–6 senttimetriä pitkiä varrellisia terttuja, joiden päähän emimykeröt ovat kiinnittyneet yksitellen.[2][5][6]

Pölytyksen jälkeen emimykeröstä kehittyy noin 3 senttimetrin mittainen, piikikäs ja pallomainen hedelmä, joka muodostuu pienistä, kaksilokeroisista siemenkodista.[4][5] Yksittäiset siemenkodat ovat suippokärkisiä ja kätkevät sisälleen yksi tai kaksi 8–10 millimetrin mittaista siivellistä siementä sekä sahanpurun näköistä massaa, joka koostuu surkastuneista siemenistä. Hedelmät ovat aluksi kiiltävänvihreitä mutta muuttuvat kypsyessään ensin keltaisiksi ja sitten ruskeiksi. Samalla siemenkodat avautuvat ja niistä vapautuvat siemenet leviävät tuulen mukana puun ympäristöön.[5][6] Tyhjät hedelmät säilyvät puussa usein talven yli.[5]

Lännenambrapuu on melko nopeakasvuinen. Sen siementuotanto alkaa noin 20–30 vuoden iässä ja jatkuu ainakin 150 vuoden ikään saakka. Siementuotanto vaihtelee vuosittain suuresti vallitsevan säätilan mukaan. Laji voi lisääntyä siementen lisäksi juurivesojen avulla.[5]

 src=
Pallomaiset mykerökukinnot muodostavat terttuja.

Levinneisyys

Lännenambrapuuta esiintyy luontaisesti Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa, Meksikossa ja Keski-Amerikassa.[4] Yhdysvalloissa sen levinneisyysalue ulottuu koillisessa Connecticutiin, luoteessa Missouriin ja Etelä-Illinoisiin, lounaassa Itä-Texasiin ja kaakossa Keski-Floridaan. Parhaiten se menestyy Mississippijoen alajuoksulla. Sitä tavataan myös yksittäisinä esiintyminä Meksikon luoteis- ja keskiosissa, Guatemalassa, Belizessä, El Salvadorissa, Hondurasissa ja Nicaraguassa.[5]

Elinympäristö

Lännenambrapuu sietää huonosti varjostusta mutta on varsin vaatimaton maaperän suhteen. Parhaiten se menestyy kosteassa ja runsasravinteisessa alluviaalisessa hiesu- tai savimaassa, usein virtaavan veden äärellä.[2] Yleensä se kasvaa hylätyillä pelloilla, metsissä, tulvatasangoilla, kosteikoilla sijaitsevilla matalilla lehtipuusaarekkeilla (hammock), rämealueilla sekä joentörmillä aina 800 metrin korkeuteen asti.[6]

Lännenambrapuu valtaa vanhoja peltoja ja hakkuuaukioita ensimmäisten kasvien joukossa ja muodostaa niille joskus puhtaita metsiköitä. Muita samoilla alueilla viihtyviä lajeja ovat punavaahtera, saarnivaahtera, mustakoivu, luutahikkori, seitsikkohikkori, valkohikkori, nukkahikkori, Celtis laevigata, lyhytneulasmänty ja loblollymänty.[5]

Lännenambrapuun kasvukausi vaihtelee levinneisyysalueen pohjoisosien 180 päivästä eteläosien 320 päivään. Vuotuinen sademäärä on pienimillään 1 020 millimetriä pohjoisessa ja enimmillään 1 520 millimetriä etelässä. Tammikuun keskilämpötila on alle −1 astetta pohjoisessa ja noin 10 astetta etelässä.[5]

Käyttö

 src=
Lännenambrapuun kuivuneita hedelmiä ja siemeniä.

Lännenambrapuun jällestä saadaan palsamia – kirkasta ja paksua eritettä, joka on ruskeankeltaisen väristä ja tuoksuu voimakkaan aromaattiselle. Sitä käytetään tuoksun kiinnitteenä hajuvesissä, makuaineena tupakassa, hajusteena saippuoissa ja ehostusaineissa sekä raaka-aineena liimoissa, lakoissa ja suitsukkeissa. Palsami maistuu makealle, minkä vuoksi sitä on pureskeltu kuten purukumia. Se on ollut myös tärkeä rohdoskasvi Pohjois-Amerikan intiaaneille ja siitä on tehty erilaisia lääkevoiteita ja -siirappeja, joilla on hoidettu ripulia, limakalvontulehduksia, yskää, punatautia, hiertymiä sekä haavoja.[2][6]

Lännenambrapuusta on jalostettu useita koristelajikkeita, jotka hehkuvat syksyllä punaisen ja keltaisen sävyissä.[2][4] Sen puuaineksesta tehdään sahatavaraa, puuviilua ja vaneria, joista valmistetaan edelleen laatikoita, koreja, huonekaluja, koristelistoja sekä ikkunan- ja ovenkarmeja.[2] Sitä käytetään myös ratapölkyissä ja aidantolpissa, lastuvillan ja selluloosan valmistuksessa sekä polttopuuna. Lisäksi se tarjoaa talviravintoa monille villieläimille ja sen siemeniä syövät linnut ja oravat.[2]

Lähteet

  1. Liquidambar styraciflua IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Milo Coladonato: Liquidambar styraciflua Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Viitattu 14.6.2011. (englanniksi)
  3. Kassu – Liquidambar styraciflua
  4. a b c d e f g h i j Allen Coombes: Puut, s. 144. Taskuluonto-sarja. Suomentanut Jani Kaaro. Helsinki: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 2005. ISBN 951-0-30137-x.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l Paul P. Kormanik: Sweetgum Silvics of North America – Volume 2: Hardwoods. Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. Viitattu 14.6.2011. (englanniksi)
  6. a b c d e f g h i j Hong Song: Liquidambar styraciflua Flora of North America. Viitattu 14.6.2011. (englanniksi)
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Lännenambrapuu: Brief Summary ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı

Lännenambrapuu (Liquidambar styraciflua) on ambrapuukasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Pohjois-Amerikan kaakkoisosissa. Se on suosittu koristekasvi kauniin punakeltaisen ruskavärityksensä vuoksi. Sen tähtimäiset lehdet muistuttavat hieman vaahteroiden lehtiä, mutta ovat varrella kierteisesti eivätkä vastakkain kuten vaahteroilla.

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Liquidambar styraciflua ( Fransızca )

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Copalme d'Amérique

Le copalme d'Amérique ou Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) est une espèce d'arbres qui appartient maintenant à la famille des Altingiacées, auparavant classé dans la famille des Hamamelidacées[1].

Habitat

 src=
Feuilles palmées.

L’arbre est originaire de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord. Présent le long des rives du Mississippi et de la rivière Ohio, il pousse également de l’État de New York jusqu’en Floride[1]. Il grandit de préférence sur des terrains alluviaux de qualité, bien éclairés, où il partage son aire de répartition avec des chênes et des peupliers. Il n’apprécie pas les terrains marécageux ni les terres trop calcaires et trop sèches[1]. L’arbre a été introduit en Europe vers 1681[2], où on le cultive par exemple comme arbre d’ornement jusqu’en Ukraine.

Description

 src=
Liquidambar styraciflua - Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse
 src=
Les graines ailées s'échappent des capsules du fruit dès qu'il arrive à maturité. Il vaut donc mieux le récolter au moment où il passe du vert au brun pour être sur de pouvoir récupérer les graines. A gauche, on distingue la "sciure" résultant de l'avortement de nombreuses graines ailées.
Une capsule ronde hérissée de pointes émoussées.
Fruit d'un Liquidambar styraciflua.

Le Liquidambar a une hauteur moyenne allant de 25 à 35 mètres pour un diamètre pouvant atteindre 1 mètre à l’âge de 200 à 300 ans[1]. Il a une cime irrégulière de forme ovale. Il a une croissance vigoureuse et peut donner ses premiers fruits vers 25 ans[1]. L'écorce est brun foncé avec des crevasses subéreuses (lignes de liège). Il est souvent cultivé sous forme de baliveau. Son bois brun-rouge est précieux et ressemble à celui du noyer[1].

Les feuilles (10 à 18 cm de long) sont palmatilobées, simples, en formes d’étoiles, avec des nervures palmées, elles peuvent comporter 5 à 7 lobes triangulaires finement dentés. Elles prennent une couleur rouge puis pourpre très caractéristique à l'automne[1].

Le fruit, ressemblant à celui du platane, est une boule hérissée pendante de 2 à 3 cm de diamètre composée d'une cinquantaine de capsules bilobées contenant chacune deux graines ailées de 5 mm de long. Les capsules s'ouvrent à maturité en fin d'automne laissant rapidement s'échapper les graines ailées. De nombreuses graines ailées avortent et produisent une poudre ressemblant à de la sciure s'échappant du fruit lorsqu'on le secoue.

Utilisation

 src=
Planche de copalme d'Amérique.

Vu la qualité et l’aspect de son bois, on l’utilise pour en faire du mobilier dans le domaine de l’ébénisterie[1]. On extrait de son bois et de ses fruits un ambre liquide nommé « Baume de liquidambar ». Celui-ci était utilisé comme gomme à mâcher par les Indiens Cherokees, ainsi qu'en médecine traditionnelle, notamment pour traiter les sciatiques - mais la qualité de ce baume est surpassée par bien d'autres produits du même type et ces utilisations sont aujourd'hui tombées en désuétude[1].

Voir aussi

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h et i (fr) Arbres - Jaromir Pokorny - p.110 - (ISBN 2-7000-1818-4) - Éditions Gründ - 1987
  2. Fiche Liquidambar. Sur le site nature.jardin.free.fr (consulté le 27 mai 2016)
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Liquidambar styraciflua: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Copalme d'Amérique

Le copalme d'Amérique ou Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) est une espèce d'arbres qui appartient maintenant à la famille des Altingiacées, auparavant classé dans la famille des Hamamelidacées.

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Liquidambar styraciflua ( İtalyanca )

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Lo storace americano (Liquidambar styraciflua (L., 1753)) è una pianta arborea di taglia medio-grande appartenente alla famiglia delle Altingiacee[2].

Caratteristiche

È un albero di origine nordamericana, con tronco slanciato. Le foglie sono caduche, a fillotassi alterna (a differenza di quelle, opposte, degli aceri a cui assomigliano), lungamente picciolate di colore verde e forma per lo più pentalobata; divengono gialle, rosse e arancio in autunno. Può raggiungere un'altezza di oltre 25–35 m e la sua chioma (piramidale o arrotondata, a seconda dell'età) un diametro di m 10. I fiori sono unisessuali riuniti in infiorescenze maschili e femminili separate, la pianta è monoica. I fiori maschili sono privi di perianzio con molti stami, quelli femminili hanno solo il calice e ovario infero. Il frutto è una infruttescenza globosa legnosa, grande fino a 4 cm, che contiene diverse decine di capsule. Ogni capsula contiene 1 o 2 semi. L'infruttescenza, dapprima verde, diventa legnosa ed è spinescente per la persistenza degli stili. Resiste al freddo; vive bene nei terreni acidi.

Distribuzione e habitat

La pianta è originaria degli Stati Uniti sud-orientali con propaggini anche in America centrale, dove è tipica della foresta nebulosa.

 src=
Areale originario

Usi

Generalmente viene piantata a scopo ornamentale ai lati dei viali, o isolata all'interno di giardini.

Dalla pianta si estrae una resina profumata, chiamata storace (da storace americano, altro nome del liquidambar styraciflua) , dall'aspetto di torba di colore nero. Tale resina, morbida al tatto, può essere posta su carboncini ardenti. Il fumo che si forma è bianco e profumato e una volta dissolto si continua a percepirne per ore la fragranza.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Liquidambar styraciflua, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 17 gennaio 2021.
  2. ^ (EN) Liquidambar styraciflua L., su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 16 gennaio 2021.

Bibliografia

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Liquidambar styraciflua: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

Lo storace americano (Liquidambar styraciflua (L., 1753)) è una pianta arborea di taglia medio-grande appartenente alla famiglia delle Altingiacee.

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Amberboom ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De amberboom (Liquidambar styraciflua) is een loofboom uit de familie Altingiaceae. De plant komt van oorsprong uit het oosten van Noord-Amerika. De amberboom wordt als sierboom sinds 1688 aangeplant in Europa. Er zijn enkele cultivars.

Beschrijving

 src=
Het vruchthoofdje is kogelvormig, verhout en stekelig met zoetig vruchtvlees

De amberboom kan tot 45 m hoog worden, maar wordt in Noordwest-Europa niet hoger dan 10-20 m. Hij neemt in de Lage Landen tamelijk langzaam in grootte toe hoewel hij in het herkomstgebied geldt als een snelle groeier. Amerikaanse bomen bleken na kap tot vier eeuwen oud. De amberboom heeft veel zon nodig. De jonge boom heeft een kegelvorm. Later wordt de boom breder met een eironde tot ronde vorm. De jonge bast is roodbruin, later wordt deze grijsbruin en diep gegroefd. De diepe groeven lijken op de pantserschubben van een krokodil; de boom wordt in Amerika ook wel alligatorwood genoemd. Bij oudere bomen worden op de takken en twijgen kurklijsten gevormd. De bladeren doen denken aan die van de esdoorn, maar hebben een verspreide bladstand. Het blad is handvormig samengesteld, vijf- tot zeventallig en 10-15 cm groot. De nervatuur van het blad is handnervig en het blad heeft een gezaagde bladrand. De bladsteel is lang samen met de vruchtsteel. De vrucht zelf is in het bijzonder bezet met stekels. Het blad heeft mooie herfstkleuren: dieprood, geel en oranje. Stukgewreven bladeren geven een aangename zoete geur af. De oliehoudende hars in de bast werd en wordt in Amerika ('Sweet Gum') gebruikt als basis van kauwgom en als geurstof in voedingsmiddelen, tabak en parfum. De hars bevat ook geneeskrachtige stoffen en werd door stammen als de Cherokee en de Choctaw daarom aangewend bij wonden, huidkwalen, problemen met de spijsvertering en verkoudheid. De inhoudsstof shikiminezuur ligt ook aan de basis van een medicijn tegen griep. Het hout heet satijnnoten, het glanst als zijde en splintert niet en wordt toegepast in de meubelmakerij, onder andere als fineer.

De boom is eenhuizig en bloeit in april en mei met eenslachtige bloemen. De amberboom kenmerkt zich verder door de bolvormige vruchthoofdjes. Die bevatten veertig tot zestig kleine doosvruchtjes die weer ieder een of twee zaden bevatten. De vruchthoofdjes hebben een diameter van vijfentwintig tot achtendertig millimeter.

Verspreidingsgebied

 src=
Verspreidingsgebied

De amberboom is een van de meest voorkomende hardhoutsoorten in het zuiden van de VS. Binnen de VS komt het voor van het meest zuidwestelijke deel van Connecticut, westelijk en zuidelijk Missouri, en het oostelijke deel van Texas tot aan centraal Florida. Maar de boom groeit ook in Mexico, van zuidelijk Nuevo León tot zuidelijk Chiapas. Ook in Guatemala en Honduras komt de boom voor. De boom komt in de Verenigde Staten voor tot op gemiddelde hoogte, terwijl de boom in de Latijns-Amerikaanse landen tot de nevelwouden behoort, daar groeit de boom tot op hogere hoogtes waar het klimaat meer gematigd is.

Wegens het decoratieve blad wordt de boom tamelijk vaak aangeplant in steden en parken van Europa en Australië.

Ontdekking en naamgeving

De amberboom was al van oudsher bij de indianen van Amerika bekend, die de gom ervan verbrandden als geurstof. Na de Spaanse verovering van Midden-Amerika ontdekten de Europeanen de gom. Juan de Grijalva, de neef van de Spaanse gouverneur van Cuba, meldde in 1517 dat ze van Maya's hol riet ten geschenke kregen van een el lang, gevuld met kruiden en een welriekende amber. Het kon in brand gestoken worden om de lucht te zuiveren. De boom had ook een speciale naam in de taal van de Azteken, het Nahuatl: Ocotzocuahuitl, een combinatie van ocotl (Pinus), tzotl (hars) en cuahuitl (boom). In 1615 beschreef de Spaanse natuurvorser Francisco Hernández de Toledo postuum de boom waarbij hij ook de vloeibare geurige gom vermeldde. De eerste die een Latijnse naam toepaste, was John Ray in zijn Historia Plantarum van 1686 waarin hij de boom als Styrax liquida aanduidde. De botanische verzamelaar dominee John Baptist Banister zond in 1681 als eerste een exemplaar naar Europa dat geplant werd in de tuin van Fulham Palace.

Liquidambar styraciflua is in 1753 formeel benoemd door Linnaeus op basis van een exemplaar hem toegezonden door Pehr Kalm na diens ontdekkingsreizen in Noord-Amerika. De geslachtsnaam is afgeleid van het Latijn liquidus, "vloeibaar" en het Arabisch ambar, "gom", een verwijzing naar de welriekende rode gom die de bladeren van de boom bij warmte afscheiden en die uit de stam kan worden afgetapt, de storax of styrax, die in Klein-Azië al eeuwen uit de verwante soort Liquidambar orientalis werd gewonnen. Die gom verklaart ook de soortaanduiding styraciflua die "met storax vloeiend" betekent.

Cultivars

De cultivars worden vegetatief vermeerderd door enting op soortonderstammen. Er zijn cultivars met zeer verschillende bladvormen en bladkleuren. Voor aanplant in de Lage Landen worden Liquidambar styraciflua 'Moraine' en Liquidambar styraciflua 'Worplesdon' veel toegepast.

Zie ook

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Liquidambar styraciflua op Wikimedia Commons.
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Amberboom: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De amberboom (Liquidambar styraciflua) is een loofboom uit de familie Altingiaceae. De plant komt van oorsprong uit het oosten van Noord-Amerika. De amberboom wordt als sierboom sinds 1688 aangeplant in Europa. Er zijn enkele cultivars.

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Ambratre ( Norveççe )

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Ambratre (Liquidambar styraciflua) er et løvfellende tre i familien Altingiaceae. Det ble tidligere regnet til trollhasselfamilien (Hamamelidaceae).

Det blir opptil 41 m høyt. Barken er lysegrå eller mørkebrun hos unge trær og blir senere furet med mørkegrå ribber. Bladene er håndflikete og minner om lønneblad, men sitter spredt. Trærne er sambu og vindbestøvet. Blomstene er små og grønne. Hannblomstene sitter i opprette blomsterstander, mens hunnblomstene sitter på hengende, runde hoder. Frukten er tornet, kulerund og 2,5–4 cm i diameter.

Ambratre vokser i mange klimatyper og på ulike sorter jordsmonn, men trives best på fuktig leirjord i elvedaler. Arten inngår i mange typer blandet skog og kan vokse sammen med blant sumpeik, pileik, amerikaplatan, kvitalm, tulipantre, rødlønn, asklønn, svartbjørk, hickory, Celtis laevigata og virakfuru. Flere arter av kornell og or er sammen med amerikajudastre vanlige i undervegetasjonen.

Utbredelsen omfatter østlige USA fra Connecticut sørover til sentrale Florida og østlige Texas. Det finnes så langt vest som Missouri, Arkansas og Oklahoma og nordover til sørlige Illinois. Ambratre mangler i Appalachene og de vinterkalde strøkene i Midtvesten. Det finnes også spredte populasjoner i tåkeskog i nordøstlige og sentrale Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras og Nicaragua.

I sørøstlige USA er ambratre det viktigste trevirket fra løvtrær, og virket brukes til en rekke formål. Harpiksen dufter sterkt og kalles amerikansk storaks. Den brukes til fremstilling av parfyme og til å sette smak på tobakk. Den er også blitt brukt til medisinske formål.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Ambratre: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Ambratre (Liquidambar styraciflua) er et løvfellende tre i familien Altingiaceae. Det ble tidligere regnet til trollhasselfamilien (Hamamelidaceae).

Det blir opptil 41 m høyt. Barken er lysegrå eller mørkebrun hos unge trær og blir senere furet med mørkegrå ribber. Bladene er håndflikete og minner om lønneblad, men sitter spredt. Trærne er sambu og vindbestøvet. Blomstene er små og grønne. Hannblomstene sitter i opprette blomsterstander, mens hunnblomstene sitter på hengende, runde hoder. Frukten er tornet, kulerund og 2,5–4 cm i diameter.

Ambratre vokser i mange klimatyper og på ulike sorter jordsmonn, men trives best på fuktig leirjord i elvedaler. Arten inngår i mange typer blandet skog og kan vokse sammen med blant sumpeik, pileik, amerikaplatan, kvitalm, tulipantre, rødlønn, asklønn, svartbjørk, hickory, Celtis laevigata og virakfuru. Flere arter av kornell og or er sammen med amerikajudastre vanlige i undervegetasjonen.

Utbredelsen omfatter østlige USA fra Connecticut sørover til sentrale Florida og østlige Texas. Det finnes så langt vest som Missouri, Arkansas og Oklahoma og nordover til sørlige Illinois. Ambratre mangler i Appalachene og de vinterkalde strøkene i Midtvesten. Det finnes også spredte populasjoner i tåkeskog i nordøstlige og sentrale Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras og Nicaragua.

I sørøstlige USA er ambratre det viktigste trevirket fra løvtrær, og virket brukes til en rekke formål. Harpiksen dufter sterkt og kalles amerikansk storaks. Den brukes til fremstilling av parfyme og til å sette smak på tobakk. Den er også blitt brukt til medisinske formål.

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Ambrowiec balsamiczny ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı
 src=
Owocostany i nasiona
 src=
W formie bonsai

Ambrowiec balsamiczny, ambrowiec amerykański, styrakowiec amerykański (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) – gatunek drzewa pochodzący z Ameryki Północnej i Środkowej. Jest uprawiany w wielu krajach świata[3].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Dorasta do 45 m wysokości. Korona jest szeroka, kopulasta.
Pień
Masywny, często wspierany korzeniami deskowymi. Korowina popielata do brązowej, głęboko bruzdowana w waskie płytki lub grzbiety. Pędy czerwonawe, kanciaste lub pokryte gąbczastymi, korkowatymi listewkami na drugorocznych przyrostach. Po przełamaniu ukazują twardy, biały lub brązowy rdzeń, wielokątny lub gwiazdkowaty w przekroju. Pędy, pączki i liście po skaleczeniu wydzielają przyjemny, balsamiczny aromat.
Liście
Podobne do liści klonu, tylko bardziej powcinane z piłkowanym brzegiem i ułożone są skętolegle. Blaszki liściowe mają długie ogonki liściowe. Jesienią przebarwiają się czerwono i fioletowo.
Kwiaty
Rozdzielnopłciowe, niepozorne. Kwiaty męskie żółtawe, zebrane w gronach, kwiaty żeńskie zielonkawe, kuliste rosną na długich szypułkach. Główkowate kwiatostany męskie i żeńskie znajdują się na wspólnej, długiej, zwisającej osi (roślina jednopienna).
Owoce
Zdrewniałe torebki zebrane w owocostany wyglądające jak kolczaste kulki na długiej szypule. Utworzone ze zrośniętych nasadami, dwuklapowych, na szczycie "dzióbkowato" zaostrzonych torebek, zawierających drobne, oskrzydlone nasiona.

Biologia i ekologia

Kwitnie w maju, jest wiatropylny. Wymaga żyznej gleby. Może być uprawiany w strefach mrozoodporności od 10A do 5B (znosi mrozy do -26 °C)[4].

Jest to gatunek charakterystyczny dla lasów łęgowych wiązowo-klonowych oraz bagiennych lasów cypryśnikowo-tupelowych. Rozprzestrzenia się agresywnie na glebach żyznych i bardzo wilgotnych, nawet długotrwale zalewanych

Zastosowanie

Balsamiczna żywica ambrowców używana jest w medycynie, przemyśle kosmetycznym i spożywczym (kiedyś aromatyzowano nią gumę do żucia). Drewno czerwonawo-brązowe z ciemniejszymi smugami i cętkami, dość twarde i ciężkie, w stolarstwie cenione na równi z dębowym. Zawiera wonną oleożywicę, znaną jako "styraks amerykański", wykorzystywaną w celach leczniczych jako środek wykrztuśny i bakteriobójczy, a także jako surowiec do produkcji gumy do żucia.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2009-06-19].
  2. The Plant List. [dostęp 2014-11-20].
  3. a b Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-07-20].
  4. Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson: Liquidambar styraciflua (ang.). W: Fact Sheet ST-358, a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. [on-line]. 1993. [dostęp 2013-08-15].

Bibliografia

  1. Seneta W., Dolatowski J. 2000. Dendrologia. PWN Warszawa
  2. Węglarscy J. i K. 2007. Dział geografii roślin Ogrodu Botanicznego UAM w Poznaniu – Przewodnik geobotaniczny. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.
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Ambrowiec balsamiczny: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

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 src= Owocostany i nasiona  src= W formie bonsai

Ambrowiec balsamiczny, ambrowiec amerykański, styrakowiec amerykański (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) – gatunek drzewa pochodzący z Ameryki Północnej i Środkowej. Jest uprawiany w wielu krajach świata.

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Liquidambar styraciflua ( Portekizce )

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Liquidambar styraciflua é uma árvore que pertence à família Altingiaceae. É nativa de áreas temperadas do leste da América do Norte e de regiões tropicais montanhosas do México e América Central.[1]

Etimologia

O nome do gênero desta planta, Liquidambar, foi dado pela primeira vez por Lineu em 1753 e significa "âmbar líquido", é a junção da palavra latim liquidus (líquido) com a palavra árabe ambar (âmbar), em alusão ao suco ou goma terebíntica perfumada que exala da árvore e de cor âmbar. Seu nome botânico, styraciflua, é um antigo nome genérico que significa "fluido com estoraque" (uma resina vegetal).[2]

É conhecida no Brasil como Árvore-do-âmbar, Liquidâmbar e Rainha-do-outono.[3] Também é erroneamente conhecida por Carvalho-canadense devido sua aparência lembrar espécies dos gêneros Carvalho e Acer, mas sem nenhuma ligação.[4][5]

Características

É uma árvore perene de porte grande que pode atingir de 15 a 45 metros. Seu tronco tem a casca marrom-avermelhada e levemente rachada a escamosa, mais tarde marrom-acinzentada e meio enrugada.

As árvores jovens apresentam copas cônicas e altas, enquanto as árvores maduras apresentam copas arredondadas e extensas. As folhas tem forma de estrela com três a sete lóbulos longos e serrilhados, com pecíolos longos. São da cor verde escuro, lisas e brilhantes, geralmente ficando com diferentes tonalidades de verde claro, amarelo, laranja e vermelho no outono, muitas vezes de forma simultânea. É caducifólia no inverno.

Na primavera surgem as inflorescências, de cor verde e de pouca importância ornamental. É monoicia, com as flores masculinas em cachos e as flores femininas penduradas no final do mesmo caule.

Os frutos são globosos, recobertos por espinhos e lenhosos quando maduros. Cada fruto é composto, formado por até 40 cápsulas com uma a duas sementes cada.[6][3]

Cultivo

É muito utilizada para arquitetura paisagista em grandes áreas, como parques, praças e ao redor de avenidas. É mais encontrada nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, onde o clima é subtropical a temperado.[3] Em Curitiba, capital do Paraná, a árvore faz sucesso na Rua Deputado Heitor Alencar Furtado, no bairro Mossunguê, com 853 exemplares.[7]

Galeria

Referências

  1. «Liquidambar styraciflua Linnaeus» (em inglês). Flora of North America A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |lingua3= (ajuda)
  2. Grimm, William (1967). Familiar Trees of America. Nova Iorque: Harper & Row. pp. 153–154
  3. a b c Raquel Patro (22 de abril de 2015). «Liquidâmbar – Liquidambar styraciflua». Jardineiro.net
  4. «Liquidâmbar - Liquidambar styraciflua». Dierberger Plantas
  5. «PlantaSonya - Liquidâmbar – (Liquidambar styraciflua)». PlantaSonya
  6. «Liquidambar styraciflua». Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
  7. Augusto Tortato (10 de maio de 2021). «Outono curitibano: corredor de árvores é sucesso na capital». Curitiba Cult
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Liquidambar styraciflua: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Liquidambar styraciflua é uma árvore que pertence à família Altingiaceae. É nativa de áreas temperadas do leste da América do Norte e de regiões tropicais montanhosas do México e América Central.

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Liquidambar styraciflua ( Vietnamca )

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Liquidambar styraciflua là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Altingiaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Liquidambar styraciflua. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết chủ đề bộ Tai hùm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Liquidambar styraciflua: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Liquidambar styraciflua là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Altingiaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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Ликвидамбар смолоносный ( Rusça )

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 src=
Плоды и семена, Тулузский музеум

Ликвидамбар смолоносный, или амбровое дерево (лат. Liquidambar styraciflua) — вид растений семейства алтингиевых, листопадное (редко вечнозелёное или полулистопадное) дерево, распространённое в тёплом умеренном климате восточной части Северной Америки.

История

Применение у ацтеков

В своём фундаментальном произведении «Общая история дел Новой Испании» (15471577) Бернардино де Саагун, опираясь на сведения ацтеков о свойствах растений, привел различные сведения о ликвидамбаре смолоносном, в частности о том, что:

Есть ещё одно лекарство, называющееся сакасили… Принимают против ломкости костей. Скажу, что оно хорошее положенное сверху вместе с клейкой основой, такой как цауитли или шочиокоцотлем[2].

Описание

Средних размеров дерево высотой 20—35 м (в редких случаях до 41 м) высотой, с диаметром ствола до 2 м и пирамидальной кроной. Ствол прямой. Кора серо-коричневая, трещинноватая. Ветки имеют различные оттенки от ярко-зелёного до жёлто-коричневого; обычно с хорошо заметными пробковыми наростами, особенно у молодых деревьев. Верхушечная почка крупная и, как правило, липкая, покрытая зелёными либо оранжево-коричневыми чешуйками.

Листья пальчатолопастные, цельные, 7—19 (редко до 25) см длиной, широкие, с мелко-пильчатыми краями, сидят на черешке 6—10 см. Они имеют 5—7 лопастей и внешне напоминают листья некоторых видов клёна, но в отличие от них их расположение очередное, а не супротивное. В верхней части ярко-зелёные, в нижней части опушёные в пазухе, при надломе приятно пахнут. Осенью окрашиваются в оранжевые, красные и пурпурные тона.

Цветки однодомные, мелкие, неброские, яркие жёлто-зелёные с небольшим оттенком красного. Женские цветки сидят на тонком стебельке и закрыты шарообразной головкой. Мужские цветки собраны в кисть. Цветёт растение в начале-середине весны.

Соплодия шаровидные, с крупными колючками, 2,5—4 см в диаметре, состоящие из многочисленных (20—50) коробочек. Каждая коробочка содержит в себе одно или два маленьких семени.

Распространение

На севере ареал этого растения ограничен южной частью штата Нью-Йорк, на юге — центральной частью Флориды, северным побережьем Мексиканского залива и восточным Техасом. Отдельные популяции встречаются в Мексике к югу от штата Нуэво-Леон и в Гватемале.

На территории США растёт в низменностях и на равнине, в Мексике и Гватемале предпочитает горную местность, где климат прохладнее.

Использование

Ликвидамбар смолоносный очень популярен в качестве декоративного дерева, известного своей яркой осенней листвой. Среди недостатков при посадках следует назвать непрочную древесину и ломкость ветвей при сильном ветре. Опадающие в изобилии плоды с шипами могут засыпать окружающую лужайку, если их вовремя не убирать.

Кроме природного ареала, амбровое дерево широко интродуцировано в ряде стран, в том числе Аргентине, Австралии, Чили, Европейских странах (в том числе и России), Гавайских островах, Новой Зеландии, ЮАР, Уругвае и Зимбабве. На территории США он особенно популярен в Калифорнии, где стал расти в диком виде. Также культивируется в Канаде на западе Британской Колумбии, а также в Торонто и в районе Ниагарского водопада.

Лучше всего дерево растёт на сыром кислом суглинке или глинистой почве. Ликвидамбр терпим к плохому стоку воды, средне терпим к содержанию солей. На щелочной почве, особенно при недостатке питательных веществ, может появится хлороз листьев (болезнь).

Древесина очень твёрдая и мелкослойная, в сердцевине имеет красноватый оттенок и при распиле на доски имеет поперечные тёмные полосы. Используется для производства шпона и баланса. Так как легко красится в чёрный цвет, иногда используется вместо чёрного дерева (Diospyros ebenum) для изготовления картинных рам и другого схожего применения. В качестве лесоматериала или топлива использовать не рекомендуется, при использовании вне помещений легко поддаётся гниению.

Смола, выделяемая деревом и известная как жидкая амбра, обладает меньшими терапевтическими качествами по сравнению с другими видами ликвидамбара, и поэтому в настоящее время в медицине практически не используется. Она может быть бесцветной, красноватой или жёлтой и издаёт приятный запах серой амбры. Ранее она широко экспортировалась в другие страны и считалась великолепным бальзамом, успокоительным и укрепляющим средством, а также использовалась при лечении радикулита, слабых нервов и других болезней. Смешанная с табаком, когда-то использовалась для курения при дворе мексиканских императоров. Во Франции долгое время использовалась как составная часть парфюмерии для перчаток и т. п.

Амбровые деревья были посажены в качестве составной части ансамбля мемориала на месте разрушенного Всемирного Торгового Центра в Нью-Йорке, открытого в 2011 году.

Культивируемые сорта:

  • 'Бургунди' — тёмно-красная или пурпурная окраска листьев может продолжать в течение зимы
  • 'Клайдесформ' — цилиндричный или с узкой пирамидальной формой, медленно растёт до 9 м; жёлто-оранжевые осенние тона
  • 'Фестиваль' — цилиндричный; бледно-зелёные летние листья; осенью яркие тона жёлтого, розового и красного; наименее выносливое среди всех сортов.
  • 'Годузам' — пёстрый; розовый и красно-розовый осенью.
  • 'Гразам' — пирамидальный, с блестящими листьями. Осенью оранжевые, красные и пурпурные листья.
  • 'Гамболл' — карликовая кустарниковая форма, редко вырастает выше 2 м. Осенью пурпурно-красные листья.
  • 'Морейн' — прямостоячая, округлая форма; быстрорастущий сорт, красные листья осенью, морозостоек до −30 °C.
  • 'Пало Альто' — различные оттенки красного осенью; лучше всего растёт в Калифорнии.
  • 'Парасол' — округлая крона; растёт до 10 м; ярко-красный осенью.
  • 'Ротунлилоба' — бесплодный сорт с закруглёнными лопастями листьев.
  • 'Слендер Силхуетт' — очень узкая цилиндричная форма.
  • 'Уорплесдон' — оранжевые, красные и пурпурные тона осенью.
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    Листья

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    Листья

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    Дерево, Техас

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    Плод

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    Ликвидамбровая аллея в Адлерском районе Сочи (ул.Ленина)

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Саагун, 2013, с. 116-117.
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Ликвидамбар смолоносный: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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 src= Плоды и семена, Тулузский музеум

Ликвидамбар смолоносный, или амбровое дерево (лат. Liquidambar styraciflua) — вид растений семейства алтингиевых, листопадное (редко вечнозелёное или полулистопадное) дерево, распространённое в тёплом умеренном климате восточной части Северной Америки.

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モミジバフウ ( Japonca )

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モミジバフウ Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua(2010年10月18日)
保全状況評価 LOWER RISK - Least Concern
(IUCN Red List Ver.2.3 (1994))
Status iucn2.3 LC.svg 分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 Eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 Core eudicots : ユキノシタ目 Saxifragales : フウ科 Altingiaceae : フウ属 Liquidambar : モミジバフウ L. styraciflua 学名 Liquidambar styraciflua
L.[1] 和名 モミジバフウ(紅葉葉楓)、アメリカフウ 英名 American Sweetgum 自然分布
自然分布

モミジバフウ(紅葉葉楓、学名Liquidambar styraciflua)は、フウ科フウ属落葉高木。別名、アメリカフウ

特徴[編集]

樹皮褐色を帯びて、若枝にはコルク質のがある。

状で光沢があり、紅葉する。

期は4月頃。雌雄同株で、雄花雌花が別々に頭状花序をつける。

果実集合果

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    Museum specimen

分布・生育地[編集]

北アメリカ中南部・中央アメリカ原産。日本へは、大正時代に渡来した。

保全状況評価[編集]

利用[編集]

街路樹などに利用される。

近縁種[編集]

フウ属には葉の形からモミジバフウ(5-7裂)とサンカクバフウ(3裂)がある。前者はアメリカフウ(北米・中南米原産)、後者は単にフウ(中国・台湾原産)、タイワンフウとも呼ばれる。ともに日本で街路樹・公園木などとして普通に植栽され、秋の紅葉が特に美しい。

また、フウは「楓」と書かれるが、カエデムクロジ目に属し翼果をつけるのに対し、フウ属は雌花の花序が球形で垂れ下がるので区別できる。

参考文献[編集]

  • 茂木透写真 『樹に咲く花 離弁花2』 高橋秀男・勝山輝男監修、山と溪谷社〈山溪ハンディ図鑑〉、ISBN 4-635-07004-2。

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 米倉浩司; 梶田忠 (2003-). “「BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス」(YList)”. オリジナルよりアーカイブ。^ Americas Regional Workshop(Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996) ("Liquidambar styraciflua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (英語)

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにモミジバフウに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、モミジバフウに関連するカテゴリがあります。

外部リンク[編集]

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モミジバフウ: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

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モミジバフウ(紅葉葉楓、学名:Liquidambar styraciflua)は、フウ科フウ属落葉高木。別名、アメリカフウ。

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