Chenopodium berlandieri, (en anglès pitseed goosefoot,[1] huauzontle, i lamb's quarters), és una espècie de planta herbàcia anual quenopodiàcia. El seu nom científic és un homenatge al naturalista francès Jean-Louis Berlandier.
És planta nativa d'Amèrica del Nord des d'Alaska a Michoacán, Mèxic. És de creixement ràpid i pot arribar a fer 3 m d'alt.[2]
És considerada com una mala herba però els amerindis se n'alimentaven com un pseudocereal, similar a l'estretament relacionada quinoa C. quinoa. Encara es continua cultivant a Mèxic com a verdura de fulla i pels seus brots florals.
Aquesta espècie inclou dues subespècies: el tipus biològic, és a dir, la subespècie C. b. ssp. berlandieri i la C. b. ssp. nuttalliae.[3] La darrera també rep els noms indífgenes de huauzontle, huauthili i el nom en anglès de Nuttall's goosefoot,[4] la subespècie domesticvada cultivada a Mèxic té una reducció subtancial del gruix de la testa.[3]
L'espècie tipus inclou aquestes varietats biològiques:[2]
Addicionalment els tres importants cultivars de la subespècie C. b. nuttalliae són are:[3][5]
C. berlandieri és una de les plantes que van ser cultivades en la prehistòria paleoíndia i el període Woodland (Woodland period) a l'est d'Amèrica del Nord formant part del Eastern Agricultural Complex. Les evidències arqueològiques mostren que es cultivava ja cap al 6500 aC. Les primeres evidències de domesticació s'han trobat a Kentucky oriental. Es va deixar de cultivar en aquesta regió cap a l'any 1750.[3] Es creu que aquesta espècie va ser primer domesticada a Mèxic i el seu conreu posteriorment va anar cap al nord
Chenopodium berlandieri, (en anglès pitseed goosefoot, huauzontle, i lamb's quarters), és una espècie de planta herbàcia anual quenopodiàcia. El seu nom científic és un homenatge al naturalista francès Jean-Louis Berlandier.
És planta nativa d'Amèrica del Nord des d'Alaska a Michoacán, Mèxic. És de creixement ràpid i pot arribar a fer 3 m d'alt.
És considerada com una mala herba però els amerindis se n'alimentaven com un pseudocereal, similar a l'estretament relacionada quinoa C. quinoa. Encara es continua cultivant a Mèxic com a verdura de fulla i pels seus brots florals.
Planhigyn blodeuol yw Troed-yr-ŵydd Berlandier sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Amaranthaceae yn y genws Chenopodium. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Chenopodium berlandieri a'r enw Saesneg yw Pitseed goosefoot. Mae'n frodorol o gyfandir America a gall dyfu i hyd at tair metr o uchder.
Er ei fod bellach yn chwynyn, arferid ei fwyta.
Mae'n blanhigyn lluosflwydd. Nid oes ganddo stipwl (neu ddeilen fach). Fel arfer mae'r dail yn ddanheddog.
Planhigyn blodeuol yw Troed-yr-ŵydd Berlandier sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Amaranthaceae yn y genws Chenopodium. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Chenopodium berlandieri a'r enw Saesneg yw Pitseed goosefoot. Mae'n frodorol o gyfandir America a gall dyfu i hyd at tair metr o uchder.
Er ei fod bellach yn chwynyn, arferid ei fwyta.
Mae'n blanhigyn lluosflwydd. Nid oes ganddo stipwl (neu ddeilen fach). Fel arfer mae'r dail yn ddanheddog.
Berlandiers Gänsefuß (Chenopodium berlandieri), auch Berlandier-Gänsefuß genannt[1], ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Fuchsschwanzgewächse (Amaranthaceae). Er stammt aus Nordamerika und kommt gelegentlich auch in Mitteleuropa vor.
Berlandiers Gänsefuß ist eine einjährige krautige Pflanze mit einer Wuchshöhe von 10 bis 150 cm. Der aufrechte bis aufsteigende Stängel ist mehr oder weniger stark verzweigt und bemehlt.
Die wechselständigen, bemehlten Laubblätter besitzen einen 0,2 bis 9 cm langen Blattstiel. Die Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 1,2 bis 12 (bis 15) cm und einer Breite von 0,5 bis 7,5 (bis 9) cm breit eiförmig bis rhombisch oder undeutlich dreilappig bis lanzettlich. Der Mittellappen verschmälert sich allmählich, die Seitenlappen befinden sich etwas unterhalb der Spreitenmitte. Der Spreitengrund ist keilförmig oder gestutzt. Der Blattrand kann gesägt, unregelmäßig gezähnt oder ganzrandig sein.
Die verzweigt-ährigen, tragblattlosen Blütenstände von 5 bis 17 cm Länge bestehen aus unregelmäßig abgerundeten Blütenknäueln mit einem Durchmesser von 4 bis 7 mm. Die zwittrigen Blüten besitzen eine Blütenhülle aus fünf fast bis zur Basis getrennten Tepalen. Die Tepalenzipfel mit einer Länge bis 1,5 mm und einer Breite bis 1,3 mm sind eiförmig bis stumpf dreieckig, mehlig und häufig auf dem Rücken vorstehend gekielt. Die Blüten enthalten fünf Staubblätter und einen Fruchtknoten mit zwei Narben.
Die Blütezeit reicht von Juni bis September, die Bestäubung erfolgt in der Regel durch den Wind.[1]
Die flachgedrückt-eiförmige Frucht besitzt eine anliegende (am Griffel teilweise nicht anliegende), wabig-runzelige Fruchtwand. Der Same mit einem Durchmesser von 1 bis 2 mm ist rund mit abgerundetem Rand, seine braune bis schwarze Samenschale ist mit tiefen, bienenwabenartigen Gruben bedeckt.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 36, die Art ist demnach tetraploid.[1][2]
Berlandiers Gänsefuß ist eine Nahrungspflanze für die Schmetterlingsraupen des Dickkopffalters Pholisora catullus.[3]
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Chenopodium berlandieri erfolgte 1840 durch Christian Horace Bénédict Alfred Moquin-Tandon in Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio, S. 23.[2]
Synonyme von Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. sind Botrys berlandieri (Moq.) Nieuwl., Chenopodium album var. berlandieri (Moq.) Mack. & Bush, Chenopodium boscianum Moq., Chenopodium bushianum Aellen, Chenopodium macrocalycium Aellen, Chenopodium petiolare Kunth var. sinuatum Murr und Chenopodium zschackei Murr. Als weiteres Synonym gilt Chenopodium texanum Murr.[4]
In der Flora of North America werden sechs Varietäten unterschieden:
Von manchen Autoren wurde auch der als Pseudogetreide verwendete "Huauzontle" (Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae (Saff.) H.D.Wilson & Heiser) als eine Unterart dieser Art angesehen.[5] Nach neueren Arbeiten wird dieser aber zu Chenopodium quinoa (Quinoa) gestellt.[6]
Die Heimat von Berlandiers Gänsefuß ist Nordamerika, wo er weit verbreitet ist. Während die typische Varietät var. berlandieri auf die Tieflagen von Texas und Mexiko beschränkt ist, gedeihen die anderen Varietäten, insbesondere var. zschackei nordwärts bis nach Kanada und Alaska und bis zu einer Höhenlage von 2200 Metern.
Eingeführt kommt Berlandiers Gänsefuß in der Varietät var. zschackei in Europa gelegentlich als Adventivpflanze vor.[7] In Deutschland gilt er als eingebürgerter Neophyt,[7] der hier erstmals um 1890 gefunden worden ist.[1] Er wächst unbeständig in Ruderalvegetation (Chenopodietea-Gesellschaften) an Schuttplätzen, Hafenanlagen oder Güterbahnhofen, auf nährstoffreichen, mäßig trockenen, oft rohen Böden.[8][9] Von der Ebene kann er bis zur voralpinen Hügelstufe gedeihen.[9]
Die Blätter und jungen Sprosse von Berlandiers Gänsefuß können roh oder gekocht wie Spinat zubereitet werden. Rohe Blätter sollten wegen ihres Gehalts an Saponinen allerdings nur in kleinen Mengen verzehrt werden. Die Samen können gemahlen als Mehlzusatz dienen. Es wird empfohlen, sie über Nacht einzuweichen und danach gründlich abzuspülen, um die Saponine zu entfernen.[10]
Die ganze Pflanze kann als Färbepflanze für gold-grüne Farbtöne verwendet werden.[10]
Berlandiers Gänsefuß (Chenopodium berlandieri), auch Berlandier-Gänsefuß genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Fuchsschwanzgewächse (Amaranthaceae). Er stammt aus Nordamerika und kommt gelegentlich auch in Mitteleuropa vor.
Chenopodium berlandieri, also known by the common names pitseed goosefoot,[1] lamb's quarters (or lambsquarters), and huauzontle (Nahuatl) is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Amaranthaceae.
The species is widespread in North America, where its range extends from Canada south to Michoacán, Mexico. It is found in every U.S. state except Hawaii.[2] The fast-growing, upright plant can reach heights of more than 3 m. It can be differentiated from most of the other members of its large genus by its honeycomb-pitted seeds, and further separated by its serrated, evenly lobed (more or less) lower leaves.[3]
Although widely regarded as a weed, this species was once one of several plants cultivated by Native Americans in prehistoric North America as part of the Eastern Agricultural Complex. C. berlandieri was a domesticated pseudocereal crop, similar to the closely related quinoa C. quinoa.[4][5] It continues to be cultivated in Mexico as a pseudocereal, as a leaf vegetable, and for its broccoli-like flowering shoots.
Chenopodium seeds vary in shape between lenticular and cylindrical.[6] The lenticular shape is more typical of wild members of the species while cylindrical seeds (said to have a "truncated margin") predominate in domesticated varieties.[6][7]
The nutritive perisperm tissue is encircled by the embryo along the seed margin. The radicle protrudes slightly, producing a visible bump in the circumference of the seed (called the "beak").[8] Surrounding the perisperm and embryo are three layers: the inner epiderm, the outer epiderm, and the pericarp. The inner epiderm is also called a tegmen. The outer epiderm is synonymous with testa. Together, the outer and inner epiderm make up the seed coat. In Chenopodium literature, the terms outer epiderm, testa, and seed coat are often used interchangeably.[6]
The pericarp is often dehiscent, but is non-dehiscent in some varieties.[9] In domesticated varieties, the seed coat may be reduced or absent.[6] Uniform seed assemblages with seed coats less than 20 µm thick are considered to represent domesticated population.[7][8][6] Conversely, wild populations tend to produce seeds with seed coat thicker than 20 µm.[7][8]
Very small flowers are tightly packed in small round clusters (glomerules) in spike-like and branching arrangements at the top of the stem, at the tips of branching stems and arising from upper leaf axils. The glomerules usually crowd on the branch. Within a glomerule, flowers may be at different stages of development: some just budding and others with maturing fruit.[10] Flowers lack petals, have 5 stamens and a round, green ovary with a 2-parted style at the tip that is not divided all the way to the base. Cupping the flower is a green calyx with 5 lobes 0.5 to 1.5 mm long and variable shape: triangular or egg-shaped, strongly keeled, blunt to rounded at the tip and thin and papery around the edges. Bracts are leaf-like or sometimes absent. The calyx, stalks and branches are moderately to densely white-mealy.[10]
Leaves are alternate, ½ to 6 inches long and up to 3½ inches wide. The leaves are variable in shape: diamond to triangular to egg-shaped to lance-elliptic in outline. The tips may be pointed or blunt, while wedge-shaped or straight across at the base tapering to a stalk up to 3½ inches long. Lower leaves are largest, irregularly toothed, 1½ to 2+ times as long as wide and usually with a pair of shallow lobes near the base. Leaves become smaller and less toothy as they ascend the stem with the uppermost leaves often much narrower, proportionately longer and toothless.[10]
Surfaces are green, hairless and moderately to densely white-mealy, especially when young. The upper surface usually becomes smooth, while the lower surface usually remains white-mealy. Stems are also highly variable: erect to ascending, unbranched to much branched and sparsely to densely white-mealy, especially on the upper stem. The stem color may vary from green to purple-striped to red.[10]
The species includes two subspecies: the type subspecies (i.e. C. b. ssp. berlandieri) and C. b. ssp. nuttalliae.[11] The latter, which also goes by the common names huauzontle, huauthili and Nuttall's goosefoot,[12] is a domesticated variety cultivated in Mexico.
As many as six extant varieties of C. b. ssp. berlandieri have been identified:[3]
The extinct variety is well-documented, though it may represent more than one taxon:[13]
Additionally, the cultivars of the C. b. nuttalliae subspecies are:[11][14]
The species is capable of hybridizing with the related introduced European Chenopodium album, which it resembles, giving the hybrid C. × variabile Aellen.[15]
C. berlandieri is the progenitor of all domesticated Chenopodium varieties in North and South America.[4][16][17][2] In prehistoric eastern North America it was a part of the Eastern Agricultural Complex, a set of cultivated and domesticated species which supported sedentary and migrant populations for thousands of years.[18][19] Archaeological evidence shows the species was extensively foraged as a wild plant in eastern North America as early as 6,500 BC.[6] By 1700 BC, the plant had clearly been domesticated as a pseudocereal crop.[20] The name given to the domesticated variety is C. b. ssp. jonesianum.[13] The oldest evidence for domestication comes from caches of thin-testa seeds from rock shelters in the Ozark Plateaus and Ohio River basin.[9][20] The only known potential historic record of C. b. ssp. jonesianum is a c.a. 1720 account by Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz.[6] According to Le Page, the Natchez people cultivated a grain-like crop called Choupichoul that was delicious, nutritious, highly productive, and required minimal human labor.[21] Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the crop was a domesticated variety of C. berlandieri.[6]
Chenopodium berlandieri was cultivated alongside three other starchy, seed-bearing plants, namely maygrass, little barley and knotweed, providing an important nutritional basis for indigenous groups at the time.[7] Around approximately 1600 BC, another annual starchy seed crop, maize, appeared in the Eastern Woodlands.[22] Maize would later on come to dominate much of North American agriculture, but for about 3000 years, maize formed only a minor component of garden or field plots.[23] By approximately 1150 AD, maize became a major dietary constituent of prehistoric populations in the Eastern Woodlands.[22] This led to a substantial decrease in Chenopodium berlandieri cultivation.[22] Nonetheless, pitseed goosefoot remained important up until the point of European contact, after which it virtually disappeared.[24]
Indigenous people used pitseed goosefoot not only for subsistence, but also for medicinal and preservative reasons.[25] Chenopodium berlandieri prevents intestinal parasites and has the capacity of preserving foods.[25] These qualities may explain why indigenous people kept cultivating Chenopodium berlandieri despite the large effort of harvesting its minuscule seeds.[25] It is the raw leaves that were used medicinally, rather than the seeds.[26]
Although cultivation disappeared in eastern North America, C. b. subsp. nuttalliae continues to be cultivated as a domesticated crop in Mexico.[2] Three varieties of the subspecies are grown as a pseudocereal, as a leaf vegetable, and for its broccoli-like flowering shoots, respectively.[11][14]
The principal difference between wild and domesticated forms of Chenopodium is the thickness of the seed coat. In the domesticated varieties, due to selective pressures during domestication, the testas are less than 20 microns thick; the testas of wild chenopods are 40 to 60 microns thick.[6][27] This morphological characteristic is shared by the modern cultivated chenopod C. b. subsp. nuttalliae and the archaeological specimens of C. b. ssp. jonesianum.[28] Genetic studies have shown that eastern North American and Mexican cultivated forms have considerable genetic distance between them.[16] Despite the initial assumption of a single domestication event, consensus in the field now supports at least two independent domestication events in North America.[11] Similarly, C. berlandieri's South American branch likely experienced at least two independent domestication events, both of which are called C. quinoa.[29][4][30]
Chenopodium berlandieri is an extremely versatile plant; it can handle a variety of elevations, commonly found growing at sea level and at 10,000 feet (3,000 m) elevation, such as in the San Juan mountains of Colorado. In the Andes of South America, there are varieties of lambsquarter that grow at over 12,000 feet (3,700 m).[31] It is very cold hardy and therefore one of the later weeds to be killed by frost. It dislikes shade. When exposed to full sun conditions, the plants tend to be robust with many lateral branches producing high quantities of seed. Plants growing in shaded conditions tend to be more gracile, taller, with fewer lateral branches and produce less seed.[32]
Chenopodium berlandieri thrives in many types of soil with varying pH levels. When the soil is fertile, it will grow large and full in size and form very attractive stands of vegetation. The presence of a stand of healthy lambsquarter is one of the best indicators for vital soil. However, it can also handle the worst of soils and has been known to even survive in disturbed soils such as annual vegetable gardens, neglected fields and coal-pit heaps. Like its close relatives, it also makes a fantastic cover crop and natural fertilizer because of its dense nutrient content.[31]
C. Berlandieri is a self-seeding annual plant. It grows easily from seed and does not require orderly cultivation.[33] The seeds themselves can stay dormant for many years and take root when the conditions are ideal. The species is hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs on the same plant, which are wind-pollinated. It is known to cross-pollinate with Chenopodium album to create a hybrid. The plant is in flower from July to October, with green-hued flowers. From August to October, the seeds ripen.[31]
C. berlandieri is an elusive subject for harvest yield experiments; the floodplain weeds with their minuscule seeds are difficult to harvest relative to other species. High costs are associated with its harvesting due to the minute size and oiliness of seeds. Although occurring in vast numbers, seed size makes collecting enough for daily or long-term subsistence needs of an individual or group challenging. The relative cost of procurement and processing in quantities sufficient for a meal has been a limiting factor in their use throughout history and domestication has had little impact on reducing overall handling costs.[25]
The yield of pitseed goosefoot can vary substantially due to the differences in amount of sunlight received by the plants.[7] Moreover, competition with surrounding plants can also influence how much yield is obtained.[7] Studies have recorded yields between 276 to 2854 kg/ha and estimate that the harvest yield of goosefoot in prehistoric times must have been around 750–1500 kg/ha.[7] A yield above 1000 kg/ha must have been necessary to justify its use compared to maize.[7] Additionally, the harvest rate of pitseed goosefoot is 1 kg/hour.[20]
Members of the Chenopodium species have been implicated among the greatest weed threats to agriculture in North America and globally.[34] This success can be attributed to their ability to survive across a range of environmental conditions due to a high reproductive capacity, variation in their dormancy and germination requirements, and abiotic stress tolerance.[35][36]
Importantly, the Amaranthaceae family is one of five weed families (along with Poaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, and Chenopodiaceae) that represent only 50% of the world's principal weeds but account for approximately 70% of all cases of herbicide resistance.[34] Most research identifies European species C. album as a prime candidate for resistance to multiple herbicides, in particular to triazines and glyphosates. The weed status and herbicide tolerance of C. berlandieri is less researched and less clear due to its many wild and semi-domesticated forms resulting from frequent hybridization and polyploidy.[37][38]
The spread and sporadic domestication of C. berlandieri across eastern North and Central America has resulted in a complex network of domesticated and wild sub-species known to co-exist and interact in shared ecosystems. Human paleofeces collected from Salts Cave in Kentucky and Big Bone Cave in Tennessee were found to contain both seeds from weed and crop forms of the plant seemingly consumed within hours of each other, suggesting close spatial proximity and a potential for hybridization between populations.[39]
Morphological studies identified that seeds from weedy varieties of C. berlandieri tend to have a thicker testa (seed coat), a more rounded or biconvex margin configuration, more prominent testa patterning, a less developed beak, and a smaller overall size when compared to their domesticated counterparts. However, intermediate morphologies were also identified, indicating genetic interaction (crossing over) between these groups.[39]
This cross-compatibility and hybridization leads to the formation of crop-weed complexes, between C. berlandieri plants as well as with other members of the Chenopodium species.[40] For example, following the spread of C. quinoa across North America as a novel crop, one study found that up to 30% of wild C. berlandieri grown along the periphery of quinoa fields were crop/weed hybrids. Gene flow was observed to be asymmetric (from crop to weed), due to a preferential flow of pollen from high-density populations of domesticated C. quinoa to dispersed populations of wild C. berlandieri.[41] This directional crop-weed interaction has implications for the future of introgressive change in wild C. berlandieri varieties. While genetic introgression is often degenerative for both crops and wild plants,[42][43][44] it may also promote greater biodiversity in conventional cropping systems and present research opportunities for new crop varieties.
Chenopodium berlandieri has little presence in the current world food system, especially compared to other plants within its genus, such as Chenopodium quinoa or Chenopodium ambrosioides. This may be due to a recent Western bias against weedy plants, as well as a manifestation of colonial history which led to a disconnect from the local environment and indigenous knowledge.[25]
Today, the plant is still used as an edible herb and vegetable, primarily in Mexico. Edible parts of the plant include leaves, young shoots and seeds. Like other leafy greens, the leaves and shoots are eaten raw or cooked,[45] though raw leaves are bitter as they contain chemical compounds produced by the plant for defense mechanisms.
The plant can be processed through mechanical and chemical techniques.[20] Mechanical processing techniques include winnowing to remove non-nutritive components, including possibly toasting the seeds during the winnowing process, followed by milling to de-husk the plant and separate the seeds.[20]
The seeds can then be ground down into smaller particles to make grits or bulgar, or ground further into flours to be combined with cereal flours to make breads or pancakes.[45]
The seeds contain saponins, though in small quantities, which are removed by soaking seeds in water overnight and rinsing thoroughly before further processing.[45] Another method involves chemical processing, whereby gradual, controlled heating of the seeds detoxifies them, allowing nutrients to be bioavailable for digestion.[20] People with gout, arthritis, rheumatism, kidney stones, or hyperacidity should use caution when consuming the plant, as it may aggrevate their condition.[45]
As with other Amaranthacae species, Chenopodium berlandieri is rich in macronutrients of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, as well as micronutrients including vitamins and minerals.[46] Its high nutritional quality has given rise to researching its use for food security in rural populations.[47]
The leaf nutritional content, expressed per 100 g of fresh weight: 0.2 kJ Fat, 3.45 kJ Protein, 3.17 kJ total dietary fiber (primarily insoluble fiber; 8.3% to 12.8% of the recommended daily intake), 111.8 kJ energy, 2.21 kJ available carbohydrates.[47] The leaves are sources of phytochemicals and nutritional compounds.[47] They have shown significant contents of protein, inorganic nutrients of Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg).[47] It also has a high percentage of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, which are essential for human nutrition,[48] and highest total flavonoids index (TFI) when compared to other Amaranthacae species.[47]
The plant is a good source of fiber and has high flavonoids concentration, such as quercetin and kaempferol, which have high antioxidant potential.[47] Leaves have been analyzed to contain higher chlorophyll content compared to other Amaranthacae species, which is nutritionally relevant, as it has been reported to reduce reactive oxygen species.[47]
The seeds are gluten free.[46] Like other quinoa and amaranth species, proteins in the seeds are of particularly high nutritional value due to high concentration of essential amino acids.[46] Safety concerns have been raised around saponins, which are toxic, though mostly to fish.[45] In the plant, the saponin quantity is too small to harm humans.[45] Studies have shown that some saponins may form insoluble complexes with minerals, such as zinc and iron, thus negatively affecting absorption and bioavailability of nutrients in the gut.[46] Saponins are bitter, but break down during the cooking process, rendering them harmless and allowing nutrients to be bioavailable to humans.[45] Cooking also reduces the oxalic acid content, which may also raise concerns.[45]
Chenopodium berlandieri is a prime candidate for additional research, especially its prospects for utility in the medicinal model. Long-term use of this plant makes little sense when judged in strict terms of subsistence. C. berlandieri shares some qualities with its medicinally useful relatives such as Chenopodium ambrosioides which is a widely known vermifuge and a potential food preservative. This makes its potential medicinal value a possibility. Its chemical constituents and possible medicinal properties have only been briefly examined in the anthropological and botanical literature. The useful substances in the leaves avoid the problems associated with the inefficiency of harvesting and processing the seeds.[49] Tests for and analyses of bioactive chemical compounds would likely resolve questions about the use of Chenopodium berlandieri and the medicinal use may be evident in the concentration of these compounds.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Chenopodium berlandieri, also known by the common names pitseed goosefoot, lamb's quarters (or lambsquarters), and huauzontle (Nahuatl) is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Amaranthaceae.
The species is widespread in North America, where its range extends from Canada south to Michoacán, Mexico. It is found in every U.S. state except Hawaii. The fast-growing, upright plant can reach heights of more than 3 m. It can be differentiated from most of the other members of its large genus by its honeycomb-pitted seeds, and further separated by its serrated, evenly lobed (more or less) lower leaves.
Although widely regarded as a weed, this species was once one of several plants cultivated by Native Americans in prehistoric North America as part of the Eastern Agricultural Complex. C. berlandieri was a domesticated pseudocereal crop, similar to the closely related quinoa C. quinoa. It continues to be cultivated in Mexico as a pseudocereal, as a leaf vegetable, and for its broccoli-like flowering shoots.
El huauzontle (no huazontle) (Chenopodium berlandieri[1]) es una especie del género Chenopodium, nativa de Norteamérica, donde es muy común en regiones templadas y distribuida por buena parte del continente.[2] Mide de 40 cm a 2 m de alto. Su tallo es anguloso y con rayas longitudinales verde claro o amarillento, a veces rojizo. Las hojas son rómbico-ovaladas a lanceoladas, enteras o irregularmente dentadas. Sus flores están agrupadas en glomérulos. Es comestible como verdura.[3]
De rápido crecimiento, erecta, considerada como maleza, es una planta anual de entre 10 a 105 cm de altura. Hojas de forma variable, normalmente triangulares, 1,2-12 cm (raramente de 15 cm) de largo y 0,5-7 cm (raramente de 9 cm) de ancho.[2]
Tiene capacidad de hibridarse con la introducida en Europa Chenopodium album, con la cual tiene cierta similitud, produciendo el híbrido C. × variabile Aellen.[4]
Aunque ampliamente conocida como maleza, esta especie fue una vez parte del Complejo agropecuario Oriental de la Norteamérica prehistórica, y completamente domesticada como cultivo pseudocereal, similar a la especie estrechamente relacionada Chenopodium quinoa (quinua).
Chenopodium berlandieri fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 220. 1753.[5]
Chenopodium: nombre genérico que deriva de la particular forma de las hojas similares a las patas de ganso: del griego "chen" = (ganso) y "pous" = (pie) o "podion" = (pie pequeño).
berlandieri: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico Jean Louis Berlandier (1805–1851)
La especie incluye la subespecie Chenopodium berlandieri nuttalliae nuttalliae[6] y las siguientes variedades::[2]
El huauzontle (no huazontle) (Chenopodium berlandieri) es una especie del género Chenopodium, nativa de Norteamérica, donde es muy común en regiones templadas y distribuida por buena parte del continente. Mide de 40 cm a 2 m de alto. Su tallo es anguloso y con rayas longitudinales verde claro o amarillento, a veces rojizo. Las hojas son rómbico-ovaladas a lanceoladas, enteras o irregularmente dentadas. Sus flores están agrupadas en glomérulos. Es comestible como verdura.
Teksasinsavikka (Chenopodium berlandieri, syn. C. berlandieri ssp. zschackei) on savikkakasveihin kuuluva, Pohjois-Amerikasta lähtöisin oleva kasvilaji.
Laji on saanut tieteellisen nimensä sveitsiläisen kasvitieteilijän Jean Louis Berlandierin (1805–1851) mukaan.[1]
Yksivuotinen teksasinsavikka kasvaa 30–70 cm korkeaksi. Kasvi on väriltään vaihtelevan vihreä ja vain kasvin nuoret osat ovat jauhoisia. Varsi on pysty, vaihtelee väriltään keltaisesta vaaleanvihreään ja on vihreäraitainen. Lehtihangat ovat punaisia. Lehdet ovat varressa kierteisesti ja ne ovat sinertävän ja kirkkaan vihreitä. Varren keskiosissa lehtilapa on kooltaan 2–6 cm ja se on leveyttään pitempi. Muodoltaan lehtilapa vaihtelee puikeasta vinoneliömäiseen ja on ehyt tai matalaan kolmiliuskainen sekä usein melkein tai aivan ehytlaitainen ja otakärkinen. Ylimpien lehtien lapa on suikea ja tavallisesti ehytlaitainen. Kukinto on melko lehdekäs ja muodoltaan tavallisesti tähkämäinen. Kukinnon kehälehtien selkä on siipipalteinen. Heteitä on tavallisesti viisi kappaletta. Suomessa teksasinsavikka kukkii elo-syyskuussa. Pähkylä on kehän muodostaman hedelmäverhiön suojaama. Musta siemen on vaaka-asennossa, 1–1,3 mm pitkä, ympärykseltään lähes pyöreä, melko tylppäreunainen ja pinnaltaan säännöllisen pyöreähkökuoppainen.[2]
Teksasinsavikka on alun perin kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikasta, mutta levinnyt ihmisen mukana muun muassa Eurooppaan.[3] Skandinaviassa lajia on tavattu Tanskasta, Etelä- ja Länsi-Norjasta sekä Etelä-Ruotsista.[4] Suomessa teksasinsavikkaa on tavattu hyvin satunnaisesti muutamin paikoin eri puolilta maata. Havainnot painottuvat eteläiseen Suomeen.[3][5]
Suomessa teksasinsavikka on uustulokas, jota on tavattu erilaisilla joutomailla kuten kaatopaikoilla, tienvarsilla, myllyillä ja satamissa.[3]
Muiden savikkalajien tavoin myös teksasinnsavikka kelpaa ihmisravinnoksi.[3]
Teksasinsavikka (Chenopodium berlandieri, syn. C. berlandieri ssp. zschackei) on savikkakasveihin kuuluva, Pohjois-Amerikasta lähtöisin oleva kasvilaji.
Laji on saanut tieteellisen nimensä sveitsiläisen kasvitieteilijän Jean Louis Berlandierin (1805–1851) mukaan.
Le chénopode de Berlandier (Chenopodium berlandieri) est une espèce de plante annuelle de la famille des Chenopodiaceae selon la classification classique, ou des Amaranthaceae selon la classification phylogénétique. La plante est originaire d'Amérique du Nord, et naturalisée dans d'autres régions notamment d'Europe.
Bien que largement considérée aujourd'hui comme une mauvaise herbe, cette espèce est domestiquée comme pseudo-céréale en Amérique du Nord depuis la préhistoire, telle le quinoa en Amérique latine. Elle continue d'être cultivée au Mexique comme pseudo-céréale, comme légume-feuille, et pour ses pousses florifères.
Le chénopode de Berlandier peut atteindre une hauteur de 10 à 100 centimètres. C'est une plante de croissance relativement rapide. Son amplitude est de 0,6 à 1 mètre. Son système racinaire est pivotant.
Ses feuilles sont vert foncé, simples et alternes, de forme ovale, pétiolée avec un bord entier, à nervure pennée. La surface des feuilles est glabre.
Le chénopode de Berlandier est hermaphrodite. Sa floraison a lieu de juillet à septembre. Il présente des fleurs à six pétales de couleur verte criarde claire. Les fleurs s'organisent en épi.
À maturité, la plante produit des graines de couleur noire. La fructification a lieu en automne.
Comme la plupart des chénopodes, il préfère un sol humide et une exposition ensoleillée à semi-ombragée. Le sol doit être limono-sableux ou limono-graveleux.
Il peut supporter les températures extrêmes (jusqu'à -29 °C).
On peut consommer les feuilles et les extrémités des tiges, cuites comme celles de ses proches cousins, les épinards.
Les graines de ce chénopode peuvent aussi être cuites ou moulues en farine, mais faire attention à l'usage des herbicides qui ont tendance à s'accumuler dans les graines.
Le chénopode de Berlandier (Chenopodium berlandieri) est une espèce de plante annuelle de la famille des Chenopodiaceae selon la classification classique, ou des Amaranthaceae selon la classification phylogénétique. La plante est originaire d'Amérique du Nord, et naturalisée dans d'autres régions notamment d'Europe.
Bien que largement considérée aujourd'hui comme une mauvaise herbe, cette espèce est domestiquée comme pseudo-céréale en Amérique du Nord depuis la préhistoire, telle le quinoa en Amérique latine. Elle continue d'être cultivée au Mexique comme pseudo-céréale, comme légume-feuille, et pour ses pousses florifères.
Texasnjóli (fræðiheiti: Chenopodium berlandieri[2]) er einær jurt af hélunjólaætt.[3]
Texasnjóli (fræðiheiti: Chenopodium berlandieri) er einær jurt af hélunjólaætt.
Chenopodium berlandieri est species plantarum florentium familiae Amaranthacearum et generis Chenopodii, in America boreali sponte gignens et praecipue in valle Mississippii fluminis ubi ab indigenis olim colebatur propter semina quae ad victuale atque folia tenera quae ad holus adhibentur. Haec species pars fuisse censetur complexus agrarii orientalis. Cultura plantae choupichoul a populo Natchez iam annis 1720 ab Antonio Simone Le Page du Pratz observata in opere Mémoire sur la Louisiane annis a 1751 ad 1753 descripta est.[1]
Planta domesticata (a nonnullis ssp. nuttalliae appellata), testa multo pusilliori, in Mexico etiam hodie colitur.
Vide "Chenopodium berlandieri" apud Vicispecies. 
Situs scientifici: Tropicos • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Plant Name Index • WoRMS: Marine Species • INPN France • Flora of North America • USDA Plants Database Chenopodium berlandieri est species plantarum florentium familiae Amaranthacearum et generis Chenopodii, in America boreali sponte gignens et praecipue in valle Mississippii fluminis ubi ab indigenis olim colebatur propter semina quae ad victuale atque folia tenera quae ad holus adhibentur. Haec species pars fuisse censetur complexus agrarii orientalis. Cultura plantae choupichoul a populo Natchez iam annis 1720 ab Antonio Simone Le Page du Pratz observata in opere Mémoire sur la Louisiane annis a 1751 ad 1753 descripta est.
Planta domesticata (a nonnullis ssp. nuttalliae appellata), testa multo pusilliori, in Mexico etiam hodie colitur.
Texasmålla (Chenopodium berlandieri) är en växtart i familjen amarantväxter. Den påminner om den besläktade arten svinmålla.[1] Den kan i likhet med den arten användas som bladgrönsak; alternativt kan växtens frön malas till mjöl för användning i bröd eller gröt. Texasmållans innehåll av saponiner gör att blötläggning och efterföljande silning är rekommenderad före matlagningen.[2]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Texasmålla.
Texasmålla (Chenopodium berlandieri) är en växtart i familjen amarantväxter. Den påminner om den besläktade arten svinmålla. Den kan i likhet med den arten användas som bladgrönsak; alternativt kan växtens frön malas till mjöl för användning i bröd eller gröt. Texasmållans innehåll av saponiner gör att blötläggning och efterföljande silning är rekommenderad före matlagningen.
Chenopodium berlandieri là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Dền. Loài này được Moq. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1840.[1]
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Bài viết về phân họ Rau muối này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Chenopodium berlandieri là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Dền. Loài này được Moq. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1840.
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