In a discussion of fire effects on shortgrass prairie, where sand sagebrush is a dominant member of the woody shrub community, Ford and McPherson [26] state fire contributes to reductions in woody plant cover and an increase in the density and diversity of herbaceous dicots. They note that in general, plant species in semiarid grasslands are more strongly influenced by fire season and frequency than fire behavior.
Vermeire and others [76] conducted both spring and fall prescribed burns to determine effects of fire on sand sagebrush in Oklahoma. They found fire-induced mortality was less than 10% for both fall and spring burns. However, Wright and others [83] describe sand sagebrush as killed by fire.
In fall and spring prescribed burns on sand sagebrush, Vermeire and others [76]
found "profuse" resprouting, seemingly without any negative effects on the
plant's carbohydrate reserves. Sand sagebrush on fall-burned plots resprouted
the next March, a month after bud break on nonburned sand sagebrush. Of the plants
burned, 94% resprouted. Sand sagebrush in spring-burned plots initiated
resprouting in May of the same year with a 92% resprout rate.
Vermeire and others [76] found the primary effect of fire on sand sagebrush was
alteration of canopy structure. Fall burns reduced shrub height by nearly 50%
and canopy area and volume by more than 75%. Spring burns reduced shrub height,
canopy area and volume by more than 90%.
This description of sand sagebrush includes characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology. It is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g. [37,38,81]).
Sand sagebrush is a native, round, freely-branching woody shrub up to 5 feet (1.5 m) tall. Leaves are 1.2 to 2.0 inches (3-8 cm) long, less than 0.5 mm wide, entire or pinnately divided into filiform divisions and often fascicled. Numerous nodding heads containing 2 or 3 fertile, pistillate ray flowers and 1 to 6 perfect but sterile disc flowers are arranged into leafy, narrow panicles [48]. Fruits of sand sagebrush are lightly-ribbed, obovoid achenes 0.7 to 1.0 mm long and 0.4 to 0.5 mm wide [72].
Sand sagebrush can accumulate mineral nutrients well above levels found in the soils in which it grows, indicating it is adapted to soils of low fertility [50].
Fire adaptations: Sand sagebrush sprouts after top-kill by fire [8,43,76]. Postfire seedling establishment has not been documented, but Wright and others [83] state fire kills sand sagebrush and abundant seedlings are produced after a fire.
FIRE REGIMES: In an early (1939) report on vegetation of Colorado sand hills, Ramaly [58] describes a sand sagebrush community as "...a somewhat permanent community partly dependent for its persistence upon grass fires and overgrazing."
There is no specific information in the literature concerning FIRE REGIMES for sand sagebrush. FIRE REGIMES for plant communities and ecosystems in which sand sagebrush occurs are summarized below. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 40,54] Nebraska sandhills prairie A. gerardii var. paucipilus-S. scoparium bluestem-Sacahuista prairie A. littoralis-Spartina spartinae < 10 sagebrush steppe A. tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [54] basin big sagebrush A. tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [62] mountain big sagebrush A. tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [3,12,52] Wyoming big sagebrush A. tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 (40**) [78,84] desert grasslands Bouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica 5-100 plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. < 35 blue grama-buffalo grass B. gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides < 35 grama-galleta steppe B. gracilis-P. jamesii < 35 to < 100 blue grama-tobosa prairie B. gracilis-P. mutica < 35 to < 100 mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii < 35 to < 100 blackbrush Coleogyne ramosissima < 35 to < 100 creosotebush Larrea tridentata < 35 to < 100 wheatgrass plains grasslands Pascopyrum smithii < 35 pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. < 35 Mexican pinyon Pinus cembroides 20-70 [53,73] Colorado pinyon P. edulis 10-400+ [25,29,39] interior ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [2,5,45] Arizona pine Pinus p. var. arizonica 2-15 [5,16,66] galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe Pleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea < 35 to < 100 [54] mesquite Prosopis glandulosa < 35 to < 100 [51,54] mesquite-buffalo grass P. glandulosa-Buchloe dactyloides < 35 Texas savanna P. g. var. glandulosa < 10 shinnery Quercus mohriana < 35 little bluestem-grama prairie Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. < 35 [54] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species summaryIn a 1978 study on controlling woody range plants in Nebraska, Launchbaugh and Owensby [43] state sand sagebrush can be "controlled" by spring burning at "grass greenup" to kill the tops of sand sagebrush and then moderate continuous grazing pressure can be used to retard sprouts and seedlings. They urge caution with sandy sites where thick brush occurs because complete plant removal by fire and subsequent hoof action may open up an area to wind and water erosion. Humphrey [33] cautions "...control of sand sagebrush, particularly by fire, should be attempted only after careful evaluation of the local erosion hazard" and Daley [18] states a reduction in cover of sand sagebrush could have "serious effects" by exposing the surface to wind erosion.
Applying prescribed fire to sand sagebrush communities does not appear to be a viable option for reducing shrub density, unless delayed mortality occurs due to additional stresses, such as infestation by insects. Prescribed fire may be a useful tool for reducing sand sagebrush canopy height and volume and potentially making resources, such as light and water, available to more desirable grasses and forbs [76].
Sand sagebrush occurs on dunes, hills and other deep, well-drained sands [35].
Secor and others [65] analyzed soil samples taken from surface soil directly beneath sand sagebrush plants in a shinnery oak/sand sagebrush community in New Mexico. Their results indicate sand sagebrush grows in sandy soils with low silt and clay values. Their analysis of soil texture was:
Soil separates (mean value of 4 determinations) in percent Textural class sand silt clay 94.25 4.5 1.25 sandDaley [18] analyzed the soil at 2 different sand sagebrush sites in eastern Colorado and also found sand sagebrush grows in sandy soils with low silt and clay components. The sites are approximately 100 miles (160 km) apart. His results, expressed in percentages and standard error of the mean (S.E.), are:
Site Sand S.E. Silt S.E. Clay S.E. North 93 1.3 4 1.1 4 0.9 South 83 2.2 9 1.6 8 0.8Elevational range for sand sagebrush over its whole range is given as 2,000 to 6,000 feet (610-1,829 m) [35]. Some elevational ranges for individual states are:
Arizona: 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,219-1,829 m) [38]
Colorado: 3,500 to 5,500 feet (1,067-1,676 m) [31]
New Mexico: 3,500 to 5,500 feet (1,067-1,676 m) [46]
Texas: 2,500 to 5,000 feet (762-1,524 m) [57]
Utah: 2,707 to 7,513 feet (825-2290 m)[81]
Annual precipitation for the shortgrass prairie, which includes sand sagebrush as a major shrub, ranges from 11.8 to 21.7 inches (300-550 mm) [42]. In Utah sand sagebrush occurs in areas with 8 to10 inches (200-275 mm) of annual precipitation [59]. The sandhills of Oklahoma, where sand sagebrush is a dominant shrub, receives 23.7 inches (602 mm) average annual precipitation [76].
The browse value of sand sagebrush depends on where it grows [48] and availability of other forage [35]. It is seldom eaten in grasslands where other forage is adequate, but in more arid, desert regions, it is utilized by cattle, domestic sheep, and big game [48].
Sand sagebrush is listed as a plant "...important to Texas and New Mexico mule deer" by Bryant and Morrison [11], and Bryant and Demarais [10] list sand sagebrush as having "medium" food value for white-tailed deer in Texas.
In the panhandle of Oklahoma prairie dogs establish "towns" in overgrazed sand sagebrush grasslands [13], and burrowing owls utilize abandoned burrows as nesting sites.
Sage-grouse, a sagebrush-obligate species, generally is reliant on big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) but at the edges of its range it utilizes sand sagebrush [8]. In New Mexico sand sagebrush is an important part of the diet of lesser prairie-chickens, particularly in winter [32]. In Oklahoma, Jones [36] studied lesser prairie-chickens and analyzed their diet for 3 years. He found sand sagebrush was utilized by lesser prairie-chickens from November through March. No utilization was noted during April through October. His findings, expressed as percent volume of food use for 2 plant associations are [36]:
November December January February March Shrub association 4.2 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.6 Half-shrub association 1.6 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.8Jones [36] also assigned a "food index value" to sand sagebrush for both vegetational associations. This index places a relative value to a food item based on availability and use for a given period. In the shrub association, sand sagebrush was assigned an index value of 4 out of 12 plants. In the half-shrub association sand sagebrush was given a value of 3 out of 13 plants.
Also in Oklahoma scaled quail utilize the seeds of sand sagebrush, and Ault and Stormer [4] assigned a "selectivity rating" of low in fall and winter and medium in spring and summer for scaled quail use of sand sagebrush seeds. This rating was calculated by dividing the percentage of the food item in the feces of the bird by the percentage of the item in availability samples of that food category.
Chemical control of large blocks of sand sagebrush was carried out on the Cimarron National Grassland in southwestern Kansas in 1978. Rodgers and Sexson [61] compared post treatment response of breeding birds on treated blocks of sand sagebrush pasture with untreated blocks for 5 years. They used 10 listening stations per pasture. They found "extreme variations" in bird diversity and abundance on the treated pasture were associated with sharp annual changes in the herbaceous community during the 1st three years after chemical treatment. A decline in bird diversity and abundance was observed in the 4th and 5th years after treatment, following structural decay of dead sand sagebrush. For example, northern bobwhite quail were no longer present on the treated pasture in the 4th year but remained abundant on the control pasture. Mean number of singing birds heard per station in control and 2, 4-D treated sand sagebrush pastures for 5 years were [61]:
Species Mean number of singing birds by year and treatment 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 control 2, 4-D control 2, 4-D control 2, 4-D control 2, 4-D control 2, 4-D Brewer's sparrow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 0.10 0 Cassin's sparrow 2.15 3.60** 3.40*** 0.10 5.30*** 2.45 4.50* 3.20 4.10* 3.40 Field sparrow 0 0.20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grasshopper sparrow 0.30 1.60*** 0.30 0 0.30 0.05 0.20 0 0 0.20* Lark sparrow 0 0 0 0 0.10 0.10 0.30* 0.40* 0 Western meadowlark 2.25 3.30** 2.20 2.00 2.55 2.25 2,50 3.45** 2.30 2.60 Eastern meadowlark 0 0.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mourning dove 0.15 0.45 0.30 0.30 0.10 0.25 0.75 0.60 0.15 0.10 Northern bobwhite 1.45 2.15 1.60* 0.60 1.35 2.00 1.30** 0 0 0 Scaled quail 0 0 0 0 0.15 0.05 0.10 0 0 0 Unknown 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0.35** 0 0.40** 0 All species 6.30 11.35*** 7.90*** 3.10 9.85*** 7.15 10.15** 7.25 7.90*** 6.30 * Mean is statistically greater than the paired mean or, when the paired value is 0, the mean is statistically greater than 0 at P<0.05 (*), P<0.01 (**), P<0.001 (***).Palatability/nutritional value: Palatability of sand sagebrush for livestock is rated as [21]:
State Cattle Domestic sheep Horses Utah fair fair poor Colorado poor fair poor Wyoming poor poor poorSavage and Heller [63] describe the yearly average of calcium content in sand sagebrush as nearly 3 times greater than the yearly average for grasses and the phosphorus content of sand sagebrush as exceeding the average for all grasses by 24.6%. Rasmussen and Brotherson [59] analyzed mineral nutrient content of sand sagebrush in Utah. Their results, expressed as means and standard deviations (SD) were:
Calcium (ppm) 7971.00 (SD ± 995.00) Magnesium (ppm) 1874.00 (SD ± 221.10) Sodium (ppm) 47.70 (SD ± 5.85) Potassium (ppm) 24,160.00 (SD ± 3,052.90) Iron (ppm) 92.60 (SD ± 29.80) Manganese (ppm) 30.43 (SD ± 9.55) Zinc (ppm) 23.80 (SD ± 3.37) Copper (ppm) 11.65 (SD ± 2.78) Phosphorus (ppm) 2,603.00 (SD ± 236.59) Nitrogen (%) 2.38 (SD ± 0.28)Cover value: Lesser prairie-chickens in New Mexico occupy semiarid grasslands that typically include a large component of shrubs, either sand shinnery oak or sand sagebrush [19,30]. Jones [36] describes sand sagebrush as important for cover of lesser prairie-chickens in New Mexico, especially when grass production is poor. In Colorado in the Comanche Lesser Prairie Chicken Natural Area, sand sagebrush provides important cover for lesser prairie chickens [27].
Scaled quail in Texas utilize sand sagebrush as loafing cover [71]. Dittberner and Olson [21] rate sand sagebrush as poor cover for all classes of wildlife except upland game birds, nongame birds, and small mammals.
Sand sagebrush communities are generally associated with deep sand deposits.
Sand sagebrush is usually the dominant overstory component within these
communities. The understory is composed primarily of annuals with sand-loving
perennial forbs and grasses [59].
Community types:
A community type of sand sagebrush is delineated by
Collins [14] in southeastern Wyoming on sandy soils. Lauenroth
and Milchunas [42] describe a community type of
sand sagebrush/little bluestem (Schizachyrium
scoparium) occurring on aeolian sands in the shortgrass prairie.
Plant series:
A honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)-sand
sagebrush series occurs on sandy soils in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. In sand
sagebrush-midgrass series, an evergreen shrubland or midgrass grassland occurs on
sandy soils in the rolling and high plains area [74].
Plant alliances:
In Kansas 3 shrubland "alliances" with sand sagebrush as
a dominant are listed by Lauver and others
[44]. All of these alliances occur on "excessively-drained," sandy soils.
Sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii)/sand sagebrush type:
This ecotype is common in Texas wherever sand shinnery oak grows. It is characterized by
honey mesquite, broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and plains yucca
(Yucca campestris). Most common grasses include purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea),
black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), false buffalograss (Monroa squarrosa),
and dropseeds (Sporobolus spp.) [65].
Sand sagebrush type:
In a discussion of major forage types in Colorado
and Wyoming, Costello [17] describes a sand sagebrush type
with blue grama (B. gracilis) with a mixture of taller grasses
including needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa
comata), red threeawn (A. p. var. longiseta), and
sand dropseed (S. cryptandrus) along with sand indicators prairie
sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia) and sand bluestem (Andropogon
gerardii var. paucipilus). Little bluestem now persists mostly where
moisture conditions are favorable and in cemeteries where there is no grazing.
On areas heavily and continuously overgrazed, blue grama is commonly replaced by Russian-thistle
(Salsola kali), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), saltmeadow plantain (Plantago
argyraea), and spreading buckwheat (Eriogonum effusum) [17].
Sand sagebrush grasslands:
Sand sagebrush occurs with perennial grasses such as little
bluestem, Carolina crabgrass (Digitaria cognata), blue grama, sand
bluestem, and sand dropseed [15].
Adams and McChesney [1] extracted phytochemicals from sand sagebrush that can be used for liquid fuels and petrochemical substitution. Sand sagebrush is an excellent indicator of sand [48] and is recommended as a border plant in group plantings on sandy sites in the southern Great Plains [34].
The Navajo tribe used sand sagebrush as stock feed, toilet paper [22], and to treat snakebite [77].
Information on the phenology of sand sagebrush is sparse. Growing period for sand sagebrush in the southern Great Plains is from February to November [63]. In the north Central Plains sand sagebrush fruit ripens from September to October [68]. Flowering times for sand sagebrush in several states are:
Arizona: August through November [38]
New Mexico: August and September [46]
Kansas: August to October [6]
Breeding system: Pendleton and others [56] describe sagebrush as monoecious.
Pollination: Sand sagebrush is wind pollinated [47,56].
Seed production: No information
Seed dispersal: Sagebrush seed in general has very poor dispersal. It lacks appendages for airborne transport by wind or attachment to animals. Most seed falls beneath the plant and moves 3 feet (0.9 m) or less per generation [64]. There are no specific references to dispersal of sand sagebrush seeds in the literature.
Seed banking: No information
Germination: In laboratory germination trials, Bridges [9] planted sand sagebrush at various depths. He found germination only occurred at a planting depth of 0.5 inch (1.3 cm). Other depths tested were all deeper, implying sand sagebrush germinates better at shallow depths than deeper. It was 17 days from planting until 1st emergence of sand sagebrush seedlings. Vines [79] states seed of sand sagebrush has a germination rate of 40 to 50%.
Seedling establishment/growth: Sand sagebrush was planted at the Alton coal fields in Utah [24]. Three years after planting, sand sagebrush seedlings had a 75% survival rate, and plants averaged 36 inches (91.4 cm) in height with 42 inches (106.7 cm) mean crown diameter.
Asexual regeneration: Sand sagebrush resprouts profusely after both fall and spring prescribed burns [76].
In the sand hills of Colorado, sand sagebrush forms a "subclimax" community with sand sagebrush as a dominant shrub [58]. Also in Colorado, Daley [18] states sand sagebrush is part of a climax, edaphic variant of the mixed-grass prairie.
Diamond and others [20] describe 2 "series" of plants containing sand sagebrush as "late seral." First is an evergreen shrub system described as a sand sagebrush-mid-grass series that occurs on the high plains and rolling plains of Texas. The 2nd is a "mainly deciduous shrub" series of honey mesquite-sand sagebrush that occurs in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas.
Cleaned seed of sand sagebrush averages 195,938 per ounce (6,910/gm) [48] and is available commercially [69]. Sand sagebrush helps prevent wind erosion by helping to stabilize light, sandy soils [48]. McArthur and others [49] rate sand sagebrush "high" for soil stabilization and "medium" for range restoration in Utah. They recommend sand sagebrush for restoration work in blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), sand dunes, big sagebrush, and juniper-pinyon (Juniperus spp.-Pinus spp.) in decreasing order of preference.
Sand sagebrush was tested for reclamation value at the Alton coal fields in Utah. Three years after being planted, sand sagebrush had a 75% survival rate and plants averaged 36 inches (91.4 cm) in height with 42 inches (106.7 cm) mean crown diameter. Sand sagebrush is listed by the authors as a recommended "secondary species" for reclaimed areas of the coal field [24].
Artemisia filifolia, ye una especie de parrotal del xéneru Artemisia, nativa de Norteamérica, onde s'atopa dende Nevada a Nebraska, Arizona y Texas, estendiéndose al sur hasta Chihuahua.[1]
Ye una especie de parrotal maderizu ramificáu parrotal qu'algama un tamañu d'hasta 1,5 metros d'altor. Los tarmos tán cubiertos d'estreches fueyes filiformes d'hasta 8 centímetros de llargu y non más de la metá d'un milímetru d'anchu. Les fueyes dacuando estrémense en segmentos. Son solitaries o dispuestes en fascículos. La inflorescencia ye una panícula coles cabeces de flores. Cada cabeza contién flósculos maneres del discu y 2 a 3 flores ligulaes fértiles. El frutu ye un pequeñu aqueniu. Los aquenios nun tienden a esvalixase llueñe de llantar madre.[1]
Esta planta común ye una especie dominante en gran parte del centro-oeste d'Estaos Xuníos, particularmente n'árees onde'l sustrato ye un suelu fondo y arenoso.[1] Trátase d'un indicador de suelos arenosos. Ye eficaz pa la prevención de la erosión nestos suelos.[2] Ye común en partes de les Grandes Llanures, onde ye un componente dominante de les praderíes, pacionales y ecosistemes de carbaes, xuntu con gramínees tales como Andropogon hallii, bouteloua, Calamovilfa longifolia, Schizachyrium scoparium, y Sporobolus cryptandrus.[3] Delles rexones apoderaes por esta artumisa son les praderíes de Nebraska hasta'l centru de Texas, nos sistemes de dellos ríos nel este de Colorado y Kansas,[3] los médanos y entemecíu con campera de les praderíes de Colorado y partes del sudeste de Wyoming. En Texas, ye común na rexón del Trans-Pecos, onde crez con Prosopis glandulosa y Quercus havardii.[1] Esti ecosistema ye'l más afeutáu pol fueu y el llendo.[3] Antes de la presencia humana, l'ecosistema caltener pol patrón de les perturbaciones causaes poles quemes forestales naturales y el llendo del bisonte.
Cuando los seres humanos empezaron a utilizar esti terrén como pacional, esti sistema foi alteriáu, provocando una homogeneización de les formes de vida nel hábitat.[4] Un réxime equilibráu de fueu y llendo ta obligáu a caltener la biodiversidá d'esti tipu de pacionales.[5] El fueu tamién ayuda a prevenir la socesión de la vexetación maderiza nes carbes. L'artumisa ye tolerante del fueu, yá que vilta brengosa dempués de que les sos partes aérees quémense.[1][6]
Los ecosistemes d'artumisa son importantes tipos d'hábitat pa munchos animales. Los perrinos de les praderíes constrúin les sos llurigues nes praderíes de sable, y cuando les abandonen, el tecolote llaneru ocupar anque prefieren alimentase de Artemisia tridentata. Dellos animales comen les granes, tales como los pollos de la pradería chicos y la falpayar escamosu.[1] Los pollos de la pradería chiques tamién la utilicen pa fines de presentación y de anidación.[6] La estensa eliminación de Artemisia filifolia demostró qu'amenorga la diversidá y bayura d'aves reproductores nel hábitat.[7]
A pesar de la so importancia en numberosos ecosistemes, l'artumisa puede convertise nuna problemática maleces.[8] Unu de los métodos de control ye quemar, y de siguío, asitiar el ganáu por que se alimenten de los nuevos biltos a midida que surden.[1] Tamién se controla con yerbicíes[8] y la siega.[1]
Granes de Artemisia filifolia viéndense comercialmente. Dacuando úsase pa la revegetación de tierres de llendo.[1] Los Navajos tenía dellos usos pa la planta. Usar con fines melecinales y pa fines rituales. Siendo bien nidiu, foi utilizada como papel hixénicu.[1][1][9]
Artemisia filifolia describióse por John Torrey y espublizóse en Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 211. 1827.[10]
Hai dos teoríes na etimoloxía de Artemisia: según la primera, debe'l so nome a Artumisa, hermana ximielga d'Apolo y diosa griega de la caza y de les virtúes curatibles, especialmente de los embaranzos y los partos. Según la segunda teoría, el xéneru foi dau n'honor a Artemisia II, hermana y muyer de Mausolo, rei de la Caria, 353-352 e.C., que reinó dempués de la muerte del soberanu. N'el so homenaxe alzóse'l Mausoléu de Halicarnaso, una de les siete maravíes del mundu. Yera esperta en botánica y en medicina.[11]
filifolia: epítetu llatín que significa "fueya como filo.[12]
.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Artemisia filifolia, ye una especie de parrotal del xéneru Artemisia, nativa de Norteamérica, onde s'atopa dende Nevada a Nebraska, Arizona y Texas, estendiéndose al sur hasta Chihuahua.
Artemisia filifolia, known by common names including sand sagebrush, sand sage and sandhill sage, is a species of flowering plant in the aster family.[2] It is native to North America, where it occurs from Nevada east to South Dakota and from there south to Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas.[3][4][5]
Artemisia filifolia is a branching woody shrub growing up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) tall. The stems are covered narrow, threadlike leaves up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) long and no more than half a millimeter wide. The leaves are sometimes split into segments. They are solitary or arranged in fascicles. The inflorescence is a panicle of hanging flower heads. Each head contains sterile disc florets and 2 to 3 fertile ray florets. The fruit is a tiny achene. The achenes do not tend to disperse far from the parent plant.[3][2]
Artemisia filifolia is a dominant species across much of the west-central United States, particularly in areas where the substrate is a deep, sandy soil.[3] It is an indicator of sandy soils. It is efficient for preventing erosion on such soils.[6] It is common in parts of the Great Plains, where it is a dominant component of prairie, grassland, and shrubland ecosystems alongside grasses such as sand bluestem, grama grasses, sand reedgrass, little bluestem, and sand dropseed.[7] Some regions dominated by this sagebrush include the occurrences of the sandsage prairie from Nebraska to central Texas, various river systems in eastern Colorado and Kansas,[7] the sandhills and mixed-grass prairies of Colorado, and parts of southeastern Wyoming. In Texas, it is common in the Trans-Pecos region, where it grows with honey mesquite, and many other areas in the state where it grows with sand shinnery oak.[3]
This ecosystem is most commonly affected by fire and grazing.[7] Before modern fire suppression, the ecosystem was maintained by a pattern of disturbance caused by natural wildfire and grazing by bison, a pattern which is called pyric herbivory.
When humans began to use this terrain as rangeland, this system was altered, causing a homogenization of life forms in the habitat.[8] A balanced regime of fire and grazing is required to sustain the biodiversity of this type of rangeland.[9] Fire also helps prevent the succession of woody vegetation onto shrublands. The sagebrush is tolerant of fire, resprouting vigorously after its aboveground parts are burned away.[3][10]
Sand sagebrush ecosystems are important habitat types for many animals. Prairie dogs build towns in sandy sage grassland, and when they abandon them, burrowing owls move in. Sage grouse live in sand sagebrush, though they prefer big sagebrush. Some animals eat the seeds, such as lesser prairie chickens and scaled quail.[3] Lesser prairie chickens also use it for cover and nesting purposes.[10] Extensive removal of sand sagebrush has been shown to reduce the diversity and abundance of breeding birds in the habitat.[11]
Despite its importance in numerous ecosystems, this sagebrush can become a troublesome weed.[12] One method of control is burning, then placing livestock where they will graze the new sprouts as they come up.[3] It is also controlled with herbicides[12] and mowing.[3]
Sand sagebrush seed is sold commercially. It is sometimes used for revegetation efforts on rangeland and coal fields.[3] The Navajo had several uses for the plant. It was used medicinally and for ritual purposes. Being quite soft, it was used as toilet paper.[3][13]
Artemisia filifolia, known by common names including sand sagebrush, sand sage and sandhill sage, is a species of flowering plant in the aster family. It is native to North America, where it occurs from Nevada east to South Dakota and from there south to Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas.
Artemisia filifolia, es una especie de arbusto del género Artemisia, nativa de Norteamérica, donde se encuentra desde Nevada a Nebraska, Arizona y Texas, estendiéndose al sur hasta Chihuahua.[1]
Es una especie de arbusto leñoso ramificado arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 1,5 metros de altura. Los tallos están cubiertos de estrechas hojas filiformes de hasta 8 centímetros de largo y no más de la mitad de un milímetro de ancho. Las hojas a veces se dividen en segmentos. Son solitarias o dispuestas en fascículos. La inflorescencia es una panícula con las cabezas de flores. Cada cabeza contiene flósculos estériles del disco y 2 a 3 flores liguladas fértiles. El fruto es un pequeño aquenio. Los aquenios no tienden a dispersarse lejos de la planta madre.[1]
Esta planta común es una especie dominante en gran parte del centro-oeste de Estados Unidos, particularmente en áreas donde el sustrato es un suelo profundo y arenoso.[1] Se trata de un indicador de suelos arenosos. Es eficaz para la prevención de la erosión en estos suelos.[2] Es común en partes de las Grandes Llanuras, donde es un componente dominante de las praderas, pastizales y ecosistemas de matorrales, junto con gramíneas tales como Andropogon hallii, bouteloua, Calamovilfa longifolia, Schizachyrium scoparium, y Sporobolus cryptandrus.[3] Algunas regiones dominadas por esta artemisa son las praderas de Nebraska hasta el centro de Texas, en los sistemas de varios ríos en el este de Colorado y Kansas,[3] los médanos y mezclado con pasto de las praderas de Colorado y partes del sudeste de Wyoming. En Texas, es común en la región del Trans-Pecos, donde crece con Prosopis glandulosa y Quercus havardii.[1] Este ecosistema es el más afectado por el fuego y el pastoreo.[3] Antes de la presencia humana, el ecosistema se mantuvo por el patrón de las perturbaciones causadas por los incendios forestales naturales y el pastoreo del bisonte.
Cuando los seres humanos comenzaron a utilizar este terreno como pastizal, este sistema fue alterado, provocando una homogeneización de las formas de vida en el hábitat.[4] Un régimen equilibrado de fuego y pastoreo está obligado a mantener la biodiversidad de este tipo de pastizales.[5] El fuego también ayuda a prevenir la sucesión de la vegetación leñosa en los matorrales. La artemisa es tolerante del fuego, ya que rebrota vigorosa después de que sus partes aéreas se quemen.[1][6]
Los ecosistemas de artemisa son importantes tipos de hábitat para muchos animales. Los perritos de las praderas construyen sus madrigueras en las praderas de arena, y cuando las abandonan, el tecolote llanero las ocupan aunque prefieren alimentarse de Artemisia tridentata. Algunos animales comen las semillas, tales como los pollos de la pradera chicos y la codorniz escamosa.[1] Los pollos de la pradera chicos también lo utilizan para fines de presentación y de anidación.[6] La extensa eliminación de Artemisia filifolia ha demostrado que reduce la diversidad y abundancia de aves reproductoras en el hábitat.[7]
A pesar de su importancia en numerosos ecosistemas, la artemisa puede convertirse en una problemática malezas.[8] Uno de los métodos de control es quemarlas, y a continuación, colocar el ganado para que se alimenten de los nuevos brotes a medida que surgen.[1] También se controla con herbicidas[8] y la siega.[1]
Semillas de Artemisia filifolia se venden comercialmente. A veces se usa para la revegetación de tierras de pastoreo.[1] Los Navajos tenían varios usos para la planta. Se usan con fines medicinales y para fines rituales. Siendo muy suave, fue utilizada como papel higiénico.[1][9]
Artemisia filifolia fue descrita por John Torrey y publicado en Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 211. 1827.[10]
Hay dos teorías en la etimología de Artemisia: según la primera, debe su nombre a Artemisa, hermana gemela de Apolo y diosa griega de la caza y de las virtudes curativas, especialmente de los embarazos y los partos. Según la segunda teoría, el género fue otorgado en honor a Artemisia II, hermana y mujer de Mausolo, rey de la Caria, 353-352 a. C., que reinó después de la muerte del soberano. En su homenaje se erigió el Mausoleo de Halicarnaso, una de las siete maravillas del mundo. Era experta en botánica y en medicina.[11]
filifolia: epíteto latino que significa "hoja como hilo.[12]
Artemisia filifolia, es una especie de arbusto del género Artemisia, nativa de Norteamérica, donde se encuentra desde Nevada a Nebraska, Arizona y Texas, estendiéndose al sur hasta Chihuahua.
Artemisia filifolia est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Asteraceae.
Artemisia filifolia est un arbuste ligneux ramifié pouvant atteindre 1,5 mètre de hauteur. Les tiges sont couvertes de feuilles étroites et filiformes atteignant 8 cm de long et pas plus d'un 0,5 mm de large. Les feuilles sont parfois divisées en segments. Elles sont solitaires ou disposées en fascicules. L'inflorescence est une panicule de pseudanthiums suspendus. Chaque pseudanthe contient des fleurons de disque stériles et 2 à 3 rayons de fleurons fertiles. Le fruit est un minuscule akène. Les akènes n'ont pas tendance à se disperser loin de la plante mère.
Artemisia filifolia est native de l'Amérique du Nord, des États-Unis, où elle est présente du Nevada vers l'est jusqu'au Dakota du Sud et vers le sud jusqu'à l'Arizona, le Chihuahua et le Texas.
Artemisia filifolia est une espèce dominante dans une grande partie du centre-ouest des États-Unis, en particulier dans les régions où le substrat est un sol sableux profond. C'est un indicateur des sols sableux. Elle est efficace pour empêcher l'érosion sur ces sols. Elle est commune dans certaines parties des Grandes Plaines, où elle est une composante dominante des écosystèmes de la Prairie, des pelouses et des fruticées aux côtés d'herbes telles que Andropogon hallii (en), les Bouteloua, Calamovilfa longifolia (en), Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus cryptandrus (en), Proboscidea sabulosa (en) et Chenopodium cycloides (en). Certaines régions dominées par cette armoise sont la prairie de sable du Nebraska au centre du Texas, des systèmes fluviaux dans l'est du Colorado et du Kansas, les dunes et les prairies mixtes du Colorado et des parties du sud-est du Wyoming. Au Texas, elle est commune dans la région de Trans-Pecos, où elle pousse avec la Prosopis glandulosa, et dans de nombreuses autres régions de l'État où elle pousse avec Quercus havardii.
Cet écosystème est le plus souvent touché par le feu et le pâturage. Avant la présence humaine, l'écosystème était maintenu par un schéma de perturbation causé par les feux de forêt naturels et le pâturage par le bison, un schéma appelé herbivore pyrique. Lorsque les humains piétinent ce terrain, ce système est modifié, provoquant une homogénéisation des formes de vie dans l'habitat. Un régime équilibré de feu et de pâturage est nécessaire pour maintenir la biodiversité de ce type de parcours. Le feu permet également d'éviter la succession de végétation ligneuse sur les arbustes. L'armoise est tolérante au feu, repoussant vigoureusement après que ses parties aériennes ont été brûlées.
Les écosystèmes d’Artemisia filifolia sont des types d'habitats importants pour de nombreux animaux. Les chiens de prairie ou le Rat-kangourou d'Ord construisent des habitats, et quand ils les abandonnent, la Chevêche des terriers s'y installe. Le Centrocercus y vit, bien qu'il préfère Artemisia tridentata. Certains animaux mangent les graines, comme le Tétras pâle et le Colin écaillé. Les Tétras pâles l'utilisent également à des fins de couverture et de nidification. Sceloporus arenicolus apprécie sa présence. Il est démontré que l'enlèvement à grande échelle d’Artemisia filifolia réduit la diversité et l'abondance des oiseaux nicheurs dans l'habitat[1].
La plante est consommée par Spharagemon collare.
Malgré son importance dans de nombreux écosystèmes, cette armoise peut devenir une mauvaise herbe gênante. Une méthode de contrôle consiste à brûler, puis à placer le bétail là où on fera paître les nouvelles pousses au fur et à mesure qu'elles poussent. Elle est également contrôlée avec des herbicides et la tonte.
Les graines d’Artemisia filifolia sont vendues dans le commerce. La plante est parfois utilisée pour les efforts de revégétalisation des parcours et des champs houillers. Les Navajos avaient plusieurs utilisations pour la plante. Elle était utilisée en médecine et à des fins rituelles. Étant assez douce, elle servait de papier toilette.
Artemisia filifolia est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Asteraceae.
L'Artemisia filifolia è una pianta della famiglia delle Asteracee, originaria degli Stati Uniti occidentali, dove è nota con il nome comune di sand sagebrush.
Si presenta come un arbusto legnoso molto ramificato che può raggiungere 1,5 m di altezza. Le foglie di colore argenteo-grigio possono essere intere o pennate, suddivise in segmenti filiformi, e hanno una lunghezza di 3–8 cm. Fiorisce da agosto a metà settembre producendo fiori di colore giallo. I frutti sono acheni ovoidali di circa 1 mm.
L'A. filifolia cresce in terreni sabbiosi ed è diffusa negli Stati Uniti occidentali, prevalentemente in Utah, Colorado, Nuovo Messico e Arizona, e nello stato messicano di Chihuahua.
L'Artemisia filifolia è una pianta della famiglia delle Asteracee, originaria degli Stati Uniti occidentali, dove è nota con il nome comune di sand sagebrush.
Artemisia filifolia là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được Torr. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên.[1]
Artemisia filifolia là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được Torr. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên.
Artemisia filifolia Torr., 1827[2]
Синонимы
Полы́нь нители́стная (лат. Artemísia filifolia) — многолетнее травянистое растение рода Полынь семейства Астровые (Asteraceae}.
Распространена в Северной Америке от Невады и западной Небраски на западе и на юг до Аризоны и Техаса и до мексиканского штата Чиуауа.[3]
Это ветвистый древовидный кустарник до 1,5 м высотой. Стволы покрыты узкими листьями до 8 см длиной и лишь 0,5 мм шириной. Могут быть расщеплёнными на сегменты. Листья одиночные или собраны в кластеры. Соцветие полыни — метёлка из подвешенных корзиночек. Плоды — мелкие семянки, как правило, разносятся недалеко от родительского растения.[3]
Полынь нителистная используется для озеленения пустырей и угольных отвалов.[3] Индейцы навахо использовали растение в медицинских и ритуальных целей. Будучи мягкой на ощупь, листва использовалась как туалетная бумага.[3][4]
Полы́нь нители́стная (лат. Artemísia filifolia) — многолетнее травянистое растение рода Полынь семейства Астровые (Asteraceae}.
Распространена в Северной Америке от Невады и западной Небраски на западе и на юг до Аризоны и Техаса и до мексиканского штата Чиуауа.
