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Rhipsalideae

Rhipsalideae ( Almanca )

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Die Rhipsalideae sind eine Tribus in der Unterfamilie Cactoideae aus der Familie der Kakteengewächse.

Beschreibung

Rhipsalideae sind für gewöhnlich hängende, manchmal kriechende oder strauchige, jedoch nur ausnahmsweise kletternde Epiphyten oder Lithophyten. Ihre im Querschnitt runden, eckigen oder abgeflachten Triebe sind gegliedert. Die seitlich am Trieb erscheinenden kleinen, polysymmetrisch bis disymmetrisch Blüten öffnen sich am Tag und bleiben oft die Nacht über geöffnet. Ihr Perikarpell ist kahl und nur selten mit Areolen besetzt. Die fleischigen, beerenartigen Früchte sind nicht aufreißend. Die kleinen bis mittelgroßen Samen besitzen keine bestimmte Oberflächenstruktur. Hilum und Mikropyle der Samen sind miteinander vereinigt, eine schleimige Umhüllung ist vorhanden.

Systematik und Verbreitung

Die Tribus Rhipsalideae sind hauptsächlich im Osten Südamerikas verbreitet. Einige Arten kommen in Mittel- und Nordamerika vor. Eine Art (Rhipsalis baccifera) wächst auch in der Alten Welt. Die Tribus wurde 1828 von Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle aufgestellt. Zur Tribus gehören die folgenden Gattungen:[1]

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Edward F. Anderson: Das große Kakteen-Lexikon. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1, S. 59.

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Wilhelm Barthlott, Nigel P. Taylor: Notes towards a Monograph of Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae). In: Bradleya. Band 13, 1995, S. 43–79.
  • Nadja Korotkova, Thomas Borsch, Dietmar Quandt, Nigel P. Taylor, Kai F. Müller, Wilhelm Barthlott: What does it take to resolve relationships and to identify species with molecular markers? An example from the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae). In: American Journal of Botany. Band 98, Nummer 9, 2011, S. 1549–1572 (doi:10.3732/ajb.1000502).

Weblinks

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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Die Rhipsalideae sind eine Tribus in der Unterfamilie Cactoideae aus der Familie der Kakteengewächse.

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Rhipsalideae ( İngilizce )

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The Rhipsalideae are a small tribe of cacti, comprising four or five genera (and around 60 species). They grow on trees (epiphytes) or on rocks (lithophytes), where they either hang down or form creeping or upright shrubs. Their flowers open in the day and remain open at night; they may be either radially symmetrical (regular) or bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic). The fruits are berry-like, fleshy with smallish seeds.[2]

They are found mainly in the east of South America, with a centre of diversity in Bolivia,[3] but some species occur in Central America and North America; one species, Rhipsalis baccifera, also occurs in the Old World.[2]

Taxonomy

The tribe Rhipsalideae was established by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1828.[1] De Candolle included only one genus, Rhipsalis.[4] Cacti belonging to the Rhipsalideae are quite distinct in appearance and habit from other cacti, growing on trees or rocks as epiphytes or lithophytes, and are thus easily distinguished. However, for many years there has been confusion as to how to divide the tribe into genera.[5] For example, in 1858 Charles Lemaire recognized the distinctiveness of the species then called Epiphyllum russellianum by creating the genus Schlumbergera. However he kept the only other species of Schlumbergera known at the time in a different genus.[6] As another example, in 1923, Nathaniel Britton and Joseph Rose created the genus Hatiora. Of the species known at the time, they placed two in Hatiora (H. salicornioides and H. cylindrica). They placed one species in a new genus, Rhipsalidopsis, as R. rosea, but left a related species in Schlumbergera as S. gaertneri, where they had placed it in 1913.[7] According to Anderson,[5] the confusion among the Rhipsalideae was not clarified until work by Wilhelm Barthlott and Nigel Taylor in 1995.[8]

Molecular phylogenetic studies led to a slight modification of the approach taken by Barthlott and Taylor, since with their circumscriptions, Hatiora and Schlumbergera were not monophyletic. One hypothesis for the relationships between the genera is shown below. The yellow shading shows species formerly placed in Hatiora, but which were placed by Calvente et al. in 2011 in a more broadly defined Schlumbergera,[9] and are placed in the genus Rhipsalidopsis by other sources.[10][11][12]

Rhipsalideae Schlumbergera s.l. Rhipsalidopsis

Rhipsalidopsis rosea

Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri

Schlumbergera s.s.

Schlumbergera opuntioides

Schlumbergera lutea

3 other Schlumbergera spp. included in the 2011 study

Hatiora s.s. (3 spp.)

Lepismium

Rhipsalis

Genera

The genera included in the tribe as of January 2023 are as follows,[9] with species counts based on Plants of the World Online:

  • Hatiora Britton & Rose – 3 species;[13] synonyms include Epiphyllopsis, Hariota DC non Andan., Pseudozygocactus; it has been included in Rhipsalis[7]
  • Lepismium Pfeiff. – 7 species;[14] synonyms include Acanthorhipsalis, Lymanbensonia, Pfeiffera; it has been included in Rhipsalis[15]
  • Rhipsalidopsis Britton & Rose – 2 species[12] (plus an artificial hybrid); included in Schlumbergera by Calvente et al. (2011)
  • Rhipsalis Gaertn. – 45 species;[16] synonyms include Erythrorhipsalis;[17] most species in the tribe have been placed here at one time or another
  • Schlumbergera Lem. – 7 species;[18] synonyms include Epiphyllanthus, Epiphyllum Pfeiffer non. Haworth and Zygocactus[19]

References

  1. ^ a b Reveal, James L. (2011), "Rhipsalideae", Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium, Plant Biology section, Cornell University, retrieved 2023-01-25
  2. ^ a b Anderson 2001, p. 102
  3. ^ Hogan, C. Michael & Dawson, Arthur (2012), "Cactus", in Cleveland, Cutler J. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth, Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, retrieved 2012-01-29
  4. ^ de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1828), "Trib. II. Rhipsalideae", Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, 3 (in Latin), pp. 475–476
  5. ^ a b Anderson 2001, p. 375
  6. ^ McMillan, A.J.S.; Horobin, J.F. (1995), Christmas Cacti : The genus Schlumbergera and its hybrids (p/b ed.), Sherbourne, Dorset: David Hunt, ISBN 978-0-9517234-6-3, pp. 12–13
  7. ^ a b Anderson 2001, pp. 375–377
  8. ^ Barthlott, W. & Taylor, N.P. (1995), "Notes towards a monograph of Rhipsalidaeae (Cactaceae)", Bradleya, 13 (13): 43–79, doi:10.25223/brad.n13.1995.a7, S2CID 89883634
  9. ^ a b Calvente, Alice; Zappi, Daniela C.; Forest, Félix & Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2011), "Molecular phylogeny of tribe Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) and taxonomic implications for Schlumbergera and Hatiora", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58 (3): 456–468, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.001, PMID 21236350
  10. ^ Korotkova, Nadja; Borsch, Thomas; Quandt, Dietmar; Taylor, Nigel P.; Müller, Kai F. & Barthlott, Wilhelm (2011), "What does it take to resolve relationships and to identify species with molecular markers? An example from the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae)", American Journal of Botany, 98 (9): 1549–1572, doi:10.3732/ajb.1000502, PMID 21900612
  11. ^ Lodé, Joël (2015), "Rhipsalidopsis", Taxonomy of the Cactaceae : a new classification of cacti based on molecular research and fully explained (vols. 1 and 2), Cuevas del Almanzora, ISBN 978-84-617-2974-6, accessed 2019-06-19 via Rhipsalidopsis
  12. ^ a b "Rhipsalidopsis Britton & Rose", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2023-01-24
  13. ^ "Hatiora Britton & Rose", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2023-01-24
  14. ^ "Lepismium Pfeiff.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2023-01-24
  15. ^ Anderson 2001, pp. 386–391
  16. ^ "Rhipsalis Gaertn.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2023-01-24
  17. ^ Anderson 2001, p. 612
  18. ^ "Schlumbergera Lem.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2023-01-24
  19. ^ Anderson 2001, p. 623
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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The Rhipsalideae are a small tribe of cacti, comprising four or five genera (and around 60 species). They grow on trees (epiphytes) or on rocks (lithophytes), where they either hang down or form creeping or upright shrubs. Their flowers open in the day and remain open at night; they may be either radially symmetrical (regular) or bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic). The fruits are berry-like, fleshy with smallish seeds.

They are found mainly in the east of South America, with a centre of diversity in Bolivia, but some species occur in Central America and North America; one species, Rhipsalis baccifera, also occurs in the Old World.

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Rhipsalideae ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Rhipsalideae es una tribu perteneciente a la familia Cactaceae en la subfamilia Cactoideae.

Descripción

Las Rhipsalideae son epífitas o litofitas, generalmente colgantes, raramente enredaderas o arbustos. El tallo es segmentado, redondeado o plano, las areolas están hundidas. Las pequeñas flores nacen en las partes laterales de la planta, son diurnas, pero también permanecen abiertas por la noche. Los frutos, por lo general de pequeñas bayas, son carnosas.

Distribución

Las plantas de esta tribu son originarias principalmente de las regiones orientales de América del Sur . Algunas especies también se encuentran en el centro y norte de América . Una especie, Rhipsalis baccifera , también está presente en el Viejo Mundo .

Géneros

Tiene los siguientes géneros:

Referencias

Bibliografía

  • DC. 1828. Prodr. 3: 475.
  • Nyffeler, R. & Eggli, U. (2010), A farewell to dated ideas and concepts: molecular phylogenetics and a revised suprageneric classification of the family Cactaceae. Schumannia 6: 109–149 [1].

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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Rhipsalideae es una tribu perteneciente a la familia Cactaceae en la subfamilia Cactoideae.

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Rhipsalideae ( Fince )

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Rhipsalideae on yksi kaktuskasvien heimon Cactoideae-alaheimon yhdeksästä tribuksesta.

Tuntomerkit

Kasvit ovat puiden oksilla kasvavia epifyyttejä tai kallioilla kasvavia litofyyttejä, kasvutavaltaan tavallisesti riippuvia, joskus alustansa myötäisiä tai pensasmaisia, eivät koskaan kiipeileviä. Varret ovat nivelikkäät ja poikkileikkaukseltaan pyöreitä, kulmikkaita tai litistyneitä. Areolit ovat varteen uponneita. Päivällä avautuvat ja yön yli avoinna olevat kukat sijaitsevat lateraalisesti ja ovat pieniä, säteittäisiä, putkimaisia tai vastakohtaisia. Pohjus on paljas, harvoin siinä on areoleita. Mehevä hedelmä on marjamainen ja avautumaton. Siemenet ovat pieniä tai keskikokoisia, vailla selvää pintakuviointia, ja kannattimen arpi (hilum) sekä siitereikä (mikropyle) ovat yhtyneet. Siemenessä on limainen vaippa (arillus).[1]

Levinneisyys

Tribuksen lajit kasvavat pääasiassa Etelä-Amerikan itäosassa, mutta joitakin lajeja tavataan myös Keski- ja Pohjois-Amerikan eteläosissa. Yksi laji, hiuskorallikaktus (Rhipsalis baccifera) on levinnyt myös Vanhan maailman tropiikkiin.[2]

Suvut

Tribus koostuu neljästä suvusta.[3]

  • Hatiora (synonyymit: Epiphyllopsis, Hariota, Pseudozygocactus, Rhipsalidopsis.) - kausikaktukset
  • Lepismium (synonyymit: Acanthorhipsalis, Lymanbensonia, Pfeiffera).
  • Rhipsalis (synonyymi: Erythrorhipsalis) - korallikaktukset
  • Schlumbergera (synonyymit: Epiphyllanthus, Zygocactus) - talvikaktukset


Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. Anderson 2001:102
  2. Anderson 2001:102
  3. Anderson 2001:102
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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( Fince )

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Rhipsalideae on yksi kaktuskasvien heimon Cactoideae-alaheimon yhdeksästä tribuksesta.

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Rhipsalideae ( Fransızca )

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Les Rhipsalideae sont une tribu de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Cactaceae, comprenant cinq genres. Rhipsalis est le genre type.

Liste des genres

Selon GRIN (30 août 2021)[2] :

Notes et références

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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Les Rhipsalideae sont une tribu de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Cactaceae, comprenant cinq genres. Rhipsalis est le genre type.

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Rhipsalideae ( İtalyanca )

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Le Rhipsalideae DC., 1828 sono una tribù della famiglia delle Cactacee (sottofamiglia Cactoideae)[1].

Descrizione

Le Rhipsalideae sono piante epifite o litofite, normalmente pendenti, raramente rampicanti o con arbusti. Il fusto è segmentato, arrotondato o piatto, le areole sono sommerse. I piccoli fiori nascono nelle parti laterali della pianta, sono diurni ma rimangono aperti anche la notte. I frutti, normalmente delle piccole bacche, sono carnosi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Le piante di questa tribù sono originarie per lo più delle regioni orientali dell'America meridionale. Alcune specie si trovano anche nel centro e nord America. Una sola specie, Rhipsalis baccifera, è presente anche nel Vecchio mondo (Africa tropicale, Madagascar, Sri Lanka)[1].

Tassonomia

La tribù delle Rhipsalideae, descritta nel 1828 da Augustin Pyrame de Candolle, comprende i seguenti generi[1]:

Note

Bibliografia

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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

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Le Rhipsalideae DC., 1828 sono una tribù della famiglia delle Cactacee (sottofamiglia Cactoideae).

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Rhipsalideae ( İsveççe )

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Rhipsalideae är en tribus inom familjen kaktusar med fyra släkten. De förekommer i större delen av Central- och Sydamerika, samt en art som även förekommer i Afrika, på Madagaskar, Sri Lanka och i södra Indien. De flesta arterna är epifyter.

Släkten

  • Lepismiumsläktet (Lepismium) - förgrenar sig oregelbundet. Fruktämnet är vanligen taggigt, vårtigt eller ribbat och oftast med synliga själl.

Övriga släkten förgrenar sig från ledstyckets toppareol (gaffelgrenigt), åtminstone i grenspetsarna.

  • Pendelkaktussläktet (Rhipsalis) - har vanligen långa basala grenar och kortare ledstycken i spetsarna. Ledstyckena avslutas med enkla areoler. Blommorna är vita eller vitaktiga. Fruktämnet saknar synliga fjäll och har endast i sällsynta fall borst.
  • Hatiorasläktet (Hatiora) - hela plantan är uppbyggd av ledstycken som är kortare än fem cm. I spetsarna sitter flera sammanväxta areoler. Blommorna är regelbundna, ofta klart färgade i gult, rött eller rosa. Hyllebladen är endast sammanväxta vid basen och bildar en blompip som är kortare än fem mm.
  • Julkaktussläktet (Schlumbergera), liknar hatiorasläktet, men blommorna är zygomorfiska och har sammanväxta hylleblad som bildar en lång blompip, över fem mm lång.

Referenser

Webbkällor

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Rhipsalideae: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Rhipsalideae är en tribus inom familjen kaktusar med fyra släkten. De förekommer i större delen av Central- och Sydamerika, samt en art som även förekommer i Afrika, på Madagaskar, Sri Lanka och i södra Indien. De flesta arterna är epifyter.

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Rhipsalideae ( Ukraynaca )

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Екологія

Представники триби ростуть на деревах (епіфіти) або скелях (літофіти).

Поширення

Поширені, переважно, у Південній Америці. Декілька видів відомі у Центральній та Північній Америці. Вид Rhipsalis baccifera завезений в Африку та на Шрі-Ланку.[1]

Класифікація

Включає 4 роди та близько 60 видів:

Примітки

  1. Anderson, 2001, с. 375
  2. Barthlott, W. & Taylor, N.P. (1995). Notes towards a monograph of Rhipsalidaeae (Cactaceae). Bradleya 13: 43–79.
Coryphantha radians BlKakteenT102.jpg Це незавершена стаття про Кактуси.
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