Sooty mangabeys are hard object feeders with a narrow diet primarily consisting of fruits and nuts, especially palm nuts, with specialization on their flesh and kernels. They are also known to eat stems, roots, shoots, and leaves of swamp plants, as well as grass, seeds and fungi (Kingdon 1997, Macdonald 2001). Invertebrates are another staple of their diet (McGraw, Vick, and Daegling 2011). They have extremely strong, powerful jaws and massive incisors that allow them to consume a hard object diet. Powerful post-canine biting allows them to crack and consume hard nuts that other animals cannot eat (Rowe 1996, Estes 1991). A complex premolar profile and their thicker enamel also reflect their hard object feeding lifestyle (Daegling et al. 2011).
The most common food in their diet and hardest item they feed on is nuts from Sacoglottis gabonensis, which can comprise 25 to 80% of the whole diet seasonally and which they crush using their large premolars. These nuts are mostly recovered from leaf litter on the forest floor and are covered with an extremely hard casing (McGraw, Vick, and Daegling 2011). When consuming these nuts, they exhibit a powerful isometric bite with incisal preparation and powerful post-canine crushing (McGraw, Vick, and Daegling 2011). The fruit of Anthonota fragrans was observed to seasonally form up to 25% of the diet (Janmaat, Byrne, and Zuberbuhler 2006).
Male and female sooty mangabeys have different dietary patterns. Males tend to eat more hard nuts, seeds, and invertebrates, while females typically consume softer seeds and fruits. Males tend to use more incisions and post-canine crushing. Adults and non-adults also differ in feeding patterns, with adults eating more fungi and soft seeds, and non-adults eating more S. gabonensis seeds (McGraw, Vick, and Daegling 2011).
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; terrestrial worms
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Other Foods: fungus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )
The most common call of sooty mangabeys is a soft grunt, also known as a staccato bark, which consists of a multitude of rapid grunts and a whoop that is finished by a multi-syllabled rumble (Kingdon 1997). Sooty mangabey vocalizations can be grouped into several main categories. Grunts, low frequency vocalizations, are the most common vocalization, and are more commonly produced by males and in foraging activities. Twitters, ranging from soft, melodic sounds to harsher sounds, are only heard from adult females and juveniles of both sexes in foraging and social interactions. They can consist of up to 23 syllables. Twitters can be heard when a female approaches another group member, and are common when foraging in widely dispersed areas to locate another foraging group. Screams, which are loud, noisy agonistic vocalizations, are mostly heard from juvenile and adult females during contact aggression. Growls are multi-syllabic, also occur in agonistic situations, and are often accompanied by a raised eyebrow. Grumbles, hoos, intense threats, and waus are other calls heard during agonistic interactions. Copulation calls have a complex phrase structure and last up to 10 seconds. They can be heard from females during copulation and occasionally during defecation, as well as from males after ejaculation. Whoop gobbles are long calls, only used by adult males, and are associated with contacting other groups. Alarm calls are produced by both males and females, and have been heard in response to Gaboon vipers, leopards, and African crowned eagles. There appears to be a different alarm call specific to each predator (Range and Fischer 2004).
Sooty mangabeys exhibit many variable facial expressions, most of unknown meaning (Kingdon 1997). A lipgrin with a protrusion of the tongue is often seen but its significance is unknown (Bernstein 1976). Frequent eyelid raising indicates a threat (Gust and Gordon 1994).
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Sooty mangabeys are natural hosts of SIV-2, meaning they acquire the infection but never show any symptoms for it. The captive colony of sooty mangabeys at the Yerkes facility are all infected with SIV-2 and have provided an important study opportunity for HIV researchers. SIV-2 is non-pathogenic in sooty mangabeys (Riddick et al. 2010). One possible route of exposure between these monkeys is through grooming, where blood sucking parasites are removed using the mouth (Santiago et al. 2005). The human genome sequencing center at the Baylor College of Medicine is currently sequencing the genome of sooty mangabeys to understand their “AIDS resistance” factors ("Sooty Mangabey" 2011).
Sooty mangabeys are the only primates other than humans known to acquire leprosy from their own species (Rowe 1996). Leprosy in wild sooty mangabeys, and subsequently in the captive Yerkes sooty mangabey colony, eventually led researchers to discover that Rhesus monkeys infected with SIV were more susceptible to also being infected with leprosy; conversely this led to the discovery that leprosy may prevent AIDS induced mortality (Hamilton et al. 2008).
Sooty mangabeys are often considered a subspecies of Cercocebus torquatus as Cercocebus torquatus atys (Nowak 1991). Cercocebus lunulatus has been proposed as a separate species rather than its current status as a subspecies of Cercocebus atys (Smith 2012).
While hunting sooty mangabeys is difficult because they live in dense, swampy forests, they are easily trapped since they spend the vast majority of their time foraging on the forest ground (Kingdon 1997). Sooty mangabeys are currently being hunted at two times a sustainable rate in the Tai forest region in Ivory Coast for their meat, which is decimating their population (Refisch and Kone 2005). Human activities and land use also threaten the sooty mangabey, as urbanization has caused deforestation in their natural habitat (Galat and Galat-luong 2006). Large-scale logging has greatly reduced the range of this species (Nowak 1991). For this reason, C. atys is listed as vulnerable according to the IUCN and is in Appendix II of the CITES database (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011; UNEP-WCMC 2012).
Sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus atys atys, are near threatened, as their population has declined 20 to 25% over the past few decades (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011). This subspecies is present in two protected areas, Tai National Park and Sapo National Park (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011).
White-naped mangabeys, Cercocebus atys lunulatus, are endangered, and was one of the 25 most threatened primate species (Galat and Galat-Luong 2006). The population has declined by at least 50% over the past 27 years, largely attributed to habitat destruction and hunting pressure, mostly in Ghana (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011). The recent addition of the AGEREF/Comoe-Leraba Reserve to the Comoe National park could substantially increase the likelihood of this subspecies’ survival (Galat and Galat-Luong 2006). This park, however, is currently threatened by civil conflict and hunting (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011). The West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA) has highlighted white-naped mangabeys as one of two primate species to save in West Africa and hopes to employ hunters of the monkeys as game wardens to ensure its preservation (Dale 2001).
Captive breeding programs in European zoos also hope to increase population numbers (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011).
The US Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) restrictions currently make continued research on captive sooty mangabeys and SIV challenging. The Yerkes facility is working with collaborators from other institutions to ensure the protection of wild sooty mangabeys, while using colony bred animals to learn more about the basic biology of this species. These institutions hope that their efforts will encourage the USFWS to ease restrictions on the research of the captive colony and SIV (Else et al. 2006).
CITES: appendix ii
Sooty mangabeys are seen as agricultural pests since they frequently ravage farms, mostly rice paddies, where they can cause extensive economic damage (Kingdon 1997). Attempts to conserve this species may hurt industrialization in the region, since the habitat of this species is composed of trees useful for timber and firewood (Galat and Galat-luong 2006; Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011).
Eastern sooty mangabeys, which are often infected with SIV-2, may have initially been the vectors for SIV-2 to evolve into HIV-2 in humans (Santiago et al. 2005).
Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); crop pest
Sooty mangabeys provide a good study primate for evolutionarily, behaviorally, ecologically, and medically related studies. They are studied in the wild at Tai National Park in southwestern Ivory Coast, and in a captive colony at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center at Emory University (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010; Gust and Gordon 1992). Anthropological research has allowed inferences on human behavior, such as hard object feeding, due to their relatively close phylogenetic relationship to humans (Daegling et al. 2011). This species is also an incredibly important medical study animal as it is a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus 2 (SIV-2), giving researchers insights on HIV-2 in humans. Sooty mangabeys can also contract and spread leprosy (Hamilton et al. 2008; Riddick et al. 2010).
Sooty mangabeys are hunted for their meat (Refisch and Kone 2005).
Positive Impacts: food ; research and education
Sooty mangabeys follow arboreal monkeys to feed on their dropped fruit. They also act as seed dispersers since their diet includes seeds (Rowe 1996).
Sooty mangabeys have been observed in the wild as participants in mixed primate species groups in the Tai National Park along with western red colobuses (Piliocolobus badius) and Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana). These inter-species groups ensure better protection against predators, and usually involve monkeys with different dietary needs to eliminate food competition (Macdonald 2001). These inter-species groups allow arboreal monkeys to come closer to the ground and extend their niche when sooty mangabeys are nearby, due to a perceived reduced threat of terrestrial predators. The sooty mangabey acts as a sentinel for ground predators, and its alarm call helps warn the less observant arboreal species of predators (McGraw and Bshary 2002).
A necroposy of a juvenile female sooty mangabey indicated the presence of lung worms of the Metastrongylidae family, the larval form of Porocephalus armillatus, the pancreatic fluke Brodenia serrata, and Hepatocystis kochi (Hysell et al. 1970). Abbreviata poicilometra, a physalopterid, can also infect this species (Slaughter and Bostrom 1969).
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Sooty mangabeys are primarily endemic to Upper Guinea in coastal West Africa (Kingdon 1997, Santiago et al. 2005). The native range used to extend from the Casamance River in Senegal to the Sassandra/Nzo River system in Ivory Coast, but their population has been reduced and is mostly extinct today in Senegal, Guinea Bissau, and parts of Guinea (Rowe 1996, Groves 2001). Large numbers of sooty mangabeys still exist in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and western Ivory Coast (Santiago et al. 2005). Their range overlaps with that of other mangabey species (Estes 1991).
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Sooty mangabeys are primarily terrestrial and reside in valleys in primary, secondary, flooded, dry, mosaic and mangrove forests in the Guinean Forest Zone. They also inhabit gallery forests and are commonly spotted near swamp and palm forests (Kingdon 1997, Carey and Judge 2000).
The Tai National Park in southwestern Ivory Coast is the only primary forest left in West Africa, and many wild sooty mangabey groups are found and studied extensively there (Range and Noe 2002). In this park, there are two dry seasons and average rainfall is 1,830 mm. The mean temperature is 24 degrees Celsius (McGraw 1998).
Sooty mangabeys live from sea level up to 1000 m above sea leval, possibly higher in the Lome Mountains in Sierra Leone (Oates, Gippoliti, and Groves 2011).
Range elevation: 0 to 1000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; riparian
Average lifespan in the wild for sooty mangabeys is 18 years (Rowe 1996). Average lifespan in captivity for males is 26.8 years (Carey and Judge 2000).
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 18 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 26.8 years.
A member of the Cercopithecinae, monkeys with cheek-pouches, sooty mangabeys are a smoky, slate-grey or brown-grey monkey with lighter white on their ventral side (Groves 2001). They are noted for their light colored facial whiskers, which have the greatest contrast in color in the eastern populations, and hands and feet of slightly darker color than the body. Their bare facial skin is mottled dark grey and pink salmon color, while the upper eyelids are white and the orbits and muzzle are more rectangular than round in outline (Kingdon 1997, Rowe 1996, Meester and Setzer 1971). Their face has a blackish muzzle and their ears are a similar color to their muzzle. Enlargement of the second premolar (P4) relative to the first molar separates the sooty mangabey’s dentition from other closely related species (Daegling et al. 2011). This species is also less sexually dimorphic than Cercocebus torquatus (Groves 2001). The skull of the male is smaller than in C. torquatus and also has a narrower, shorter face. Both sexes also have a significantly lower ascending ramus of the mandible compared to other closely related species (Groves 1978).
Male sooty mangabeys are larger, heavier, and have larger canines than in females (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010). The female skull is 87% the size of that of the male (Groves 1978).
The mass of the sooty mangabey ranges from 8.5 to 14 kg for males and 5 to 9 kg for females, with an average of 8.593 kg (Kingdon 1997, Rowe 1996, Mann et al. 1983). The head and body length is 40 to 60 cm in females and 47 to 67 cm in males, while tail length is 40 to 80 cm in both sexes. The height at shoulder for females is 38 to 42 cm and 40 to 45 cm in males (Kingdon 1997).
The skin of the sooty mangabey has unique histological and biochemical properties including subepidermal cholinesterase-reaction nerve fibers over the body surface, and specialized nerve end organs in many areas of the body. There are also specialized nerve end-organs at the base of the epidermal ridges of the fingertips (Machida et al. 1965).
There are two known subspecies of C. atys. The first, Cercocebus atys atys, is noted for being smoky gray, occasionally with a small dorsal stripe but never with a whorl or crown on the head, and crown hairs with a black tip and straw-colored band. The second, Cercocebus atys lunulatus (white collared (crowned) mangabeys) is noted for a whorl or crown on the head, a darker face, a more prominent dorsal stripe, and a white oval mark edged with black on the nape. The hands and feet in white collared mangabeys are more similarly colored to the body and have a white underside (Groves 2001).
Range mass: 5 to 14 kg.
Average mass: 8.6 kg.
Range length: 40 to 67 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Sooty mangabey predators include crowned hawk eagles, leopards, humans, and chimpanzees. Sooty mangabeys are noted for their sentinel ability to spot predators on the ground (McGraw and Bshary 2002). Gaboon vipers also elicit alarm calls, although a death from one has yet to be observed in the wild (Range and Fischer 2004). In response to perched African crowned hawk eagles, sooty mangabeys produce an alarm call, and if one is observed flying, the sooty mangabeys descend trees onto the ground. When leopards are observed, sooty mangabeys ascend trees and vocalize alarm calls (Range and Fischer 2004).
Known Predators:
Sooty mangabeys live in multi-male, multi-female groups of 15 to more than 100 individuals (Stahl and Kaumanns 2003). This social structure has led to a polygynandrous (promiscuous) breeding system, where both males and females have multiple partners (Gouzoules 1984; Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010).
Although in a promiscuous system females are expected to be aggressive towards each other when competing for mates, no such behavior has been found in the sooty mangabey. However, females are often the victims of aggression from males, and resident males sometimes slap females when they present themselves at the beginning of the breeding season. Males are part of a linear dominance hierarchy, where the highest-ranking male attempts to copulate with all females (Range 2005). Overall, more highly ranked males mount females more often (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010).
Non-resident males who visit a group often attack mothers with infants, and often succeed in committing infanticide. Older and higher ranking males defend the females they mated with against such infanticide. After infanticide has been committed, the female immediately goes into estrous, giving the attacking, sneaky male an opportunity to mate with her (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010).
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Male sooty mangabeys become sexually active at a little less than 1 year of age, but their earliest ejaculation is at 4 years old. Young males, starting at 1 year, mount sexually mature females. Males actively mount more females from the ages of 3 to 4, during adolescence, than from ages 5 to 6, during sexual maturity (Gust and Gordon 1991). Juvenile males are even more likely to mount sexually mature females than adult males (Rowe 1996). The age of first perineal swelling for females is at 30 to 39 months, around the age of the first menses, and the first birth is usually approximately a year later at 49 to 55 months (Ehardt 1988a, Ehardt 1988b, Mann et al. 1983). The average time between births is 13 to 16 months; having a longer interbirth interval is associated with lower infant mortality rates (Gust and Gordon 1991). Sooty mangabeys give birth to a single infant at a time. Their birthrate is 0.92/yr, and their average gestation period is 167 days (Refisch and Kone 2005).
Female perineal swellings during the estrous cycle last 34.5 days and signal to males that they are capable of mating. Males are able to distinguish between a female’s maximal fertile swelling and a postconception swelling, which occurs during the postconception estrus (Rowe 1996). However, sexual swellings in captive females were not shown to accurately reflect peak fertility, but do represent overall ability to copulate (Whitten and Russell 2006). Females sexually present themselves more frequently to males than to other females, do almost all of the presenting, receive all of the mountings, and perform as many genital inspections as males (Bernstein 1976). More highly ranked males mount females more often than do lower ranked males (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010).
Mating first begins with the male grasping the female’s ankles while he mounts her from behind; the female then vocalizes and darts away from him before allowing him to mount her again. Females make a soft grunt during copulation (Gust and Gordon 1994). Females often manually stimulate their perineal area during copulation (Gust and Gordon 1991).
In the wild, mating begins in May, peaks in July to August, and ends in September, although births are sometimes seen throughout the year (Mann et al. 1983). Sooty mangabeys in captivity do not show strong seasonality in mating (Bernstein 1976).
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once every 13 to 16 months.
Breeding season: The breeding season is from May to September.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 167 days.
Range weaning age: 4 (low) months.
Average weaning age: 10 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 55 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
At birth, infants are carried on their mother's ventral side but are later carried on the back after a few months. The mother of the infant gives it intensive care for the first 2 to 7 months of life, and more general attention throughout the rest of the first year (Bernstein 1976). The lactation period is 4 to 10 months (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010). Aunts of the infant groom the infant from ages 10 to 12 months more than the mother does; siblings, both male and female, also groom infants they are related to (Bernstein 1976). Mothers have also been observed grooming the infants’ eyelashes with a stone (Kyes 1988). Males occasionally carry young to protect the young, but not as a social buffer, since they usually carry infants that they sired themselves (Range and Noe 2002).
Females who lose their infants within six months of their birth immediately re-enter estrus, while mothers who do not lose their infants do not. Therefore, males who kill infants within these six months can reproduce with the female soon after committing infanticide (Fruteau, Range, and Noe 2010).
At birth, the infant is given a rank immediately below the mother, but male offspring quickly rise above the mother in the group ranking after a few years (Bernstein 1976).
Infant neglect and abuse, while not common, has been observed in captive sooty mangabey groups, and is more likely to impact first born young (Maestripieri, Wallen, and Carrol 1997).
Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Male); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); maternal position in the dominance hierarchy affects status of young
El mangabei fosc (Cercocebus atys) és una espècie de primat catarí de la família dels cercopitècids que viu a les regions equatorials entre el Senegal i Ghana. Té el pelatge de color negre o fosc brut. Pesa uns 8 kg. Té una fesomia esvelta i les potes llargues.
És una espècie arborícola de costums diürns. Es mou per les selves primàries o secundàries, els boscos de galeria o manglars, en grups de fins a 100 individus. És un omnívor que prefereix els fruits i les llavors, però que aprofita altres aliments com ara fulles o petits animals. Sovint és caçat pel consum humà a les regions on viu, cosa que ha provocat que sigui rar a moltes àrees, tot i que continua sent abundant, sobretot a Sierra Leone, Libèria i l'oest de Costa d'Ivori.
El mangabei fosc (Cercocebus atys) és una espècie de primat catarí de la família dels cercopitècids que viu a les regions equatorials entre el Senegal i Ghana. Té el pelatge de color negre o fosc brut. Pesa uns 8 kg. Té una fesomia esvelta i les potes llargues.
És una espècie arborícola de costums diürns. Es mou per les selves primàries o secundàries, els boscos de galeria o manglars, en grups de fins a 100 individus. És un omnívor que prefereix els fruits i les llavors, però que aprofita altres aliments com ara fulles o petits animals. Sovint és caçat pel consum humà a les regions on viu, cosa que ha provocat que sigui rar a moltes àrees, tot i que continua sent abundant, sobretot a Sierra Leone, Libèria i l'oest de Costa d'Ivori.
Mangabej kouřový (Cercocebus atys, také Cercocebus torquatus atys[2]) je druh primáta z čeledi kočkodanovití (Cercopithecidae) a rodu mangabej (Cercocebus). Druh popsal Jean-Baptiste Audebert v roce 1797.[2] Vyskytuje se na západě Afriky, žije především v různých typech lesů. Dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody je téměř ohrožený druh.
Druh patří do čeledi kočkodanovití (Cercopithecidae) a rodu mangabej (Cercocebus). Dle některých studií je řazen jako poddruh mangabeje rudohlavého (Cercocebus torquatus). Avšak kvůli geografickým bariérám, jež tyto druhy od sebe oddělují, je mangabej kouřový častěji považován za samostatný druh,[3] který se dělí na dva poddruhy:
Druhý poddruh se zdá býti samostatným druhem.[4]
Mangabej kouřový žije při pobřeží západní Afriky.[5] Obývá prostor mezi Senegalem a Ghanou, například Burkina Faso, Pobřeží slonoviny a Sierra Leone.[3] Populace žijící v Senegalu, Guineji-Bissau a Guineji jsou již z velké části zaniklé.[5] Poddruh C. a. atys se vyskytuje od jižní Guineje až k řece Sassandra, bývalá subspecie C. a. lunulatus obývá lesy od řeky Sassandry v Pobřeží slonoviny až k řece Voltě v Ghaně, je též obyvatelem Burkiny Faso.[6] Výskyt mangabeje kouřového se často překrývá s výskyty jiných mangabejů.[5] Tento druh dovede žít v široké řadě oblastí,[6] přednost dává lesům,[3] žije také v mangrovech nebo pobývá na palmových plantážích.[5]
Na Pobřeží slonoviny v Národním parku Taï se nachází původní les, který poskytuje útočiště několika tlupám těchto opic, které jsou zde často zkoumány (průměrný počet srážek zde je 1875 mm, přičemž nejvíce jich spadne v září a říjnu, průměrná teplota dosahuje 24 °C).[3]
Mangabej kouřový je středně velká opice,[6] samci měří 47–67 cm a váží 7 až 12 kg a vlastní mohutné špičáky.[5] Samice jsou menší, měří 45–60 cm a váží 4,5–7 kg;[6] u tohoto druhu je vyvinut pohlavní dimorfismus, ale méně viditelný než u mangabeje rudohlavého (Cercocebus torquatus).[5] Ocas je delší než tělo a měří 40 až 80 cm.[6] Srst má šedé až šedohnědé zbarvení, přičemž na nohách bývá tmavší, na hřbetě může být až namodralá. Obličej je růžový, přičemž čenich zůstává tmavý.[3] Oční víčka mají bílé zbarvení a slouží ke komunikaci.[6] Oba poddruhy mají trošku odlišné zbarvení srsti.[5]
Kůže mangabejů kouřových má řadu specifických vlastností, například speciální nervová zakončení na celém těle.[5]
Mangabej kouřový je pozemní denní opice. V tlupách může žít až 100 jedinců, nejvyšší postavení má několik samců ve věku 5 až 6 let. Druh nemá přísnou matrilineární hierarchii jako řada jiných opic. Také je tento druh méně agresivní než ostatní příbuzní a lehké kousání nepůsobí opicím větší zranění. Jedna tlupa si zabírá území 6 až 8 km2.[5] Druh obyčejně žije ve společnosti jiných primátů, například s guerézou běloramennou (Colobus polykomos) nebo kočkodanem Dianiným (Cercopithecus diana). Spolupráce a sdílení stejného prostoru s jinými druhy zajišťuje lepší ochranu před predátory.[3][5] Sbírání potravy zabere mangabejům kouřovým 38,8 % času, sociální svazky utužují 7,9 % dne. Dle studií ze zajetí jsou nejaktivnější a nejvíce energie k páření a putování mají v časných ranních hodinách, během dopoledne si spolu zvířata hrají a pečují o sebe, k večeru většinou jedí.[3] Potravu tvoří z velké části ovoce, nejčetnější složkou jídelníčku jsou ale plody rostliny Sacoglottis gabonensis;[5] silné zuby opicím umožňují rozlousknout i ořechy.[6] Menší část jídelníčku tvoří také houby, listy, bezobratlí (26 % stravy[3]) a další.[5]
Mangabej kouřový je polygamní druh. Po dobu estrálního cyklu, jenž trvá 34,5 dní, samice na připravenost se pářit upozorňuje perianálním otokem.[5] V zajetí se druh rozmnožuje po celý rok,[6] ve volné přírodě od května do září. Po 167 dnech (6 měsících[6]) březosti se samici narodí průměrně jedno mládě, které nosí nejprve na břiše a poté na zádech. Mládě je odstaveno od mateřského mléka zhruba v deseti měsících života. Pohlavní dospělosti je u samic dosaženo v 55 měsících (cca 4,6 roku), u samců ve 4 letech. Ve volné přírodě se druh dožívá průměrně 18 let.[5]
Pokud samici zemře mládě do šesti měsíců od narození, okamžitě přichází znovu do říje. Proto někteří nově příchozí samci zabíjejí samicím mláďata, aby si mohli vytvořit vlastní potomstvo.[5] Toto chování se nazývá infanticida.
Dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody, který nehodnotí poddruh lunulatus, je mangabej kouřový hodnocen jako téměř ohrožený druh.[4]
Nebezpečí způsobuje především ztráta přirozeného prostředí a také lov pro maso nebo pronásledování opic kvůli krádežím zemědělských plodin;[4] na opice krmící se na zemi lze snadno nastražit pasti.[5] Možnou záchranu představuje chov v evropských zoologických zahradách.[5]
Mezi přirozené nepřátele patří například levharti (Panthera pardus), šimpanzi (Pan troglodytes), orli korunkatí (Stephanoaetus coronatus) a zmije gabunské (Bitis gabonica).[5] Na jednotlivé predátory si opice vyvinuly speciální poplašné signály.[3]
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu mangabej kouřový ve Wikimedia Commons
Mangabej kouřový (Cercocebus atys, také Cercocebus torquatus atys) je druh primáta z čeledi kočkodanovití (Cercopithecidae) a rodu mangabej (Cercocebus). Druh popsal Jean-Baptiste Audebert v roce 1797. Vyskytuje se na západě Afriky, žije především v různých typech lesů. Dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody je téměř ohrožený druh.
Die Rußmangabe (Cercocebus atys) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae).
Das Fell der Rußmangaben ist an der Oberseite grau oder graubraun gefärbt, die Unterseite ist heller. Das unbehaarte Gesicht ist rosa oder grau gefärbt, die Schnauze ist schwarz. An den Wangen befinden sich helle Backenhaare. Die Unterart C. a. lunulatus hat einen weiß gefärbten Bauch und einen weißen Fleck an der Hinterseite des Kopfes. Mit rund 10 Kilogramm sind Männchen annähernd doppelt so schwer wie Weibchen, die rund 5,5 Kilogramm erreichen.
Rußmangaben sind im westlichen Afrika verbreitet, das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich vom Senegal bis Ghana. Der Fluss Sassandra trennt die westlich davon lebende Nominatform von der östlich davon vorkommenden Unterart C. a. lunulatus. Lebensraum dieser Tiere sind Wälder, häufig in Flussnähe.
Diese Tiere sind tagaktiv und halten sich vorwiegend am Boden auf. In den Bäumen suchen sie vorwiegend in den unteren Schichten nach Nahrung. Sie bewegen sich dabei mit einem vierfüßigen Gang fort. Sie leben in Mehrmännchengruppen, die 20 bis 50, gelegentlich auch bis zu 100 Tiere umfassen können, sich aber häufig in kleinere Untergruppen aufspalten.
Sie sind Allesfresser, die aber vorwiegend Früchte, Samen und andere Pflanzenteile zu sich nehmen. Insekten und andere Kleintiere ergänzen den Speiseplan.
Nach einer rund 170-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen in der Regel ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt.
Hauptbedrohungen für die Rußmangabe stellen der Verlust des Lebensraums und die Bejagung dar. Die Art wird von der IUCN als „gefährdet“ (vulnerable) gelistet. Die Unterart C. a. lunulatus gilt laut IUCN als „stark gefährdet“ (endangered).[1]
Die Rußmangabe ist eine von sechs Arten, in die die Gattung der Weißlid-Mangaben (Cercocebus) heute unterteilt wird. Früher wurde sie als Unterart der Halsbandmangabe angesehen. Die Unterart C. a. lunulatus, die sich recht deutlich von der Nominatform unterscheidet, stellt nach Meinung mancher Forscher eine eigene Art (Weißnackenmangabe/Weißscheitelmangabe) dar.
Die Rußmangabe (Cercocebus atys) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae).
The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) is an Old World monkey found in forests from Senegal in a margin along the coast down to the Ivory Coast.[1]
The sooty mangabey is native to tropical West Africa, being found in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast.[2] Sooty mangabeys inhabit both old growth and secondary forests as well as in flooded, dry, swamp, mangrove, and gallery forests. Sooty mangabeys are terrestrial omnivores, typically spending around 75% of their overall time on the ground (~85% of travel time and ~71% of foraging time).[3] In their foraging behaviors, sooty mangabeys typically consume fruits (~20% of diet), invertebrates (~13% of diet), and nuts and seeds (>55% of diet).[4] In acquiring nuts, sooty mangabeys have been observed scavenging the remains of coula and panda nuts cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs, potentially using either the sound of cracking nuts or social networks to identify sites of remnants.[5]
Until 2016, Cecrocebus atys was considered a single species with two subspecies of this mangabey: Cecrocebus atys atys (now Cercocebus atys) and Cecrocebus atys lunulatus.[6] After assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2016, Cercocebus atys lunulatus was declared a separate species (Cercocebus lunulatus).[7] Both Cercocebus atys and Cercocebus lunulatus were formerly considered subspecies of the widespread Cercocebus torquatus.[1]
Sooty mangabeys are gray-colored primates with a lighter-colored chest and stomach. Their faces are typically grayish pink, with darker fur along the forehead and ears;[1] given their diet of hard seeds and nuts, sooty mangabeys are observed to have strong molars.[10][4] Sooty mangabeys also show sexual dimorphism; males typically weigh about 10–11 kg (22–24 lb), while females are typically smaller at about 5–6 kg (11–13 lb).[4]
Sooty mangabeys typically live and forage in large, multi-male, multi-female groups of 70–120 individuals.[11][12] Sooty mangabeys form linear dominance hierarchies within sexes and form coalitions; within these hierarchies, higher-ranking females typically are found to spend less time foraging as opposed to feeding than their lower-ranking counterparts and were more centrally located within groups.[13][14] Similarly, higher-ranking males were found to be more centrally located within the group, and be better fed and rested.[14] And in captivity, higher-ranking males sired more offspring, indicating that higher male rank is generally predictive of greater reproductive success.[15] Overall, however, females are found to be located in a more central spatial position within the group and better fed and rested than males, independent of ranking.[14]
Dominance rankings are not static; turnover of the dominant, alpha male has been recorded.[16] Furthermore, the dominance rank of children is not influenced by the dominance ranking of either parent, and juveniles typically challenge higher ranking adults starting around three or four years of age.[17] Typically, males will outrank all of the females by age five or six.[17]
Sooty mangabeys are typically predated upon by leopards, eagles, chimpanzees, vipers, and humans.[18] As a result of these selective pressures, sooty mangabeys have evolved acoustically distinct alarm calls for different predator types.[12] These calls are not vocalized specifically in favor of kin or cooperation partners[19] and in fact are used by other monkey species to avoid potential predators.[20]
Sooty mangabeys also produce other vocalizations within their varied repertoire for a wide variety of social interactions.[21] Sooty mangabeys are recorded most frequently producing grunts (typically in the context of foraging, socially embracing, or, between males, for asserting dominance), twitters (typically produced by adult females during foraging and social interactions such as grooming), and screams (emitted during agonistic interactions, typically by juveniles and adult females).[18] Other notable vocalizations include copulation calls mainly emitted by females during intercourse and "whoop gobbles"—low frequency, extended calls emitted by males at a high volume during the morning, with a nearby group, or with sightings or attacks of predators.[18]
When approaching other females with infants, females will use grunts and twitters to signal benign intent.[22] This often leads to unreciprocated grooming from the approaching female—mothers, upon receiving grooming, will allow for the grooming female to handle their infants.[23]
Female sooty mangabeys have sexual swellings that are maximally tumescent near ovulation and typically have a gestation length of ~160–170 days;[24] while typically, higher ranking males would be able to identify estrous females and monopolize mating opportunities, it is suggested that dominant males cannot entirely control access to estrous females,[15] perhaps because swellings allow females to precipitate paternity confusion through polygynandry.[25] However, despite these potential counterstrategies against infanticide through paternity confusion, cases of infanticide have been recorded, usually shortly after a change in alpha males or with the introduction of new, immigrant males.[26][27]
In captivity, recently deposed alpha males have been observed carrying their infants (likely for protection) in the presence of newly ascended alpha males, typically following aggression by the new alpha male towards the infant.[16] In habituated sooty mangabeys, immigrant males new to the group have been found to attack infants, who would be defend by their mothers.[27] In this context, resident adult males who had mated with the mother (and potentially fathered the infant) were found to defend the mother and infant from the attacking immigrant male.[27]
Females have thus developed behavioral counter-strategies to protect against attacks and infanticide. Females were found to mate with resident males during previous mating seasons and remain in close proximity to these resident males after birth.[27] In addition, females have been found to respond differently to the vocalizations of members of their own group (as opposed to non-group members), suggesting an ability to recognize infanticide threats from strangers.[28]
Sooty mangabeys are naturally infected with a strain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), known as SIVsmm. Due to extensive human-mangabey contact in sub-Saharan Africa, SIVsmm has jumped from this species into humans on many occasions, resulting in HIV-2 virus.[29][30] Because sooty mangabeys, as natural hosts of SIV, do not get sick from SIV, much research has been performed on the species for potential genetic resistance or immunological mechanisms.[31] The HIV-1 strain by contrast came from the common chimpanzee strain of SIV.[32][33]
Sooty mangabeys can also contract leprosy, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.[34] It is one of several species in which naturally acquired leprosy has been reported, the others being humans, the nine-banded armadillo, the common chimpanzee, and the crab-eating macaque; murine leprosy has also been reported in rats and mice, caused by Mycobacerium lepraemurium.[34]
The sooty mangabey is believed to be decreasing in numbers as its forest habitat is degraded, with trees being felled for firewood and timber and forest habitats used for agriculture.[35] Furthermore, sooty mangabeys are hunted for meat in some parts of its range, often at rates far exceeding the rate at which Sooty mangabeys can reproductively sustain themselves; this increase in hunting, especially with improved technology and an influx of human populations (and thus hunters), has become an increasing threat to the conservation of sooty mangabeys.[36] The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of sooty mangabeys as Vulnerable.[2]
The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) is an Old World monkey found in forests from Senegal in a margin along the coast down to the Ivory Coast.
El mangabey gris (Cercocebus atys) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae que habita las regiones ecuatoriales entre Senegal y Ghana. La capa es gris oscura o negra, de aspecto sucio. Unos 8 kg de peso. Formas esbeltas, con largas patas.
Es una especie arborícola, de hábitos diurnos, se mueve por las selvas primarias o secundarias, los bosques de galería o los manglares, en tropas numerosas, de hasta 100 individuos. Es un omnívoro que prefiere los frutos y semillas, pero aprovecha otras clases de alimentos, como hojas o pequeños animales. Es cazado con frecuencia para consumo humano en las regiones que habita, lo que ha provocado su escasez en muchas áreas, aunque sigue siendo abundante, sobre todo en Sierra Leona, Liberia y el oeste de Costa de Marfil.
Se reconocen dos subespecies, tratadas a menudo como subespecies de Cercocebus torquatus
Se cree que una cepa del virus de inmunodeficiencia simiana (VIS) se trasmitió de esta especie a los humanos para convertirse en el virus HIV-2. La variedad HIV-1 provino de la cepa del VIS del chimpancé.[2][3] El mangabey gris también puede contraer lepra, como los humanos, el armadillo de nueve bandas, el chimpancé y el macaco cangrejero.[4]
El mangabey gris (Cercocebus atys) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae que habita las regiones ecuatoriales entre Senegal y Ghana. La capa es gris oscura o negra, de aspecto sucio. Unos 8 kg de peso. Formas esbeltas, con largas patas.
Es una especie arborícola, de hábitos diurnos, se mueve por las selvas primarias o secundarias, los bosques de galería o los manglares, en tropas numerosas, de hasta 100 individuos. Es un omnívoro que prefiere los frutos y semillas, pero aprovecha otras clases de alimentos, como hojas o pequeños animales. Es cazado con frecuencia para consumo humano en las regiones que habita, lo que ha provocado su escasez en muchas áreas, aunque sigue siendo abundante, sobre todo en Sierra Leona, Liberia y el oeste de Costa de Marfil.
Cercocebus atys Cercocebus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cercopithecinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago
Cercocebus atys Cercocebus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cercopithecinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago
Singe vert Mangabey, Mangabey fuligineux
Cercocebus atys est une espèce de singes catarhiniens de la famille des cercopithecidés. Elle est appelée Singe vert mangabey[2], Mangabey fuligineux, Cercocèbe enfumé 
[2] ou Mangabey enfumé [3] ou encore Cercocèbe à col blanc[4].
Une sous-espèce a été identifiée au Burkina Faso (Cercocebus atys lunulatus), déjà menacée de disparition[5],[6].
L'espèce Cercocebus atys a été décrite pour la première fois en 1797 par le naturaliste français Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759-1800), initialement comme une sous-espèce sous le protonyme de Cercocebus torquatus atys[1].
C’est un singe à queue de taille moyenne : 40 à 70 cm (mâles plus grands) pour la longueur du corps et de la tête[7],[4]. S'ajoute une queue légèrement plus longue de 40 à 80 cm. Le poids maximal serait de 7-8 kg. La coloration générale est un gris ardoise ou gris-brun avec un blanc plus clair sur la face ventrale. Ils ont des poils qui ressortent un peu au niveau des joues[8]. Leurs mains et leurs pieds sont légèrement plus foncés que le corps. La peau nue de leur visage est tachetée de gris foncé et de rose saumon, tandis que les paupières supérieures sont blanches[7]. Il existe deux sous-espèces, Cercocebus atys atys connue pour ne jamais présenter de couronne sur la tête. La seconde, Cercocebus atys lunulatus, se distingue par une couronne blanche en arrière de la tête, une face plus foncée, une bande dorsale sombre plus marquée et une tache ovale blanche bordée de noir sur la nuque[7]. Ils consomment surtout des fruits, dont des noix (par exemple de palmiers).
Ils sont principalement endémiques de la Haute-Guinée sur la côte ouest de l'Afrique. L'aire de répartition pré-anthropique s'étendait du fleuve Casamance au Sénégal au système fluvial Sassandra en Côte d'Ivoire, mais la majorité des individus du Sénégal, de la Guinée Bissau et de certaines zones de la Guinée ont disparu[7]. Ils sont donc actuellement surtout représentés en Sierra Leone, au Liberia et dans l'Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire[8]. C. a. atys est présent jusqu’en Côte d’Ivoire, depuis la Sierra Leone, et C. a. lunulatus en Côte d’Ivoire et au Ghana, également observé au Burkina-Faso[4]. Ces singes terrestres résident dans les vallées des forêts tropicales inondées, sèches ou humides, dans des zones mosaïques, et dans des mangroves de la zone forestière guinéenne. Ils habitent également les forêts galeries et sont couramment observés près des forêts marécageuses et de palmiers.
Bien qu’ils soient difficiles à chasser car vivant dans des forêts denses et marécageuses, ils sont facilement piégés car ils passent la grande majorité de leur temps à se nourrir sur le sol forestier[9]. Des taux de braconnages élevés pour la viande ont été enregistrés, notamment dans le parc national de Taï[9],[8]. Les activités humaines et l'utilisation des terres menacent également car l'urbanisation, l’agriculture intensive, et l'exploitation forestière ont provoqué la déforestation de leur habitat naturel.
Selon l'UICN ; Vulnérable (VU) (C. a. atys)[10] ; En danger d’extinction (EN) (C. a. lunulatus)[11].
L'ancienne sous-espèce Cercocebus atys lunulatus Temminick, 1853 a été reclassée en tant qu'espèce à part, Cercocebus lunulatus (Temminck, 1853). Il y a donc maintenant deux espèces différentes à considérer.
Singe vert Mangabey, Mangabey fuligineux
Cercocebus atys est une espèce de singes catarhiniens de la famille des cercopithecidés. Elle est appelée Singe vert mangabey, Mangabey fuligineux, Cercocèbe enfumé ou Mangabey enfumé ou encore Cercocèbe à col blanc.
Une sous-espèce a été identifiée au Burkina Faso (Cercocebus atys lunulatus), déjà menacée de disparition,.
O Cercocebus atys é unha especie de primate catarrino da familia Cercopithecidae que habita as rexións ecuatoriais entre o Senegal e Ghana. A capa é gris escura ou negra, de aspecto sucio. Rolda os 8 kg de peso, con formas esveltas e con longas patas.
É unha especie arborícola, de hábitos diúrnos, móvese polas selvas primarias ou secundarias, os bosques de galería ou os mangleiros, en tropas numerosas, de até 100 individuos. É un omnívoro que prefire os froitos e sementes, pero aproveita outras clases de alimentos, como follas ou pequenos animais. É cazado con frecuencia para consumo humano nas rexións que habita, o que provocou a súa escaseza en moitas áreas, aínda que segue sendo abundante, sobre todo en Serra Leoa, Liberia e o oeste de Costa do Marfil.
Recoñécense dúas subespecies, tratadas a miúdo como subespecies de Cercocebus torquatus.
O Cercocebus atys é unha especie de primate catarrino da familia Cercopithecidae que habita as rexións ecuatoriais entre o Senegal e Ghana. A capa é gris escura ou negra, de aspecto sucio. Rolda os 8 kg de peso, con formas esveltas e con longas patas.
É unha especie arborícola, de hábitos diúrnos, móvese polas selvas primarias ou secundarias, os bosques de galería ou os mangleiros, en tropas numerosas, de até 100 individuos. É un omnívoro que prefire os froitos e sementes, pero aproveita outras clases de alimentos, como follas ou pequenos animais. É cazado con frecuencia para consumo humano nas rexións que habita, o que provocou a súa escaseza en moitas áreas, aínda que segue sendo abundante, sobre todo en Serra Leoa, Liberia e o oeste de Costa do Marfil.
Mangabey hitam[2] (Cercocebus atys) adalah monyet dunia lama di Guinea Bissau, Gabon, dan Pantai Gading. Mangabey hitam memiliki grup sosial dari 4 sampai 12 individu. Dipercaya bahwa virus Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) berasal dari spesies ini ke manusia menjadi virus HIV-2 virus. HIV-1 berasal dari SIV simpanse. Sooty Mangabey dapat terkena leprosi, seperti manusia.[3]
Terdapat dua subspesies dari mangabey ini:
Mangabey hitam (Cercocebus atys) adalah monyet dunia lama di Guinea Bissau, Gabon, dan Pantai Gading. Mangabey hitam memiliki grup sosial dari 4 sampai 12 individu. Dipercaya bahwa virus Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) berasal dari spesies ini ke manusia menjadi virus HIV-2 virus. HIV-1 berasal dari SIV simpanse. Sooty Mangabey dapat terkena leprosi, seperti manusia.
Terdapat dua subspesies dari mangabey ini:
Cercocebus atys atys Cercocebus atys lunulatusIl cercocebo moro (Cercocebus atys Audebert, 1797), detto anche cercocebo dal collare bianco o cercocebo comune, è una scimmia del Vecchio Mondo appartenente alla famiglia Cercopithecidae, diffusa in Guinea-Bissau, Gabon e Costa d'Avorio.
Esistono due sottospecie di questo cercocebo:
I maschi, con di circa 10 kg, pesano quasi il doppio delle femmine. Il colore del mantello è grigio o grigio-bruno sul lato dorsale e più chiaro sul lato ventrale. La punta del muso è nera, mentre le guance sono chiare. La sottospecie C. a. lunulatus ha una macchia bianca sulla parte posteriore della testa.
La specie è diffusa in Africa occidentale, dal Senegal al Ghana. Sono piuttosto comuni in Africa occidentale, l'areale si estende dal Senegal al Ghana. Il fiume Cassandra separa le due sottospecie: ad oriente del fiume vive la ssp. lunulatus.
L'habitat è la foresta in prossimità dei corsi d'acqua.
L'attività è diurna e si svolge prevalentemente al suolo. Vive in gruppi sociali con più maschi, composti da 20 a 50 individui, che frequentemente si suddividono in gruppi più piccoli.
Si nutre di frutta, semi, insetti ed altri piccoli invertebrati.
Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale verso i 3-4 anni e danno alla luce un cucciolo ogni 12-18 mesi, dopo una gestazione di 5 mesi e mezzo. I cuccioli vengono allattati al seno per circa 6 mesi.
Si crede che sia stato uno dei vettori del virus dell'immunodeficienza delle scimmie (SIV), virus che sarebbe poi stato contratto dall'uomo, divenendo in seguito il virus HIV-2. Il genoma del cercocebo moro è stato sequenziato, in relazione all'infezione da SIV, dal laboratorio della Emory University di Atlanta diretto dal patologo Guido Silvestri.[1]
Il vettore dell'HIV-1, anch'esso derivato dal SIV, è invece lo scimpanzé comune[2].
Il cercocebo moro può contrarre la lebbra come l'uomo, l'armadillo dalle nove fasce, lo scimpanzé comune e il macaco cinomolgo[3].
Il cercocebo moro (Cercocebus atys Audebert, 1797), detto anche cercocebo dal collare bianco o cercocebo comune, è una scimmia del Vecchio Mondo appartenente alla famiglia Cercopithecidae, diffusa in Guinea-Bissau, Gabon e Costa d'Avorio.
De roetmangabey (Cercocebus atys) is een soort van het geslacht (Cercocebus). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Audebert in 1797.
Cercocebus atys é um macaco do Velho Mundo, encontrado nas florestas do Senegal e Gana.[2] É listado como "vulnerável" pela IUCN,[3] mas a forma do leste, lunulatus, é listada como "em perigo".[4]
C. atys vive em florestas primárias e secundárias, assim como pântanos, florestas secas e florestas de galeria. É um primata arborícola e diurno. É onívoro e sua dieta inclui frutos e sementes, assim como pequenos animais. Vivem em grupos entre quatro e 12 indivíduos, mas já foram registrados grupos com até 95 indivíduos.[5]
Há duas subespécies deste macaco, e é possível que sejam espécies diferentes. Ambos foram considerados, inicialmente, como subespécies de Cercocebus torquatus:[2]
A espécie é naturalmente infectada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência símia (SIV), conhecido por SIVsmm. Devido à proximidade desta espécie com os seres humanos na África subsariana, ela foi transmitida para o homem, resultando no vírus HIV-2.O HIV-1 é derivado de uma linhagem vinda do chimpanzé-comum.[6]
C. atys também pode contrair lepra, assim como os humanos.[7]
Cercocebus atys é um macaco do Velho Mundo, encontrado nas florestas do Senegal e Gana. É listado como "vulnerável" pela IUCN, mas a forma do leste, lunulatus, é listada como "em perigo".
Cercocebus atys är en primat i släktet Cercocebus och i familjen markattartade apor som förekommer i västra Afrika.
Arten har en grå päls på ryggen och en ljusgrå till vit päls på buken och vid kinderna. Även huden i ansiktet som saknar hår är grå eller något köttfärgad. Den genomsnittliga vikten ligger vid 8,5 kg.[2] Vissa hannar blir 11 kg tung.[3]
Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) är för hannar omkring 58 cm och därtill kommer en cirka 60 cm lång svans. Honor blir utan svans 47 till 52 cm långa och svanslängden är 52 till 64 cm. Huvudet kännetecknas dessutom av svartgråa öron, vitaktiga ögonlock och olivgrön regnbågshinna. Hos Cercocebus atys har hannar en rosa scrotum och huden kring honornas yttre könsdelar är rosa till röd.[4]
Denna primat förekommer med flera från varandra skilda populationer ifrån sydvästra Senegal till sydvästra Burkina Faso och centrala Ghana. I bergstrakter når den 1000 meter över havet eller något högre. Habitatet utgörs av fuktiga skogar som galleriskog eller mangrove. Cercocebus atys uppsöker även savanner med glest fördelade trädgrupper.[1]
Individerna vistas främst på marken och ibland klättrar de i växtligheten. Hannar och honor bildar flockar med upp till 100 medlemmar. De äter huvudsakligen frukter, nötter och frön samt några ryggradslösa djur. Honor föder endast en unge per kull och hannar lämnar sin ursprungliga flock när de blir könsmogna.[2][3]
Denna primat är främst dagaktiv. Den har olika läten för kommunikationen och olika varningsskrik för olika fiender som ormar (bland annat Gabonhuggorm), rovlevande fåglar och leopard. Ibland faller arten offer för schimpansen. Flockens revir är i Taï nationalpark vanligtvis 5 km² stort och större grupper kan ha ett 8 km² stort revir. Cercocebus atys accepterar ofta andra primater i territoriet som är mer specialiserade på ett liv i träd.[4]
I södra Elfenbenskusten sker parningen mellan juni och oktober och ungarna föds mellan oktober och mars efter ungefär 175 dagar dräktighet. Allmänt har honor vartannat år en kull. Honor har huvudansvaret för ungarnas uppfostring men ibland syns hannar som bär en unge. Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter 3 år och för hannar efter ungefär 7 år. Exemplar i fångenskap blev upp till 18 år gamla.[4]
Arten jagas i några delar av utbredningsområdet för köttets skull. Ett större hot utgörs av skogsavverkningar och intensiv skogsbruk. IUCN uppskattar att hela populationen minskade med 20 till 25 procent under de gångna 27 åren (räknad från 2016) och listar Cercocebus atys som nära hotad (NT). För att skydda artens bestånd finns Taï nationalpark, Sapo nationalpark och andra skyddszoner samt avelsprogram i djurparker.[4]
Flera exemplar av denna primat är infekterade med HIV-2 som har mindre virulens för människor än HIV-1. Trots allt antas förtäringen av kött från Cercocebus atys vara delaktig vid överföringen av viruset till människor.[4]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Cercocebus atys.
Cercocebus atys är en primat i släktet Cercocebus och i familjen markattartade apor som förekommer i västra Afrika.
Довжина голови і тіла самців: 47-67 см, самиць: 45-60 см; довжина хвоста: 40-80 см; вага самців: 7-12 кг, самиць: 4,5-7 кг. Хутро сіре або сіро-коричневе зверху, низ світліший. Безволосе лице рожеве чи сіре, писок чорний. Є яскраве, зачесане назад волосся на щоках. Підвид Cercocebus atys lunulatus має білого кольору живіт і білу пляму на задній частині голови.
Країни проживання: Буркіна-Фасо; Кот-д'Івуар; Гана; Гвінея; Гвінея-Бісау; Ліберія; Сенегал; Сьєрра-Леоне. Живе від рівня моря до принаймні 1000 м над рівнем моря. Зустрічається в первинних і вторинних лісах, галерейних лісах, болотних лісах, включаючи мангрові і мозаїчні місця існування.
Цей вид багато в чому наземний, але також використовує дерева. У Гвінеї відомий з лісової савани. Цей вид відомий через рейди на ферми. Вони терпимі до деякого ступеня деградації середовища проживання за відсутності полювання. Вони живуть в групах на кілька самців, які іноді можуть включати до 100 тварин, але часто розбиваються на менші підгрупи. Вони всеїдні, але головним чином їдять плоди, насіння та інші частини рослин. Комахи та інші дрібні тварини доповнюють дієту. Відомі хижаки: Pan troglodytes, Panthera pardus, Stephanoaetus coronatus, Homo sapiens, Bitis gabonica.
Після 170-денного вагітності, самиця народжує зазвичай одне дитинча. Середня тривалість життя в дикій природі становить 18 років. Середня тривалість життя в неволі для самців є 26.8 років.
Виду загрожує втрата середовища існування, викликаного збезлісенням. На Цей вид локально полюють на м'ясо. Цей вид занесений до Додатка II СІТЕС і класу B Африканського Конвенції про збереження природи і природних ресурсів. Зустрічається в ряді природоохоронних територій.
Cercocebus atys là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Audebert mô tả năm 1797.[2]
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Mangabey sooty có nguồn gốc từ vùng nhiệt đới Tây Phi, được tìm thấy ở Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone và Bờ biển Ngà. [2] Nó sống trong cả rừng già và rừng thứ sinh cũng như trong các khu rừng ngập nước, khô, đầm lầy, rừng ngập mặn và phòng trưng bày. Linh trưởng là arboreal và diurnal. Chúng là loài ăn tạp có chế độ ăn uống chủ yếu là trái cây và hạt, đôi khi ăn động vật nhỏ. Họ sống trong các nhóm xã hội gồm bốn đến mười hai cá nhân, nhưng đôi khi các nhóm lớn tới 95 cá nhân đã được ghi nhận. [6]
Có hai phân loài đặc biệt của loài mangabey này và có thể chúng nên được coi là các loài riêng biệt. Cả hai trước đây được coi là phân loài của Cercocebus torquatus phổ biến. [1]
Cercocebus atys atys (phía tây sông Sassandra)
Mangabey trắng (hoặc vương miện trắng), Cercocebus atys lunulatus (phía đông sông Sassandra).
Mangabey sooty bị nhiễm tự nhiên với một chủng Virus suy giảm miễn dịch Simian (SIV), được gọi là SIVsmm. Do sự tiếp xúc rộng rãi giữa người với mangabey ở châu Phi cận Sahara, SIVsmm đã nhảy từ loài này sang người trong nhiều trường hợp, dẫn đến virus HIV-2. Ngược lại, chủng HIV-1 đến từ chủng tinh tinh phổ biến của SIV. [7] [8]
Mangabey sooty cũng có thể mắc bệnh phong, như con người, armadillo chín dải, tinh tinh thông thường và khỉ ăn cua. [9]
Mangabey sooty được cho là đang giảm về số lượng vì môi trường sống trong rừng bị suy thoái, với những cây bị đốn để lấy củi và gỗ, và nó bị săn bắt để lấy thức ăn ở một số khu vực trong phạm vi của nó. Nó sống trên mặt đất nhiều hơn so với một số người thân của nó và đôi khi đột kích các trang trại, điều này khiến nó xung đột với con người. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế đã đánh giá tình trạng bảo tồn của nó là "gần bị đe dọa". [2]
Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Sậy, D.M., eds. Các loài động vật có vú trên thế giới: Tài liệu tham khảo về địa lý và phân loại (tái bản lần thứ 3). Baltimore: Nhà xuất bản Đại học Johns Hopkins. tr. 153. SỐ 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
Oates, J. F.; Gippoliti, S. & Groves, C. P. (2016). "Cercocebus atys". Danh sách đỏ các loài bị đe dọa của IUCN. Phiên bản 2016.2. Liên minh Quốc tế Bảo vệ Thiên nhiên. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 7 năm 2016.
Mangabey vương miện trắng. Lưu trữ 2008-08-28 tại Archive.today Mangabey Loài kế hoạch sinh tồn. Truy cập 2008-07-18
http://www.primate-sg.org/lunulatus.htmlm[permanent link link] Mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus trắng. Truy cập 2011-11-03
Oates, J. F.; Gippoliti, S. & Groves, C. P. (2016). "Cercocebus lunulatus". Danh sách đỏ các loài bị đe dọa của IUCN. IUCN. 2016: e.T4206A92247225. doi: 10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4206A92247225.en. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 1 năm 2018.
Rowe, N. (1996). Hướng dẫn bằng hình ảnh cho các loài linh trưởng sống. Đông Hampton, New York: Pogonias Press.
Bình Linh Linh; Apianre Cristian; Ivona Pandrea; Ronald S. Veazey; Andrew A. Thiếu; Bobby Gormus & Preston A. Marx (tháng 8 năm 2004). "AIDS kinh điển ở Mangabey Sooty sau khi bị nhiễm trùng tự nhiên 18 năm". J. Virol. 78 (16): 8902 Từ8908. doi: 10.1128 / JVI.78.16.8902-8908.2004. PMC 479084. PMID 15280498.
Lemey, P.; Pybus, O. G.; Vương, B.; Saksena, N.K.; Salemi, M.; Vandamme, A. M. (2003). "Truy tìm nguồn gốc và lịch sử của dịch HIV-2". Kỷ yếu của Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Quốc gia. 100 (11): 6588 Từ6592. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.0936469100. PMC 164491. PMID 12743376.
Rojas-Espinosa O, Løvik M (2001). "Nhiễm Mycobacterium leprae và Mycobacterium lepraemurium ở động vật hoang dã và gia súc". Mục sư Công nghệ. Tắt. Nội bộ Epiz. 20 (1): 219 mộc51. PMID 11288514.
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Cercocebus atys là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Audebert mô tả năm 1797.
Cercocebus atys (Audebert, 1797)
Ареал
Дымчатый мангобей[1], или закопченный мангобей[1] (лат. Cercocebus atys) — вид обезьян семейства мартышковых отряда приматов, один из видов рода Мангабеи.
Выделяют два подвида этого мангабея, которые, возможно, являются отдельными видами. Оба подвида ранее входили в состав вида беловоротничковый мангабей.[2]
Среднего размера примат с очень длинным хвостом. Шерсть тёмно-серая, брюхо несколько светлее, конечности более тёмные. Морда относительно длинная, с бакенбардами. Кожа на морде чёрная, кроме верхних век, которые белого цвета. Подвид C. a. lunulatus имеет «воротник» из белой шерсти на шее. Длина тела самцов от 47 до 67 см, самок от 45 до 60 см. Вес самцов от 7 до 12 кг, самок от 4,5 до 7 кг.[3]
Населяют как первичные, так и вторичные леса. Также встречаются в болотистых лесах и мангровых зарослях. Проводят почти всё время на деревьях. Активны днём. Всеядны. В рационе в основном фрукты и семена, также включают в рацион небольших животных. Образуют небольшие группы от 4 до 12 животных, однако иногда сбиваются в стаи, насчитывающие до 95 особей.[4]
Эти приматы могут быть заражены одним из штаммов вируса иммунодефицита обезьян ВИО(smm). Считается, что вирус иммунодефицита человека ВИЧ-2 был получен людьми именно от этих приматов, тогда как ВИЧ-1 был получен людьми от шимпанзе.[5][6]
Чёрные мангабеи, наравне с людьми, шимпанзе и макаками-крабоедами, могут страдать проказой.[7]
Населяют леса Западной Африки от Сенегала на восток до Ганы.[2]
Главные угрозы популяции — охота и разрушение среды обитания. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Уязвимый» (англ. Vulnerable). По данным на 2008 год численность популяция сократилась на 30 % за 27 лет (три поколения). Особенно уязвим подвид C. a. lunulatus[8]
|month= (справка) Дымчатый мангобей, или закопченный мангобей (лат. Cercocebus atys) — вид обезьян семейства мартышковых отряда приматов, один из видов рода Мангабеи.
검댕망가베이 또는 수티망가베이, 수티맹거베이(Cercocebus atys)는 구세계원숭이의 일종으로 세네갈 동부에서 가나까지의 숲에서 발견된다.[1] HIV-2 바이러스는 원래 이 원숭이로부터 유래한 것으로 추정되고 있다. 전체적으로는 멸종취약종으로 분류되지만[2], 흰왕관망가베이 [3] 또는 흰칼라망가베이(칼라망가베이와 쉽게 혼동을 일으키는)로 알려져 있는 동부 지역의 아종인 lunulatus는 IUCN에 의해 멸종위기종으로 간주된다.[4] 천적은 침팬지, 표범, 대형맹금류, 대형뱀이다.
검댕망가베이 또는 수티망가베이, 수티맹거베이(Cercocebus atys)는 구세계원숭이의 일종으로 세네갈 동부에서 가나까지의 숲에서 발견된다. HIV-2 바이러스는 원래 이 원숭이로부터 유래한 것으로 추정되고 있다. 전체적으로는 멸종취약종으로 분류되지만, 흰왕관망가베이 또는 흰칼라망가베이(칼라망가베이와 쉽게 혼동을 일으키는)로 알려져 있는 동부 지역의 아종인 lunulatus는 IUCN에 의해 멸종위기종으로 간주된다. 천적은 침팬지, 표범, 대형맹금류, 대형뱀이다.
