dcsimg

Habitat ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı
Keeping Common Box Turtles as Pets

The Common box turtle has been officially recognized as “vulnerable,” and there are now some limitations as to their capture and trade. The only state in which wild specimens can be captured for sale is South Carolina. However, while it is often illegal to capture a wild common box turtle for financial gain, the laws tend to be more relaxed about capturing them for personal ownership.

Common box turtles have many needs, and it is extremely important for pet owners to be aware of these needs. These turtles can die within a matter of days when put into captivity if their needs are not met.

Something to keep in mind is that the colorful shells of common box turtles tend to fade when they are kept in captivity. This occurs due to a lack of direct sunlight.

Housing a Common Box Turtle

To keep a common box turtle as a pet, you will need a fairly large enclosure. This should be tall enough that they cannot escape from it, and wide enough that there is ample room for all of their essentials. The enclosure should also be made from a material strong enough that the turtle cannot break out of it. A cardboard box should only ever be used as an enclosure for a very brief period of time, such as when cleaning their primary enclosure.

The turtle will need ample heat and lighting in a specific area of their living space. This way they can move closer to the heat source or further away from it as needed. A good level of humidity is required for their environment. Using a spray that has a mist function can help with this, by lightly misting fresh water around the turtle’s living space every so often. This must be done multiple times, daily. They also need a large source of water for drinking, soaking, and bathing.

Even though turtles can retreat into their shell, they still appreciate being able to hide within something else, such as a piece of log or bedding that they can burrow into.

Feeding a Common Box Turtle dandelion

Dandelion. Picture byMark

It can be very difficult to ensure a captive box turtle gets all of the vitamins they need in their diet, so you may have to ask you veterinarian about supplements such as vitamin A and calcium.

Your turtle will want to be fed live insects that they can hunt. Most pet stores sell crickets, but you can feed them all sorts of things such as worms, grubs, cockroaches, and so forth. For greens, you can feed them romaine lettuce and dandelion greens (taken from a yard that does not use pesticides). They also enjoy fruits, berries, and mushrooms.

Different common box turtles can have different tastes, since they are native to such wide regions. You should offer your turtle a variety of foods and see what they like. Just make sure they are getting enough nutrients, so beware of them just eating one thing all the time.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Body ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

Common Box Turtles have a tall dome shape on the upper portion of their shell. They have a hinged shell as is common with box turtles. Their beak is down-turned. They can grow up to eight inches long. The shell of a common box turtle often has dark colors such as dark brown with spots of much brighter contrast, such as yellow or orange patterns.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Common Box Turtle Distribution ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

This turtle is found primarily in the eastern regions of the United States.

They prefer lightly moist regions in forested areas. They can be found as high north as Maine and as far south as Texas if the conditions are right.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Common Box Turtle Habitat ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

Common Box Turtles can be found in dry regions occasionally, but they tend to thrive best in moist, forested areas with lots of brush. They are not aquatic, but will sometimes spend long durations of time in shallow water or mud.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Common Box Turtle – Terrapene carolina ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

The common box turtle has six sub-species still in existence, these are;

There is also an extinct sub-species of common box turtle, known as theTerrapene carolina putnami, with no common name.

The Eastern Box Turtle variant is the type species of the common box turtle.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

How old can a Common Box Turtle get? ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

The Common box turtle can sometimes live all the way up to an impressive 100 years of age. It is believed that the odds of reaching this age are less likely when in captivity.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Parasites ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı
A common box turtle that was taken from the wild could have parasites. These can get under scales and shells, and might be hard to notice. If your turtle was taken from the wild, be sure to take them to the vet first thing, so they can be checked for parasites.

Also know that letting your turtle play outside, even under supervision, could result in the contraction of tiny unseen parasites. Because of this; it’s a good idea to have them checked by a vet periodically.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Sexing a Common Box Turtle ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

There are a few ways to sex a common box turtle. The easiest way is to look at their eyes. Males typically have red eyes, whereas a females eyes are usually brown or yellow.

The male also has a concave plastron whereas the females is flat.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

What Doe a Common Box Turtle Eat? ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

Common box turtles are omnivores, meaning their bodies can each both other creatures and plant matter. In the wild, their diets are extremely varied. Since they cover such large regions of eastern America, what they eat often depends simply on what is available in the area.

When they eat meat, they go for small insects such as beetles, slugs, earthworms, larva, grubs, and so forth. Their plant diet consists of things like berries, flowers, mushrooms, certain grasses, and fruit.

Be wary that common box turtles are likely to eat almost anything they come across if it smells edible, even if it is actually bad for them.

You can often find acceptable food for common box turtles at a pet store. Look for things like bags of turtle feed and feeder insects such as crickets or grubs.

lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Chris Smith-Hale
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
EOL authors

Terrapene ( Bretonca )

wikipedia BR tarafından sağlandı
lang="br" dir="ltr">
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Skrivagnerien ha kempennerien Wikipedia |
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia BR

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( Bretonca )

wikipedia BR tarafından sağlandı
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Terrapene a zo ur genad e rummatadur ar stlejviled, ennañ baoted eus Norzhamerika.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Skrivagnerien ha kempennerien Wikipedia |
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia BR

Terrapene ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

wikipedia CA tarafından sağlandı
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia CA

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

wikipedia CA tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene és un gènere de tortugues de la família Emydidae que inclou diverses espècies i subespècies de tortuga de caixa endèmiques dels Estats Units i de Mèxic.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia CA

Terrapene ( Çekçe )

wikipedia CZ tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene je rod želv z čeledi emydovití.[1] Rod je původem ze Severní Ameriky (USA a Mexika). Rod rozlišil a pojmenoval Blasius Merrem v roce 1820 pro druhy, které mají hrudní kost rozdělenou na dvě nebo tři části, které by se mohly pohybovat nezávisle na sobě.[2] Želvy rodu Terrapene jsou diploidními organismy a mají 50 chromozomů.[3]

Popis

Rod je charakteristický svým klenutým karapaxem, který je s plastronem spojen kloubem tak, že se želva může do krunýře pevně uzavřít a chránit se tak před predátory. Možnost želvy uzavřít se do krunýře se vyvíjí asi ve čtvrtině růstu želvy a obecně se ztrácí pouze v důsledku přílišné tloušťky želvy.[4] Zatímco želva karolínská má středním kýl (hřeben na krunýři), jiným druhům tohoto rodu chybí. Plastrální vzorce (poměr velikostí jednotlivých štítků) se liší mezi jednotlivými druhy, ale tři největší štítky jsou anální, břišní a chytací u všech druhů. [3][5][6][7] Na základě morfologických charakteristik mohou být rozlišovány dvě odlišné linie: terrapene ornata / terrapene nelsoni linie s maximální délkou krunýře 14–15 cm a terrapene carolina / terrapene coahuila s délkou krunýře 20 cm.

Způsob života

Želvy se mohou chránit před predátory úkrytem, uzavřením se do krunýře a kousáním. Riziko smrti je nejvyšší u malých želv vzhledem k jejich velikosti a slabšímu krunýři. Krunýř dospělé želvy neprorazí téměř žádné zvíře. Společnými dravci jsou savci jako norci, tchoři, mývalové, psi a hlodavci, ale i ptáci (např. vrány, krkavci) a hadi.

Severoamerické druhy želv rodu Terrapene jsou všežravci s velmi pestrou stravou. Hlavní složku potravy tvoří bezobratlí (hmyz, červi, stonožky…), dále se strava skládá z velké části z vegetace. Během prvních pěti až šesti let jsou převážně masožraví, dospělí jedinci jsou zase převážně býložraví.

Rozšíření a prostředí

Želvy jsou v Severní Americe endemity. Nejrozšířenějšími druhy jsou ve Spojených státech poddruhy t.c.carolina, t.c.major, t.c.bauri a t.c.triunguis v jižní-střední, východní a jihovýchodní části USA a v Mexiku poddruhy t.c.yukatana a t.c.mexicana na poloostrově Yucatán a v severovýchodní části Mexika. Terrapene ornata je endemitem v jižní a jihozápadní části USA a přilehlém Mexiku, zatímco Terrapene nelsoni je endemitem v severozápadním Mexiku a Terrapene coahuila se nachází pouze v Coahuile v Mexiku.

Vzhledem k tomu, že obývají širokou škálu přírodních stanovišť, která se mění jak ze dne na den, z období na období, tak i druh od druhu, není možné standardní prostředí, ve kterém žijí obecně identifikovat. Lesy jsou lokality, kde se skytují běžně. T. ornata je jediný druh pravidelně se vyskytující na pastvinách, ale její poddruh Terrapene ornata luteola také obývá polopouště se srážkami převážně jen v létě. Jediné místo, kde se nachází Terrapene coahuila jsou močály s trvalou přítomnosti vody a několika druhy kaktusů.

Před hibernací mají tendenci se přemísťovat dále do lesa, kde si hloubí úkryty pro přezimování. Terrapene ornata si hloubí úkryty až 50 cm hluboké, zatímco t.c.carolina přezimuje v hloubce asi 10 centimetrů. Místo pro přezimování může být vzdálené až 0,5 km od místa, kde přebývají v létě a je často v těsné blízkosti k místu, kde přezimovali předešlý rok. Ve více jižních oblastech jsou želvy aktivní po celý rok, jak bylo pozorováno u T. coahuila a T. c. major. Ostatní jsou aktivní při vyšších venkovních teplotách nebo pouze v období dešťů.

Životní cyklus

Obvyklá snůška má 1-7 vajec. V zajetí a na jižním konci rozsahu jejich rozšíření, mohou mít více než jednu snůšku vajec za rok, zatímco u severních populací je větší průměr velikosti snůšky. Vejce jsou podlouhlá a mají pružnou skořápku. V závislosti na druhu mají průměrnou délku 2–4 cm a hmotnost 5-11 g.

Jakmile želva dosáhne dospělosti, možnost smrti se s věkem nezvyšuje. Křivka přežití je tedy pravděpodobně podobná jako u jiných dlouhodobě žijících želv. Průměrná délka života želv Terrapene je 50 let, ale značná část žije i více než 100 let. Věk želv v přírodě lze zhruba odhadnout podle počtu letokruhů na krunýři, plastron je také dobrým místem, jak zjistit věk kvůli možnosti posouzení opotřebení vzorku. Tempo růstu krunýře je zhruba jeden kroužek za rok podle odhadů starých více než 20 let, které jsou navíc nespolehlivé, protože štítky na krunýři jsou obvykle opotřebované a hladké.

Evoluce

Objevily se "náhle ve fosilních nálezech, převážně v moderní podobě". Absence silných změn v jejich morfologii může naznačovat, že jsou tzv. všeobesnými druhy, tedy druhy schopnými uspět v široké škále podmínek prostředí s možností využití různých zdrojů. Je proto obtížné stanovit, jak probíhal jejich vývoj od ostatních želv. Nejstarší nálezy zkamenělých Terrapene byly nalezeny v Nebrasce (USA), staré asi 15 miliónů let, tedy z miocénu a připomínají vodní druhy, T. coahuila nejvíce. Což znamená, že jejich společným předkem byl také vodní druh. Zkamenělé exempláře T. ornata a T. carolina jsou staré asi 5 milionů let a bylo uvedeno, že se tyto rody lišily již v miocénu. Jediný zaniklý poddruh terrapene carolina putnami žil v pliocénu s délkou krunýře 30 cm větší než kterýkoli jiný druh.

Stupeň ohrožení

Stupeň ohrožení je definován pro jednotlivé druhy, nikoli pro celý rod. Terrapene coahuila je endemitem pouze na Coahuile a je zde evidována jako ohrožený druh. Zatímco se jejich rozsah snížil o 40% na 360 km² v posledních 40 - 50 letech, počet druhů se snížil z více než 10,000 na asi 2.500 v roce 2002. Nejrozšířenější druh Terrapene carolina je klasifikován jako zranitelný, zatímco Terrapene ornata je v nižší kategorii jako téměř ohrožený. O Terrapene nelsoni nejsou k dispozici dostatečné informace pro zařazení. Jako součást úsilí o záchranu byli vyškoleni cvičení psi.[8]

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Box turtle na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. tortoise Box tortoise [online]. Dictionary.com [cit. 2011-02-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  2. Blasius Merrem. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien [online]. Johann Christian Krieger. Dostupné online. (German) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  3. a b C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. Terrapene carolina [online]. Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility [cit. 2011-02-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2011-07-24. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  4. Richard D. Bartlett,Patricia Pope Bartlett. Box Turtles. [s.l.]: Barron's educational Services, 2001. Dostupné online. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite book}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  5. C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. Terrapene ornata [online]. Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility [cit. 2011-02-13]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2011-07-24. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  6. C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. Terrapene coahuila [online]. Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility [cit. 2011-02-13]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2011-07-24. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  7. C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. Terrapene nelsoni [online]. Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility [cit. 2011-02-13]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2011-07-24. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  8. RAY, Julie. Service Dogs Find Endangered Species [online]. 2011-07-31 [cit. 2011-08-04]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2012-03-25. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite web}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.

Literatura

  • DODD JR., C. Kenneth. North American Box Turtles: A Natural History. [s.l.]: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0806135014. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite book}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  • FRITZ, Uwe, Havaš, Peter. Checklist of Chelonians of the World. Vertebrate Zoology. 2007, s. 149–368. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2010-12-17. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  • SHEARER, Benjamin F; SHEARER, Barbara S. State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols: A Historical Guide, Revised and Expanded. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-313-28862-3. Kapitola Miscellaneous Official State and Territory Designations, s. 167–326. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite book}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.
  • Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley]. Turtles of the World, 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs. 2010-12-14, s. 000.85-000.164. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2010-12-15. (anglicky) Je zde použita šablona {{Cite journal}} označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.

Externí odkazy

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia autoři a editory
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia CZ

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

wikipedia CZ tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene je rod želv z čeledi emydovití. Rod je původem ze Severní Ameriky (USA a Mexika). Rod rozlišil a pojmenoval Blasius Merrem v roce 1820 pro druhy, které mají hrudní kost rozdělenou na dvě nebo tři části, které by se mohly pohybovat nezávisle na sobě. Želvy rodu Terrapene jsou diploidními organismy a mají 50 chromozomů.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia autoři a editory
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia CZ

Dosenschildkröten ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı
 src=
Jungtier der Gewöhnlichen Dosenschildkröte
 src=
Gewöhnliche Dosenschildkröte mit geschlossenem Panzer
 src=
Terrapene carolina

Die Dosenschildkröten (Terrapene) sind eine Gattung aus der Unterordnung der Halsberger-Schildkröten. Die Tiere gehören zur Familie der Emydidae (Neuwelt-Sumpfschildkröten) und leben zum Teil amphibisch.

Erscheinungsbild

Dosenschildkröten haben einen gewölbten Carapax (Rückenpanzer) mit einem mehr oder weniger stark ausgebildeten Mittelkiel. Mit Hilfe eines Quergelenkes im Plastron (Bauchpanzer) sind sie in der Lage, „Vorderlappen“ und „Hinterlappen“ des Bauchpanzers hochzuklappen. Vorher müssen sie Kopf und Gliedmaßen einziehen. Dadurch werden die Öffnungen des Panzers verschlossen und die Schildkröte ist vor Gefahr geschützt. Bei frisch geschlüpften Jungtieren funktioniert dieser Mechanismus allerdings noch nicht.[1]

Verhalten

Dosenschildkröten gehen morgens und abends auf Nahrungssuche. Die übrige Zeit verbringen die Tiere ruhend, dabei ganz oder teilweise im Sandboden vergraben. Obwohl Dosenschildkröten Landtiere sind, können sie gut schwimmen und gehen ins Wasser. Sie sind gewöhnlich – aufgrund des gespeicherten Fetts im Carapax – nicht in der Lage, tief zu tauchen. Terrapene sind Individualisten, jedes hat eigene, charakteristische Lebensgewohnheiten und Lebensräume (Habitate). Einige halten sich beispielsweise fast ausschließlich im Wasser auf, während andere es nie aufsuchen. Dosenschildkröten halten je nach Art, resp. Unterart eine Winterruhe.

Ernährung

Terrapene sind generell Allesfresser. Man sagt, dass Schlüpflinge leicht an gemischte Kost (Salat, Obst, Mäuse, Asseln, Würmer, Schnecken usw.) zu gewöhnen sind, im Alter hingegen mehr fleischliche Nahrung vertilgen und pflanzliche Beikost, auch Pilze usw., zu sich nehmen. In einigen Büchern ist zu lesen, dass die Tiere auch Giftpilze verzehren können, ohne Schaden zu nehmen. Daher ist es für den Menschen nicht ratsam, die Schildkröten zu essen, da diese Gifte im Körper der Schildkröte ihre Wirkung nicht verlieren.[2]

Verbreitung

Terrapene sind in weiten Teilen der USA verbreitet. Sie kommen, außer im Bergland, vom Nordosten Nordamerikas über den größten Teil der USA, zwischen den westlichen Nebenflüssen des Mississippi und in einzelnen Gebieten im zentralen und südlichen Mexiko vor.

Natürlicher Lebensraum

Dosenschildkröten bevorzugen fruchtbares Grasland, sandige, halbtrockene Böden mit Strauchwuchs, in der Nähe von Gewässern. Auch entlang von Waldrändern und lichte Wäldern, Wiesen, Feuchtwiesen, Sumpfgebieten sowie entlang von Bächen und Gräben sind sie zu finden.

Systematik

Zur Gattung Dosenschildkröten gehören derzeit folgend 6 rezente Arten:[3][4]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Manfred Rogner: Schildkröten – Biologie, Haltung, Vermehrung. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, S. 71.
  2. S. Niedzielski: Economic Importance for Humans: Negative. Terrapene carolina - Florida Box Turtle. bei Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, 2002. abgerufen am 16. Juli 2014
  3. Terrapene In: The Reptile Database; abgerufen am 18. September 2020.
  4. Uwe Fritz, Peter Havaš: Checklist of Chelonians of the World. In: Vertebrate Zoology. Band 57, Nr. 2, 2007, S. 184 (Volltext, PDF, englisch) (Memento des Originals vom 19. Juli 2011 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.vertebrate-zoology.de
  5. Bradley T. Martin, Neil P. Bernstein, Roger D. Birkhead, Jim F. Koukl, Steven M. Mussmann, John S. Placyk Jr.: Sequence-based molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the American box turtles (Terrapene spp.) with support from DNA barcoding. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Band 68, Nr. 1, 2013, S. 119–134 (mtmercy.edu; PDF; 2036 kB), abgerufen am 3. April 2015.
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia DE

Dosenschildkröten: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı
 src= Jungtier der Gewöhnlichen Dosenschildkröte  src= Gewöhnliche Dosenschildkröte mit geschlossenem Panzer  src= Terrapene carolina

Die Dosenschildkröten (Terrapene) sind eine Gattung aus der Unterordnung der Halsberger-Schildkröten. Die Tiere gehören zur Familie der Emydidae (Neuwelt-Sumpfschildkröten) und leben zum Teil amphibisch.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia DE

Amêsema'ëno

wikipedia emerging_languages tarafından sağlandı
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia authors and editors

North American box turtle ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

North American box turtles are turtles of the genus Terrapene. Although box turtles are superficially similar to tortoises in terrestrial habits and overall appearance, they are actually members of the American pond turtle family (Emydidae). The 12 taxa which are distinguished in the genus are distributed over seven species. They are largely characterized by having a domed shell which is hinged at the bottom, allowing the animal to retract its head and legs and close its shell tightly to protect itself from predators.

Taxonomy and genetics

The genus name Terrapene was coined by Blasius Merrem in 1820 as a genus separate from Emys, describing those species which had a sternum separated into two or three divisions, and which could move these parts independently.[3] He placed in this genus, among others, Terrapene boscii (now accepted to be Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum) and Terrapene carolina (but under the name Terrapene clausa). Also several Asian box turtles have been formerly classified within the genus Terrapene; e.g., Terrapene bicolor (now Cuora amboinensis couro) and Terrapene culturalia (now Cuora flavomarginata).[1] Currently, six species are classified within the genus and 12 taxa are distinguished:[1]

Box turtles have diploid somatic cells with 50 chromosomes.[5]

Ecology and behavior

Three images of eastern box turtles laying eggs
T. c. carolina laying eggs

Life cycle and predation

Once maturity is reached, the chance of death seems not to increase with age. The survivorship curve of box turtles is therefore probably similar to that of other long-living turtles. The average life span of adult box turtles is 50 years, while a significant portion lives over 100 years. The age of a growing box turtle in the wild cannot be accurately estimated by counting the growth rings on the scutes; Their growth is directly affected by the amount of food, types of food, water, illness, and more. Box turtle eggs are flexible, oblong and are (depending on the taxon) on average 2–4 cm long weighing 5-11 g. The normal clutch size is 1-7 eggs. In captivity and in the southern end of their range, box turtles can have more than one clutch per year, while the average clutch size is larger in more northern populations.[6] Delayed fertility has been observed in female turtles during which a box turtle pair will mate and the female will hold onto the male’s sperm within the cloaca for a period of months or even years before fertilizing and laying a clutch of eggs[7]Turtles can defend themselves from predation by hiding, closing their shell and biting. The risk of death is greatest in small animals due to their size and weaker carapace and plastron. While the shell of an adult box turtle is seldom fractured, the box turtle is still vulnerable to surprise attacks and persistent gnawing or pecking. Common predators are mammals like minks, skunks, raccoons, dogs and rodents, but also birds (e.g. crows, ravens) and snakes (e.g. racers, cottonmouths) are known to kill box turtles.[8]

Diet

North American box turtles are omnivores with a varied diet, as a box turtle will "basically eat anything it can catch". Invertebrates (amongst others insects, earth worms, millipedes) form the principal component, but the diet also consists for a large part (reports range from 30 to 90%) of vegetation. The diet is amended with fruits (amongst others from cacti, apples and several species of berry) and gastropods (Heliosoma, Succinea).[9] While reports exist that during their first five to six years, box turtles are primarily carnivorous and adults are mostly herbivorous, there is no scientific basis for such a difference.[9]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution map
Distribution of the four species of Terrapene

Box turtles are native to North America. The widest distributed species is the common box turtle which is found in the United States (subspecies carolina, major, bauri, triunguis; south-central, eastern, and southeastern parts) and Mexico (subspecies yukatana and mexicana; Yucatán peninsula and northeastern parts). The western box turtle is endemic to the south-central and southwestern parts of the U.S. (and adjacent Mexico) while the spotted box turtle is endemic to northwestern Mexico only. The Coahuilan box turtle is only found in Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (Coahuila, Mexico).[2]

Habitat

Because box turtles occupy a wide variety of habitats (which both vary on a day-to-day, season-to-season, but also species-to-species basis), a standard box turtle habitat cannot be identified. Mesic woodlands are a habitat where box turtles are generally found. T. ornata is the only species regularly found in grasslands, but its subspecies the desert box turtle is also found in the semidesert with rainfall predominantly in summer. The single location where Coahuilan box turtles are found is a 360 km2 region characterized by marshes, permanent presence of water and several types of cacti.

Prior to hibernation, box turtles tend to move further into the woods, where they dig a chamber for overwintering. Ornate box turtles dig chambers up to 50 centimeters, while eastern box turtles hibernate at depth of about 10 centimeters. The location for overwintering can be up to 0.5 km from the summer habitat and is often in close proximity to that of the previous year. In more southern locations, turtles are active year-round, as has been observed for T. coahuila and T. c. major. Other box turtles in higher temperatures are more active (T. c. yukatana) or only active during the wet seasons.[10]

Evolution

Box turtles appeared "abruptly in the fossil record, essentially in modern form". The absence of strong changes in their morphology might indicate that they are a generalist species.[4] It is therefore complicated to establish how their evolution from other turtles took place. The oldest finds of fossilized box turtles were found in Nebraska (U.S.), date from about 15 million years before present (in the Miocene)[4] and resemble the aquatic species T. coahuila most, which indicates that the common ancestor was also an aquatic species. Fossilized specimens of T. ornata and T. carolina were dated circa 5 million years before present and indicated that those main lineages also already diverged within the Miocene. The only recognized extinct subspecies (T. c. putnami) dates from the Pliocene and was, with a carapace length of 30 cm (12 in), much larger than other species.[4]

Interaction with humans

Conservation status

Mexican box turtle (Terrapene mexicana) in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico

As the conservation status is defined for a species and not for a genus, differences exist between the different species in the genus Terrapene. Terrapene coahuila, as it is endemic only to Coahuila, is classified as endangered. While its geographic range reduced by 40% to 360 km2 in the past 40–50 years, the population of this species reduced from "well over 10,000" to "2,500" in 2002.[11] The most widely distributed species Terrapene carolina is classified as vulnerable, while Terrapene ornata is in a lower category as near threatened.[12][13] For Terrapene nelsoni insufficient information is available for classification.[14]

The Eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina has been declining due to anthropogenic factors and disease. Studies have documented reports of polymicrobial necrotizing bacterial infection. In Illinois, over 50 box turtles were found dead and this infection was determined to be the cause. Ranavirus may also negatively impact Eastern box turtle population. Continued investigation of Box turtle disease is important to conservation efforts. [15]

Sniffer dogs have been trained to find and track box turtles as part of conservation efforts.[16]

Box turtles as pets

Most turtle and tortoise societies recommend against box turtles as pets for small children.[17] Box turtles are easily stressed by over-handling and require more care than is generally thought. Box turtles get stressed when moved into new surroundings. Some specimens will wander aimlessly until they die trying to find their original home if they are removed from the exact area that they grew up in.[18] Three-toed box turtles are often considered the best ones to keep as pets since they are hardy and seem to suffer less from being moved into a new environment.

A box turtle in Missouri.

Box turtles can be injured by dogs and cats, so special care must be taken to protect them from household pets. Box turtles require an outdoor enclosure (although they can have indoor enclosures when necessary), consistent exposure to light and a varied diet. Without these, a turtle's growth can be stunted and its immune system weakened.

It is recommended to buy captive-bred box turtles (in areas where this is allowed) to reduce the pressure put on the wild populations. A 3-year study in Texas indicated that over 7,000 box turtles were taken from the wild for commercial trade. A similar study in Louisiana found that in a 41-month period, nearly 30,000 box turtles were taken from the wild for resale, many for export to Europe. Once captured, turtles are often kept in poor conditions where up to half of them die. Those living long enough to be sold may suffer from conditions such as malnutrition, dehydration, and infection.[19][20]

Indiana, Tennessee, and other states prohibit collecting wild turtles, and many states require a permit to keep them. Breeding is prohibited in some states for fear of its possible detrimental effects upon wild populations.[21]

Collecting box turtles from the wild may damage their populations, as these turtles have a low reproduction rate.[22]

State reptiles

"The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State's unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."

North Carolina Secretary of State[23]

Box turtles are official state reptiles of four U.S. states. North Carolina and Tennessee honor the eastern box turtle.[24][25][26] Missouri names the three-toed box turtle.[27] Kansas honors the ornate box turtle.[28][29]

In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009.[30] In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009. In opposition one legislator had asked why Virginia would make an official emblem of an animal that retreats into its shell when frightened. What may have mattered most in Virginia, though, was the creature's close link to neighbor state North Carolina.[31][32]

Photos

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.106-107
  2. ^ a b c Fritz 2007, p. 196
  3. ^ Blasius Merrem. "Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien" (PDF) (in German). Johann Christian Krieger. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  4. ^ a b c d KDodd, pp. 24–30
  5. ^ C.H. Ernst; R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  6. ^ KDodd, pp. 103–105
  7. ^ Ewing, H. E. (1943). "Continued Fertility in Female Box Turtles Following Mating". Copeia. 1943 (2): 112–114. doi:10.2307/1437776. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1437776.
  8. ^ KDodd, p. 140
  9. ^ a b KDodd, pp. 114–116
  10. ^ KDodd, p. 60
  11. ^ van Dijk, P.P.; Flores-Villela, O. & Howeth, J. (2016) [errata version of 2007 assessment]. "Terrapene coahuila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T21642A97428806. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T21642A9304337.en.
  12. ^ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996 (1996). "Terrapene carolina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved 20 July 2011.old-form url
  13. ^ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996 (1996). "Terrapene ornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved 13 Feb 2011.old-form url
  14. ^ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (2016) [errata version of 1996 assessment]. "Terrapene nelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21643A97298467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21643A9304626.en.
  15. ^ Adamovicz, Laura; Allender, Matthew C.; Archer, Grace; Rzadkowska, Marta; Boers, Kayla; Phillips, Chris; Driskell, Elizabeth; Kinsel, Michael J.; Chu, Caroline (2018-04-05). "Investigation of multiple mortality events in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0195617. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1395617A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195617. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5886585. PMID 29621347.
  16. ^ Ray, Julie (2011-07-31). "Service Dogs Find Endangered Species". Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  17. ^ William Berg. "Boxturtles.com". Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  18. ^ "Box Turtle Conservation | Box Turtles".
  19. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ "TTN 1:19". Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
  21. ^ "DNR: Eastern Box Turtle". Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  22. ^ McCallum, M.L., J.L. McCallum, S.E. Trauth. 2009. Box turtles generally stay within the same area where they were born. If one is moved more than a half-mile from its territory, it may never find its way back. This may disrupt their breeding cycle. Predicted climate change may spark box turtle declines. Amphibia-Reptilia 30:259-264
  23. ^ "Eastern Box Turtle – North Carolina State Reptiles". North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  24. ^ Shearer 1994, p. 321
  25. ^ "Official State Symbols of North Carolina". North Carolina State Library. State of North Carolina. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  26. ^ "Tennessee Symbols And Honor" (PDF). Tennessee Blue Book: 526. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
  27. ^ "State Symbols of Missouri: State Reptile". Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnihan. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  28. ^ Shearer 1994, p. 315
  29. ^ "2009-73-1901 Kansas Code patriotic emblems, state reptile, designation". Justia. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  30. ^ "Regular Session 2009–2010: House Bill 621". Pennsylvania State Legislature. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  31. ^ "SB 1504 Eastern Box Turtle; designating as official state reptile". Virginia State Legislature. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  32. ^ "Virginia House crushes box turtle's bid to be state reptile". NBC Washington. Associated Press. 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
Bibliography

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia authors and editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia EN

North American box turtle: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

North American box turtles are turtles of the genus Terrapene. Although box turtles are superficially similar to tortoises in terrestrial habits and overall appearance, they are actually members of the American pond turtle family (Emydidae). The 12 taxa which are distinguished in the genus are distributed over seven species. They are largely characterized by having a domed shell which is hinged at the bottom, allowing the animal to retract its head and legs and close its shell tightly to protect itself from predators.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia authors and editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia EN

Terrapene ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene es un género de tortugas de la familia Emydidae que incluye varias especies y subespecies de tortuga de caja que habitan en Estados Unidos y México.

Especies y subespecies

Contiene las siguientes especies:[3]

Además, hay especies extintas como Terrapene parornata[4]​ del Mioceno/Plioceno de Oklahoma. Otras especies extintas que se conocen solo por el registro fósil incluyen: T. eocaenica, T. marnochii, T. bulverda, T. corneri, T. eurypygia, T. hibernaculum, T. impensa, T. impressa, T. klauberi, T. putnami y T. singletoni.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c Fossilworks. «Terrapene». Fossilworks - The Paleobiology Database (en inglés). Consultado el 31 de enero de 2021.
  2. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Terrapene (TSN 173775)» (en inglés).
  3. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Terrapene». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 31 de enero de 2021.
  4. Walter G. Joyce, Andrea Petričević, Tyler R. Lyson y Nicholas J. Czaplewski (2012). «A New Box Turtle from the Miocene/Pliocene Boundary (Latest Hemphillian) of Oklahoma and A Refined Chronology of Box Turtle Diversification». Journal of Paleontology 86 (1): 177-190. doi:10.1666/11-073.1.
 title=
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia ES

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene es un género de tortugas de la familia Emydidae que incluye varias especies y subespecies de tortuga de caja que habitan en Estados Unidos y México.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia ES

Kaxa-dortoka ( Baskça )

wikipedia EU tarafından sağlandı

Kaxa-dortoka (Terrapene) Emydidae familiako dortoken generoa da, Ipar Amerikan jatorria duena.[1]

Taxonomia

Erreferentziak

  1. Blasius Merrem Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien Johann Christian Krieger.


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia EU

Kaxa-dortoka: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

wikipedia EU tarafından sağlandı

Kaxa-dortoka (Terrapene) Emydidae familiako dortoken generoa da, Ipar Amerikan jatorria duena.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia EU

Kotelokilpikonnat ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı
Question book-4.svg
Tähän artikkeliin tai osioon ei ole merkitty lähteitä, joten tiedot kannattaa tarkistaa muista tietolähteistä.
Voit lisätä artikkeliin tarkistettavissa olevia lähteitä ja merkitä ne ohjeen mukaan.

Kotelokilpikonnat (Terrapene) on Etelä- ja Itä-Amerikasta kotoisin oleva kilpikonnasuku. Myös Cuora-suvun rasiakilpikonnia kutsutaan joskus, tosin virheellisesti, kotelokilpikonniksi. Terrapene-suku on kotoisin Amerikasta, Cuora-suku taas Aasiasta.

Taksonomiaa

Kotelokilpikonnat (engl. box turtles) kuuluvat suokilpikonnien heimoon Emydidae. Sukuun kuuluu neljä lajia.

Yleistä

Kotelokilpikonnat ovat metsänpohjan eläimiä, ne viettävät piilottelevaa elämää kosteahkojen metsien kenttäkerroksessa. Ne pysyttelevät usein veden lähellä. Kotelokilpikonnat ovat omnivoreja, ja syövät kasvimateriaalin lisäksi etanoita, toukkia, kastematoja ja hyönteisiä.

Kotelokilpikonnat ovat verraten pienikokoisia kilpikonnia, lajista riippuen suora kilven mitta on 13-20cm. Niiden erikoisuutena omnivorismin lisäksi on niiden plastronin, alakilven, sarana, jolla ne saavat kilpensä etuaukon suljettua täysin. Tästä juontaa juurensa niiden nimikin.

Kotelokilpikonnat ovat hitaita lisääntymään, ne munivat muutamia munia kerran vuodessa maanalaiseen onkaloon. Kotelokilpikonnat talvehtivat maahan kaivautuneina.

Muuta

Ulkomaisessa kirjallisuudessa kotelokilpikonniin sekoitetaan usein myös Cuora-suvun rasiakilpikonnat. Cuora-suku eroaa täysin kotelokilpikonnista ollen lähes täysin vesieläimiä. Cuora-suvun kilpikonnat elävät Aasiassa. Myös muutamalla muulla kilpikonna-lajilla on samantyyppinen puolustusmekanismi kuin kotelokilpikonnilla. Esimerkiksi Kinixys-suvun kilpikonnilla on myös sarana kilvessään, mutta Kinixys-suvun lajeilla sarana sijaitsee yläkilven taka-osassa, ja näin ne voivat sulkea kilpensä taka-aukon.

Aiheesta muualla

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia FI

Kotelokilpikonnat: Brief Summary ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı

Kotelokilpikonnat (Terrapene) on Etelä- ja Itä-Amerikasta kotoisin oleva kilpikonnasuku. Myös Cuora-suvun rasiakilpikonnia kutsutaan joskus, tosin virheellisesti, kotelokilpikonniksi. Terrapene-suku on kotoisin Amerikasta, Cuora-suku taas Aasiasta.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia FI

Terrapene ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene est un genre de tortues de la famille des Emydidae[1].

Répartition

 src=
Répartition

Ces tortues se rencontrent aux États-Unis et au Mexique[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon TFTSG (10 juin 2011)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Merrem, 1820 : Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien I (Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum). J. C. Krieger, Marburg, p. 1-191 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia FR

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene est un genre de tortues de la famille des Emydidae.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia FR

Turtar boscach ( İrlandaca )

wikipedia GA tarafından sağlandı

Tiripín ó Mheiriceá Thuaidh nach gcaitheann mórán ama san uisce. Itheann sé inveirteabraigh is torthaí. Tá insí ar fhoircinn an dromchla íochtaraigh, ionas gur féidir an dromchla seo a dhúnadh i gcoinne na blaoisce uachtaraí nuair a aistarraingítear na géaga is an ceann (chun bosca iata a dhéanamh). Tá sampla eile sa Mhalaeisia.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia GA

Terrapene ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

Le tartarughe scatola (Terrapene Merrem, 1820) sono un genere di tartarughe della famiglia degli emididi capaci di richiudersi completamente nel proprio guscio grazie a un piastrone doppiamente articolato.

 src=
Articolazioni del piastrone di una tartaruga scatola.

Tassonomia

 title=
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia IT

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

Le tartarughe scatola (Terrapene Merrem, 1820) sono un genere di tartarughe della famiglia degli emididi capaci di richiudersi completamente nel proprio guscio grazie a un piastrone doppiamente articolato.

 src= Articolazioni del piastrone di una tartaruga scatola.
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia IT

Kura-kura Katup Amerika ( Malayca )

wikipedia MS tarafından sağlandı
Rencana ini ialah mengenai Kura-kura Katup Amerika dari genus Terrapene. Untuk spesies kura-kura katup dari genus Cuora, sila lihat Kura-kura Katup Asia.

Kura-kura Katup Amerika ialah kura-kura dari genus Terrapene. Walaupun umumnya kura-kura katup seakan-akan sama dengan baning dari segi habitat dan ciri-ciri, namun mereka sebenarnya dikelaskan dalam keluarga (Emydidae). Mereka mempunyai ciri-ciri seperti cangkerang tempurung yang tinggi, berengsel (hinge) pada bahagian bawah badannya, dan ini membolehkan ia menyembunyikan sepenuhnya kepala dan kaki-kakinya ke dalam cangkerang daripada ancaman pemangsa.

Taksonomi dan Genetik

Nama genus Terrapene diilhamkan oleh Merrem pada tahun 1820 untuk mengasingkan beberapa spesies daripada genus Emys kerana spesies ini mempunyai tulang sternum yang dipisahkan oleh dua atau tiga bahagian berasingan dan boleh bergerak bebas.[3] Awalnya beliau meletakkan bersama genus Terrapene boscii (dan kini diterima sebagai Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum) dan Terrapene carolina (tapi di bawah nama Terrapene clausa). Beberapa spesies daripada Kura-kura Katup Asia juga pernah ditempatkan dalam genus Terrapene: cth. Terrapene bicolor (kini dikenali Cuora amboinensis couro) dan Terrapene culturalia (kini Cuora flavomarginata).[1] Terkini, empat spesies dikelaskan dalam genus ini dengan dua belas taksa telah dikenalpasti:[1]

 src=
Terrapene carolina carolina (muda)

Kura-kura katup ini mempunyai sel somatik diploid dengan 50 kromosom.[5]

Ekologi

 src=
 src=
Three images of eastern box turtles laying eggs
T. c. carolina sedang bertelur
 src=
Anak T.c.bauri

Kitaran Hidup dan Pemangsa

 src=
Lingkaran pada skut T.c.triunguis. Lingkaran pada tempurung skutnya boleh menentukan umur kura-kura ini.

Anggaran usia kura-kura ini melebihi 100 tahun. Usia kura-kura katup ini tidak boleh ditentukan hanya dengan melihat lingkaran pada tempurungnya sahaja. Bahkan pertumbuhan kura-kura ini dipengaruhi oleh dietnya sendiri terutamanya jumlah makanan, air, tahap kebersihannya, kesihatan dan lain-lain. Bentuk telur kura-kura katup ini adalah lonjong, fleksibel dan pelbagai bergantung kepada spesiesnya, sekitar 2–4 cm panjang, dan beratnya pula 5-11 g. Jumlah telur adalah sekitar 1-7 biji. Kura-kura katup dari kawasan utara bertelur lebih banyak berbanding kura-kura dari kawasan selatan.[6] Kura-kura ini mempertahankan diri dengan menutup dan menyembunyikan sepenuhnya kepala, kaki-kakinya ke dalam cangkerang. Kadar kematian anak kura-kura adalah tinggi disebabkan saiznya kecil dan cangkerangnya yang masih lembut. Cangkerang kura-kura katup dewasanya jarang retak kecuali jika dihentak kuat atau diserang secara tiba-tiba. Pemangsanya pula merangkumi mamalia seperti mink, rakun, anjing dan rodensia, serta burung (cth. gagak, raven) dan ular (cth. Colubridae, Agkistrodon piscivorus).[7]

Diet

Kura-kura katup Amerika ini bersifat maserba iaitu memakan apa sahaja yang boleh ditangkap. Invertebrata (cth. serangga, cacing tanah, ulat gonggok), juga dijadikan makanan serta tumbuh-tumbuhan (sekitar 30-90% dalam dietnya). Buah-buahan (seperti apel dan beberapa spesies beri), gastropods (Heliosoma, Succinea).[8]

Taburan dan Habitat

Distribution map
Taburan empat spesies Terrapene

Kura-kura katup Amerika ini berasal dari Amerika Utara. Taburan terbesar Kura-kura katup Amerika adalah dari Amerika Syarikat (subspesies carolina, major, bauri, triunguis; Bahagian tengah dan selatan Amerika Syarikat, timur Amerika Syarikat, dan selatan Amerika Syarikat) dan Mexico (subspesies yukatana dan mexicana; Semenanjung Yucatán dan bahagian timur laut). ornate box turtle pula berasal dari tengah dan barat daya A.S. (dan bersempadan Mexico) manakala spotted box turtle hanya dijumpai di barat laut Mexico sahaja. Coahuilan box turtle hanya dijumpai di Lembangan Cuatro Ciénegas (Coahuila, Mexico).[2]

Habitat

Habitat Kura-kura Katup Amerika ini tidak tetap. Terutamanya kawasan berhutan. T. ornata hanya dijumpai di kawasan padang berumput, namun subspesiesnya, desert box turtle juga dijumpai di kawasan separa gurun dengan taburan hujannya pada musim panas. Lokasi Coahuilan box turtles dijumpai merangkumi 360 km2 kawasan berpaya, dan mempunyai makanan seperti kaktus.

Apabila tiba musim hibernasi, kura-kura katup ini akan menuju ke dalam hutan, mengorek lubang bagi menghadapi musim sejuk. Ornate box turtles menggali sehingga 50 cm dalam, sementara Eastern box turtles pula hanya 10 cm sahaja. Lokasi hibernasinya merangkumi 0.5 km daripada habitat musim panasnya. Kura-kura katup di kawasan selatan, lebih aktif seperti T. coahuila dan T.c.major'. Manakala kura-kura katup lain yang mendiami kawasan panas lebih aktif (T.c.yukatana) atau hanya aktif semasa musim hujan.[9]

Evolusi

Menurut rekod fosil, kura-kura katup muncul secara mendadak dalam bentuknya seperti sekarang. Dari segi morfologi fizikal tidak terdapat perubahan evolusi, lantas menunjukkan ia adalah spesies umum.[4] Maka rumit untuk menerangkan mengenai perubahan fizikalnya melalui proses evolusi. Walau bagaimanapun, fosil kura-kura katup tertua yang dijumpai adalah di Nebraska (Amerika Syarikat), yang berusia 15 juta tahun dahulu (pada era Miocene)[4] dan menyerupai spesies T. coahuila, juga menunjukkan bahawa moyang kura-kura katup ini juga bersifat akuatik. Spesimen fosil T. ornata dan T. carolina yang berusia sekitar 5 juta tahun dahulu menunjukkan keturunannya juga semakin berkembang semasa era Miocene tersebut. Sau-satunya subspesies yang pupus (T.c. putnami) yang wujud pada era Pliocene mempunyai karapas yang lebih panjang, 30 cm (12 in), berbanding spesies-spesies yang lain.[4]

Hubungan dengan manusia

Status pemuliharaan

Terrapene coahuila dikelaskan sebagai spesies terancam. Taburan haiwan ini berkurangan sebanyak 40% hingga 360 km2 dalam masa 40–50 tahun ini. Populasi spesies ini berkurangan daripada sekitar 10,000" kepada "2,500" dalam tahun 2002 sahaja.[10] Spesies Terrapene carolina dikelaskan sebagai spesies terjejas, manakala Terrapene ornata pula diletakkan sebagai haiwan yang hampir terancam.[11][12] Bagi spesies Terrapene nelsoni data pengelasannya masih belum mencukupi.[13]

Anjing pengesan digunakan untuk mencari dan menjejaki kura-kura katup ini sebagai salah satu usaha dalam pemuliharaan.[14]

Haiwan peliharaan

Kebanyakan persatuan dan pembela kura-kura di Amerika mencadangkan supaya kura-kura katup diharamkan dari dibela oleh anak-anak kecil[15] khuatir ia memberikan tekanan kepada haiwan ini akibat disalahbela. Kura-kura katup biasanya mengalami tekanan jika dipindahkan ke tempat yang baharu dan mungkin boleh mengakibatkan kematian.

Kehadiran kucing dan anjing yang dibela bersama boleh mengakibatkan kecederaan pada kura-kura jika tidak dijaga dengan baik. Mereka memerlukan sangkar di luar rumah, pendedahan kepada cahaya matahari secara konsisten dan pemberian makanan yang pelbagai. Tanpa penjagaan yang rapi, tumbesarannya boleh terbantut seterusnya menjejaskan imun sistem haiwan ini.

Kajian di Texas menyatakan terdapat lebih 7,000 kura-kura katup yang ditangkap dari habitat liar mereka untuk dijual. Kajian yang sama di Louisiana mendedahkan hampir 30,000 kura-kura katup juga ditangkap untuk dipasarkan ke Eropah. Kebanyakan haiwan yang ditangkap ini dibela dalam keadaan teruk dan menyedihkan sehingga ada yang mati. Antaranya mengalami masalah malnutrisi, dehidrasi, dan jangkitan kuman.[16][17]

Beberapa negeri di Amerika seperti Indiana, Tennessee, melarang tangkapan haiwan ini dari habitat liar mereka, malah ada yang mewajibkan permit untuk disimpan. Sesetengah negeri juga melarang pembiakan haiwan ini kerana khuatir memberi kesan kepada populasi haiwan liar yang lain.[18] Oleh itu, bagi peminat aiwan ini, mereka disarankan agar mendapatkan haiwan daripada kedai-kedai haiwan yang diberikan permit.

Menangkap haiwan ini dari habitat liar mereka mungkin menjejaskan populasinya kerana kadar pembiakannya yang sangat rendah.[19]

Reptilia negeri

"The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State’s unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."

"Kura-kura tidak pernah terganggu disebabkan lajunya 'arnab' yang akhirnya leka, menjadi simbol kesungguhan dan kesabaran dalam diri manusia bersesuaian dengan matlamat Negeri demi mengejar cita-cita yang hebat dan berterusan"

Jabatan Setiausaha Negeri Carolina Utara[20]

Kura-kura katup ini menjadi Reptilia Rasmi bagi empat negeri di Amerika Syarikat. Carolina Utara dan Tennessee menjadikan Kura-kura Katup Timur sebagai reptilia rasmi mereka.[21][22][23] Manakala Missouri memilih Kura-kura Katup Jari Tiga.[24] Kansas pula mengiktiraf Kura-kura Katup Ornata sebagai reptilia rasmi mereka.[25][26]

Di Pennsylvania, Kura-kura katup Timur hanya berjaya disenaraikan ke dalam perundangan, namun gagal pada peringkat akhir penamaan pada tahun 2009.[27] Di Virginia pula, Kura-kura Katup Timur gagal dicalonkan pada tahun 1999 dan 2009. Antara kegagalan pencalonan adalah disebabkan oleh sifat kura-kura katup tersebut yang dianggap "penakut" apabila memasukkan kesemua anggota badannya ke dalam cangkerang apabila diganggu, dan mereka khuatir pemilihan tersebut hanya seperti meniru Utara Carolina yang telah pun memilih haiwan tersebut sebagai reptilia rasmi mereka dahulu.[28][29]

Lihat juga

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b c d Templat:Harnvb
  2. ^ a b c Templat:Harnvb
  3. ^ Blasius Merrem. "Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien" (PDF) (dalam bahasa German). Johann Christian Krieger.Selenggaraan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak dikenali (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Templat:Harnvb
  5. ^ C.H. Ernst; R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 24 July 2011. Dicapai 12 February 2011.
  6. ^ Templat:Harnvb
  7. ^ Templat:Harnvb
  8. ^ Templat:Harnvb
  9. ^ Templat:Harnvb
  10. ^ van Dijk, P.P.; Flores-Villela, O. & Howeth, J. (2007). "Terrapene coahuila". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2007: e.T21642A97428806. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T21642A9304337.en. Dicapai 24 December 2017.
  11. ^ Templat:IUCN2010
  12. ^ Templat:IUCN2010.4
  13. ^ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Terrapene nelsoni". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 1996: e.T21643A97298467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21643A9304626.en. Dicapai 24 December 2017.
  14. ^ Ray, Julie (2011-07-31). "Service Dogs Find Endangered Species". Dicapai 4 August 2011.
  15. ^ William Berg. "Boxturtles.com". Dicapai 10 August 2013.
  16. ^ http://www.btpt.org/pubs/BTPT_faq.pdf
  17. ^ TTN 1:19
  18. ^ http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/3326.htm
  19. ^ McCallum, M.L., J.L. McCallum, S.E. Trauth. 2009. Box turtles generally stay within the same area where they were born. If one is moved more than a half-mile from its territory, it may never find its way back. This may disrupt their breeding cycle. Predicted climate change may spark box turtle declines. Amphibia-Reptilia 30:259-264
  20. ^ "Eastern Box Turtle – North Carolina State Reptiles". North Carolina Secretary of State. Dicapai 2011-02-13.
  21. ^ Shearer 1994, halaman 321
  22. ^ "Official State Symbols of North Carolina". North Carolina State Library. State of North Carolina. Dicapai 2008-01-26.
  23. ^ "Tennessee Symbols And Honor" (PDF). Tennessee Blue Book: 526. Dicapai 2011-01-22.
  24. ^ "State Symbols of Missouri: State Reptile". Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnihan. Dicapai 2011-01-21.
  25. ^ Shearer 1994, halaman 315
  26. ^ "2009-73-1901 Kansas Code patriotic emblems, state reptile, designation". Justia. Dicapai 2011-02-11.
  27. ^ "Regular Session 2009–2010: House Bill 621". Pennsylvania State Legislature. Dicapai 2011-02-25.
  28. ^ "SB 1504 Eastern Box Turtle; designating as official state reptile". Virginia State Legislature. Dicapai 2011-02-25.
  29. ^ Associated Press (2009-02-20). "Virginia House crushes box turtle's bid to be state reptile". NBC Washington. Dicapai 2011-02-25.
Bibliografi

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Kura-kura Katup Amerika Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Kura-kura Katup Amerika
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia MS

Kura-kura Katup Amerika: Brief Summary ( Malayca )

wikipedia MS tarafından sağlandı
Rencana ini ialah mengenai Kura-kura Katup Amerika dari genus Terrapene. Untuk spesies kura-kura katup dari genus Cuora, sila lihat Kura-kura Katup Asia.

Kura-kura Katup Amerika ialah kura-kura dari genus Terrapene. Walaupun umumnya kura-kura katup seakan-akan sama dengan baning dari segi habitat dan ciri-ciri, namun mereka sebenarnya dikelaskan dalam keluarga (Emydidae). Mereka mempunyai ciri-ciri seperti cangkerang tempurung yang tinggi, berengsel (hinge) pada bahagian bawah badannya, dan ini membolehkan ia menyembunyikan sepenuhnya kepala dan kaki-kakinya ke dalam cangkerang daripada ancaman pemangsa.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia MS

Terrapene ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

Herpetologie

Doosschildpadden[1] of Amerikaanse doosschildpadden (Terrapene) zijn een geslacht van schildpadden uit de familie moerasschildpadden (Emydidae).[2] De verschillende soorten staan ook wel bekend als de Amerikaanse doosschildpadden.

Leefwijze

Alle soorten zijn omnivoor en leven zowel van dierlijk materiaal als ongewervelden maar ook plantendelen als bladeren en vruchten worden gegeten.

Alle doosschildpadden leven in de buurt van water maar komen ook wel op het land. Ter bescherming van de ledematen en kop bij gevaar kan het buikschild aan zowel de voor- als achterzijde omhoog worden geklapt dankzij een dwarsscharnier. Hierdoor hebben de doosschildpadden een betere overlevingskans op het land, zodat ze wat verder van water zijn te vinden in vochtige delen van graslanden, weiden en bossen.

Verspreiding en habitat

Ook soorten uit het geslacht Cuora worden doosschildpadden genoemd, maar deze leven in Azië en zijn daarom beter bekend als de Aziatische doosschildpadden. Er zijn vijf verschillende soorten, die allemaal voorkomen in het oostelijke deel van de Verenigde Staten en in Mexico, de soorten T. coahuila en T. nelsoni komen alleen in Mexico voor. De Carolina-doosschildpad heeft het grootste verspreidingsgebied en telt zes ondersoorten.

Taxonomie

 src=
Verspreiding van de verschillende doosschildpadden.

Geslacht Terrapene

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V:Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 105. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, The Reptile Database - Terrapene.
Bronnen
  • (en) Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann - The Reptile Database – Terrapene - Website Geconsulteerd 19 mei 2015
  • (en) - Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G. J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer & Roger Bour - Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status - ISSN 10887105 (2014) - Website
  • (en) C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour - Turtles of the World - Website
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia NL

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

Doosschildpadden of Amerikaanse doosschildpadden (Terrapene) zijn een geslacht van schildpadden uit de familie moerasschildpadden (Emydidae). De verschillende soorten staan ook wel bekend als de Amerikaanse doosschildpadden.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia NL

Terrapene ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Terrapenerodzaj żółwi z rodziny żółwi błotnych.

Gatunki

Bibliografia

  1. Terrapene, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 3 października 2008]
p d e
Systematyka współcześnie żyjących żółwi Domena: eukariontyKrólestwo: zwierzętaTyp: strunowcePodtyp: kręgowceGromada: gady / zauropsydyRząd: żółwiePodrząd
Cryptodira
Pleurodira
Układ filogenetyczny na podstawie Anders G.J. Rhodin, James F. Parham, Peter Paul van Dijk, and John B. Iverson: Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, 2009 Update, with Conservation Status Summary (ang.). 2009.
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia POL

Terrapene: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı

Terrapene – rodzaj żółwi z rodziny żółwi błotnych.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia POL

Dossköldpaddor ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Dossköldpaddor eller amerikanska dossköldpaddor (Terrapene) är ett släkte i familjen kärrsköldpaddor (Emydidae). Släktet består av tre till fem arter (beroende på auktoritet) med flera underarter. Ibland betecknas familjen Geoemydidae som "asiatiska dossköldpaddor" men de är inte närmare släkt med Terrapene. Dessa sköldpaddor förekommer som sällskapsdjur.

Arter och underarter

Turtle.svg Denna artikel om sköldpaddor saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia SV

Dossköldpaddor: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Dossköldpaddor eller amerikanska dossköldpaddor (Terrapene) är ett släkte i familjen kärrsköldpaddor (Emydidae). Släktet består av tre till fem arter (beroende på auktoritet) med flera underarter. Ibland betecknas familjen Geoemydidae som "asiatiska dossköldpaddor" men de är inte närmare släkt med Terrapene. Dessa sköldpaddor förekommer som sällskapsdjur.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia SV

Коробчаста черепаха ( Ukraynaca )

wikipedia UK tarafından sağlandı

Опис

Загальна довжина представників цього роду коливається від 14 до 21,6. Голова середнього розміру. Карапакс куполоподібний, може бути подовженим. Пластран витягнутий, наділений шарнірною зв'язкою. Це дозволяє цим черепахам при втягуванні голова й хвоста зачинятися за ними спеціальними пластинками на кшталт коробка. Звідси походить назва цих черепах. Задні лапи мають 3—4 пальці.

Забарвлення голови оливкове, жовтувате, світло—коричневе, може бути з яскравими плямами. Карапакс коричневий або оливковий зі світлим візерунком. Пластрон жовтуватий, бежевий.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляють лісисту, трав'янисту, гірську місцини, савани, чагарники, місця поблизу водойм з рясною рослинністю. Харчується рибою, молюсками, безхребетними, мишоподібними, земноводними.

Самиця відкладає від 2 до 7 яєць. Інкубаційний період триває від 50 до 125 діб.

Розповсюдження

Мешкають у США та Мексиці.

Види

Джерела

  • Milstead, W.W. 1969. Studies on the evolution of box turtles (genus Terrapene). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 14 (1): 1-113.
  • Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. 2001. North American Box Turtles: A Natural History. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia UK

Rùa hộp Bắc Mỹ ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Rùa hộp (Danh pháp khoa học: Terrapene) là một chi rùaBắc Mỹ. Có mười hai phân loài này được phân biệt trong chi được phân trên bốn loài.

Đặc điểm

Chúng được đặc trưng bởi có một lớp vỏ hình vòm, đó là bản lề ở phía dưới, cho phép các động vật để đóng vỏ của nó thật chặt để trốn tránh kẻ thù. Rùa hộp đã trở thành thú nuôi phổ biến, mặc dù nhu cầu trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt rất phức tạp. Những con cái thường có màu vàng, đôi mắt nâu và những con đực thường có đôi mắt màu đỏ hoặc màu cam, nhưng cách đáng tin cậy nhất để phân biệt đực cái là xem xét yếm. Tên chi Terrapene được đặt ra bởi Merrem năm 1820 là một chi riêng biệt từ Emys. Hiện nay bốn loài được phân loại trong chi và mười hai đơn vị phân loại được phân biệt

Tất cả các loài rùa hộp có một cái mai rùa có hình vòm. Tất cả các loài có mái vòm, với một trung tâm vảy đầu tiên ở một góc của hơn 50 °, rùa hộp có thể đóng rất chặt chẽ để bảo vệ mình khỏi những kẻ săn mồi. Rùa có thể bảo vệ mình khỏi bị ăn thịt bởi việc ẩn, đóng vỏ của chúng và cắn trả. Nguy cơ tử vong cao nhất trong các động vật nhỏ do kích thước của chúng và mai còn mề yếu. Trong khi vỏ của một con rùa hộp lớn hiếm khi bị vỡ, những con rùa hộp vẫn còn dễ bị tổn thương đến bất ngờ tấn công và gặm nhấm hoặc bọ mổ. Động vật săn mồi thường gặp là động vật có vú như chồn nhỏ, chồn hôi, gấu trúc, chó và các loài gặm nhấm, nhưng cũng chim ví dụ như quạ và rắn được biết đến là đã giết rùa hộp.

Các loài

Tập tính

Rùa hộp Bắc Mỹ là động vật ăn tạp với một chế độ ăn uống đa dạng, như một con rùa hộp sẽ "về cơ bản ăn bất cứ thứ gì nó có thể nắm bắt". Vật không xương sống (giữa những người khác côn trùng, giun đất, rết) tạo thành các thành phần chính, nhưng chế độ ăn uống cũng bao gồm một phần lớn từ 30-90%) thực vật. Trong khi các báo cáo tồn tại mà trong họ 5-6 năm đầu, rùa hộp chủ yếu là ăn thịt, trong khi con trưởng thành chủ yếu là động vật ăn cỏ

Rùa hộp có nguồn gốc từ Bắc Mỹ. Các loài phân bố rộng nhất là rùa hộp thường được tìm thấy ở Hoa Kỳ và Mexico. Hộp rùa Ornate là loài đặc hữu của các phần Tây Nam Trung bộ và Nam của Mỹ và liền kề Mexico trong khi rùa hộp đốm là loài đặc hữu của khu vực Tây Bắc chỉ có Mexico. Hộp coahuilan rùa chỉ được tìm thấy trong Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (Coahuila, Mexico).

Tham khảo

  1. ^ a ă Rhodin 2010, tr. 000.106-107
  2. ^ a ă Fritz 2007, tr. 196

Liên kết ngoài

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia VI

Rùa hộp Bắc Mỹ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Rùa hộp (Danh pháp khoa học: Terrapene) là một chi rùaBắc Mỹ. Có mười hai phân loài này được phân biệt trong chi được phân trên bốn loài.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia VI

Коробчатые черепахи ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı
 src=
Terrapene carolina triunguis

Размножение начинается весной. Самцы ухаживают за самками: кусают их, кружатся вокруг, бьют панцирь и т. д. Самка роет яму и откладывают туда обычно 3—7 яиц, бывает 3 кладки за сезон. Яйца вылупляются через 50—110 дней, иногда черепашата выходят из кладки следующей весной. Пол черепашат зависит от температуры инкубации. В неволе живут 30—40 лет, а в природе — до 100 лет.

Всеядные. Основу рациона составляет растительная пища, а также насекомые, черви, улитки и слизни. В некоторых штатах разоряют значительные запасы посевов.

Описание

Размер черепах от 10—20 см. Имеют очень крупный куполообразный панцирь. Имеют особенное строение пластрона, благодаря чему и получили своё название: на нём подвижный шарнирный тяж. С помощью этого шарнира они защищаются от естественных врагов: передней частью пластрона закрывают голову и передние лапы, подтягивают остальную часть к карапаксу, тем самым закрывая хвост и задние лапы.

 src=
H — шарнирный тяж

Очень хорошо выражен половой диморфизм: у самок более крупный панцирь с желтоватым или светло-красным цветом глаз, а у самцов панцирь ниже и глаза́ насыщенно-красного цвета.

  • Terrapene carolina carolina. Карапакс короткий, широкий и ярко окрашенный. Краевые щитки почти вертикальные и слегка нависают. На задних лапах по четыре пальца.
  • Terrapene carolina major. Самый крупный подвид с удлинённым карапаксом и четырьмя пальцами на задних ногах. Рисунок на карапаксе либо отсутствует, либо представлен нечётким рыжевато-коричневым узором. Ребро на краевых щитках хорошо выражено.
  • Terrapene carolina triunguis. Карапакс рыжевато-коричневый или оливковый с нечётким рисунком. На голове и передних лапах оранжевые или жёлтые пятна. У самцов голова часто красного цвета. На задних лапах обычно три пальца.
  • Terrapene carolina bauri. Карапакс с ярким узором, состоящим из светлых радиальных линий. На голове три характерных линии. На задних лапах обычно три пальца.
  • Terrapene carolina yucatana. Карапакс высокий, куполообразный, рыжевато-коричневого или соломенного цвета с тёмными лучами и тёмными краями щитков. Третий позвоночный щиток выступает в виде горба. Задние краевые щитки слегка выступают. На задних лапах четыре пальца.
  • Terrapene carolina mexicana. Карапакс удлинённый, высокий, куполообразный. Третий позвоночный щиток выступает в виде горба. Задние краевые щитки умеренно выступают. На задних лапах по три пальца.

Галерея

  •  src=

    Terrapene carolina bauri

  •  src=

    Terrapene ornata ornata (слева) и Terrapene ornata luteola (справа)

  • Terrapene ornata ornata.jpg
  •  src=

    Terrapene ornata luteola (самец)

  •  src=

    Terrapene coahuila в зоопарке Коламбуса

  •  src=

    Terrapene carolina carolina

  • Box-turtle-cove-mtn-trail-tn1.jpg
  •  src=

    Кладка Terrapene carolina carolina

  • Eastern box turtle.jpg
  • In go the legs.jpg
  •  src=

    Terrapene carolina carolina

  •  src=

    Вид сбоку

  •  src=

    Terrapene carolina major-самая крупная черепаха этого рода

Ссылки

 title=
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Коробчатые черепахи: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı
 src= Terrapene carolina triunguis

Размножение начинается весной. Самцы ухаживают за самками: кусают их, кружатся вокруг, бьют панцирь и т. д. Самка роет яму и откладывают туда обычно 3—7 яиц, бывает 3 кладки за сезон. Яйца вылупляются через 50—110 дней, иногда черепашата выходят из кладки следующей весной. Пол черепашат зависит от температуры инкубации. В неволе живут 30—40 лет, а в природе — до 100 лет.

Всеядные. Основу рациона составляет растительная пища, а также насекомые, черви, улитки и слизни. В некоторых штатах разоряют значительные запасы посевов.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

箱龜屬 ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı
  • 參見內文

箱龜屬Terrapene)是分佈在美國東部及墨西哥的一

物種

以下是箱龜屬的物種

 title=
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
维基百科作者和编辑

箱龜屬: Brief Summary ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı

箱龜屬(Terrapene)是分佈在美國東部及墨西哥的一

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
维基百科作者和编辑

アメリカハコガメ属 ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı
アメリカハコガメ属 カロリナハコガメ
カロリナハコガメ Terrapene carolina
保全状況評価 ワシントン条約附属書II 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : カメ目 Testudines 亜目 : 潜頸亜目 Cryptodira 上科 : リクガメ上科 Testudinoidea : ヌマガメ科 Emydidae 亜科 : ヌマガメ亜科 Emydinae : アメリカハコガメ属 Terrapene
Merrem, 1820

アメリカハコガメ属(アメリカハコガメぞく、Terrapene)は、カメ目ヌマガメ科に属する属。模式種カロリナハコガメ

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国メキシコ

形態[編集]

最大種はカロリナハコガメで最大甲長21.6cm。最小種はニシキハコガメで最大甲長14cm。背甲はドーム状に盛り上がる。ハコガメの名の通り頭部と四肢を甲羅に引っ込めた後、腹甲を折り曲げて箱の様に完全に蓋をすることができる。

生態[編集]

森林草原等に生息する。ニシキハコガメの亜種ミナミニシキハコガメは半砂漠地帯や砂漠の周辺にも生息するが、水棲傾向の強いヌマハコガメは流れの緩やかな河川等に生息する。陸棲傾向の強い種でも避暑や採食のために水に入ることはある。

食性は雑食もしくは動物食傾向の強い雑食で、昆虫類節足動物甲殻類貝類魚類両生類およびの幼生、小型爬虫類、小型哺乳類、動物の死骸、果実植物の茎、果実種子藻類キノコ等を食べる。

繁殖形態は卵生。

分類[編集]

人間との関係[編集]

属名のTerrapeneはネイティブアメリカンの言葉で「食用ガメ(狭義ではダイヤモンドガメ)」の意で、食用とされていたことに由来する。

現在は開発による生息地の破壊や、ペット用の乱獲等により生息数は減少している。

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。1995年に属単位でワシントン条約附属書IIに掲載(種としてヌマハコガメがワシントン条約附属書Iへ掲載)されてからはアメリカ合衆国からの輸出はほぼなくなっている。 主に流通するのはアメリカ合衆国に分布するカロリナハコガメの亜種で、日本国内での飼育下繁殖個体の流通は増えている。カロリナハコガメでもメキシコに分布する亜種やニシキハコガメの亜種ミナミニシキハコガメ、ネルソンハコガメは法律により爬虫類の輸出が厳しく制限されているため流通は非常に稀か、流通していない。ヌマハコガメはワシントン条約により商業目的の取引は禁止されている。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにアメリカハコガメ属に関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 深田祝監修 T.R.ハリディ、K.アドラー編 『動物大百科12 両生・爬虫類』、平凡社1986年、88、94頁。
  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、211頁。
  • 安川雄一郎 「アメリカハコガメ属の分類と生活史(前編)」『クリーパー』第14号、クリーパー社、2002年、10-20、46-48頁。
  • 安川雄一郎 「アメリカハコガメ属の分類と生活史(後編)」『クリーパー』第15号、クリーパー社、2002年、4-24、44-45頁。
  • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 両生・はちゅう類』、小学館2004年、73頁。
  • 海老沼剛 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド 水棲ガメ1 アメリカ大陸のミズガメ』、誠文堂新光社2005年、35-40頁。
  • 安川雄一郎 「水棲ガメの世界」『ハ・ペト・ロジー』Vol.3、誠文堂新光社、2005年、30-31、35-42頁。

外部リンク[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者

アメリカハコガメ属: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

アメリカハコガメ属(アメリカハコガメぞく、Terrapene)は、カメ目ヌマガメ科に属する属。模式種カロリナハコガメ

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者